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Vr
Vro
Bi ging
K thut mch in t
Chuyn ngnh: KTVT, KTTT, KH-THGT
H ni 5/ 2005
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
Li ni u:
Bi ging K thut Mch in t c bin son da trn cc gio trnh v
ti liu tham kho mi nht hin nay, c dng lm ti liu tham kho cho sinh
vin cc ngnh: K thut Vin thng, K thut Thng tin, T ng ho, Trang thit
b in, Tn hiu Giao thng.
Trong qu trnh bin son, cc tc gi c cc ng nghip ng gp
nhiu kin, mc d c gng sa cha, b sung cho cun sch c hon chnh
hn, song chc chn khng trnh khi nhng thiu st, hn ch. Chng ti mong
nhn c cc kin ng gp ca bn c!
Xin lin h: daothanhtoan@uct.edu.vn
DTT_PTH_VQS
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
DTT_PTH_VQS
C1
Ic
R1
C1
Ur
C2
Uv
Uv
Q2
C2
Ur
Q1
Re
R2
h.b
Vcc
h.a
Rc
Q3
Uv
Ur
R1
C5
I1
R2
h.c
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
C1
R1
Ur
C2
Uv
C2
Q2
Uv
Q1
Ur
R2
Re
R2
Re
Ce
Vcc
R1
hb
Rc
Q3
Uv
Ur
R2
C
1k 1uF
Re
hc
Rc
Rc1
Rc
R1
C4
R1
C1
R1
Ur
C2
Uv
Ur
C3
Uv
Q3
R2
R2
Re
Uv
Q2
Q1
R2
Rt
(-)
C1
Re1
Re
C2
Ur
DTT_PTH_VQS
Ucc
Ucc
Ucc
A
Q2
Q1
Q2
Q1
RD
Ur
Q1
RG
+
RS
Vs1
IS
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
tg=-(dID/dUGS)
U'G phi chn sao cho dng mng ID khng i khi thay FET, chn U'G
chnh l chn RG , in tr n nh.
DTT_PTH_VQS
chng 2. Hi tip
I. Khi nim:
1. nh ngha:
Hi tip l ghp mt phn tn hiu ra(in p huc dng in)
ca mng 4 cc tch cc(phn t khuch i- Transistor huc KTT) v
u vo thng qua mt mng 4 cc, mng 4 cc ny gi l mng hi tip.
XV
+(-)
XR
Xh
Xht
Kht
XV: tn hiu vo
XR: tn hiu ra
Xht: tn hiu hi tip
K: H s khuch i ca mch Khuch i
Kht: H s khuch i mch hi tip
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
K
uR
uV
uht
Kht
K
uR
uV
iht
Kht
uht
K
uR
uV
Kht
uht
K
uR
uV
iht
uht
Kht
10
DTT_PTH_VQS
Kn
Xn
+
XV
XR
- Xh
Xht
Kht
XV: tn hiu vo
XR: tn hiu ra
Xht: tn hiu hi tip
K: H s khuch i ca mch Khuch i
Kht: H s khuch i mch hi tip
Xn: tn hiu t tng trc
Kn: H s khuch i mch ghp
X
XR
K
=
; K tp = R = K ' K n
Xn
X V 1 KK ht
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
R1
Rc
C2
C1
ur
R2
Vs
Re=Rht
12
uht= ve
ie
DTT_PTH_VQS
Vcc
R1
Rc
C2
C1
ur
R2
Re
Vs
Ce
Vht =
Re1
Re1
.u r => K ' = Vht / u =
Re1 + Rht
Re 1 + Rht
R2
R1
Rc2
C3
Rc1
Q2
C1
Q1
C2
ur
Vs
13
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
Vcc
Rc2
+
Q2
R2
R1
C1
Rc1
Q1
C2
ur
Rht
+
Vs
C3
Re1
Vht
Vcc
Rc
C2
Rht
C1
Q1
Vs
uht
hie
Ur
14
DTT_PTH_VQS
Vcc
Rc
Rb
C2
C1
Q1
Ur
Vs
Rb1
Rb
Rc1
U
r
C2
Q2
C
1
Vs
Rc2
C3
Q1
hi
Rh
iht
ie2
Re2
15
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
Vcc
Rc1
Rb1
Rc2
Rb2
Q2
C1
C3
Q1
C2
Re2
Ce2
Vs
Tng tr ng vo:
Zv
Tng tr ng ra:
Zr
khuch i in
p: KU
rng bng
thng: B
Hi tip
m in
p
ni
tip
Hi tip
m in
p song
song
Hi
tip
m dng
in song
song
Zi.g
Zi.g
Zi /g
Zi /g
Zo.g
Zo /g
Zi /g
Zi.g
Ku/g
Ku/g
Ku/g
Ku/g
B.g
B.g
B.g
B.g
Trong g =1 K.Kht
Cc mch khuch i hi tip m lm tng tng tr ng vo thng dng
cho tng tin khuch i, khng lm gim bin ca tn hiu hu ch, cc mch
hi tip m lm gim tng tr ng ra thng dng cho cc tng cui(cng sut),
tng kh nng cp dng cho ti.
Ngoi cc thng s thng k trn, mch hi tip cn c tc dng gim bin
nhiu, gim mo phi tuyn v mo tn s.
16
DTT_PTH_VQS
Chng 3. Cc s c bn ca tng
khuch i tn hiu nh dng Transistor
- Vi tn hiu nh thng dng s tng ng phn tch, c th biu din cc
phn t tch cc bng s tng ng , huc s tng ng ca mng 4
cc
I. Khi nim
- Transisor l linh kin phi tuyn, nhng khi xt vi tn hiu trong phm vi
bin thin nh th mc phi tuyn nh hng khng ln, nn c th xem nh
mch tuyn tnh, T c v thnh cc mch tng ng gm R, ngun dng, c
th tnh ton v phn tch theo cc nguyn l ca L thuyt mch, c th biu din
bng s tng ng , huc s tng ng ca mng 4 cc
- Vic tnh ton, phn tch mt mch khuch i dng T bao gm cc phn
sau:
+ Tnh ton ch mt chiu
+ Tnh ton cc tham s ch xoay chiu(ch ng).
Phn tnh ton ch mt chiu ta xem xt phn Cu kin in t, v
vy ch nghin cu ch ng.
II. Phn tch mch khuch i bng s tng ng
1. Mch tng ng ca Transistor
iu kin mt T dn l phn cc thun vi tip gim BE v phn cc
ngc vi tip gim BC, mch tng ng ca T nh sau:
C
Rc
ic
Rb
B
ie
Re
E
Trong :
+ Rb l in tr on t cc B v gia vng bn dn ca cc B.
+ Re l in tr thun trng thi xoay chiu ca mi ni BE:
Re=26mV/IE(mA)
+ Rc l in tr nghch ca mi ni BC.
Mch tng ng T dng thng s ca ma trn H:
Rb
B
C
Ib
Re
Ie
Ic=.ib
Uce
Ube
E
17
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
trong :
+ ib: dng in tn hiu ng vo, gi tr ph thuc vo Rb, Re
+ ic : dng in tn hiu ng ra, ic=ib
Phng trnh c trng theo ma trn H:
Ube=h11.ib+h12.Uce
ic = h21.ib +h22.Uce
+ h11=Ube/Ib: in tr ng vo
+ h21=Ic/Ib: h s khuch i dng
+ h12=Ube/Uce: khuch i in p ngc
+ h22=Ic/Uce: dn np ng ra.
2. Mch tng ng kiu EC:
Rb
B
Re
Ic
R0
Rc
- Tng tr ng vo:
Vi ib.rb + ie.re ib.rb + .ib.re
=
h11= hie=Ri= =
Ib
ib
ib
- Tng tr ng ra:
ro=1/h22
- khuch i dng:
Ki=h21=
- khuch i in p:
Uce
1
Rc
Ku=
=
= .
Ube h12
Rbe
3. Mch tng ng kiu BC:
- Tng tr ng vo:
ie.re + ib.rb .re + re
=
h11= hie=Ri= =
ie
- Tng tr ng ra:
ro=Vo/ic
- khuch i dng:
Ki=ic/ie=(/(+1))1
- khuch i in p:
ic.Rc
Rc
Ku=
= .
Rbe
ie.Ri
18
DTT_PTH_VQS
Ic
Re
E
Rb
Rc
Rs
Ic
Re
ie
Vs
R1
19
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
Vcc
R1
Rc
C2
C1
Q1
Zt
Rs
R2
Re
Ce
Vs
Rs
R1
Vs
R2
hie
Ic
Rc
Zt
Ic
Rc
Zt
Rs
Vs
Vi
Zi
ta c Zi=hie//R1//R2
-Ki=
Vo
Zt
- Ku=
=
Vi
Zi
-H s khuch i ton mch Ktp=Ku.
