Do An Thiet Ke SX Nuoc Mam

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Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm
MC LC
LI M U ....................................................................................................................... 5
CHNG 1: LP LUN KINH T K THUT ................................................................ 7
1.1. Tnh hnh sn xut nc mm Vit Nam ............................................................. 7
1.2. La chn a im xy dng nh my..................................................................... 8
1.2. Ngun cung cp nguyn liu .................................................................................... 9
1.2.1. C ....................................................................................................................... 9
1.2.2. Mui .................................................................................................................. 9
1.2.3. Enzyme ............................................................................................................... 9
1.3. in nc .................................................................................................................. 9
1.4. Giao thng vn ti ................................................................................................... 10
1.5. Ngun nhn lc ...................................................................................................... 10
1.6. Th trng tiu th ................................................................................................. 10
1.7. V sinh mi trng, x l nc thi ...................................................................... 10
CHNG 2: LA CHN V THUYT MINH DY CHUYN CNG NGH SN
XUT NC MM ........................................................................................................... 11
2.1. Nguyn liu ............................................................................................................ 11
2.2.1. C ..................................................................................................................... 11
2.1.2. Mui ................................................................................................................. 17
2.1.3. Enzyme ............................................................................................................. 19
2.2. Sn phm ................................................................................................................. 21
2.2.1. Thnh phn ha hc: ....................................................................................... 21
2.2.2. Thnh phn to hng ca nc mm............................................................. 22
2.2.3. Ch tiu sn phm............................................................................................. 28
2.3. La chn qui trnh cng ngh ................................................................................ 31
2.3.1. Phng php sn xut nc mm di ngy ..................................................... 31
2.3.2. Phng php sn xut nc mm ngn ngy ................................................. 35
2.4. Thuyt minh qui trnh cng ngh ......................................................................... 36
2.4.1. S dy chuyn cng ngh ............................................................................ 36
2.4.2. Thuyt minh qui trnh ....................................................................................... 37
CHNG 3: TNH CN BNG SN PHM ................................................................. 43
3.1. Lng m ton phn c trong 1 kg nguyn liu: ................................................ 43
3.2. Hm lng N thu c trong nc mm t 1 kg nguyn liu ............................. 43
3.3. Lng c cn dng trong qu trnh ch bin trong 1 nm................................... 44
3.4. Khi lng c cm cn ch bin chp gy hng ......................................... 44
3.5. Khi lng nguyn liu c tp dng ch bin chp ngn
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Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50
ngy ................ 44
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3.6. Chu k sn xut trong 1 nm ca chp gy hng ............................................ 45

3.7. Tnh lng mui cn dng ..................................................................................... 46
3.8. Tnh lng enzyme cn b sung: ........................................................................... 47
3.9. Tnh lng nc cn b sung ................................................................................ 47
3.10. Tnh lng mui b sung khi nu ph b ........................................................... 50
3.11. Lng mui st NaFeEDTA cn b sung trong 1 nm ...................................... 51
3.12. K hoch sn xut ca nh my: ......................................................................... 51
CHNG 4: TNH V LA CHN THIT B .............................................................. 55
4.1. Thit b cn nguyn liu ......................................................................................... 55
4.2. Bng ti vn chuyn ............................................................................................... 55
4.3. My ra c ............................................................................................................. 56
4.4. My trn c ............................................................................................................. 57
4.5. Thit b vn chuyn vt ti ...................................................................................... 57
4.6. Thit b ln men nc mm ngn ngy ................................................................. 58
4.7. B cha dch lc ...................................................................................................... 60
4.8. Thng cha nc mui .......................................................................................... 61
4.9. B cha nc thuc ................................................................................................ 61
4.10. Thng ln men nc mm di ngy .................................................................... 61
4.11. B cha nc bi .................................................................................................. 63
4.12. B cha nc mm sau khi gy hng ............................................................... 64
4.13. Thng pha u nc mm ................................................................................... 64
4.14. B cha nc mm thnh phm .......................................................................... 65
4.15. Thng ha trn mui st vo nc mm 15 gN/l ............................................... 65
4.16. My chit chai, ng np...................................................................................... 66
4.17.My dn nhn ........................................................................................................ 67
4.18. Tnh thng ng dung dch CIP .......................................................................... 68
4.19. Tnh bm ............................................................................................................... 68
4.20. My lc khung bn ............................................................................................... 69
4.21. B cha b c ........................................................................................................ 70
CHNG 5 : THIT K XY DNG ............................................................................. 72
5.1. Chn a im xy dng nh my.......................................................................... 72
5.1.1. a cht ............................................................................................................ 72
5.1.2. a hnh ............................................................................................................ 73
5.1.3. V sinh cng nghip ......................................................................................... 73
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5.2. Nguyn tc b tr tng mt bng ............................................................................ 73

5.2.1.Vng trc nh my .......................................................................................... 74
5.2.2. Vng sn xut ................................................................................................... 74
5.2.3. Khu vc cng trnh ph tr v nng lng ...................................................... 74
5.2.4. Khu vc kho tng, bn bi ................................................................................ 74
5.3. Tnh kch thc hng mc cc cng trnh ............................................................ 74
5.3.1. Khu vc x l nguyn liu ................................................................................ 74
5.3.2. Phn xng sn xut nc mm ngn ngy .................................................... 75
5.3.3. Phn xng sn xut nc mm di ngy ....................................................... 75
5.3.4. Nh hon thin sn phm ................................................................................. 76
5.3.5. Cc cng trnh ph tr ..................................................................................... 76
5.3.6. Tnh cc ch tiu kinh t k thut ..................................................................... 83
5.3.8. Thit k nh sn xut chnh .............................................................................. 84
CHNG 6 : TNH HI - LNH - IN - NC ........................................................ 87
6.1. Tnh lng hi dng cho ton nh my ................................................................ 87
6.1.1. Tnh hi cho qu trnh ln men ngn ngy: ..................................................... 87
6.1.2. Tnh nhit dng nu ph b : ...................................................................... 88
6.1.3. Tnh lng hi dng cho qu trnh ln men ngn ngy ................................... 89
6.1.4. Lng hi dng cho ton nh my .................................................................. 89
6.1.5. Tnh v chn l hi........................................................................................... 90
6.1.6. Tnh nhin liu cho l hi ................................................................................ 90
6.2. Tnh lng nc s dng cho nh my ................................................................ 91
6.2.1.Nc dng ra phn xng x l nguyn liu .......................................... 91
6.2.2. Nc dng cho v sinh phn xng ln men ngn ngy .................................. 92
6.2.3. Nc dng v sinh phn xng ln men di ngy....................................... 93
6.2.4. Lng nc v sinh dng trong phn xng hon thin ................................. 94
6.2.5. Lng nc dng nu b trong 1 ngy ....................................................... 94
6.2.6. Lng nc dng cho ni hi .......................................................................... 94
6.2.7. Lng nc dng cho cc yu cu khc .......................................................... 94
6.2.8. Tng lng nc dng cho nh my trong mt ngy ...................................... 95
6.3. Tnh in tiu th ca ton nh my ..................................................................... 95
6.3.1. Tnh ph ti chiu sng. .................................................................................. 95
6.3. 2. Tnh ph ti ng lc .................................................................................... 101
6.3.3. Xc nh ph ti tiu th thc t .................................................................... 103
6.3.5. Xc nh cng sut v dung lng b ........................................................... 105
6.3.6. Chn my bin p........................................................................................... 105
6.3.7. Chn my pht d phng .............................................................................. 106
CHNG 7: V SINH AN TON LAO NG ........................................................... 106
7.1. V sinh ................................................................................................................... 106
7.1.1. V sinh c nhn .............................................................................................. 106
7.1.2. V sinh thit b nh xng.............................................................................. 107
7.2. An ton lao ng ................................................................................................... 107
7.2.1. Chng kh c trong nh my ........................................................................ 107
7.2.2. An ton khi vn hnh thit b ......................................................................... 108
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7.2.3. An ton v in ............................................................................................... 108

