~The Spolarium” by guan Luna 4, Unione 1. Cimabu Gradual, imperceptible transition at the ‘point where light and shadow come together RENAISSANCE ARTISTS Noted for his frescoes in Assisi 2. Giotto di Bondone: Scrovegni Arena Chapel frescoes 3. Lorenzo Ghiberti: Gates of Paradise 4, Donatello: Best early Renaissance Sculptor 5. Tommaso Masaccio: Greatest early Florentine painter 6, Pierrodela Francesca: Linear perspective 7. Andrea Mantegna: Illusionistic foreshortening technique 8, Donato Bramante: High Renaissance artist 9. Alessandro Botticelli: Mythological painter Michelangelo: Genius painter and sculptor lu. Raphael: Greatest High Renaissance painter 12. Andrea Palladio: Imitated Palladianism 13. Leonardo da Vinci wusre Meaning “Art of Muses” Originated during the Paleolithic Era An art form whose medium is sound originated in time Often referred to as universal language The art of organizing sound as to elicit an aesthetics response from a listener May be classified as performing arts, fine arts, auditory art se John Cage: Any sound can be music Jean-Jacques Nattiez: The border between music and noise culturally defined MUSIC HISTORY Prehistoric Music: Also called Primitive Music Music produced in preliterate cultures Origin of music is unknown, likely stems from naturally occurring sounds or rhythms Earliest forms were probably drum-based, percussion (rocks, sticks) Thought to have been used in religious ceremonies as representations of animals 4000 BCE: Egyptians created harps and flutes 3500 BCE: Lyres and double reed clarinets Hittites: Invented the guitar 800 BCE: First recovered piece of recorded music was found - written in cuneiform 700 BCE: There are records of songs that’ include vocals with instrumentals. Music in the Ancient Rome and Greece Greece: Root of Classical Act 600 BCE: Pythagoras dissected as a science and developed the octave scale Trumpet competitions were common spectator events in Greece (400 BCE) 350 BCE: Aristotle wrote on music theory scientifically and brought about a method of natation Boethius: In 521 CE, he brought the Greece system Victor Conrad B. Ani Weof notation to Western Europe allowing musicians there to scribe accurately: the folk songs of their lands. He was thé first who wrote on the idea of Yopera’ Music in the Middle ages © Commissioned by the church after the fall of Rome * 600 CE: Pope Gregory had the ScholaCantorumbuilt - first music school in Europe © 612 CE (China) - Music were orchestras with hundreds of musicians performing for assorted dynasties * 650 CE: A new system of weitng of music was developed using neumes as a notation for GRPS of notes in music * 855 CE: First polyphonic (Qunrelated melodies/ voices at once) piece was recorded and by 1056 this polyphonic style replaced Gregorian chants as the music of choice. ‘The Renaissance * 1465: printing press was first used to print music + A new enlightened age that + showcased greatest music © History of music at this point is best told by the styles that emerged and the composers who lived after BASIC ELEMENTS OF MUSIC 1, Rhythm © The primary element A set of sequential, synchronized and uniform beats and notations, the concept of pulse or a repetitive beat is a very important element of rhythm shape by meter: Result of periodic effect of pulse in music Tempo: Rate of speed of the beat of music and is measured by the number of beats per minute Metronome: A machine that emits a steady short click of flash may be adjusted to various rates of speeds 2, Melody A set of linear notations in the form of tunes, vocals or even chords or grooves Forms the basic framework of a song, a composition of rhythm and pitch Tone: A musical sound designating a pitch and depends on vibration rate per second Motif: Smallest melodic unit Pitch: Highness of lowness of a given tone Phrase: A succession of tones easily encompassed in on breadth Cadence: Rest 3, Dynamics Refer to: a. Force of percussive instrument b. Degree of loudness and softness Pianissimo: Very soft Decrescendo: Gradually Softer Piano: Soft Diminuendo: Gradually softer Mezzo Piano: Moderately soft Vietor Conrad B. Alinio “TVS:* Crescendo: Gradually louder Mezzo forte: Moderately loud © Forte: loud * Fortissimo: Very loud 4, Harmony * Refers to the procedure by which chords of music are constructed and the system by which one chord follows another chord in time. * Chord: A combination of 3 or more different tones conceived as related unit and sounding at the same moment in time 5. Texture © A set of patterns of rhythms and notations played together * Also termed as progressions of tones we are asked to comprehend * Some of the common textures are ‘a. Monophonic: one melodic voice is