Vi
Zt
=
Vs
Zt + Rs
20
DTT_PTH_VQS
Vcc
R1
Rc
C2
C2=10F
Ce=50F
Rc=3,3K
C1=10
=100
Rs=600
R1=100K
R2=27K
Re=1K
hie=2,5K
Zt=20K
C1
Q1
Zt
Rs
R2
Re
Ce
Vs
Vs
Vi
Ic
Zi
Rc
Zt
rb+re
E
-Tng tr vo ca T: Ri=hie=2,5K
-Ki==100 ln
Rc // Zt
2,8
= 100.
112 ln(h s K ca ring T)
- Ku=
hie
2,5
hie.Zi
hie( R1 // R 2)
- Zv chung c mch=Zi//hie=
=
2,2 K
hie + Zi hie + ( R1 // R 2)
- khuch i p ton mch:
Vo Vi
Zv
2,2
Ktp= . = Ku.
= 112.
= 88
Vi Vs
Zv + Rs
2,2 + 600
Du - chng t tn hiu ra ngc pha vi tn hiu vo
IV. Transistor Trng- FET
Mch khuch i in hnh dng FET, nh hnh v sau, dng in cc ca
IG, c gi tr nh khng ng k, nn st p trn Rs l khng ng k, c th b
qua, , ta c:
+ VGS=-VGG
+Vgs=Vs
in p tng gm c mt chiu v xoay chiu l : VGS=vgs+VGS,
21
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
VDD
RD
Ur
Rs
Q1
Vs
-VGG
+
VGS
v
+ s )
VPO VPO
C2
RD
Ur
C1
Q1
Vs
RG
Cs
Rs
V0
id
=
.R D
Vgs
v gs
Rs
C1
Q1
Ur
RG
Vs
22
Rs
DTT_PTH_VQS
g m .Rs
V0
=
Vgs 1 + g m Rs
Trong gm=id/vgs
Trong mch khuch i nhiu tng, mch ghp RC s thc hin ghp
gia tng ny vi tng khc nh 1 t in. T C2 nh trong hnh di y
biu din kiu ghp ny gia 2 tng CE.
23
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
DTT_PTH_VQS
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
b. Mch Cascode.
Mch khuch i Cascode l mch khuch i nhiu tng ghp trc tip.
cu hnh ny gm mt mch Transistor kiu CE v 1 Transistor CB ni vi
nhau nh hnh di y.
Mch ny c cc c im chnh:
n nh v p ng tn s cao.
Cc c trng trn khin mch
Cascode c bit hu dng ti min tn s
cao.
DTT_PTH_VQS
* Tn ton thng s:
Ta tn cho tn hiu vi sai:
v1=-v2
va=-vb
Nh vy dng in lun ngc chiu trong 2 T, khng qua Re, nn
c th b Re trong khi tnh ton:
27
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
28
DTT_PTH_VQS
29
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
Vcc 2
Vs 2
=
4 * RL 2 * RL
DTT_PTH_VQS
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
PD =
Vcc * VM
V
M
* RL 4 * RL
32
DTT_PTH_VQS
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
34
DTT_PTH_VQS
35
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
36
DTT_PTH_VQS
u
u
vo
u ra
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
2 ln v chnh l rng di tn
DTT_PTH_VQS
ca b KTT.
2. Dng vo tnh v in p lch khng
IP + IN
vi VP = VN = 0
2
Vr
Vro
Ri
Ri + Rf
39
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
Kd
Kc
III. Cc s c bn ca b KTT
1. B khuch i o
40
DTT_PTH_VQS
Vr = - R2 . I
Du - xut pht t thc t rng, nu Vv > 0V dng chy t Vv ti Vr
bi th Vr c mc in p thp hn u vo o; tuy nhin u vo o li l
im t o (0V) nn Vr s phi m.
Thay th gi tr ca I vo ta c :
Vr = - Vv . R2 / R1
v h s khuch i c nh ngha nh t s gia p vo v p ra nn:
K = Vr / Vv = - R2 / R1
Ch : Vi b khuch i thc, tr khng vo v h s khuch i khng phi
l v cng nhng cng rt ln do cng thc trn c th chp nhn c.
2. Mch khuch i khng o
Vr
R2
= 1+
Vv
R1
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
R3
R3
+ V 2*
Vr = V 1 *
R1
R2
42
DTT_PTH_VQS
V 2' = V 2.
R4
R3 + R 4
V 1 V 1'
=
R1
V 1
V 2 * R4
R3 + R 4
R1
R2
R2
R4
V 1 + (1 +
V2
)
R1
R1 R3 + R 4
Nu t s R2/R1=R4/R3 th ta c:
Vr = (V2 - V1)*R2/R1.
v nu R2=R1 v R4=R3 th:
Vr = V2 - V1.
5. Mch tch phn
1
.Vv.dt
RC
tch phn 2 v, ta c:
Vr =
1
Vv.dt
RC
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
dVr
dt
Vr
DTT_PTH_VQS
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
i B = Io * e
v BE
VT
(3)
iB l dng base.
Io = dng r (ngc) bo ho ca chuyn tip PN.
vBE = in p base-emitter.
VT = K*T/ q l in th nhit
vi K: hng s Boltzmann ; T : nhit tuyt i ; q: in tch e.
T (2) v (3) , ta c:
trong :
vBE = VT * ln
ic
hFE * Io
Vv
R * hFE * Io
Vr = v BE = VT * ln
vin
R * hFE * Io
Nh vy in p u ra l mt hm logarit ca in p u vo
9. Mch exp:
R1
Q1
Uv
U1
+
Ur
DTT_PTH_VQS
in p ra c dng Ur=exp(uv)
10. Mch nhn(chia) tng t:
Y=X1.X2
Mch nhn c thc hin trn c s mch log v Exp:
X1
Y=K.X1.X2
Ln
Tng(hiu)
X2
exp
(Y=K.X1/X2)
Ln
IV. Phn Bi tp
1. Bi ton thun phn tch mt mch KTT c thc hin nh sau:
Va
Vb
Rb
Vm
Rm
V1
V2
Vn
U1
IDEAL
out
R1
R2
Rn
47
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
V Vn
VP V1 VP V2
=0
+
+ ... + P
R1
R2
Rn
V
V
V
VP = ( R1 // R 2 // ... // Rn)( 1 + 2 + ... + n )
R1 R 2
Rn
Thay VN = VP ta c:
Rf
V1 V2
V
+
+ .. + n )( R1 // R 2 // ... // Rn)
Ra // Rb // ... // Rx // Rf
R1 R 2
Rn
V
V
V
Rf ( a + b + ... + m
Ra Rb
Rm)
Vout = (
Bi tp mu:
Cho mch in nh hnh v. Tm biu thc ca in p u ra theo cc
u vo
V1
3k
V2
4k
12k
U4
IDEAL
out
V3
6k
4k
V1 V N V 2 V N Vout V N
=0
+
+
3
4
12
V 3 .V 2 Vout
VN = +
+
2
8
8
Cng vi gi thit nh trn ta coi nh khng c dng vo ca thun. Khi
phng trnh KCL cho nt P s l:
48
DTT_PTH_VQS
VP V3 V P
+
=0
6
4
2.V3
4
VP =
V3 =
4+6
5
VN =
2. Bi ton ngc
Va
Vb
Rb
Vm
Rm
U1
IDEAL
out
Ry
V1
R1
V2
Vn
R2
Rn
Rx
X=
Xi = X1 + X2 + +Xn
i =1
m
Y=
Yj = Y1 + Y2 + +Ym
j =1
Z = X- Y 1
+ Da vo gi tr ca Z ta s chn 1 trong 3 trng hp sau tnh:
49
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
TH
Ry
Rx
>0
Rf/Z
<0
=0
Rf/Z
R1,2
Ra,b
Rf/Xi
Rf/Yj
X=
Xi = 10 + 6 +4 = 20
i =1
b
Y=
Yj = 5 + 2 = 7
j =a
Z = X - Y 1 = 20 -7 1 = 12
Do Z > 0 nn ta s p dng cch tnh ca trng hp 1. Chn Rf =
120k.
Khi cc gi tr cn li c tnh nh sau:
Rf 120k
=
= 12k
10
X1
Rf 120k
R2 =
=
= 20k
6
X2
Rf 120k
R3 =
=
= 30k
4
X3
R1 =
Kt qu l ta c mch nh sau:
50
Rf 120k
=
= 24k
5
Ya
Rf 120k
Rb =
=
= 60k
2
Yb
Rf 120k
Ry =
=
= 10k
12
Z
Ra =
DTT_PTH_VQS
Va
24k
Vb
60k
120k
U2
IDEAL
out
10k
V1
12k
V2
20k
V3
30k
da
+ 2 bdt + c 3d
2dt
Gii:
Da vo biu thc cho ta s thit k mch
y1 = c 3d
1 da
y2 = .