7.2.4. Phng chy cha chy ................................................................................... 108
CHNG 8 :MI TRNG V PHNG PHP X L ......................................... 109
8.1. Cc yu t nh hng n mi trng ................................................................ 109
8.2. Phng php x l nc thi............................................................................... 110
8.2.1. Phng php c hc ...................................................................................... 110
8.2.2. Phng php ha hc v l hc ..................................................................... 111
8.2.3. Phng php sinh hc.................................................................................... 111
8.3. Phng php x l nc thi ca nh my nc mm ..................................... 112
8.3.1. S cng ngh ............................................................................................. 112
8.3.2. Thuyt minh cng ngh: ................................................................................. 113
CHNG 9: TNH KINH T ......................................................................................... 116
9.1. Mc ch ngha .................................................................................................. 116
9.2. Ni dung tnh ton ................................................................................................ 116
9.2.1 . Danh mc ti sn c nh.............................................................................. 116
9.2.2. Tnh vn lu ng .......................................................................................... 121
9.2.3. Tnh gi thnh sn xut sn phm ................................................................. 125
9.2.4. Tnh gi bn sn phm ................................................................................... 126
9.2.5. Doanh thu v thu nhp ................................................................................... 127
9.3. nh gi d n v tnh thi gian hon vn......................................................... 127
KT LUN ....................................................................................................................... 130
TI LIU THAM KHO ................................................................................................. 131
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LI M U
Nc ta nm trn bn o ng Dng, pha ng v nam gip bin ng.
Do ng b bin di hn 3200 km v din tch thm lc a, lnh hi rng ln
to iu kin thun li cho ngnh khai thc thy sn pht trin. nc ta thuc vng
bin nhit i nn ngun ti nguyn a dng v phong ph. Theo d tnh s b, bin
Vit Nam c khong 2000 loi c, hin nay nhn dng c gn 1000 loi. Theo
s liu [1] cho bit tng tr lng c y vng bin Vit Nam khong 1,7 triu tn,
kh nng cho php khai thc hng nm 1,2 1,3 triu tn, tng tr lng c tng l
1,2 1,3 triu tn, kh nng cho php khai thc l 700 800 nghn tn. T cho
thy tim nng to ln ca thy sn nc ta do vic khai thc v s dng hp l,
hiu qu ngun ti nguyn ny l vn rt cn quan tm.
Hin nay, do c u t trang thit b hin i nh bt xa b nn sn
lng khai thc thy sn hng nm ngy cng tng. Nm 2008, sn lng khai thc
thy sn bin t 2136 nghn tn trong c chim 1605 nghn tn[16]. Nm 2009
sn lng khai thc thy sn c t 2 277 nghn tn trong c t 1 703 nghn
tn[16].
Ngh c trong nhn dn ta c t lu i, trong qu trnh khai thc do yu cu
bo qun nguyn liu, d tr thc thc phm lu di m ngnh lm nc mm ra
i.
Nc mm l mt loi nc chm quen thuc c a chung nht nc
ta v khng th thiu trong ba n hng ngy. Nc mm c gi tr dinh dng cao
( trong nc mm c cha 17 loi axit amin, vitamin B, PP v nhiu cht khong vi
v a lng khc)[5]. Nc mm hp dn ngi n bi hng v m , c trng
m khng mt loi sn phm no c th thay th c. c l v th m nhiu ngi
xa qu vn lun nh hng v nc mm qu nh.
Theo thng k, mi nm th trng Vit Nam cn hn 200 triu lt nc
mm. Vi hn 95% cc h gia nh nc ta s dng nc mm chm, p v
nu trong cc ba n hng ngy th y l th trng hp dn[11]. Do vy rt cn
c quan tm u t pht trin mnh ngnh ch bin nc mm.
Vi mong mun gp phn nh b ca mnh vo s pht trin ca ngnh sn
xut nc mm, em thc hin ti Thit k nh my sn xut nc mm nng
sut 5 triu lt/ nm, trong c 2 triu nc mm 20 gN/l v 2 triu lt nc
mm 15 gN/l v 1 triu lt nc mm 15 gN/l b sung st.
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Mc d c nhiu c gng nhng do kin thc cn nhiu hn ch, kinh

nghim thc t cn t nn khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st. Em rt mong s
ng gp kin ca thy c v cc bn ti hon thin hn.
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CHNG 1: LP LUN KINH T K THUT

1.1. Tnh hnh sn xut nc mm Vit Nam
Nc mm l sn phm truyn thng ca nc ta. y l sn phm chnh ca
ngnh ch bin thy sn. Mi nm nc ta sn xut vi sn lng ln v n nh t
170 - 180 triu lt/ nm. Cc x nghip sn xut phn b khp cc tnh ven bin t
Bc ti Nam. Tuy nhin cc x nghip sn xut nc mm ln ch yu tp trung
Nam Trung B v Nam B nh: Nha Trang, Phan Thit, Ph Quc min Bc v
Bc Trung B ch c mt vi x nghip ln vi cng sut 2 - 4 triu lt nc mm/
nm Ngh An, Thanh Ha, Hi Phng cn li ch yu l cc x nghip nh vi
qui m h gia nh. Ph Quc c 84 nh thng mi nm sn xut khong 12 triu
lt[13]. Nha Trang vi hn 200 c s, doanh nghip sn xut nc mm vi tng
sn lng c tnh 15 triu lt/nm[14]. Phan Thit vi 14 c s sn xut nc mm
c cp giy chng nhn s dng nhn hiu Phan Thit c tng sn lng 10,9
triu lt/ nm[15]. y l 3 nhn hiu nc mm c cc s hu cng nghip
cng nhn v bo h c quyn.
Hin nay doanh nghip mnh trong ngnh sn xut nc mm l Masan food
vi sn phm nc mm mang nhn hiu Nam Ng, Chinsu. Theo kho st ca
Euromonitor, nc mm ca Masan food chim lnh 19 % th phn nc mm
Vit Nam[12].
Sn phm nc mm khng ch phc v nhu cu trong nc m cn c
xut khu sang th trng th gii nh cc nc Chu u, M, NhtSn phm
xut khu l nc mm Ph Quc cht lng cao lm hon ton t c cm. Rt
nhiu doanh nghip cng ang tm cch u t trang thit b hin i sn xut,
nng cao nng sut cht lng nc mm v tm ra chin lc a sn phm nc
mm ra th trng nc ngoi.
Ngh nc mm c khp ni trn t nc ta nhng ch yu vn sn xut
theo phng php c truyn, qui trnh cng ngh cn th s, thi gian ko di do
vy hiu qu kinh t t thp.
c rt nhiu nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc trong v ngoi nc v
phng php sn xut nc mm nhm rt ngn thi gian sn xut, tng m v
ci thin hng v ca nc mm ngn ngy t c nhng kt qu nht nh.
Hin nay c mt s xng sn xut nc mm theo cng ngh mi s dng
enzyme trong qu trnh ch bin tng hiu sut thu hi m, tng tc thy
phn v rt ngn thi gian sn xut nh nc mm Ca Hi ( Ngh An), Tn Hihttp://www.ebook.edu.vn
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Hi Hu ( Nam nh)nhng sn lng ch l mt phn nh so vi tng sn

lng nc mm hin trn th trng. Nh vy cn pht trin v hon thin cng
ngh sn xut nc mm ngn ngy v a phng php ny ng dng rng ri
trong thc t.
Mt vn quan trng ca nc mm Vit Nam l qun l cht lng nc
mm. Hin nay, cht lng nc mm trn th trng ang b th ni, khng c
quan tm ng mc. Nc mm gi trn lan, khng t tiu chun v sinh, khng
c kim nghim cht lng. iu ny gy mt uy tn ca cc doanh nghip chn
chnh, nh hng xu ti sc khe ca ngi tiu dng, ngn cn s pht trin ca
ngnh sn xut nc mm. Do vy trong thi gian ti mong rng cc c quan c
thm quyn s quan tm ng mc ti sn phm nc mm.
Hnh 1.1. Nc mm trn th trng
1.2. La chn a im xy dng nh my