used b. Polyphonic: multiple and independent voices are used ¢. Micro-polyphony: Modern textures that was first composed by ‘the famous Austrian composer GyorgyLigeti d. Texture is cefined by the tempo, melody or all the characters in the making 6. Form * Also known as “structure” ¢ The musical form is identification of the overall layout of tusic, and defines the gehre of physical characteristics it resonates * Can be divided into genres of frequencies Differs according to beats, lyrical expression and notes 7, Colors of Music Refers to musical instruments Organology: Study of musical instruments a. String: Violin, viola, cello, guitar, harp b. Woodwind: Flutes, piccolo, bass flute, oboe, bass clarinet, bassoon, saxophone etc. ¢. Brass instrument: ‘Trumpet, French horn, tuba, trombone d. Percussion instruments: snare, drum, tom-tom, bass drum, tinpani or kettledrums, bongos, cymbals, tambourine, castanets, triangle, xylophone, marimba, glockenspiel e. Keyboard: Grand piano, electric keyboard, harpsichord Curt Sach’s (musicologist) Classification ( Classification based on material of the vibrating source a. Idiophones: Instruments made naturally sonorous material not needing additional tension to create sound b. Membranophones: Instruments creating sound by stretching a menbrane over an opening c. Rerophones: “Wind instruments” and most often needing breath of the player to create sound d. Chordophones: Instruments creating sound by vibration of Victor Conrad B. Alinio TVSa stretched string 2. Epistle under tension ©. Biography fe. Electrophones: £. Sermon Instruments creating g. Oration sound by oscillating h. Philosophy/ Love of of amplified circuits Wisdom 8. style 4. Films © Bach composer has His own 4. Linguistic Geography personal idiom which IT. Poetry differentiates works from © A form of literary art in that of others * Also reflects the style of the period which he lives which language is used for its aesthetics and evocative qualities in addition to its apparent meaning Uses devices such as assonance, alliteration, onomatopoeia and rhythm to achieve musical or incantatory effects © A composition written in verse Relies heavily in imagery precise word choice, metaphor, measures (syllabication) © May use rhyme or not Common Type of Literature * Epic of Gilh: Oldest I. Prose surviving poem in history LITERATURE . © The art of written words © Etymology: “Litera” ~ Words or letters © Acquaintance with letters 3 Channels of Elements of Literature (Sources of Inspiration) ‘ 1, Through the Senses 2. Through the Intellect 3. Through the Emotions © In Latin - Prosa -istraight © Examples of poetry in forward history: © Language of mind ~ Ordinary a. The Bible speech b, Iliad and Odyssey © Non-Poetic writing ¢, Indian Epics * Elements of prose “Ramayatya” and ‘2. Balance “Mahabharata” b. Rhythn d. Aenid by Virgil c. Repetition * Forms of Poetry d. Antithesis: The a. Haiku complete and exact opposite of something Forms of Prose a. Novel b. Short Story 5 c. Letter/ Epistle ® Japanese poem usually about nature + Generally written in a single vertical d. Essay Line which ® Michel de contains Montaigne: Father sections of Essays totaling 17 onji "2 common forms of © Structure: 5-7-5 essays ‘Three metric 1. Memoir phrase b, Limerick Victor Conrad B. Alinio “TVS:* Poem of 5 lines * Uses rhyme in the scheme “A-A- B-B-AY/"3-3-2-2- 3 * Popularized by Edward. Lear (painter) * Usually witty and hutorous * Characteristic is rhythm cs Sonnet * From the Italian *soneto” (Little song) © Poem of 14 lines "Contains 10 syllables and each line is weitten in Tambic Pentameter in which a pattern of an emphasized syllable is repeated five times + Shakespeare most famous sonneteer Elements of Poetry 1. Prosody * The study of meter, rhythm and intonation of a poem * Rhythm: The actual sound that usually results from a line of poetry " Meter: The numbeti of feet per line 2. Rhyme \ * Consists of identical or similar sounds placed at the ends of lines or at predictable locations within lines 3. alliteration "A way of" creating repetitive patterns of sound, particularly useful in languages with less rich rhyming structures Assonance * Creation of repetitive sounds in which the use of small vowel sounds within a word are used rather than similar sounds at the beginning or end of a word Lines "can separate, compare or contrast thoughts expressed in different units or can highlight a change in tone Stanzas * Lines grouped together Genres of Poetry . Narrative Poetry Epic Poetry - Dramatic Poetry Satirical Poetry Lyric Poetry Elegy Verse Fable Prose Poetry Vietor Conrad B. Alinio “TVS:HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF HUMANITIES: 1, THE GOLDEN