2 dt
y3 = 2 bdt
y = y1 y 2 y3
51
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
30k
10k
IDEAL
y1
1M
0.5u
45k
IDEAL
y2
15k
10k
y2
10k
10k
y3
0.5u
IDEAL
1M
y
10k
y1
IDEAL
y3
5k
Kt qu l ta c mch sau:
1M
0.5u
IDEAL
0.5u
b
10k
1M
10k
IDEAL
10k
IDEAL
y
30k
d
IDEAL
c
45k
15k
52
10k
10k
5k
DTT_PTH_VQS
fc
K
Mch lc thng cao
fc
0 f1
Mch lc thng di
fo f2
Mch lc thng di
Mch lc thng di cho qua cc tn s nm
trong khong t f1 ti f2 v chn tt c cc tn
s nm ngoi di ny.
rng ca da thng c tnh bng B = f2
f1
53
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
Tn s trung tm fo =
f 1. f 2
Mch lc chn di
Mch lc chn di cho qua cc tn s nm trong khong nh hn f1 v ln
hn f2, v chn tt c cc tn s nm trong khong f1 f2
rng ca da chn c tnh bng B = f2 f1
K
Mch lc chn di
0
Tn s trung tm fo =
f1 f2
f 1. f 2
Mch lc pha
Mch lc pha khng c da chn, n cho qua tt c cc tn s nhng gia u
v v u ra c s dch pha.
K
Mch lc pha
II. Mch lc th ng
Mch lc th ng l mch cha cc phn t th ng R, L, C m khng c
cc phn t tch cc nh BJT hay KTT.
Mch lc th ng l Mch lc c h s truyn t K()<1
Cc mch ny hu ht lm vic tn s cao ( >1MHz) v khu vc tn s
thp cc mch ny c kt cu nng n v h s phm cht gim.
Mt s mch lc th ng thng gp v c tuyn truyn t ca chng:
54
DTT_PTH_VQS
55
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
0,01
0,03
0,1
0,3
10
30
=f/fg
4- Lc Tschebyscheff.
DTT_PTH_VQS
2
3
4
t
4- Lc Tschebyscheff.
K ( P) =
Ko
(1 + ai .P + bi .P 2 )
(1)
K ( P) =
K
a
b
i (1 + Pi + Pi2 )
(2)
Lc Bessel
a1
1,000
1,362
0,756
1,340
b1
0,000
0,618
0,000
0,489
a2
0,000
0,000
1,000
0,774
b2
0,000
0,000
0,477
0,389
Lc Butterworth
57
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
n
1
2
3
4
a1
1,000
1,414
1,000
1,848
b1
0,000
1,000
0,000
1,000
a2
0,000
0,000
1,000
0,765
Bc
Lc Tschebyscheff
n
a1
b1
a2
1
1,352
0,000
0,000
2
0,978
1,663
0,000
3
3,480
0,000
0,369
4
2,140
5,323
0,192
Bng: Cc h s ai,bi ca cc loi mch lc.
Trong ,
b2
0,000
0,000
1,000
1,000
b2
0,000
0,000
1,283
1,154
n: bc ca b lc.
i: s th t mt lc.
R3
R2
C2
Uv
Uv
R3
Ur
C2
C2
a./
58
R1
C1
b./
Ur
DTT_PTH_VQS
C2
Uv
R1
R2
Ur
C1
c./
Hnh v 3. Mch lc thng thp bc 2.
a./ hi tip m mt vng; b./ hi tip m nhiu vng;
c./ hi tip dng mt vng.
Hm truyn t
Xt mch lc thng thp hi tip dng mt vng, vit phng trnh ti cc
nh ca mch, ta s c c hm truyn t sau:
K ( P) =
k
1 + P g [R1C1 + R2C1 + (1 k ) R1C2 ] + P 2 g2 R1 R2C1C2
(3)
Xc nh cc phn t ca mch
n gin, ta xc nh cc phn t ca mch trong 2 trng hp sau:
a. Cho R1 = R2 = R v k = 1.
Khi , ta c Op-amp l mt mch lp in p. Biu thc hm truyn t tr thnh:
K ( P) =
1
1 + 2 P g RC1 + P 2 g2C1C2
(3a)
C2 = b1/fgRa1.
k
1 + P g RC (3 k ) + P 2 g2 R 2C 2
(3b)
59
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
So snh vi (1), ta c:
RC =
b1 / 2fg .
k = Ko = 3 a1/ b1
Lc ny, loi b lc hon ton c xc nh bi k m khng phi bi cc linh kin
RC. Do , c th thay i tn s gii hn fg ca mch bng cch thay i RC m
khng nh hng n tnh cht ca b lc.
2. Lc thng cao bc 2:
S mch:
Xt mch hi tip dng mt vng.
R2
Uv
Ur
C1
C2
R1
k
1 R2 (C1 + C2 ) + R1C2 (1 k ) 1
1
+ 2
1+
P
R1 R2C1C2 g
P R1 R2C1C2 g2
(4)
Xc nh cc phn t mch
a. Chn :
C 1 = C2 = C
k=1
1
1
2
1
1
+ 2
1+
P R1C g P R1 R2C 2 g2
60
(4a)
DTT_PTH_VQS
a1 =
2
R1C g
b1 =
1
1 a1
=
2 2
R1 R2C g 2 R2C g
b. Chn
R1 = R2 = R
C1 = C2 = C
k
1 3k
1
1
+ 2 2 2 2
1+
P RC g P R C g
(4b)
Ta c:
K = 1.
a1 =
3 k
RC g
b1 =
1
R C 2 g2
2
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
Ko
K
KoKP
=
(5)
a
(1 + a1 P) (1 + 1 ) a1 + (a12 + 1) P + a1 P 2
P
K ( P) =
Ko.K=A.
t:
a12 + 1 = .
ch rng vi b lc bc mt: a1 = 1 ta s vit li biu thc trn:
K ( P) =
AP
1 + P + P 2
(6)
=f/fo = 1
v
P =j = j
K CH =
(6a)
K =
K CH
A
=
2
2
2 ln , nn ta c:
(6b)
1, 2 =
2+2
4+2
2
2
(7)
Q=
fo
fo
1
=
=
B
f 2 f1 1 2
(8)
Q=
(9)
K=
62
( K CH / Q).P
1 + (1 / Q).P + P 2
(10)
DTT_PTH_VQS
S mch.
bC
R/b
C
R
C
Uv
R2
C
R1
Ur
R3
Uv
aC
Ur
b./
a./
R
Uv
Ur
c./
Hnh v 5. Mch lc chn lc.
a./ hi tip m mt vng; b./ hi tip m nhiu vng; c./hi tip dng mt vng.
Hm truyn t
Xt mch phn hi m nhiu vng, hm truyn t c vit:
PO
K ( P) =
1 + 2 PO
R2 R3
C
R1 + R3
R1 R3
RR R
C + P 2O2 1 2 3 C 2
R1 + R3
R1 + R3
(11)
So snh (11) vi (10), ta thy, biu thc (11) s c dng h s khuch i ca mch
lc chn nu h s P2 bng 1, tc:
O2 .
R1 R2 R3 2
C =1
R1 + R3
Do , tn s cng hng:
63
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
R1 + R3
R1 R2 R3
O =
1
C
KCH=
R2
2R1
Khi :
Q = .R2CfO.
B=
fO
1
=
Q R2C
4. Mch nn chn lc
nn mt tn s no , ngi ta dng mt b lc c h s truyn t
tn s cng hng bng khng, cn tn s thp v tn s cao th h s truyn t
tng n mt gi tr khng i no . Mt mch nn ch lc th ng kh ph
bin l mch T kp . Hm truyn t ca mch:
KT =
1 2
1 + 4 j 2
(12)
KT =
1 + P2
1 + 4P + P 2
(13)
vi = RC.
hay:
= 4;
Khi f<<fO hay f>>fO tc P<<j hay P>>j th KT = KTO=A cn khi, f=fO tc P=j th
KT=0. Tng t vi mch lc chn lc, ta tnh c 2 nghim 1 v 2, do :
Q=fO/B = 1/ 1 - 2 = 1/.
(14)
K TO (1 + P 2 )
KT =
1
1+ P + P2
Q
(15)
KT =
64
K TO (1 2 )
(1 2 ) 2 + 2 / Q 2
K TO (1 2 )
1 Q2 (
1
2) + 4
2
Q
DTT_PTH_VQS
Uv
C
Ur
(k-1)R1
R1
ur = K .u1
Ti tn s cng hng ur = 0, lc ny coi nh mt u ca R/2 ni t, do tn s
cng hng fO vn xc nh theo bit thc :
1
2RC
fO =
k (1 + P 2 )
1 + 2(2 k ) P + P 2
Do , KO= k v:
Q=
1
2(2 k )
65
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
I. KhI nim
Mch dao ng l mch in t, dng to ra cc tn hiu hnh sin, xung
hnh ch nht, xung tam gic, xung rng ca....
Mch in dao ng l thng qua cc phng thc t kch c th bin
in p mt chiu thnh ra mt in p bin i theo quy lut nht nh: sin, xung
hnh ch nht, xung tam gic, xung rng ca....
+ Bin in p dao ng
+ n nh tn s
+ Cng sut ra
+ Hiu sut...