Huyn Din Chu- Ngh An l ni c ngh lm nc mm t lu i, tp
trung ch yu l cc x nh: Din Ngc, Din Bch, Din Vn cc a phng
ny sn xut nc mm cung cp cho a bn trong tnh. c bit Din Chu ni
ting vi thng hiu nc mm Vn Phn c khp trong Nam ngoi Bc bit
n.
Do vy em la chn a im xy dng nh my l x Din Bch, Huyn
Din Chu, Tnh Ngh An.
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L mt huyn ven bin do vy gn ngun nguyn liu, gim chi ph vn

chuyn nguyn liu. C con ng thng thng sang Lo l mt li th rt ln
xut khu nc mm, m rng th trng tiu th sn phm.
Vic xy dng nh my sn xut nc mm c nhng ch li to ln i vi
a phng v kinh t cng nh x hi, ng gp mt phn vo tng thu nhp ton
huyn, gii quyt cng n vic lm cho nhn dn a phng, gp phn nng cao
i sng nhn dn. Thc y ngnh ngh khc pht trin c bit l ngnh sn xut
mui v khai thc thy sn.
1.2. Ngun cung cp nguyn liu

Nguyn liu dng sn xut nc mm bao gm: c, mui v enzyme
1.2.1. C
C l ngun nguyn liu chnh sn xut nc mm. c c dng sn
xut nc mm thng l c nh, c gi tr kinh t thp nh: c cm, c nc, c lit,
c trng,chng thng c thu mua t cc tu thuyn i nh bt hoc t cc c
s thu mua c.
1.2.2. Mui
y l nguyn liu quan trng th 2 sau c. Mui c cho vo vi t l 2530% v n c tm quan trng quyt nh i vi cht lng nc mm. Mui trong
t nhin gm c mui m, mui ging, mui y h nc mn v mui b. Ngi
ta thng dng mui b ch bin nc mm. Din Chu l a phng sn xut
nhiu mui do vy mui c th c thu mua t cc ni trong huyn, nu thiu th
c th b sung t cc ni khc nh: Qunh Lu, Nghi Lc..
1.2.3. Enzyme
Cng ngh nc mm ngn ngy s dng ch phm enzyme protease Flavourzyme.
1.3. in nc
Ngun in ca nh my ly t h thng li in quc gia. Ngoi ra cn lp
t mt my pht in phng nga trng hp in gp s c.
Nc nh my ly t ngun nc ngm qua h thng x l nc ca nh
my m bo cht lng phc v cho sn xut v sinh hot.
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1.4. Giao thng vn ti

Din Chu c mng li giao thng thun tin c v ng b, ng bin.
l huyn gip bin vic chuyn ch nguyn liu d dng v chi ph thp. C ng
quc l 1A chy qua, c tuyn ng st Bc Nam v ga Si nn rt thun tin
chuyn ch hng ha i tiu th. Mt khc c 2 tuyn ng thng thng vi nc
bn Lo nn vic m rng th trng sang Lo rt thun li.
1.5. Ngun nhn lc

Din chu c ngun lao ng tr, di do do vy ngun nhn cng s ly t a
phng. Ngun nhn cng s c o to trc khi i vo thc tin ca nh my .
Ngun cn b k thut cao s tuyn m bao gm nhng ngi c kinh nghim v
cc k s c trnh v lng nhit tnh vi cng vic.
1.6. Th trng tiu th

L mt tnh c dn s ng do vy y l th trng tim nng rt ln. Sn
phm ca nh my sn xut s phc v cho cc a bn trong tnh v cc tnh ln
cn nh: thanh Ha, H Tnh v cc tnh min Trung khc. Mt khc nc mm l
sn phm c truyn mang tnh cht c trng ca ngi Vit, do vy c hi a
sn phm xut khu ra th trng nc ngoi l rt ln.
1.7. V sinh mi trng, x l nc thi

Nh my cam kt thc hin ng lut mi trng, khng gy nhim mi
trng gy kh chu cho ngi dn sng xung quanh. Nh my cng s u t xy
dng h thng x l cht thi x l nc thi m bo tiu chun trc khi thi
ra mi trng.
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CHNG 2: LA CHN V THUYT MINH DY CHUYN

CNG NGH SN XUT NC MM
2.1. Nguyn liu
2.2.1. C
C l nguyn liu chnh dng sn xut nc mm. N ng vai tr quan
trng, c tnh cht quyt nh cht lng ca nc mm. Trong c c cha lng
ln cc cht dinh dng tt cho sc khe c bit l protein. y l ngun c cht
cho vi sinh vt sinh trng v pht trin, phn gii thnh cc cht thp phn t
peptid v cc axit amin gip cho c th chng ta d dng hp th, to hng v c
trng cho nc mm.
C lm nc mm ch yu l nhng loi c bin nh nh: c cm, c nc, c
ve, c lit, l nhng loi c gi tr kinh t thp. C nc ngt thng t c s
dng do ngun nguyn liu ny t v gi c cao hn.
Hnh 2.1: Nguyn liu c ch bin nc

mm
Theo gi tr s dng lm nc mm th c c chia lm 3 nhm:

C nhm 1: gm c c cm Kin Giang ( than, sc tiu), ve, trch va c
m cao, va cho sn phm c hng v c trng , cht lng cao.
Cc loi c ny thng c s dng lu di trong qu trnh ch bin to
sn phm c hng v c trng, ngoi ra cn dng to hng cho loi c
khng c hng hoc t hng.
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C nhm 2: gm c sn, c nc, c cm duyn hi ch yu l c linh, s

