RN LUYN T DUY PH PHN QUA

DY HC CC V D T HP XC SUT

Nhm 4 Lp cao hc Ton K10

GVHD: GS.TS Nguyn Hu Chu

Cc thnh vin

1. Trn Kim Oanh

2. L Th Hng Ph
3. Lu Th Phng
4. Nguyn Th Phng
5. L Vn Quyt
6. Nguyn Th Thanh Thng
7. Giang Vn Ton
8. Nguyn Thnh Trung
9. Lu Anh Tun

NI DUNG
1 C s l lun
2 Thc trng dy TDPP ph thng
3 Bin php pht trin TDPP
4 Cc v d v rn luyn TDPP

1. C S L LUN
T duy
Khi nim
c im ca t duy
Cc thao tc t duy
Cc loi hnh t duy
T duy c lp
T duy logic
T duy tru tng
T duy bin chng
T duy ph phn
T duy sng to

T duy ph phn (critical thinking)

Khi nim
Theo John Dewey: S suy xt ch ng, lin tc, cn trng v mt nim
tin, mt gi nh khoa hc c xt n nhng l l bo v n v nhng
kt lun xa hn c nhm n [5,tr2]
Theo Michael Scriven: l kh nng, hnh ng thu hiu v nh gi
c nhng d liu thu thp c thng qua quan st, giao tip, truyn
thng, v tranh lun[5,tr3]

T duy ph phn
Khi nim TDPP ca nhm 4:
Qu trnh vn dng tch cc tr tu vo vic phn tch, tng hp, nh gi
s vic, xu hng, tng, gi thuyt t s quan st, kinh nghim,
chng c, thng tin, vn kin thc v l l nhm mc ch xc nh
ng - sai, tt - xu, hay - d, hp l - khng hp l, nn - khng nn,
v rt ra quyt nh, cch ng x cho mnh.

Du hiu nng lc TDPP

Bit xut nhng cu hi v vn quan trng khi cn thit, din t
chng mt cch r rng, chnh xc.
Bit lng nghe nhng kin khc v sn sng a ra tng i trng vi
tng ca ngi khc
Sn sng xem xt cc gi nh, cc kin khc nhau v cn nhc chng mt
cch thn trng
C kh nng t la chn ly gii php, khng ph thuc vo khun mu c
sn

Mi quan h gia TDPP v TDST

T duy ph phn l nn tng pht trin t duy sng to
T duy ph phn l bc i thit yu dn n t duy sng to

Kt hp gia t duy ph phn v t duy sng to gip HS

tm ra gii php cho cc vn trong nh trng cng nh
trong cuc sng. C t duy ph phn s c s sng to v
s pht trin khng ngng ca x hi.

2.THC TRNG DH TDPP

Trong tm thc ngi Vit, tranh lun d b ng nht vi tranh ci hay
tranh chp, ph phn thng b hiu ngm l ch bai, coi thng
c im vn ha v t duy ca ngi Vit l cao quan h x hi theo
hng d ha vi qu. Cch thc gio dc nng n v truyn t, nhi nht
kin thc c phn p t, theo mu, thiu pht huy suy ngh c lp vn
ang ph bin

Gio vin thng mc phi mt s sai lm

 Cho rng t duy ph phn l ch bai, l tranh ci, khng chp nhn kin
ca ngi khc.
T duy sng to v t duy ph phn khng lin quan g n nhau.
Khng cho rng rn t duy ph phn trong dy hc ton l rt cn thit.
Trong ging dy khng rn luyn t duy ph phn cho hc sinh.
Cho rng phng php dy hc hin i v t duy ph phn khng lin
quan g n nhau
Khng bit nn khai thc ni dung bi hc no, rn bng cch no, rn nh
th no...
nh hng nhiu xu hng dy hc truyn thng

3. BIN PHP PHT TRIN TDPP CHO HS

Rn luyn k nng xem xt v phn tch yu cu tm cch gii quyt bi
ton
Rn luyn cc thao tc t duy v k nng t cu hi
Rn luyn kh nng tp trung quan st v ng no thng qua vic s dng
cng c ha t duy
Thit k nhim v hc tp v t ra cc mc tiu

4. RN LUYN TDPP QUA CC VD TH - XS

Rn luyn k nng phn tch su bi tm ra chin lc gii

Rn luyn cc thao tc t duy

To c hi HS t trnh by li gii v nhn xt nh gi cc kt qu

To iu kin HS t pht hin v khc phc sai lm

Tng cng cc bi ton thc, rn luyn kh nng gii v la chon kt qu c th chp nhn c

4.1 Rn luyn k nng phn tch su bi, tm ra chin lc gii

Bi ton yu cu g?
C nhng d kin g?
Mi lin h gia chng?
N lin quan n phn kin
thc no?

Li gii ny tha ng cha?

C th pht trin bi ton
khng?
Cn cch no hay hn khng?