Nguyn l to dao ng:
+ To dao ng bng hi tip dng
+ To dao ng bng phng php tng hp mch
66
DTT_PTH_VQS
Xa: 497.6u
Yc: 1.200
Xb: 0.000
Yd:-1.200
a-b: 497.6u
c-d: 2.400
a
c
Y=voltage
A
B
Ref=Ground
Xa: 5.000m
Yc: 20.00
Xb: 0.000
Yd:-4.000
a-b: 5.000m
c-d: 24.00
X=time(S)
freq: 200.0
20
a
c
16
12
8
4
0
-4
d
0
833u
Xa: 5.000m
Yc: 32.00
Xb: 0.000
Yd:-16.00
1.67m
Ref=Ground
2.5m
X=833u/Div Y=voltage
3.33m
4.17m
5m
b
32
a
c
24
16
8
0
-8
-16
0
d
833u
1.67m
Ref=Ground
2.5m
3.33m
X=833u/Div Y=voltage
4.17m
5m
b
12
a
c
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
1.67m
3.33m
Ref=Ground
5m
6.67m
X=1.67m/Div Y=voltage
8.33m
d
10m
67
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
Xv
Xr
Xht
Kht
&
Xv
Xht
Xr
K
Kht
Trong :
- Khi K: l cc phn t khuch I(cung cp nng lng cho qu
trnh dao ng h s truyn t=>1).
- Khi Kht: l cc phn t to dao ng, thng l s t hp ca
cc phn t th ng(h s truyn t<=1).
Xt mt cch tng qut, ta c h s truyn t theo dng phc ca tng
khi:
+ Khi khuych I: K=[K].ejk
+ Khi hi tip: Kht=[Kht].ejht
Trong [Kht], [K]: l cc module h s hi tip v khuch i
Xr= K.Xv
(1)
Xht= Kht.Xr
(2)
Xht= Kht.K.Xv
( 3)
mch l mch dao ng, th Xv=Xht, t (3)=> Kht.K=1 (4)
Dng tng qut ca (4): [K].[Kht].ej(ht +k) =1
=>+ [K].[Kht]=1
(5)
+ ej(ht +k) =1, tc l ht+k =2n (6), vi n=0, 1, 2, 3,...
Gi =ht+k gi l tng di pha ca hi tip v b khuch i, c
trng cho dch pha gia tn hiu vo ban u Xv v tn hiu ra mch hi
tip Xht.
2. Tnh ton mch dao ng
68
DTT_PTH_VQS
Uht
Ur
R2
U1
C
L
(K*-1)R1
R1
K
-
R1, (K*-1)R1 l
cc in tr ca
khu khuch i
khng o.
R2 in tr phi
hp tr khng
LC khung dao
ng
Bin p: hi tip
tn hiu(h cm
cng chiu)
Kht
Mch dao ng LC
R2
( K * 1) R1
= 1+
= K*
(7)
R1
R1
- in p hi tip v u vo thun thng qua bin p:
uht=(M/L).u1=Kht.u1
(8)
M: h s h cm ca cc cun dy, L- in cm khung dao ng
- in p ra ca b khuch i ur= K.uv= K*.uht
- Theo nh lut K1 vi nt A:
u r u1
du
1
C 1 u1 dt = 0
(9)
R
dt L
Thay (7) v (8) vo (9), ta c:
d 2 u r 1 K ht K * du r
1
+
.
+
u r = 0 (10)
2
RC
dt
LC
dt
t : =(1-K*Kht)/2RC
20=1/LC
(10) c dng:
d 2ur
du
+ 2 . r + 02 .u r = 0
(11)
2
dt
dt
k = 1+
69
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
(12)
Phn t dao ng
B linh kin
Gc lch pha
LC
0
RC
/4- mi khu
3 im in cm
3 im in cm
B kt hp cc
linh kin kiu
khc
Ghp sao cho: + Tho mn iu kin v bin
+ Tho mn iu kin v pha
DTT_PTH_VQS
Vcc
C=voltage
Hi tip
X=time(S)
Rc
R1
ur
Q1
C
R2
Re
K, lch 180
Ce
(15)
71
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
h21e
h
h
h
h
h
(16)
( 21e ) 2 11e n 21e + ( 21e ) 2 11e
Z
2
2
2
2
Z
(16) chnh l iu kin v bin ca mch dao ng L-C, mch c dao ng hnh
sin ti 2 im mt(cc tr)
Tn s dao ng f dd = f ch = 2 1 LC
(17)
=>
Z1
Rr
Z3
Z2
K1ud
ud
E
ur
S tng qut mch dao ng 3 im
K=
Zt
ur
, (18), trong Zt = Z2//(Z1 nt Z3);K1 h s K
= K1
ud
Rr + Z t
khng ti, Rr in tr ra ca b K
K ht =
uB uB
Z1
=
=
u C u r Z1 + Z 3
(19)
K .K ht = K1
X1 X 2
(20)
Rr ( X 1 + X 2 + X 3 ) + X 2 ( X 1 + X 3 )
DTT_PTH_VQS
K .K ht = K1
X1
X2
(22)
- Mch 3 im in cm(mch
Hartley)
Vcc
Rc
R1
ur
C
L1
Q1
R2
Re
Ce
L2
B
Hi tip
K, lch 180
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
fd= fch=
1
2 ( L1 + L2 )C
(23)
Rc
R1
ur
C
L1
Q1
R2
Re
L2
Ce
B
Hi tip
" Thit k mch khi dng T-BC, IC-KTT
- Mch 3 im in dung
Vcc
Rc
R1
ur
C
Q1
C1
R2
Re
Ce
LC2
B
Hi tip
K, lch 180
DTT_PTH_VQS
1
fd= fch=
C .C
2 L ( 1 2 )
C1 + C 2
(24)
C1
&
C2
LAB
C2
Ctd =
1
1 1
+
+
C1 C2 C
(25)
Q
1
R2
R
3
C
2
C
3
L1
75
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
RC = arctg
R
R+
1
CR
1
jC
(26)
(27)
Uv
Ur
76
DTT_PTH_VQS
Vcc
R1
U
v
Rc
U
r
Q
R2
Re
h.a
h.b
Vcc
Rc
R1
C
C
Q
Vout
Re
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
K ht =
=> Kht =
Ur Ub
1
=
=
(28)
2
Uv Uc 1 5 j (6 2 )
1
(6 2 )
1 5 2 j (6 2 )
ht = arctg
1 5 2
(29)
=>
+ Kht= -1/29
+ fd=
1
2 6 RC
Vi cc kt qu nh sau:
Loi
fd
Thng cao 3 khu
?
Thng cao 4 khu
Kht
?
Hnh v
T v
-1/18,4
T v
-1/29
T v
-/18,4
T v
2 10 / 7 RC
Thng thp 3 khu
Thng thp 4 khu
6
2RC
10 / 7
2RC
K ht =
=> Kht =
78
Ur 2 1 j 2
=
Uv 2 1 j 3
( 2 1) 2 + 4 2
;
( 2 1) 2 + 9 2
(30)
(1 2 )
ht = arctg 2
(31)
( 1) 2 + 6 2
DTT_PTH_VQS
R
C
Vin
Vout
Mch lc hnh T
C
R
Vout
R1
R2
79
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
2 1
Uout
= 2
K ht =
UN
1 + j 4
=> Kht =
( 2 1) 2
;
( 2 1) 2 + 16 2
(32)
ht = arctg
4
1 2
(33)
k.C
R/k
Vout
R1
R2
Khi =1, ta c
+ Kht= 0
+ ht=0
DTT_PTH_VQS
1
Ur
=
Uv 1 + R1 + C 2 + j (R1C 2 1 )
R 2 C1
R 2C1
1
;
R1 C 2 2
1
2
(1 +
+
) + (R1C 2
)
R 2 C1
R2C1
K ht =
=> Kht =
(34)
1
R 2C1 (35)
ht = arctg
R1 C 2
1+
+
R 2 C1
Thng chn C1= C2 = C v R1= R2 = R, khi :
R1C 2
=> Kht =
1
1 2
9 + (RC
)
RC
Ti tn s dao ng fd=
1
, th
2RC
ht = arctg
RC
3
1
RC (36)
+ Kht=Kmax= 1/3
+ ht=0
=3
1
K ht ( )
1 + K 0 K ht ( )
+ K ht ( )
K0
R1
1
=
. T suy ra :
3 R1 + R2
R1 = 2R2
Nhng y cng chnh l iu kin cn bng ca cu, in tr hi tip v Ud = 0,
do mch khng th dao ng c. V vy, ngi ta iu chnh cho cu lch cn
bng cht t, ngha l:
R1 > 2R2 mt lng nh
hay
K ht ( ) =
81
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
C
R
C1
R1
C2
R2
Thng thp
D1
R1
D2
R2
C
Ur
82
DTT_PTH_VQS
XTAL1
1.000MHZ
-Tinh th thch anh:
Thnh phn ho hc ca thch anh l SiO2, c ct theo nhng lp nht
nh i vi tinh th thch anh thnh nhng lp mng, gi l lt tinh th, c hnh
dng Vung, trn, ch nht.
Dao ng ca thch anh da trn hiu ng p in: nu gia 2
bn cc ca tinh th thch anh t vo mt in trng s lm cho tinh
th sinh ra s bin hnh v mt c kh; ngc li nu gia hai bn cc
t vo mt lc c kh s sinh ra mt in trng trn mt chiu tng
ng, hiu ng ny gi l hiu ng p in: nu gia 2 bn cc t vo l
in p bin thin th s sinh ra dao ng c, ng thi dao ng c s
sinh ra in trng giao bin, bin dao ng nh v n nh, nu t
vo mt in p giao bin bn ngoi c tn s bng vi tn s c hu ca
lt tinh th, th s cng hng lm bin dao ng c tng ln ng k,
tc l c s kt hp c-in, lm cho dao ng c duy tr v c n
nh cao.
- Mch tng ng v in ca thch anh:
- Cp: in dung song song
- Cq, Lq, Rq: in dung, in cm, in tr
ni tip, cc thng s ny ph thuc vo
kch thc, v cch ct khi thch anh.
- Thng s ca nh sn xut thng l Tn
s cng hng, in tr ni tip, in dung
song song, h s phm cht
Cp
B
Lq
Cq
Rq
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
+ Cp>>Cq
+ C n nh tn s rt cao: (f/f)=10-6 10-10
Gi tr ca Rq nh(vi chc-vi trm ), nn c th b qua khi tnh ton,
xc nh c tn s ct(cng trng vi tn s dao ng), ta xc nh tng
tr Z:
Z (CqntLq ) // cp = j
+ Z=0, khi =
2 LqCq 1
(Cq + Cp 2 LqCqCp )
(37)
1
=q, y c gi l tn s cng hng ni tip
LqCq
ca thch anh,
+ Z->, khi =
Cp + Cq
=
LqCqCp
1
=p; trong Ct= Cp nt Cq
LqCtd
X =
2 LqCq 1
(Cq + Cp 2 LqCqCp )
fq
0
fp
f 1q = f q 1 +
Cq
Cp + Cs
(38)
f 1 p = fq 1 +
Cq
, khi Co>> Cq th fpfq
Cp + Co
DTT_PTH_VQS
Vcc
Rc
R1
Q
C1
R2
XTAL1
Ce
Cs
Re
C2
R1
Rc
Vai tr nh mt mch lc
Q
C1
R2
Ce
Re
C2
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
86
DTT_PTH_VQS
Chng7. iu ch bin
I. nh ngha
-iu ch l qu trnh ghi tin tc vo mt dao ng cao tn nh bin i mt
thng s no : bin , tn s, pha, rng xung... ca dao ng cao tn theo tin
tc.
- Tin tc thng thng l tn hiu c tn s thp(v d tn hiu m tn 16hz20000hz) cho nn khng th truyn ti i xa c, thng qua qu trnh iu ch tin
tc min tn s thp c chuyn sang min tn s cao truyn i xa.
-Tin tc gi l tn hiu iu ch, dao ng cao tn c gi l ti tin, dao
ng cao tn mang tin tc gi l dao ng cao tn iu ch.
-i vi tn hiu iu ho, phn bit hai loi iu ch: iu bin v iu ch
gc, trong iu ch gc bao gm iu tn v iu pha.
II.iu bin(AM)
iu bin l qu trnh lm cho bin ti tin bin i theo tin tc
1 Ph ca tn hiu iu bin
Gi s tn hiu tin tc v tn hiu ti tin l cc dao ng iu ho, tn hiu ti
tin c tn s bin thin t fmin- fmax; tn hiu ti tin c tn s ft>> fmax
(II.1)
us(t) = Us.cos(s.t)
ut (t)= Ut.cos(t t)
(II.2)
Tn hiu sin us(t) c gi l tn hiu iu bin, tn hiu ut(t)c gi l tn
hiu sng mang.
Tn hiu iu bin bin c xc nh theo cng thc :
uB (t)= [Ut + Us. cos(s.t)]. cost t
(II.3)
(II.4)
= Ut [1 +m cos(s.t)]. cost t
Vi m l hng s t l, m= Us / Ut, h s m phi tho mn iu kin khng
ln hn 1. tn hiu iu ch khng b mo.
p dng cng thc lng gic i vi II.4 ta c:
(II.5)
uB (t)= Ut.cos(t t)+ m/2. Ut.cos(t +s )t+ m/2. Ut.cos(t -s )t
T ta c th thy tn hiu c iu bin bin gm 3 thnh phn sau:
Sng mang
+ Ut.cos(t t)
+ m/2. Ut.cos(t -s )t
Di bng thp
+ m/2. Ut.cos(t +s )t
Di bng cao
87
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
88
DTT_PTH_VQS
I w2t 2 ws + I w2 3w + ...
t
I wt w s
(II.12)
89
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
It
B
Us
C
c tuyn iu ch tnh
mo
m
Us
c tuyn bin - tn s
90
DTT_PTH_VQS
Rt
wt
CB
iD
L1
1uH
E0
+
ws
uD
S iu ch bin dng diode-v dng tn hiu ra
91
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
2t+2 ss
2t+ ss
2t
2t- ss
2t-2 ss
t+3 ss
t+2 ss
t+ ss
t- ss
t-2 ss
3 ss
t-3 ss
2 ss
ss
Rt
wt
CB
iD
L1
1uH
E0
+
ws
uD
92
S iu ch ch C v dng tn hiu ra
DTT_PTH_VQS
i
Trong : I i =
v:
cos t td t t , i=1-n
(II.19)
T II.15 v II.17 ta c:
iD= S.Ut(costt - cos)
cos = - (Eo + Uscosst)/ Ut
(II.21)
(II.22)
us
ub
K
ut
t - s
t- s
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
C1
US
UB
C2
D2
Ut
94
2t+2 ss
2t+ ss
2t
2t-- ss
2t-2 ss
t+3 ss
t+ ss
t+2 ss
t+ ss
t-2 ss
t-3 ss
3 ss
2 ss
ss
Theo s hnh 10 ta c, in p t ln D1 v D2 l
u1 = Utcostt + Uscosst
(II.24)
u2 = Utcostt - Uscosst
(II.25)
Dng qua diode c biu din theo chui Taylor:
(II.26)
i1=a0 + a1. u1+ a2. u12+ a3. u13+...
i2=a0 + a1. u2+ a2. u22+ a3. u23+...
(II.27)
Dng in ra ti i = i1 - i2
(II.28)
Kt hp II.24-II.28, v ch ly 4 v u ta c
i= Acosst + Bcos3st + C[cos(t +s)t + cos(t - s)t]+ D[cos(2t +s)t +
cos(2t - s)t]
(II.29)
Trong A= Us[2a1 + 3a3Ut2 + (a3/2) Us2]
B= (a3/2) Us3
C= 2 a2UsUt
D= 3/2 a3UsUt
DTT_PTH_VQS
C1
D3
US
UB
D4
C2
D2
Ut
S iu bin vng
t+ ss
t- ss
95
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
CCB1
Lc 1
ft1fs
Us(t)
ft2(ft1+fs)
ft2+ ft1+fs
CCB2
Lc 2
UB
ft1+fs
ft1
ft1
To dao
ng 1
To dao
ng 2
96
DTT_PTH_VQS
fmin
fma
S(f
fsmi
ft1
S(f
S(f
fsmi
ft1
fsmi
ft1
ft2
ft1 + ft2
(III.2)
(III.3)
97
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
us
(III.4)
00
900
mch
tng
huc
mch
hiu
ut
00
900
t+ s
98
uB
DTT_PTH_VQS
CCB1
Lc
CCB2
Ut1(t)
Ut2(t)
Lc di
900
900
mch
hiu
uB
US(t)
CCB1
Lc
CCB2
ft2
ft1 + ft2
99
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
d
dt
(IV.1)
(IV.2)
T (IV.1) rt ra
(t ) = (t )dt + (t )
(IV.3)
(IV.4)
DTT_PTH_VQS
2, Ph ca dao ng iu tn v iu pha
Trong biu thc IV.8, cho 0=0, v gi Mf = m/s l h s iu tn ta
(IV.14)
c:
ut(t) = Utcos(tt + Mf sinst)
Nu tn hiu iu ch chim c di tn th Mf = m/smax
H s iu tn Mf khng nhng ph thuc vo bin in p iu ch m cn ph
thuc vo tn s iu ch.
Tng t ta c biu thc ca tn hiu iu pha:
ut(t) = Utcos(tt + M cosst)
(IV.15)
Nu khng xt n pha th ph ca tn hiu iu tn v iu pha l ging
nhau, gm thnh phn ti tn t , v v s cc bin tn t ns.
Cc tnh ton ch ra , rng di tn ca tn hiu iu ch tn s khng
ph thuc vo tin tc, c tnh gn ng:
D = 2m
(IV.16)
nhng iu ch pha, bng tn li ph thuc tn s tn hiu tin tc:
(IV.17)
D = 2. s .m
nhng ph thuc vo bin in p iu ch m cn ph thuc
3, Mch iu tn v iu pha
Nh phn tch trn iu tn v iu pha c th c chuyn i ln
nhau, thng phn bit mch iu tn(iu pha) trc tip, v gin tip.
a, Mch iu tn trc tip
Khi iu tn trc tip, tn s dao ng ring ca mch to dao ng c
iu khin theo tn hiu iu ch(tin tc).