dng kh mi cho cc nhm c tp, mt phn dng to hng ring bit
cho mt s sn phm.
C nhm 3: gm cc c x tp, c lit, c b nhng loi c ny c mi v
km cho nn khi sn xut nc mm phi cho i qua chp gy hng b
sung hng cho sn phm.
Nguyn liu c ca nh my ch yu l c tp: c lit, c cng, c mi v c ni
nh c ve, c cm, c nc
C th c c nhiu phn gm u, xng, vy, tht c, ni tng. Sn xut
nc mm ch phn hy phn tht c cn xng, vy vy th hu nh khng b thy
phn.
Bng 2.1. Thnh phn khi lng ca mt s loi c:[1]
STT
Tn c
Tht c
u c
Vy vy
Ni tng
( %)
Xng
c( %)
(%)
( %)
( %)
Nhng
65,20
19,40
8,36
1,67
4,00
Mi
51,90
17,30
13,50
4,10
10,50
Nc s
55,80
22,90
10,08
3,82
5,60
Phn hai sc
49,40
22,30
13,90
9,65
5,00
Mi thng
53,10
19,10
10,70
5,67
9,70
a, Thnh phn ha hc ca c:
Thnh phn ha hc ca c khc nhau rt nhiu, ty tng loi v tng c c
th, ph thuc tui, ging, mi trng sng v ma v.
S bin i thnh phn ca c lin quan mt thit vi thc n m chng n,
vi s di c v bin i sinh dc lin quan n s sinh sn.
Bng 2.2. Thnh phn ha hc chnh ca c[14]
Thnh phn
Nc
protein
Lipit
Mui v c
Tht c
48 85,1
10,3 24,4
0,1 5,4
0,5 5,6
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Trng c
60 70
20 30
1 11
12
Gan c
40 75
8 -18
35
0,5 1,5
Da c
60 70
7 15
5 10
13
Bng 2.3. Thnh phn ha hc ca cc loi c nc mn [5]
STT
Loi c
Thnh phn ha hc( % khi lng)

Nc
protein
lipit
Nc s
76,80
21,75
0,85
Mi thng
77,50
19,26
1,80
Trch
75,90
21,76
3,15
Phn hai sc
76,20
20,35
2,20
Ln ngn
79,30
19,03
1,21
Cm
75,14
11,25
2,10
Mi
76,66
9,37
1,14
Lp
81,84
10,00
1,40
Chun
76,17
9,75
7,5
Cc thnh phn ha hc chnh ca c gm: nc, protein, lipid, cc vitamin

v khong cht.
Protein
C th chia protein ca m c c thnh 3 nhm:
- Protein cu trc: gm cc si myosin, actin, actomyosin v tropomyosin,
chim khong 70 80% tng lng protein ( so vi 40 % trong cc loi ng vt c
v ). Cc protein ny ha tan trong dung dch mui trung tnh c nng ion kh
cao ( > 0,5 M ).
- Protein tng c:
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Gm myoalbumin, globulin v cc enzyme, chim khong 25 30 % tng

lng protein. Cc protein ny ha tan trong nc, trong dung dch mui trung tnh
nng ion thp ( < 0,15%). a s protein tng c l cc enzyme tham gia vo s
trao i cht ca t bo, nh s chuyn ha nng lng trong iu kin ym kh t
glycogen thnh ATP.
- Protein lin kt: bao gm cc si collagen. Chim khong 3% tng lng
protein trong c xng v khong 10 % trong c sn ( so vi 17 % trong ng vt
c v). C trong mng li ngoi bo, khng tan trong nc, dung dch kim hoc
dung dch mui c nng ion cao.
Protein ca c c thnh phn acid amin gn ging protein trong c tht ca
ng vt c v, mc d tnh cht vt l c th khc nhau i cht. im ng in
ca protein c vo khong 4,5 5,5. Cng ging nh protein trong sa, trng v tht
ca ng vt c v, protein trong c c tt c acid amin ch yu v c gi tr sinh
hc rt cao.
Bng 2.4 : Cc acid amin ch yu trong cc loi protein khc nhau[18]
Acid amin
Sa
Tht b
Trng
Lysine
8,8
8,1
9,3
6,8
Tryptophan
1,0
1,6
1,1
1,9
Histidine
2,0
2,6
3,8
2,2
Phenylalanine
3,9
5,3
4,5
5,4
Leucine
8,4
10,2
8,2
8,4
Isoleucine
6,0
7,2
5,2
7,1
Threonine
4,6
4,4
4,2
5,5
Methionine-cystine
4,0
4,3
2,9
3,3
Valine
6,0
7,6
5,0
8,1
Cc cht chit xut cha nit:

y l cc hp cht ha tan c trong nc, c phn t lng thp , cha
nit vi bn cht phi protein. Nhm nit phi protein ny chim t 9 18 % hm
lng ni t tng s trong cc loi c xng.
14
n tt nghip
Thnh phn c bn ca nhm ny l: cc baz bay hi nh amoniac v

trimethylamin ( TMAO), creatine, acid amin t do, nucleotit v cc baz purin, c
sn cn c c ure.
TAMO l thnh phn c trng quan trng ca nhm ni t phi protein trong
c bin. Hp cht ny c t 1- 5% trong m c, nhng c bit khng c trong cc
loi c nc ngt v ng vt trn cn.
V mt nh lng, thnh phn ch yu ca nhm nit phi protein l
creatine. Khi c trng thi ngh , hu ht creatine b phosphoryl ha v cung cp
nng lng cho s co c.
Nc:
Nc ng vai tr v chc nng quan trng trong i sng, cht lng ca
c. Nc tham gia vo phn ng sinh ha, vo cc qu trnh khuch tn trong c,
to iu kin cho vi sinh vt pht trin, ngoi ra lin kt vi cc cht protein.
Lipid:
C s dng cht bo nh ngun nng lng d tr duy tr s sng trong
nhng thng ma ng, khi ngun thc n khan him. hm lng lipid trong c dao
ng nhiu ( 0,1 30 % ). C c phn loi theo hm lng cht bo nh sau:
- C gy ( < 1 % ) nh c tuyt, c cm,
- C bo va ( < 10% ) nh c nhng, c mp, c bn
- C bo ( >10 % ) nh c hi, c trch, c thu
Lipid trong cc loi c xng c chia thnh 2 nhm chnh l phosphilipid
v triglycerit. Phospholipid to nn cu trc mng t bo cn triglycerit l lipid d
tr nng lng c trong cc ni d tr cht bo.
Lipid ca c khc vi ng vt c v do lipid ca c c ti 40% acid bo
mch di ( 14 20 nguyn t Cacbon ) v mc khng no cao ( c nhiu acid bo
c 5 -6 ni kp ).
Gluxit:
Hm lng gluxit trong c tht c rt thp, thng di 0,5 %, tn ti di
dng nng lng d tr glycogen. C va trng c lng gluxit d tr rt thp.
sau khi cht, glycogen chuyn thnh axit lactic, lm gim pH ca c tht, mt kh
nng gi nc ca c tht. s bin i pH c tht sau khi cht c ngha cng
ngh rt ln.
15
n tt nghip
Vitamin v cht khong:

Lng vitamin v cht khong c tnh cht c trng theo loi v c th thay
i theo ma. Ni chung, tht c l ngun vitamin B v vi c bo cng giu c
vitamin A v D.
i vi cht khong, tht c l ngun cung cp canxi v phospho c gi tr,
ng thi cng l mt ngun qu v ng, st v selen.
C l ngun nguyn liu chnh sn xut nc mm do vy n nh hng
trc tip n cht lng nc mm. V vy c phi t c cc yu cu sau:
- C dng ch bin l loi c gy c hm lng lipit thp ( < 1% ) l tt nht.
- Nn s dng cc loi c nh nh vy s h c gi thnh nguyn liu v khng
tn nhn cng cho qu trnh x l nguyn liu, ng thi kch thc nh th din
tch tip xc gia b mt c v mui s tng ln, gim nguy c c b thi.
- Tuyt i khng dng cc loi c c cha nc c nh c nc lm nguyn liu
ch bin nc mm. Theo nghin cu ca vin Hi Dng hc Nha Trang th c t
tetrodotoxin trong mt s b phn c nc khng b thy phn trong qu trnh ch
bin nc mm v vn gy ng c cho ngi s dng nu c trong nc mm.
- Khng dng cc loi c c t l c tht cao nh c ng, c thu, v trong thnh
phn c tht c cha nhiu axit amin histidin. y l tin cht ca amin histamin
c th gy ng c vi hm lng > 20 mg/100 g. trong qu trnh thy phn tht c,
chuyn protein thnh cc phn t nh hn, c mt s loi vi sinh vt cng c kh
nng chuyn ha histidin thnh histamin trong iu kin nhit thch hp.
Vi cc chp gy hng ta s dng nguyn liu l c cm sn xut
nc mm c hng v thm ngon. Nc mm c cm c mi v thm ngon l do
cc nguyn nhn sau:
- C cm l loi c n ni, hot ng mnh nn thnh phn ca c t m. Trong sn
xut khng thy ni vng m dy, do mi v i kht t xy ra.
- C cm v cc loi c tng ni ni chung, c hot tnh enzyme protease cao hn
cc loi c khc nn qu trnh thy phn nhanh hn. Do trong cng mt thi gian
sn xut 6 12 thng th chp c cm thy phn trit hn, khng c mi v tanh
ngi ca c.
- C cm c kch thc nh nn d thy phn.
16
n tt nghip
2.1.2. Mui
Mui l nguyn liu qua trng th hai sau c, khng c mui th khng th
to thnh nc mm. Do nguyn liu mui cng phi c quan tm ng mc.
Thnh phn ha hc ca mui cng s nh hng ti cht lng mi v ca nc
mm. Nhn chung mui n c tc dng km hm s pht trin ca vi sinh vt v
enzyme. Trong ch bin nc mm, ta s dng mui n khng ch hot ng ca
vi sinh vt gy thi ra.
Theo TCVN 3974 84 mui n phi m bo tiu chun sau:
Bng 2.5. Tiu chun mui n
Hng
Ch tiu
Ch 1. Mu sc
tiu
cm
quan
2. Mi v
Thng
hng
Hng 1
Hng 2
Trng
trong,
trng
Trng, nh Trng
xm, nh xm,
vng, nh trng nu
hng
- khng mi
- dung dch mui 5% c v mn
thun khit, khng c v l
3. Dng bn ngoi v c ht
- kh ro, sch
- c ht 1 15 mm
Ch
tiu
ha
l
4. Hm lng NaCl tnh theo % khi 97,00

lng kh, khng nh hn
95,00
93,00
5. Hm lng cht khng tan trong nc, 0,25

tnh theo % cht kh, khng ln hn
0,40
0,80
6. Hm lng m tnh theo % khng ln 9,50

hn:
10,00
10,50
7. Hm lng cc ion tnh theo Ca2+

% khi lng kh, khng ln
0,45
0,55
0,30
17
n tt nghip
hn
Mg2+
0,40
0,70
1,00
SO42-
1,40
1,80
2,35
Trung Quc da vo thnh phn ha hc ca mui c th phn loi mui

thnh 3 hng.
Bng 2.6. Thnh phn ha hc cc hng mui [2]
Hng mui
NaCl (%)
Nc (%)
Cht khng
tan (%)
Cht tan (%)
90
0,50
2,50
85
10
0,65
4,35
80
13
0,80
6,20
Trung Quc da vo thnh phn ha hc ca mui c th phn loi mui

thnh 3 hng.
Mui dng p mui c hoc l sn xut nc mm thng dng mui
hng 2 v 3.
Trong mui n ngoi thnh phn chnh l NaCl cn c cc thnh phn khc
nh CaCl 2, MgCl2 nhng mui ny c ha tan ln hn NaCl. Do n s
lm cn tr qu trnh thm thu ca NaCl vo c th c. Ngoi ra mui cha nhiu
tp cht cn lm cho mu sc, mi v nc mm km i, nc mm c v ng
cht. Nu trong mui c hm lng Kali cao gy ng c, au u, bun nn.
Mui dng trong sn xut nc mm l loi mui n v cng tinh khit cng
tt. Tt nht l loi mui kt tinh ht nh, c rn cao, mu trng ng nh, khng
vn cc, khng m t , khng c v ng cht v c bo qun 1 thng tr ln.
18
n tt nghip
2.1.3. Enzyme
Nc mm l sn phm ca qu trnh thy phn Protein t tht c thnh cc
sn phm dng trung gian nh: polypeptit, dipeptit, pepton v sn phm cui cng
l axit amin di tc dng ca h enzyme protease trong bn thn nguyn liu c v
h enzyme t cc vi sinh vt c trong qu trnh ch bin nc mm. Da trn c s
ny, mun gim thi gian ch bin nc mm, ta cn to iu kin thch hp cho
enzyme protease hot ng hoc b sung thm enzyme t ngoi vo gip cho qu
trnh thy phn din ra nhanh chng v mnh m hn.
a. Enzyme ca c:
Cc h enzyme ch yu ca c tham gia vo qu trnh sn xut nc mm l:
- H enzyme Metalo-protease ( aminodipeptidase)
H enzyme ny tn ti trong ni tng c v chu c nng mui cao nn
ngay t u n hot ng mnh. Loi enzyme ny c hot tnh kh mnh, c kh
nng thy phn rng ri i vi cc loi peptid. y l nhm thy phn enzyme
trung tnh, pH ti thch t 5 -7.
- H enzyme serin-protease
in hnh l enzyme tripsin, tn ti nhiu trong ni tng c. giai on u
ca qu trnh sn xut nc mm hot ng ca n yu, sau mnh dn v n
giai on chp chn th gim dn. Enzyme ny phn hy protein gn nh hon
ton khng cn dng pepton. H enzyme ny hot ng mnh pH = 5 10.
- H enzyme acid-protease
C trong tht v ni tng c, in hnh l enzyme cathepsin D. H enzyme
ny d b c ch bi nng mui khong 15% nn thng n ch tn ti thi gian
ngn thi k u ca qu trnh thy phn. Loi men ny ng vai tr th yu
trong sn xut nc mm.
b. Enzyme b sung thm:
rt ngn qu trnh sn xut nc mm, nhiu nh khoa hc nghin cu s
dng enzyme protease c ngun gc thc vt, ng vt, vi sinh vt b sung thm
vo trong qu trnh ch bin nc mm.
- Cc enzyme c ngun gc thc vt
19
n tt nghip
Cc ngun thc vt cha protease ng dng trong sn xut nc mm ch