AGE: 500 B.B-410 B.C. * Began in ATHENS GREECE; it was the Athenians who for the first time in history cliscovered how to achieve happiness by using their minds, ‘A. Since the Greeks believe in a “Sound Mind and a Sound Body’, they cultivated their play (stage presentation) systematically as their wars or their politics. ‘* The invented all kind of games, and trials of skils in music and poetry as well as wrestling and running. * Athletic contest of every description were held in. Olympia in connection with religious. festivals. '* Some of the Olympic victors were celebrated in statues like “The Discuss Thrower”, “The Charloteer”, “The Wrestling Boys”, “The Dancing Flute Players” 8. Athenians invented the idea of freedom in a democratic society, C. The Greeks were intellectuals with a passion for using their minds ‘* Our school comes From the greek word for LEISURE. They thought that man had leisure, ‘he would use it in thinking and finding out about the world. a * They called their doctors “physicians”, which meant those versed inthe way of nature. Our scientific method is founded in this concept. ‘+ "Man the Measure of All things” became the Athenian Motto. * Because the Athenians were great mathematicians, they worked out the ideal mathematical proportions for the various parts of the | ‘body, the height of the man should be ‘Ix the height of the head, * — Auniversal is a general concept: ‘goodness, justice, beauty PLATO: maintained that these universals have objective existence in fact were more lasting than individual objects or people. “Men come and go but Man goes on forever” (this is a Platonic Realism) ARISTOTLE: as a scientist, stressed the individual man or object and his followers called themselves “NOMINALIST”. They held that all exists outside us is a world of specific objects, and the “universals” are merely names or terms. FRIEDERICH SCHLEGEL: “Every man is bon either a Platonist or an Aristotelian” “Plato loved ideas, abstract concepts, Aristotle loved things, concrete realities” 2. THE EARLY MEDIEVAL PERIOD “The Dark Ages” ‘* In 313 A.D. Constantine the Great issued the “Edict of Toleration’, an act which paved the way for the Emperor Theodosius | to make Christianity the Roman State Religion about 365. Victor con Alinio 27 FEB 205In 380 Constantine moved his capital from Rome to Byzantium and renamed the city Constantinople ‘The barbaric invasions which started in the fourth and fifth century and spread gradually cover the whole of Southern Europe were destructive but in the long run became salutary because they infused the social fabric with new blood and energy. A. The GAULS or CELTS of Scotland, Ireland, Wales 8. VISIGOTHS of Spain (West) C. OSTROGOTHS of Italy and Byzantium (East) D. LOMARDS in Northern Italy ‘The church gradually rose to position of power and authority In Architecture, great need for the early Church was building large enough for communal worship; The ROMAN BASILICA, which the Christians found a structure which they adopted to their purpose. In sculpture and painting, works of arts are “didactive but not aesthetic” Pope Gregory said “Painting can do for the literate what writing does for those who can read” Draperies should not reveal the structure of the body beneath it. The Virgin and the Apostles should be covered with halos. Saints should be represented by their distinguishing symbols. Example: A St. Catherine with the wheel on which she was martyred St. Lucia with the sword through her neck ‘St. Mark with the Lion ‘St. Luke with the Ox St, Barbara with the tower in which she was imprisoned for her faith Arcitets and cultures worked fr Godan nt for personal Gory. Example ‘The Church of Holy Wisdom “Hagla Sophia” — The most sumptuous church ever built = The dome symbolized trancedent authority nd the coming of the kingdom of God, During the Medieval Age, the humanities dealth with METAPHYSICS and RELIGION. The goal then was the “culation of the Spiritual If and the preparation forthe life after” {interest in eternity) FIRST MEDIEVAL UNIVERSITIES (12° and 13” Century) mone 3, THE REBIRTH “RENAISSANCE PERIOD” Etymology: Itllan: “ri*=again + “nascere”=be bron = “REBIRTH” The term Reni ssance was first used in 1855 by French Historian JULES MICHELET to refer to the "clecovery of the world and of man in 16" century. Began in Florence Italy by the MEDIC! FAMILY ‘twas the rebirth of the interests inthe “classics” ‘twas primar iy a gradual shift in attitude, interests, and concern for this world Victor Conrad B. Alinio “TVSThe birth of humanity and consciousness after a long period of decay Many factors contributed to this change: ‘A. The enormous power and wealth of the Church had led to abuses which