Mch iu tn trc tip thng c thc hin bi cc mch to dao ng
m tn s dao ng ring ca n c iu khin bi dng huc p (CCO- b dao
ng c iu khin bi dng in, VCO- b dao ng c iu khin bi in
p)
Huc bi cc mch bin i in p - tn s. Cc mch to dao ng c tn
s bin i theo in p t vo c th l cc mch to dao ng xung, cc mch to
dao ng iu ho LC.
Nguyn tc thc hin iu tn trong cc b dao ng l lm bin i tr s
in khng ca b to dao ng theo in p t vo, phng php ph bin nht l
dng diode bin dung v trazitor in khng, sau y l cc th d:
iu tn trc tip dng diode bin dung:
Diode bin dung c in dung mt ghp bin i theo in p t vo. C s
tng ng nh hnh 19
Tr s RD v CD ph thuc vo in p t ln diode, nu diode c phn
cc ngc, RD rt ln, cn CD c xc nh theo biu thc:
K
(IV.18)
CD =
(u D + K )
Trong :
k: h s t l
K: in p tip xc ca mt ghp P-N
: H s ph thuc vt liu
101
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
RD
CD diode bin
s tng ng
d
Cb1
Lc
Ucc
R2
us
R1
C
R3
L*
Cb2
R4
+ E0
Cb4
Cb3
f dd =
1
2 L(C + C D )
(IV.19)
DTT_PTH_VQS
Z=
U
U
=
=
I S .U BE
U
ZC
S .U .
R + ZC
R + 1 / jC
S .1 / jC
(IV.21)
Q2
NPN
I
I
U
R
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
Cb1
Lc
R
Q1
Q2
Lgh
Ck
US
Cb2
Cb3
R2
L1
Cb4
R3
R1
+V
DTT_PTH_VQS
+V
Rb
Rb
Us
iu tn trong b dao ng a hi
Tn s lp ca dy xung c xc nh nh sau:
f = 1/2RCLn2
(IV.26)
iu ch tn s lp ca dy xung, a in p iu ch Us vo B ca 2
tranzitor cng vi in p ngun
ca t in qua in tr Rb, khi c mt st p trn in tr collector. Khi ny tn s
lp ca dy xung bin thin theo in p iu ch v c xc nh bng biu thc:
f
2 RCLn[
U C / R B + I Bbh
]
I Bbh
(IV.27)
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
in p ra trn 2 b iu bin:
b to tn hiu
dao ng
iu bin 1
Us
Mch tng
Up
iu bin 2
Mch di pha
900
UB2
Ut2
Ut1
UB1
DTT_PTH_VQS
Z=
Rt
2
1 + jQ
(IV.30)
= arctg (
2Q
(IV.31)
Ucc
Us
Ut
1uH
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
ftf
ft
nftnf
3
ftnf
4
nftn2f
6
ftn2f
7
1-B to dao ng
5-Mch nhn tn bc n
6-Mch trn tn
3-Mch nhn tn bc n
4-Mch trn tn
S khi phng php nng cao lng di tn trong mch iu tn gin tip
108
DTT_PTH_VQS
Tch
sng
Tn hiu ra
tch sng: RTS
109
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
k=
(5)
I s
ub
ID
UD
iD
110
Tn hiu trn
ti
DTT_PTH_VQS
1
I0=
i D d t t
I1=
cos 2 t td 2 t t
(11)
.
.
.
In=
n +1
cos n t td t t
SU db
I1 =
SU db
(sin cos )
(12)
( sin cos )
(13)
cos = R
tg =
(sin cos )
RS
(15)
111
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
I1=
SU db
2
...
V iD= SUb(
iD= S UT(1+mcosst)(
2 (1) n
1
cos t t 2
cos 2n t t ) (16)
2
n =1 4n 1
2 (1) n
1
cos t t 2
cos 2n t t )(17)
2
n =1 4n 1
hi phc.
Trong cc s trn phi chn hng s thi gian =RC ln sao cho dng
in p trn ti(tn hiu hi phc), ging vi tn hiu tin tc ban u. Tng qut R,
C chn theo biu thc sau:
t
Thc t thng chn
10
< RC <
s max
<< RC <<
Ur
Lc thng thp
Ut
u`r =
112
KU t2
(1 + mcos s t)
2
DTT_PTH_VQS
113
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
u2
u
u1
(t) = arctg
U 2 sin t
U 1 + U 2 cos t
(23)
U 22
U
1 + 2 + 2 2 cos(.t )
U1
U1
(24)
DTT_PTH_VQS
2
U(t) = KTSU1 1 + x K TS U 1 (1 + U 2 + U 2 cos t )
2U 12 U 1
U2
= KTS (U1+ 2 + U 2 cos t )
2U 1
2
2U 1
2
2
URTS2 = KTS U 2 => KTS2=KTS U 2
2U 1
2U 1
(28)
Khi U1>> U2 => KTS1>> KTS2, tc l khi tch sng bin c hai dao ng cao tn
c bin khc nhau nhiu, th trong qu trnh tch sng xut hin chn p: tn
hiu bin ln s chn p tn hiu c bin ln.
C. Tch sng tn hiu n bin
Tch sng tn hiu n bin c thc hin nh mch iu ch vng .
Tn hiu n bin vi tn s t + s v tn hiu ti tin ph vi tn s t
ly t b dao ng ni, c a vo 2 u vo ca mch iu ch vng(xem
mch iu ch vng phn iu ch n bin). Ti u ra s c 2 tn hiu :
tn s thp s v tn hiu tn s cao 2t+s
t + s
t
Mch iu
ch vng
2t+s
Lc thng
thp
115
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
us
B
hn ch mo phi tuyn, phi chn on c tuyn gn tuyn tnh AB.
- Tch sng tn s v tch sng pha, thng thc hin theo 3 cch sau:
+ Bin tn hiu iu tn v tn hiu iu pha thnh tn hiu iu
bin, ri thc hin tch sng bin .
+ Bin tn hiu iu tn thnh tn hiu iu ch rng xung, ri thc hin tch
sng tn hiu iu ch rng xung nh mch tch phn.
+ Dng b vng kho pha PLL, tn hiu dao ng ni ca PLL bm theo tn
hiu iu tn, sai s chnh l tn hiu cn tch.
Sau y l mt s mch in dng cc phng php trn
a. Mch tch sng bin tch sng tn s:
Mch tch sng pha cn bng dng diode:
Mch c dng nh hnh v di y:
D1
uf
R
uf
uS
D2
uf
uch
uch
DTT_PTH_VQS
uD
uf
D1
uch
D2
uf
uf
uD2
uch
UD1
U2
(t)
U1
2(t)
1(t)
UD2
-U2
117
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
U 12 + U 22 2U 1U 2 cos (t ) ] (33)
tc l us=f((t)), ta ni in p ra ph thuc vo lch tn s v pha tn hiu vo.
Trong cng thc (33): (t)= (01-02)t +(t)+ 01 - 02
(34)
V: KTS l h s tch sng, cc tnh ton ch ra
KTS=us/mUt
+ Nu 01=02 v 01 = 02, th in p ch (t)= (t), tc l in p ra ch
ph thuc vo pha ca tn hiu vo- Ta c mch tch sng pha
+ Tng t (t)=0, ta c mch tch sng tn s.
+ Thc t tn hiu iu ch thng l kt hp c pha v tn cho nn tng
qut c th dng phng php ny gii iu ch tn hiu.
u1
C
us1
uf
C1
118
u2
R
D2
us2
DTT_PTH_VQS
Z1 =
Z2 =
Rtd 1
1 2
1 + [2Q1
]
1
Rtd 2
2 2
1 + [2Q1
]
2
Rtd 1
1 + [ 0 ] 2
Rtd 2
1 + [ 0 + ] 2
(38)
(39)
Rtd 2
1 + [ 0 + ] 2
in p ra(hnh v):
us= us1 - us2 = KTSm Udt[
Rtd 1
1 + [ 0 ] 2
Rtd 2
1 + [ 0 + ] 2
(40)
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
Cgh
D1
u2
R
Udt
C1
C2
u1
us
L1
Lc
L2
u`2
D2
DTT_PTH_VQS
Tch sng t s
Mch tch sng t s c s di y, n va lm nhim v tch sng va
hn bin:
D1
U2
u1
Us1
Us2
Us
Ctc
Csc
L2
D2
L1
C1
U0
R1
Lgh
S b tch sng t s
Dng in qua D np in cho C1, vi hng s thi gian =RC1, chn thng s
sao cho = (0,1-0,2)s, y l gi tr kh ln, nn C1 bin thin chm lm cho nhiu
bin gim:
p dng inh lut KII cho vng nt t us1 + us uR=0
=> us = uR -us1
U
u + us2
u + u s 2 2u s1 u s 2 u s1
Vi uR= 0 = s1
=> u s = s1
2
2
2
2
2
2
C th vit us theo dng khc nh sau:
us =
u s 2 u s1 u s 2 u s1 u s 2 u s1 u s 2 +u s1 u s 2 +u s1 u s 2 u s1 U 0 u s 2 u s1
=
=
=
=
.