yu l u , da. Protease t thc vt khng nhiu v hot khng cao so vi
ngun t vi sinh vt.
*Papain: Papain l mt loi protease c trong nha cy u . cc nc
nhit i papain c dng lm mm tht t rt nhiu th k trc. Papain c tnh
chu nhit cao, pH ti thch l 4,5. Papain c n nh trong dung dch pH 5, khi
pH ca dung dch gim xung 3 hoc tng ti 11 th tnh n nh b gim. Papain c
tnh c hiu kh rng, n thy phn cc c cht tng hp v thc hin qu trnh
thy phn kh su sc, to thnh cc peptit trng lng phn t thp v cc amino
axit.
*Bromelin: Bromelin l mt loi protease thu c t cy da. Chng c kh
nng thy phn protein thnh cc axit amin. Hot tnh thy phn protein ca
bromelin tt nht pH t 6-8 v nhit 550C. S dng Bromelin ( nng 0,8%,
cofacto xystien 0,025 M, 33 0C ) cho kt qu tt nht v sn phm c cht lng
c chp nhn thu c sau 21 ngy, sn phm t c v ng.
*Ficin: ficin thu c t nha qu v thn mt s loi sung. Ficin c tnh
cht tng i ging vi papain. Nhit ti thch cho thy phn protein l 62,50C,
pH 7,5. Enzyme hon ton mt hot tnh 800C.
- Cc enzyme c ngun gc ng vt
*Enzyme ty (pancreatin) : Cc enzyme quan trng nht c to ra t tuyn
tu l trypsin v chymotrypsin. Trypsin l mt trong nhng protease ca dch d
dy di dng pancreatin khng thun khit. Trong cng nghip thc phm
trypxin c dng sn xut cc sn phm thy phn. Trypsin l mt
endopeptidaza, pH ti thch vo khong 7-9. Trypsin c kh nng bin i cc phn
t protein thnh cc axit amin, cc dipeptit v cc tripeptit.
S dng hn hp trypsin : chimotrypsin ( 50 : 50), nng 0,3 %, 370C cho php
gim thi gian chn hai thng m vn gi c hng v theo yu cu ca nc
mm sn xut theo phng php truyn thng[5].
-Cc enzyme c ngun gc vi sinh vt
Cc protease vi sinh vt c s dng nhiu trong cng nghip thc phm. Tt c
chng u l enzyme ngoi bo. Khc vi protease thc vt v protease ng vt
protease vi sinh vt c tnh c hiu cao. Protease vi sinh vt c sn xut ch yu
t vi khun v nm mc v c chia thnh 3 nhm: protease kim tnh, trung tnh
20
n tt nghip
v axit. Cc ch phm enzyme protease s dng trong cng ngh ch bin nc

mm l:
*Neutrase:
L sn phm thng mi ca hng Novo (an Mch). L enzyme thy phn
lin kt peptt ni mch (Endopeptidase) c sn xut theo phng php vi sinh
vt t Bacillus Subtilis. Neutrase l mt protease kim loi (Zn), c n nh bng
Ca2+, b EDTA c ch, hot ng ti u pH 5,5-7,5, nhit 45-550C[6].
*Flavourzyme: c sn xut t chng Asp. oryzae, ch phm ny bao gm c
enzyme endopeptidase v exopeptidase. pH thch hp cho qu trnh thy phn l
5,0-7,0, nhit thch hp 45-550C[5].
Qua nhiu nghin cu cho thy vic s dng enzyme protease c ngun gc
vi sinh vt c nhng u vit hn hn cc loi enzyme c ngun gc khc. l:
- Ch ng v ngun nguyn liu enzyme.
- Gi thnh thp v mi trng nui cy r tin v d kim, c th s dng
ph thi ca ngnh cng nghip khc.
- tinh khit, ng u ca ch phm enzyme cao do khng to mi v
l cho sn phm.
- Hot lc ca enzyme t vi sinh vt mnh do hiu sut thu hi m cao,
tng hiu qu kinh t, thu sn phm c cht lng cao v rt ngn thi gian thy
phn.
V vy, nh my s dng ch phm Flavourzyme.
2.2. Sn phm
2.2.1. Thnh phn ha hc:
Thnh phn ha hc ca nc mm l s kt hp tng ha gia cc thnh
phn dinh dng v thnh phn to gi tr cm quan ( mu, mi, v).Gm c:
-Cc cht m
Chim ch yu v quyt nh gi tr dinh dng ca nc mm. Gm 3 loi
m:
*m tng s: l tng lng nit c trong nc mm (g/l), quyt nh phn
hng ca nc mm.
21
n tt nghip
*m amin: l tng lng m nm di dng acid amin (g/l), quyt nh

gi tr dinh dng ca nc mm
*m amon: cng nhiu nc mm cng km cht lng
Ngoi ra trong nc mm cn cha y cc acid amin, c bit l cc acid
amin khng thay th: valin, leucin, methionin, isoleucin, phenylalanin, alanin.v.v ..
Cc thnh phn khc c kch thc ln nh tripeptid, peptol, dipeptid. Chnh nhng
thnh phn trung gian ny lm cho nc mm d b h hng do hot ng ca vi
sinh vt.
Thnh phn dinh dng ca nc mm ph thuc vo nguyn liu em i
ch bin.
-Cc cht bay hi
Cc cht bay hi trong nc mm rt phc tp v quyt nh hng v ca
nc mm.
Hm lng cc cht bay hi trong nc mm mg/100g nc mm
- Cc cht cacbonyl bay hi: 407-512 (formaldehyde)
- Cc acid bay hi: 404-533 (propionic)
- Cc amin bay hi: 9,5-11,3 (izopropylamin)
- Cc cht trung tnh bay hi: 5,1-13,2 (acetaldehyde)
Mi trong nc mm c hnh thnh ch yu do hot ng ca vi sinh vt
ym kh trong qu trnh sn xut nc mm to ra.
-Cc cht khc
- Cc cht v c: NaCl chim 250-280g/l v mt s cc cht khong nh: S, Ca, Mg,
P, I, Br.
- Vitamin: B1, B12, B2, PP.
2.2.2. Thnh phn to hng ca nc mm

Qua nhiu nghin cu v thnh phn cc cht to hng ca nc mm cho
thy : hng ca nc mm c to thnh t ba loi hng v khc nhau l
Hng thi ca amoniac
Hng ph mt c hnh thnh t cc axit bo bay hi phn t
lng thp v cc Ketons ( xeton )
22
n tt nghip
Hng tht c hnh thnh t cc Keton v Keton axit

Mt s nghin cu sau th a ra kt qu rng cc thnh phn cht bay hi
trong nc mm l cc cht c phn t lng nh d bay hi v c mi thm nh
cc axit amin bay hi, axit hu c, cc este, aldehyt. Theo nghin cu ca
Nonaka th hm lng ny gm 12 loi gm axit amin 4 loi, cacbonyl 6 loi, v
amin 7 loi .Cht cacbonyl bay hi
Cc axit bay hi
Cc amin bay hi
Cc cht trung tnh bay hi
Cc thnh phn ny s bin i theo tng giai on trong sn xut a ra
c hng v c trng nht ca nc mm, ty tng loi nguyn liu, ty tng
sn phm cc nc khc nhau, cc a phng khc nhau m cc cht c trong
nc mm khc nhau.
Qua qu trnh phn tch trn nhiu mu sn phm nc mm khc nhau cho
c cc kt qu sau:
Bng2.7: Thnh phn chnh ca hng nc mm Nha Trang[4]
TT
Tn thnh phn
RT
Disulfit dimethyl
3.24
0.64
Butanoic acid
3.56
0.12
2- Hexyl-1- octanol
6.97
8.88
Cha xc nh
9.10
0.89
2- Ruran methanol
9.64
5.11
Bixiclo hept-2-one 3, 6, 6-trimethyl
10.77
0.33
Bixiclo heptanol, 7-(1-methylethylidene)
11.56
2.38
Bezene, (1-methylpropoxi)
12.06
0.52
Phellandrene
12.88
0.12
10
2, 6- Octadien-1-ol,3,7-dimethyl, format, (E)
13.28
22.29
11
Pentanoic acid, 4- oxo, trimethylsilyl este
13.35
8.05
Hm lng %
23
n tt nghip
12
Xiclohexanol, 1-methyl-4-(1-methyl ethenyl)- 16.02