caused a certain loss of prestige 8. The Crusaders had found in some Hellenistic cities lke Alexandria a standard culture superior to that of most European Cities. C_ Explorers like Marco Polo and Vasco de Gama had brought back tales of Oriental |uxuries that stimulated the appetite of the Europeans. D. The new trade routes by sea and land were actually bringing back oriental treasure in quantity Gites were growing in the size at the termini (end or beginning of a fied transport route) of such trade routes, . F. There was a change from an economy based on land toa land based on money, G. The new aristocracy of wealth sought an identification with the ancient Roman world, ‘The “UOMO UNIVERSALE” — latin meaning “The Universal Man’, a Renaissance Ideal ~ _ RENAISSANCE MAN = polymath = “having learned much’=expert in many subjects ~ Artists engaged in bewildering number of activities ~The same man were often a ainter, sculptor, architect, goldsmith, and poet. He ‘ead music, sang and played, wrote sonnets to his lady or patron, composed court pageants, designing the scenery and costumes, and also directed the show. He built fortifications in time of war, and was sent to diplomatic missions in which heacted as the states department, bureau of espionage amd liason officer, ~ Or he purchased manuscripts and dug up Roman ruins, > LEONARDO'DA VINCI - the First Renaissance Man ~ Painter, sculptor, engineer, astronomer, anatomist, biologist, geologist, physicist, architect, philosopher, ‘ humanist The sculptors became interested in the structure of the human body and tried to establish laws about its representation The painters began to formulate the laws of LINEAR and AERIAL PERSPECTIVE and the Mathematics of Space The musicians began to study the laws of vibration of sound to reassess the tonal relationships The CHURCH remained the greatest patron of Arts The intent of the Renaissance Man was not to impress thelr rivals, but to become each (one a "UOMO UNIVERSAL” trained in body, mind, and sprit fo his exalted position as a head of a great family, Victor Conrad B. Alinio “TVS:* InArchitecture, the first major innovation of Renalssance Architects was in getting rd of the Gothic (“departure from the classichl lines”) Influence, which had never found a congenial home in aly. Example: ‘A. BRUNELLESCHI ~ designed the dome of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Flore, Italy 8. LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI ~ designed the Rucelai Palace in Florence ~ spacious enough for gracious living and holding libraries and art treasures. “Aman can do all things if he wil” (Basic tenet of Renaissance humanism) ‘In painting, Renaissance painting is generally considered to have started with GIOTTO with his famous wal frescoes on the walls of the Arena Chapel. © Invisual arts: ‘A. Portable easel paintings became popular due to wider patronage. B. Change with subject led to the change of format from the large religious murals of the previous period. C. The influence of science, provided naturalistic portrayal of man and developed new techniques such asthe use of modelling and shading for three dimension effect . They created the illusion of volume carried by Leonardo Da Vinc| in CHAROSCURO effect (the use of strong contrasts between light and dark, usually bold contrasts ‘affecting a whole composition. iti also a technical term used by artists ond art hhistorions for using contrasts of light to achieve a sense of volume in modelling three-dimensional objects such as the human body) E. The artist began to take closer scrutiny of the human figure. They became concerned with the muscles, the veins and how these coordinated in movement. ~The Interest in Anatomy, bone structure and masculinity gave portrayals of men a significant dynamism. F. Classical subjects revived the nude male and female body. It portrays the figure with CONTRAPPOSTO (A relaxed symmetrical pose in sculpture, sometimes in painting, shoulders and hips are turned in different planes) . The concept of space which were manifested in Art and Architecture through the use of linear Perspective Middle ages painting were flat and two-dimensional Renaissance perspective promoted a satisfactory solution to the problem of portraying space on a two-dimensional surface, H. With secularization of Arts, there was a greater freedom in the artist's medium and techniques. “SFUMATO” - blurring of sharp outiine with subtle tonal gradation, gradual blending of one area of color into another without a sharp outline; ITALIAN: “sfumare” ~ to tone down, literally to “smoke out”, “fumus” = smoke |. The evolution of landscape — foreground, midground, background Vietor Conrad B. Alinio TVS: