Mt s phng php gii phng trnh nghim nguyn

Trong qu trnh ging dy v lm ton, ti h thng c mt s phng php gii phng

trnh nghim nguyn, hi vng s gip cc em hc sinh bit la chn phng php thch hp khi
gii bi ton loi ny.
Phng php 1 : a v dng tch
Bin i phng trnh v dng : v tri l tch ca cc a thc cha n, v phi l tch ca cc
s nguyn.
Th d 1 : Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh :
y3 - x3 = 91 (1)
Li gii : (1) tng ng vi (y - x)(x2 + xy + y2) = 91 (*)
V x2 + xy + y2 > 0 vi mi x, y nn t (*) => y - x > 0.
Mt khc, 91 = 1 x 91 = 7 x 13 v y - x ; x2 + xy + y2 u nguyn dng nn ta c bn kh nng
sau :
y - x = 91 v x2 + xy + y2 = 1 ; (I)
y - x = 1 v x2 + xy + y2 = 91 ; (II)
y - x = 3 v x2 + xy + y2 = 7 ; (III)
y - x = 7 v x2 + xy + y2 = 13 ; (IV)
n y, bi ton coi nh c gii quyt.
Phng php 2 : Sp th t cc n
Nu cc n x, y, z, ... c vai tr bnh ng, ta c th gi s x y z ... tm cc nghim tha
mn iu kin ny. T , dng php hon v => cc nghim ca phng trnh cho.
Th d 2 : Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh :
x + y + z = xyz (2).
Li gii :
Do vai tr bnh ng ca x, y, z trong phng trnh, trc ht ta xt x y z.
V x, y, z nguyn dng nn xyz 0, do x y z => xyz = x + y + z 3z => xy 3 => xy
thuc {1 ; 2 ; 3}.
Nu xy = 1 => x = y = 1, thay vo (2) ta c : 2 + z = z, v l.
Nu xy = 2, do x y nn x = 1 v y = 2, thay vo (2), => z = 3.
Nu xy = 3, do x y nn x = 1 v y = 3, thay vo (2), => z = 2.
Vy nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh (2) l cc hon v ca (1 ; 2 ; 3).
Th d 3 : Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh :
1/x + 1/y + 1/z = 2 (3)
Li gii : Do vai tr bnh ng ca x, y, z, trc ht ta xt x y z. Ta c :
2 = 1/x + 1/y + 1/z 3.1/x => x 3/2 => x = 1.
Thay x = 1 vo (3) ta c :
1/y + 1/z + 1 = 2 => 1 = 1/y + 1/z 2/y => y 2
=> y = 1 => 1/z = 0 (v l)
hoc y = 2 => 1/z = 2 => z = 2.
Vy nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh (3) l cc hon v ca (1 ; 2 ; 2).
Phng php 3 : S dng tnh cht chia ht
Phng php ny s dng tnh cht chia ht chng minh phng trnh v nghim hoc tm
nghim ca phng trnh.
Th d 4 : Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh :
x2 - 2y2 = 5 (4)
Li gii : T phng trnh (4) ta => x phi l s l. Thay x = 2k + 1 (k thuc Z) vo (4), ta c
:
4k2 +4k + 1 - 2y2 = 5
tng ng 2(k2 + k - 1) = y2

=> y2 l s chn => y l s chn.

t y = 2t (t thuc Z), ta c :
2(k2 + k - 1) = 4t2
tng ng k(k + 1) = 2t2 + 1 (**)
Nhn xt : k(k + 1) l s chn, 2t2 + 1 l s l => phng trnh (**) v nghim.
Vy phng trnh (4) khng c nghim nguyn.
Th d 5 : Chng minh rng khng tn ti cc s nguyn x, y, z tha mn :
x3 + y3 + z3 = x + y + z + 2000 (5)
Li gii : Ta c x3 - x = (x - 1).x.(x + 1) l tch ca 3 s nguyn lin tip (vi x l s nguyn).
Do : x3 - x chia ht cho 3.
Tng t y3 - y v z3 - z cng chia ht cho 3. T ta c : x3 + y3 + z3 - x - y - z chia ht cho 3.
V 2000 khng chia ht cho 3 nn x3 + y3 + z3 - x - y - z 2000 vi mi s nguyn x, y, z tc l
phng trnh (5) khng c nghim nguyn.
Th d 6 : Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh :
xy + x - 2y = 3 (6)
Li gii : Ta c (6) tng ng y(x - 2) = - x + 3. V x = 2 khng tha mn phng trnh nn
(6) tng ng vi:
y = (-x + 3)/(x - 2) tng ng y = -1 + 1/(x - 2).
Ta thy : y l s nguyn tng ng vi x - 2 l c ca 1 hay x - 2 = 1 hoc x - 2 = -1 tng
ng vi x = 1 hoc x = 3. T ta c nghim (x ; y) l (1 ; -2) v (3 ; 0).
Ch : C th dng phng php 1 gii bi ton ny, nh a phng trnh (6) v dng : x(y
+ 1) - 2(y + 1) = 1 tng ng (x - 2)(y + 1) = 1.
Phng php 4 : S dng bt ng thc
Dng bt ng thc nh gi mt n no v t s nh gi ny => cc gi tr nguyn
ca n ny.
Th d 7 : Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh :
x2 - xy + y2 = 3 (7)
Li gii :
(7) tng ng vi (x - y/2)2 = 3 - 3y2/4
V (x - y/2)2 0 => 3 - 4y2/4 0
=> -2 y 2 .
Ln lt thay y = -2 ; 2 ; -1 ; 1 ; 0 vo phng trnh tnh x. Ta c cc nghim nguyn ca
phng trnh l :
(x ; y) thuc {(-1 ; -2) ; (1 ; 2) ; (-2 ; -1) ; (2 ; 1) ; (-1 ; 1) ; (1 ; -1)}.
Chc chn cn nhiu phng php gii phng trnh nghim nguyn v cn nhiu th d hp
dn khc. Mong cc bn tip tc trao i v vn ny. Cc bn cng th gii mt s phng
trnh nghim nguyn sau y :
Bi 1 : Gii cc phng trnh nghim nguyn :
a) x2 - 4 xy = 23 ;
b) 3x - 3y + 2 = 0 ;
c) 19x2 + 28y2 =729 ;
d) 3x2 + 10xy + 8y2 = 96.
Bi 2 : Tm x, y nguyn dng tha mn :
a) 4xy - 3(x + y) = 59 ;
b) 5(xy + yz + zx) = 4xyz ;
c) xy/z + yz/x + zx/y = 3 ;
d) 1/x + 1/y + 1/z = 1/1995.
Nhn xt