axetat
0.52
13
Xiclohexene,
4
ethenyl-4-methyl-3-(1- 16.30
methylethenyl)-1-(1-methylethyl)-, (3R-Trans)
0.12
14
Cha xc nh
17.53
0.14
15
Cha xc nh
23.08
0.20
16
1, 2, 4-Methano-1H-indenl,
dimethyl-5-(1-methylethyl)
octahydro-1,7- 24.46
0.25
17
Copaene
28.19
0.17
18
1,5-Xiclodecadiene,1,5-dimethyl-8-(1methylethenyl)
29.50
0.45
19
Bixiclo heptane,6 methyl 2-methylene-6-(4- 29.96

methyl-3 pentenyl)
0.83
20
Benzene, 1-(1,5 dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-4-methyl
30.58
0.75
21
Cha xc nh
31.31
0.27
22
Cha xc nh
31.73
0.12
23
Cha xc nh
33.47
0.71
24
Phenol,2,6-bis
(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl, 34.39
methylcarlbamate
4.58
25
Cha xc nh
34.56
0.12
26
1H-Benzoxicloheptene
34.80
0.72
27
1,6,10-Dodecatriene,7,11-dimethyl-3methylene,(Z)
35.17
16.46
28
Diclorotetrafluoroethane
35.63
3.25
29
Decane,2,4-dimethyl
35.70
2.78
30
Cha xc nh
35.92
0.14
31
Nonadecane
36.27
5.76
32
Cha xc nh
37.44
0.24
33
Cha xc nh
43.64
0.15
24
n tt nghip
34
Tridecanol,2-ethyl-2-methyl
51.89
1.63
35
Cha xc nh
52.60
0.45
36
Cha xc nh
54.23
1.92
37
Cha xc nh
61.96
7.56
38
Cha xc nh
63.48
0.12
Nc mm Nha Trang cho 10 cu t mang mi thm ca nc mm:

Butanoic acid, 2-Hexyl-1-octanol, 2-Furan methanol, Bixiclo[3.1.1] hept-2-one
3,6,6-trimethyl, Bixiclo[4.1.0] heptanol,7-(1-methylethylidene), Pentanoic acid,4oxo,trimethylsilyl etse, Xiclohexanol,1-methyl-4-(1-methyl ethenyl)-axetat,
Bixiclo[3.1.1] heptane,6 methyl 2-methylene-6-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl), Decane,2,4dimethyl, Nonadecane.
Bng2.8: Thnh phn chnh ca hng nc mm Ct Hi[4]
TT
Tn thnh phn
RT
Hm lng %
Butanoic acid
3.18
0.32
Cha xc nh
3.38
0.31
Pentanoic acid, 4-methyl
3.77
0.92
1-Hexenol, 2-ethyl
6.25
1.32
5,6 dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-4H-1,3,5 dithiazine
7.05
34.50
2-piperidione
12.16
2.94
Bixiclo heptanol, 7-(1-methylethylidene)
14.65
1.20
Butanoic acid, 2-(aminooxi)
21.30
12.20
2,4(1H,3H)-pirimidinedione 6-todo-5 methyl
26.85
1.58
10
Thiirane,2,3-dimethyl, trans
29.85
12.20
11
Cha xc nh
35.61
0.15
12
2-Isopropil-5,6-dimethyl-1,3,2-oxathiaborinane
42.83
2.57
13
Diethylphtalat
46.52
7.13
14
Xiclo pentethiol
48.57
0.17
25
n tt nghip
15
2H-1-Benzopiran-2-one
Butyl)-7metoxi
6(1-hydroxi-3-methyl 49.67
7.52
16
3-O-axetil-exo-1,2-o-etiliden-erithrofuranose
50.59
4.83
17
2,5,6 Trimetyl-1,3-oxathiane
50.94
25.33
18
Cha xc nh
54.26
0.18
19
3 Ethyl-3-methylheptane
54.94
0.33
20
diclorotetrafluorotane
57.82
0.74
21
7,11-Dimethyloctadecane
59.69
0.84
22
Cha xc nh
61.02
0.17
23
Octane,2,4,6-Trimethyl
62.00
0.72
24
Ether, butyl isopentyl
63.70
3.10
25
Cha xc nh
65.05
0.25
26
Cha xc nh
66.02
0.15
27
Cha xc nh
66.85
0.36
28
17,21-Dimethyl heptatriacontane
68.98
0.77
29
Cha xc nh
71.36
0.19
Trong nc mm Ct Hi cho 9 cu t mang mi thm ca nc mm:

Butanoic acid, Butanoic acid,2-methyl, Pentanoic acid,4-methyl, 1-Hexenol,2-ethyl,
Butanoic acid,2-(aminooxi), Thiirane,2,3-dimethyl,trans, Xiclo pentethiol, 7,11Dimethyloctadecane, Octane,2,4,6-Trimethyl
Bng2.9: Thnh phn chnh ca hng nc mm ngn ngy[4]
TT
Tn thnh phn
RT
Hm lng %
Dimethyl sunfit
3.81
0.12
Furfural
5.15
0.34
2-Furanmethanol
5.61
79.35
2-(3H)Furanone 5-methyl
6.01
0.07
2-Xiclopentene 1,4 dione 4-pyrimidione
6.23
0.11
26
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4H-pyran-4-one
6.25
0.04
Cha xc nh
6.27
0.03
Cha xc nh
8.20
1.82
Xiclotetraxicloxane
8.61
0.44
10
3(2H) Pyridazinone, 4,5 dihydro
9.23
0.19
11
2,8-Diazaspiro(4,4) nonane-3,5-d
9.26
0.23
12
Benzene axetaldehyt
9.51
2.90
13
Ethanone, 1-(1H-pyrol2-yl)
9.85
0.86
14
4H-pyran-4-one,3,5-dimethyl
10.24
0.24
15
Furan,2,2-methylenebis
10.32
0.09
16
2 propanamine
10.65
0.05
17
Phenylethyl alcol
10.90
0.20
18
3-Methyl 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyt
11.06
1.35
19
Benzoic acid
11.64
0.12
20
1,2-Dipentylxyclopropene
12.03
0.59
21
Pyribudine-2,5-dimethoxy
12.56
0.16
22
Indolizine
14.21
2.01
23
Furan-2,2-[oxybis(methylene)]
14.33
0.23
24
Trimethylsilel3,5-dimethoxy-4
14.71
0.22
25
Xiclohexane
14.98
0.16
26
2-Hexenoic acid
16.17
0.14
27
Ethanedioic acid
17.49
0.15
28
Butylate hydroxitoluene
17.77
0.70
29
2(3H)-furanone,5-hexildihydro
18.68
0.12
30
Diethyl phtalat
18.98
1.75
31
2-Pentenoic acid
19.97
0.21
32
3-Xiclohexane1-ol
20.53
3.17
27
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33
Axetic acid
22.12
0.41
34
2-Heptenol
22.69
0.04
35
1,2-Benzenedicarboxilic acid
23.78
0.18
36
Mercaptanoaxetic acid
23.96
0.46
37
Nonadecane
25.18
0.10
38
1,2-bis(trimethylxiloxe) ethane
25.54
0.34
39
Octadecane1-clo
26.15
0.09
40
3,3Iminobis propylamit
26.24
0.03
41
2-Dimethylxilin
26.93
0.17
42
Propanamit
29.51
0.08
43
Silixic acid
32.63
0.03
T bng trn cho thy vi nc mm sn xut theo phng php ngn ngy
cho 6 cu t thm sau: 2-Furanmethanol, 2- Hexenoic acid, 2- Pentanoic acid, 2Heptenol, Nonadecane, Octadecane1-clo
Do vy sn xut nc mm theo phng php ngn ngy c sn phm
cht lng tt, hng v c chp nhn ta cn phi c bin php ci thin hng v
ca nc mm ngn ngy.
2.2.3. Ch tiu sn phm