4.1 Rn luyn k nng phn tch su bi, tm ra chin lc gii

t cu hi phn tch bi ton
Bi ton c quen thuc, tng t nh bi lm hay cng thc c
bn no khng?
Bi ton thuc loi bi ton m hay bi ton chn, bi ton sp xp,
bi ton lin quan ti cu to s?
La chn cng c (cc cch tnh) nh: dng t hp hay chnh hp,
dng php cng hay php nhn?..
Quyt nh chn phng php

4.1.Rn luyn k nng phn tch su bi, tm ra chin lc gii

Tm chin lc gii

Dng ca bi ton ny l g?
Nhng k thut no gip gii dng ? im then cht ca
cch lm trn l g? hy ghi nh.
Cn cch gii no khc? Cn cch trnh by no khc?
Bc bin i khng thnh cng trn dn ti bi ton mi
no?
Hy to ra nhng bi ton cng dng.
Hy thay i hnh thc bi ton.

4.1.Rn luyn k nng phn tch su bi, tm ra chin lc gii

V d 1: Lp 12 A1 c 10 hc sinh gii Ton, lp 12 A2 c 9 hc sinh gii
Ton. C bao nhiu cch chn ra 8 hc sinh gii Ton t hai lp trn sao
cho mi lp c t nht 2 hc sinh.

Phn tch

-Bi ton trn l bi ton chn phn t tha mn iu

kin cho trc.
- Cng c dng y l t hp ( v khng c s giao
hon hay xp th t)
- Ta c th s dng cch chn trc tip gii ( v s
lng phn t ( s hc sinh gii Ton) khng ln).

4.1.Rn luyn k nng phn tch su bi, tm ra chin lc gii

Li gii
Gi s ta chn ra k hc sinh gii Ton ca lp 12 A1 v ( 8-k) hc sinh gii
Ton ca lp 12 A2. V mi lp c t nht 2 hc sinh nn 2 k 6
S cch chn ra k trong s 10 hc sinh gii Ton lp 12 A1 l C10k
S cch chn ra 8-k trong s 9 hc sinh gii Ton lp 12 A2 l C98k
Theo quy tc nhn, ta c s cch chn ra 8 hc sinh nh trn l C10k .C98k
Cho k ln lt bng 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 v p dng quy tc cng, ta c s cch
chn 8 hc sinh tha mn l
S S1 S2 S3... S6 C102 C96 C103 C95 ... C106 C92 74088

4.1.Rn luyn k nng phn tch su bi, tm ra chin lc gii

Bnh lun
Vi cch gii trc tip hc sinh c th t ra cu hi cn cch no nhanh
hn khng? n y i hi hc sinh phi c t duy sng to gii quyt
vn .

Gii trc tip

Cch gii chung
Gii gin tip

4.2. Rn luyn cc thao tc t duy

V d 2: Tm s cc c nguyn dng ca s 108
Li gii ca hc sinh
LG1: Tm theo phng php lit k cc c
Ta thy cc c nguyn dng ca s 108 l cc s thuc tp hp:
{1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 27, 36, 54, 108}. Tp hp ny gm 12 s. Vy s cc
c nguyn dng ca s 108 bng 12
Nhn xt: y l LG ng, nhng thay v tm s cc c ca s 108 bng
vic l tm s cc c ca s 648 hoc ln hn na chng hn. Khi vic
lit k kiu nh trn s gp kh khn!

4.2. Rn luyn cc thao tc t duy

LG2: Tm theo phng php phn tch s 108 thnh tha s nguyn t
Ta c 108 22.33 do s cc c nguyn dng ca s 108 c dng 2m.3n
vi m{1,2},n{1,2,3}
Ch s m c 2 cch chn
Ch s n c 3 cch chn
Vy c 2.3 = 6 cch chn cp s (m,n)
Nhn xt: Li gii ny cho p s cha chnh xc nhng tng gii quyt
th rt hay, vi tng gii th ny th ta c th tm c s cc c nguyn
dng ca cc s ln hn!

4.2. Rn luyn cc thao tc t duy

LG3: Chnh xc ha li gii bi ton v gii quyt theo tng ca cch 2
Ta c 108 22.33 do s cc c nguyn dng ca s 108 c dng 2m.3n
vi m{0,1,2},n{0,1,2,3}
Ta thy
S m c 3 cch chn; s n c 4 cch chn
Vy c 3.4 = 12 cch chn cp s (m,n)
Nhn xt: Li gii ny c kt qu chnh xc. Tuy nhin ngn t s m, s n ni
mc Ta thy cha tht chnh xc. Cn thay bng ngn t l ch s m, ch
s n!

4.2. Rn luyn cc thao tc t duy

Thng qua 3 li gii trn, gip HS pht trin c t duy

phn tch v t duy so snh t pht trin c bit ha,
tng t ha, khi qut ha...

Vn dng kin thc vo vic gii quyt mt s bi ton c

th!

4.3. To c hi HS t trnh by li gii v nhn xt

nh gi cc kt qu
La chn bi ton
lm g?
Mc ch ca n?
Dnh cho i tng no?