.
.
u s 2 +u s1
u s 2 +u s1
2
2
2
2
2
2 u s 2 +u s1
us =
U 0 u s 2 / u s1 1
.
2 u s 2 / u s1 +1
(41)
121
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
Utg
Mch
Hn bin
Tng
chuyn
mch
Utg1
Lc
thng
thp
us
Utg2
C1
C2
L
Dch pha
(41)
m
Trong _ do : x = tg t +
sin s t
3
5
(43)
122
DTT_PTH_VQS
(44)
Khi =(-/2 -/2)Biu thc (44) chnh l chui Furier ca dy xung tam
gic, in p ra t l vi gc pha , do vy cng t l vi bin in p iu ch.
Loi iu gii iu ch ny thng dng tch sng tn hiu trong pht
thanh v truyn hnh.
IV. Vng kha pha PLL(Phase Locked Loop)
1. Cu to
Vng kha pha PLL(Phase Locked Loop) c cu to nh sau:
tch sng pha
uv
ur
ud=Kduvu`r
Lc thng thp
& Khuch i
v `r
ud
Mch dao ng
VCO
u`r
Mch chia tn
`r=r/N
S khi PLL
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
KU vU r
[cos(( v r' )t r ) cos(( v + r' )t + r )
2
(1)
(2)
DTT_PTH_VQS
U vU r
G ( j (v r' )) cos((v r' )t r )
2
(3)
U vU r
= K d .K
G ( j (v r' )) cos (t )
2
u d = K d .K
B=r- 0=K0ud= K 0 K d .K
=> Bmax= K 0 K d .K
U vU r
G ( j ( v r' )) cos (t )
2
U vU r
G ( j ( v r' )) v di bt chnh l 2Bmax
2
Khi v l hng s th PLL chuyn sang qu trnh gi, hiu pha gia 2
tnh hiu ur v uv khng i (v = `r), t phng trnh trn =>
u d = K d .K
U vU r
cos r l gi tr mt chiu.
2
G = K 0 K d .K
U vU r
UU
cos r =>Gmax = K 0 K d .K v r
2
2
uv
v
ud=Kduvu`r
Lc thng thp
& Khuch i
v `r
ud
Mch dao ng
VCO
u`r
Mch chia tn
`r=r/N
Mch di iu ch FM dng PLL
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
Mch dao ng
VCO
fr=Nfc
fc
Mch chia tn
N:1
Lc thng thp
& Khuch i
fr=Nfv/M
Mch dao ng
VCO
fc
fv
Mch chia tn
N:1
- ng b tn s: dng ng b tn s ra vi mt tn s vo:
tch sng pha
Lc thng thp
& Khuch i
fc
126
Mch ng b tn s dng PLL
Mch dao ng
VCO
fr=fc
DTT_PTH_VQS
Chng 9. Trn tn
I. Khi nim
1. nh ngha:
Trn tn l qu trnh tc ng ln 2 tn hiu sao cho trn u ra b trn tn
ta nhn c cc thnh phn tn s tng v hiu ca 2 tn hiu .
Thng thng mt trong hai tn hiu l tn hiu 1 vch ph, gi l tn hiu
ngoi sai: . Tn hiu cn li l tn hiu hu ch c tn s c nh huc bin thin
trong phm vi no , k hiu fth.
C nhiu tn hiu ca qu trnh trn tn, nhng thng ch ly thnh phn
mong mun, k hiu l ftg
Cng c thc hin: thng qua cc phn t tuyn tnh v phi tuyn
2. Nguyn l trn tn:
fns
Phn t
phi tuyn
ftg
fth
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
1
ir = I n cos n ns t + U th S n [cos(n ns + th )t + cos(n ns + th )t ]
2
0
0
1
+ U tg Gn [cos(n ns + tg )t + cos(n ns tg )t ]
(6)
2
0
t (6)=> tn hiu ra c cc thnh phn: nns th ; ns th ; nns ; nu ly cc s
hng cao ca chui Taylor th cn co cc thnh phn nns mtg ; nns mth ;
nth ; mtg .
1
t tg = nns th , t (6) c ir = U th S n cos tg t + U tg Gn cos tg t (7)
2
1
=> I tg = U th S n + U tg Gn
(8)
2
(8) gi l phng trnh bin i thun ca b trn tn, trong :
+ Sn l bin hi bc n ca hm s= f (u us )
u th
f (u us )
, c trng cho s thay i in
u tg
dn trong ca b trn tn vi thnh phn tn s trung gian..
Ging nh dng ra, dng vo iv cng ph thuc cc tn hiu:
iv=f(uns uth utg) vi Uth, Utg< Uns
1
Cng ging nh cch phn trn I th = U tg S m + U th Gm (9)
2
+ Sm l bin thnh phn bc m(=n trn) ca h dn bin i ngc
f (u us )
sng=
u tg
+ Gn l thnh phn mt chiu ca hm s=
f (u us )
u th
T (8) v (9) c th suy ra cc tham s ca b trn tn :
128
DTT_PTH_VQS
+ H dn trn tn: S tt =
I tg
U tg = 0
U th
I tg
+ in dn trn tn: Gtt =
U tg
+ H s khuch i tnh: tt =
+ H dn trn tn ngc: S ttng
Uth =0
1
Sn
2
= Gn
U tg
U th
I
= th
U tg
U tg = 0
1
Sm
2
I th
U th
Utg =0
= Gm
U th
U tg
=> c th vit cc biu thc (8) v(9) theo quan im mng 4 cc:
I tg = SttU th + GttU tg
I th = S ttng U tg + GmU th
(10)
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
Uth
Uns
Utg
Mch trn tn n
1
d ( (e au 1))
di
1
=.> h dn S =
= 4
= a.e au
du
du
4
Thc t chn D trn tn loi Silic Uns <1V, v ;loi Gecmani Uns < (23)V ;
m bo in p ngc khng gy hng D.
V in p ngoi sai l hm tun hon theo thi gian, nn h dn S l mt
dy xung vung vi rng xung(xem hnh v) ph thuc gc ct tn hiu . Vi
im tnh chn ti gc to , =
130
DTT_PTH_VQS
iD
uD
/2
nst
uns
nst
2
2 sin
S n = S cos n ns td ( ns t ) =
.S
n0
n
Thay =
S
1
Sn =
2
1
S
Gitt = Gio = Gi d ( ns t ) =
S tt =
S
2
2
chng tp m ngoi sai, dng s trn tn cn bng nh sau:
D1
vi
th Gitt =
L
Uth
C
L
D2
Utg
Uns
C
131
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
v u nsD1 = u nsD2 = u ns
Do dng in tn s trung gian qua cc iot (do uth to ra):
itg1 = I tg1 cos( ns th )t
D1
D3
L1
uth
C1
L3
D4
D2
L2
C2
uns
132
C3
utg
DTT_PTH_VQS
Uth
Q
C
uns
E1
E2
Q
Uth
uns
E1
E2
133
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
Q
Uth
uns
E1
E2
uns
Uth
E1
E2
134
DTT_PTH_VQS
-Vcc
R3
R2
Uth
Q
R4
utg
C
L
C
Uns
R1
R1
Rc
Q
C
Uth
C
C
ut
g
R2
Re
Ce
L
C
Uns
135
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
+ C th dng kiu khc l tn hiu ngoi sai ly trc tip t mch dao
ng ni:
utg
B
BA1
uth
L2
R
L1
C2
L3
C1
Vcc
Ce
Re
L
2
S trn tn t dao ng
L3
R2
C2
DTT_PTH_VQS
utg
Q2
ic2
Uns
ic1 = a0 + a1 (u ns + u th ) + a 2 (u ns + u th ) 2 + ...
ic 2 = a0 + a1 (u ns u th ) + a 2 (u ns u th ) 2 + ...
u th = U th cos th t
V bin i ta thy trong dng in ra c cc thnh phn tn s: th , 3th , 3ns
th v 2ns th.
Sau y l mt s trn tn y ko thc t. Trong s ny khng cn ni
t im gia mch vo v mch ra, nn kt cu gin n hn. c im ca s
l emito v colecto ca hai tranzistor ni vi nhau. Khi tr khng tng ng ca
mch ra i vi tn s ngoi sai (ns) nh hn tr khng tng ng i vi tn s
trung gian (tg) nhiu th c th coi tranzistor T2 l mch colecto chung i vi
thnh phn tn s trung gian. Do h p trn RE : URE = uns . Gi thit thi im
no uns tng, nn ic2 tng v URE cng tng lm cho in p bazo - emito ca T1
137
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
utg
Q1
Q2
uth
uns
R3
DTT_PTH_VQS
13
Q2
Q1
Q4
9
Q3
Q5
Q6
is
14
139
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
Utg
Q
Uth
Uns
Vcc
Mch trn tn dng JFET
140
DTT_PTH_VQS
Tn
hiu
tng
t
ADC
Cc php
x l tn hiu s
DAC
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
1
U Q = Q
2
(2)
UD
1100
1011
1010
UQ
1001
1000
0111
0110
0101
0100
0011
0010
0001
UA
0000
1
10
11
12
DTT_PTH_VQS
2. Cc tham s c bn
- Di bin i ca in p tn hiu tng t u vo: l khong in p m
b chuyn i AD m b chuyn i c th chuyn i c, gi tr ny c th m,
dng, huc di t m sang dng, thc t ta cn kt hp vi cc mch nh hn bin,
nn, nn... trc khi a n IC chuyn i AD.
- chnh xc: thng c trng bi s bit, s lng bt lng t
ho cng nhiu th chnh xc cng cao, thng ta c cc IC chuyn i
AD 8bit, 10 bit, 12bt, 16 bt, 20bt, 32bt...Ngoi ra cn c cc thng s
khc nh hng n chnh xc nh: Sai s lch khng, sai s khuch
i....
- Tc chuyn i: cho bit s kt qu chuyn i trong mt giy, tc l
tn s chuyn i fc, thng s ny phn nh kh nng lm vic thi gian thc ca h
thng, trong h thng vin thng n l thng s tch lu tr ca tn hiu, thng s
ny(fc) phi cng ln cng tt.
3.Nguyn tc lm vic ca b ADC:
UA
UD
Ly mu
Tn hiu
analoge
Lng t ho
M ho
Tn hiu
Digital
143
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
S(t)
10
11
12
t
Ri rc ho tn hiu
S(t)
10
11
12
Tn hiu ri rc
144
DTT_PTH_VQS
UD
1100
1011
1010
1001
1000
0111
0110
0101
0100
0011
0010
0001
0000
1
10
11
12
UA
Lng t ho tn hiu ri rc
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
Uch
SS1
UA
FF
R
SS2
FF
R
M
SS3
Ho
FF
UD
SSm
FF
R
Ck
DTT_PTH_VQS
UA(1)
UA
AD
DA
mt bit
mt bit
UA(1)
So snh
Mch
hiu
So snh
UAmax/2
UAmax/2
Tng th hai
Tng th nht
So
snh
Ud
K
Logic
S
So
snh
Ck
-A
Mch
m
UD
UM
DA
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
USS1
SS1
Mch
m
UG
in p
rng ca
UA
USS2
SS2
Ck
UD
DTT_PTH_VQS
RC
RC
RC
C
R
SS
A1
A2
Mch
m
Uch
UA
UD
Mch
logic
Mch
m Z0
UC1
UC2
t
t1
t2
t2
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
1
1
U ch t sau khong t2 ta c U ' 'Ct 2 =
U ch t 2
RC
RC
Gi s sau khong t2 ta c Uc= Uc(in p trn t bng 0)
U
1
1
<=>
U ch t 2 =
U A t1 => t 2 = A t1
(7)
RC
RC
U ch
Mt khc s xung a n mch m Z0 trong khong t1 :
Z0= t1.fn (8); trong fn tn s dy xung nhp
U Z
T (7) v (8)=> t 2 = A . 0
(9)
U ch f n
Trong s xung nhp m c nh mch m u ra trong khong t2:
Z
U
Z = t2 f n = A Z 0 = 0 U A
(10)
U ch
U ch
Sau khong t2 mch m ra b ngt, v Uc=0
Qo trnh trn c lp i lp li trong chu k chuyn i tip theo. T (10) ta thy
s xung m u ra t l vi UA, kt qu m c lp vi R,C, fn, nhng phng
php ny cn tn s xung nhp c n nh cao(sao cho tr s l nh nhau trong 2
khong thi gian t1, v t2).
f. Chuyn i AD theo phng php song song- ni tip
y l phng php kt hp ca 2 phng php song song v phn on
trnh by trn.
h. Chuyn i AD phi tuyn:
Quay li cng
U ' 'C =
thc U Q = 1 Q , ta
1,2
1,1
y=
1,0
ln(1 + x)
ln(1 + )
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
y=x
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
1,1
Hm c trng ca chuyn i AD :
150
1,2
DTT_PTH_VQS
y=
ln(1 + x)
(12)
ln(1 + )
UD
UA
Lc thng thp
DA
123456789111
S khi chuyn i DA
U M = RN I n
(13)
n =0
151
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
RN
20
2N-1
21
R
R/2
R/2N-1
UM
K
(tn hiu s)
Uch
152
DTT_PTH_VQS
21
I0
2N-2
2N-1
I0
I0
I0
K
(tn hiu s)
RN
i0
i1
2R
in-2
in-1
2R
2R
UM
2R
Ur
R1
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
Phn bi tp:
I. Bi tp Transistor ch ng
Bi 1 . Cho mch nh hnh 1. Bit R1 = 20K; R2 = 2K; Rc = 10K; RE= 1K; RL =
10K. Bit dc = 100; Rs = 1K. Vit biu thc in p ra trn tr ti RL . Vcc=12V.
Vcc
H1
R1
V1
-10m/10mV
RC
C1
0.01
C2
0.01
Rs
Q1
2N2222
1kHz
RL
R2
C3
1uF
RE
H2
V1
-10m/10mV
Rs
R1
C2
0.01
Q1
2N2222
1kHz
R2
C1
RE
RL
Bi 3. Cho mch CB nh hnh H3. Bit Rs=50; RE = 20K; R1=20K; R2=2K; Rc=
10K; RE = 1K. Tm biu thc tnh gi tr in p ra trn RL. vi RL = 5,1K.
V1
-10m/10mV
Rs
Q1
NPN
C1
1uF
1kHz
C2
R1
RE
Rc
RL
Vcc
H3
154
R2
DTT_PTH_VQS
R2
C1
Q1
NPN
RL
+
R1
Vin
RE
CE
n:1
R2
C1
RL
Q1
NPN
+
R1
Vin
RE
CE
155
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
5k
10k
1k
V1
U1
IDEAL
Vout
IDEAL
5k
V2
Vout
10k
V1
V2
1k
Hnh 1
5k
Hnh 2
10k
1k
IDEAL
V1
Vout
10k
R3
5k
10k
5k
V1
Vout
V2
2k
10k
Hnh 4
R5
5k
Hnh 3
IDEAL
2k
4k
V1
IDEAL
V1
V2
Vout
50k
V2
10k
IDEAL
1k
Vout
V3
5k
25k
1k
Hnh 5
V3
5k
Hnh 6
10k
10k
V1
V2
V3
V4
30k
8k
6k
IDEAL
3k
Vout
Vout
10k
V3
5k
V4
Hnh 7
156
IDEAL
10k
20k
R2
5k
Hnh 8
DTT_PTH_VQS
10k
IDEAL
V1
10k
10k
10k
IDEAL
10k
Vout
Hnh 9
IDEAL
V2
10k
10k
10k
50k
100k
IDEAL
V1
100k
50k
V1
IDEAL
Vout1
Hnh 10
50k
157
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
158
DTT_PTH_VQS
Mc lc:
Chng I. Nhng khi nim chung v c s phn tch mch in t .............. 4
I. Mch in t: ............................................................................................4
II. Cc kin thc c bn v transistor...........................................4
III. Mch cp ngun v n nh ch lm vic........................5
2. Vi BJT. ......................................................................................................... 5
3. vi FET .......................................................................................................... 7
Chng 2. Hi tip........................................................................................... 9
I. Khi nim:....................................................................................................9
1. nh ngha: .................................................................................................... 9
3. Cc phng trnh c bn: ............................................................................. 11
III. Phng php phn tch mch c hi tip: ............................12
a,
b,
c,
d,
1. Ghp RC....................................................................................................... 23
2. Ghp bin p ................................................................................................ 24
3. Ghp trc tip............................................................................................... 25
4. Cc kiu ghp transistor khc ...................................................................... 25
5. Mch khuch i vi sai ................................................................................ 26
159
BomonKTDT-HGTVT
1. B khuch i o........................................................................................ 40
2. Mch khuch i khng o ........................................................................ 41
3. Mch khuch i tng.................................................................................. 42
4. Mch khuch i hiu.................................................................................. 42
5. Mch tch phn............................................................................................. 43
6. Mch vi phn................................................................................................ 44
7. Mch so snh ............................................................................................... 45
8. Mch khuch i logarit .............................................................................. 45
9. Mch exp: .................................................................................................... 46
10. Mch nhn(chia) tng t:......................................................................... 47
IV. Phn Bi tp ..........................................................................................47
1 Ph ca tn hiu iu bin............................................................................. 87
2 Quan h nng lng trong iu ch bin ................................................. 88
3. Cc ch tiu c bn ca dao ng iu bin ............................................ 89
4. Phng php tnh ton mch iu bin ........................................................ 91
5. Mch iu bin c th.................................................................................. 93
III. iu ch n bin..............................................................................96
1. Khi nim..................................................................................................... 96
2. Cc phng php iu ch n bin ............................................................ 96
IV.iu tn(fm) v iu pha(PM) .......................................................100
DTT_PTH_VQS
4.Mt s bin php nng cao cht lng tn hiu iu tn........................ 108
1. Cu to ....................................................................................................... 123
2. Nguyn tc hot ng: ............................................................................... 124
3. ng dng ca PLL ..................................................................................... 125
161