Cn chn mt bi rt c bn v tht s c bn ging cho hiu sau

nng n ln v dn n tng qut ho v c gng chn bi no cho c
nhiu mi lin h vi nhiu bi khc HS cng xy dng

4.3. To c hi HS t trnh by li gii v nhn xt

nh gi cc kt qu
V d: Tm h s ca x12 trong khai trin
10

2
P 2x x
Phn tch: C nhiu hc sinh s ngh n hng khai trin tm h s.
Tuy nhin, vic khai trin nh vy s lu v cng knh, v vi nhng bi
ton tng t vi s m cao hn th cch gii ny l khng tt.
Gi ng c: Hy tm cch gii nhanh hn v c th gii quyt nhng bi
ton tng t m c s m ln? Hy xt s hng th k + 1 trong khai trin
?

4.3. To c hi HS t trnh by li gii v nhn xt

nh gi cc kt qu
Li gii:
S hng th k + 1 trong khai trin trn l Tk 1 C10k (2x2)10k xk
Tm k s hng ny cha x12 ?
s hng ny l s hng cha x12 th x20k x12
Suy ra k = 8
H s ca x12 l C108 .22

4.3. To c hi HS t trnh by li gii v nhn xt

nh gi cc kt qu

Nhn xt nh
gi

V d m u

Tng t ha

Bi ton tng t

Hnh thnh t duy

thut gii

4.4. To iu kin HS t pht hin v khc phc sai lm

Mt s sai lm hc sinh thng mc phi
- Sai lm do hiu sai khi nim ton hc c bn
- Sai lm do phn chia trng hp ring khng ng

4.4. To iu kin HS t pht hin v khc phc sai lm

V d minh ha
Lp 11A c 40 hc sinh, trong c 20 hc sinh nam. C bao nhiu cch bu
ra ban cn s lp gm hai bn: 1 nam v 1 n?
Li gii ca hc sinh
S hc sinh n l: 40 20 = 20 (hc sinh).
Vn dng quy tc cng ta c : 20 + 20 = 40 cch.
Nguyn nhn sai lm
HS khng hiu r khi nim nn khi chn ra hai bn: 1 nam, 1 n HS
thc hin hai hnh ng lin tip chn 1 bn nam v sau chn 1 bn n,
hai hnh ng ny ph thuc nhau (ng vi mi cch chn 1 bn nam c 20
cch chn ra bn n).

4.4. To iu kin HS t pht hin v khc phc sai lm

Li gii ng
S hc sinh n trong lp l:
40 20 = 20 (hc sinh)
Vic chn ban cn s c chia lm hai cng on:
Cng on 1: Chn 1 bn nam c 20 cch.
Cng on 2: ng vi mi cch chn 1 bn nam c 20 cch chn 1 bn n.
Vn dng quy tc nhn ta c s cch chn ra ban cn s gm mt bn nam
v 1 bn n l:

20.20 = 400 (cch chn)

4.5. Tng cng cc bi ton thc, rn luyn kh nng gii

v la chn kt qu
V d thc tin cn gip cc bi ging tr nn sinh ng v a lp hc n
gn cuc sng xung quanh hn.
V d thc tin cn gip cho hc sinh nhn ra mt vic khc: kin thc c
th ci thin cch gii quyt cc vn thng ngy trong cuc sng.
Cng c h tr cho mt s ngnh khoa hc khc.

Hc ni dung ny
lm g?

4.5. Tng cng cc bi ton thc, rn luyn kh nng gii

v la chn kt qu
V d minh ha
Bit mt gen quy nh mt tnh trng, gen tri l tri hon ton, cc gen phn
li c lp v t hp t do. Theo l thuyt, php lai AaBbDd x AaBbDD cho
t l kiu hnh A-bbD- l bao nhiu?
Li gii
Xt ring php lai ca mi cp gen
Cp gen

T l phn li kiu gen

Aa x Aa

1AA : 2 Aa : 1aa

Bb x Bb

1BB : 2 Bb : 1bb

Dd x DD

1DD : 1Dd

4.5. Tng cng cc bi ton thc, rn luyn kh nng gii

v la chn kt qu
T l kiu hnh A-bbD- trong php lai
- p dng cng thc nh ngha xc sut, t l kiu hnh A- trong php lai ca
cp gen Aa x Aa l: 3/4.
- p dng cng nh ngha xc sut, t l kiu hnh bb trong php lai ca cp
gen Bb x Bb l: 1/4.
- p dng cng thc nh ngha xc sut, t l kiu hnh D- trong php lai ca
cp gen Dd x DD l: 1.
- p dng quy tc nhn xc sut, ta c t l kiu hnh A-bbD- trong php lai
l: 3/4 x 1/4 x 1 = 3/16.

5. TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. GS.TS Nguyn Hu Chu, Tp bi ging xy dng t duy trong ton
hc.
[2]. on Qunh(Tng ch bin) (2007), i s v gii tch 11, NXB Gio
dc.
[3].Bi Vn Ngh (2011), Phng php dy hc nhng ni dung c th mn
Ton, NXB S phm H Ni.
[4]. Nguyn B Kim, Phng php dy hc mn Ton, NXB S phm H
Ni.
[5]. ThS. L Tn Hunh Cm Giang (05/08/2011), T duy phn bin
Critical Thinking.
[6]. PGS TS inh Th Kim Thoa. Tp bi ging tm l hc gio dc.