Ch tiu sn phm nc mm p dng tiu chun TCVN 5107 : 2003 do ban
k thut tiu chun thuc B khoa hc v cng ngh ban hnh. Ngoi ra vi mi
vng c th p dng qui nh ring cho mnh ph hp vi sn phm ca tng
vng. Ph Quc l vng sn xut nhiu nc mm v sn phm c cht lng cao.
Di y l tiu chun nc mm Ph Quc.
Tiu chun nc mm Ph Quc:
Nc mm Ph Quc c phn lm 5 hng theo m ton phn nh sau:
-
c bit.
Thng hng.
Hng 1.
Hng 2.
28
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Hng 3.
* Yu cu cm quan:
Cc ch tiu cm quan ca nc mm Ph Quc phi t yu cu theo quy nh ti

bng 2.6.
Bng 2.6 : Yu cu cm quan ca nc mm Ph Quc[18]
Mc cht lng
Tn ch tiu
c bit
1. Mu sc
2. trong
Thng
hng
Hng 1
Hng 2
Hng 3
Nu vng, nu vng n nu , nu
Trong, sng, snh, khng
vn c
Trong, khng vn c
3. Mi
Mi thm du, c trng ca nc mm Ph Quc, khng c mi l
4. V
Ngt ca
Ngt ca
Ngt ca
Ngt m ca m, c hu
m, c hu m, c hu m, t hu
v r
v r
v
v
5. Tp cht
nhn thy bng
mt thng
Khng c c
* Yu cu ha hc:
Cc ch tiu ho hc ca nc mm Ph Quc phi t yu cu theo quy nh ti
bng 2.7
29
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Bng 2.7. Cc ch tiu ha hc ca nc mm Ph Quc
Mc cht lng
Tn ch tiu
1. Hm lng nit ton phn,

tnh bng g/l, khng nh hn
c bit
Thng
hng
Hng 1
Hng 2
Hng 3
40
35
30
25
20
2. Hm lng nit axit amin,

tnh bng % so vi nit ton
phn, khng nh hn
55
45
3. Hm lng nit amniac,

tnh bng % so vi nit ton
phn, khng ln hn
14
15
4. Hm lng axit, tnh bng

g/l theo axit axtic, khng nh
hn
12
5. Hm lng mui Natri

clorua, tnh bng g/l, trong
khong
250 - 295
6. Hm lng Histamin, tnh

bng mg/l, khng ln hn
200
D lng ti a ca ch c trong nc mm Ph Quc l 0,5 mg/l.

* Ch tiu vi sinh vt:
Cc ch tiu vi sinh vt ca nc mm Ph Quc phi t yu cu theo quy nh ti
bng 2.8.
30
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Bng 2.8: Ch tiu vi sinh vt ca nc mm Ph Quc
TT
Tn ch tiu
Mc ti a
cho php
Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh, tnh theo s khun lc trong 1ml
104
Coliforms, tnh theo s khun lc trong 1ml
10
Clostridium perfringens, tnh theo s khun lc trong 1ml
Escherichia coli, tnh theo s khun lc trong 1ml
Staphyloccocus aureus, tnh theo s khun lc trong 1ml
Tng s nm men v nm mc, tnh theo s khun lc trong 1 ml
10
2.3. La chn qui trnh cng ngh

nc ta hin nay c rt nhiu phng php ch bin nc mm. C th
chia ra lm 2 phng php chnh l sn xut nc mm di ngy v sn xut nc
mm ngn ngy.
2.3.1. Phng php sn xut nc mm di ngy

mi a phng th nc mm mang hng v c trng ring v mi
ni cng c phng php ch bin ring ph hp vi iu kin t nhin ca mnh
cng nh cho ra sn phm thch hp vi th hiu ngi tiu dng a phng
.
Hin nay nc ta c 3 qui trnh sn xut ph bin:
- Qui trnh sn xut nc mm theo phng php gi nn
- Qui trnh sn xut nc mm theo phng php nh khuy
31
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- Qui trnh sn xut nc mm theo phng php hn hp

a. Phng php nh khuy
y l phng php c truyn ca huyn Ct Hi do vy cn c tn l
phng php Ct Hi. Nguyn tc ca phng php ny l cho thm nc l vo
chp vi t l 20 40 % ty theo tng loi c v lng mui dng mui c
ban u, nhm lm nht mui tng cng s hot ng ca enzyme v vi sinh
vt. ng thi cng dng mui iu tit, khng ch, ngn chn s ph hng khi
chp do vi sinh vt. u im ca phng php ny l thi gian sn xut c rt
ngn song lng nit amoniac cao.
Cch thc hin:
C ti c ra sch vo thng. C 100 kg c trn u vi 10 kg mui
v ma h, 8 kg v ma ng sau vo ang, b hay chum vi. Thm 2
kg mui san u ph ln mt c, v nh cho mui cht, ly np y kn.
Sau 2 ngy ma h hoc 3 ngy ma ng cho 20 % lng nc l so vi
lng c, nu c to c th cho ti 30 %.
Sau ly co g nh o tht k cho mui tan u v tan ht. Ban ngy
khng ma th m np phi, ban m y li.
Hng ngy m np nh o u v phi c. Khi c c hin tng i
mui,c ni ln pha trn mt, khi thc gy vo ang chp thy c hin
tng si bt th cho thm mui bng 5 10 % lng c ri dng co g
nh u lm tan ht mui. hng ngy m np phi nng nh khuy, s
phn gii tip tc cho n lc c i mui ln th 3.
Cc t cho mui sau rt quan trng, cn phi cho ng lc. Cho mui sm
qu th qu trnh thy phn b c ch, nu cho mun qu th qu trnh thi
ra s xy ra.
Bnh thng cho 4 -5 ln l , nhng cng c trng hp phi cho nhiu ln
hn.
Khi cho mui ( 30 35 % ) th thn c ngm mui, nt u v
chm xung khi ngi ta gi l c ng c. Hng ngy tip tc phi
nng nhng khng cn chm sc k nh thi gian c i mui. Sau 1 thng
th c chm hn xung, nc ni ln c mu vng, trong v xut hin mi
nc mm r rt. Mu sc ca nc mm chuyn dn t mu vng nht sang
mu vng m, nc mm trong v ng nh.
32
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Sau 4 -5 thng th chp chn hon ton, c th rt c ( ma ng c

th ko di hn). Lc ny nc mm ch cn mi thm thun ty, khng cn
mi hn tp na.
b. Phng php gi nn:
Chp gi nn l nn cht khi tht c xung to nhit thch hp cho
enzyme hot ng iu kin ym kh cho cc vi sinh vt trong chp pht trin
phn gii cc cht trong c. C th p mui mt ln mn hoc cho mui
nhiu ln.
Cch thc hin:
C ra sch vo b vi t l c v mui l: 100 kg c + 12 15 kg mui +
2 kg thnh. C mt lp c rc mt lp mui v thnh ri nn cht. Cng ln
trn mui cng nhiu so vi lp di, lp trn cng ph kn bng lp mui
dy 3 cm gi nhit v trnh rui nhng. Dng v tre hay na sch y kn
trn lp mui, t cc thanh g hay tre nn cht v xung.
V ban u c trng ln to, nc tit ra lm cho khi chp ni ln nn ta
phi dng tng to nn c.
Do nn cht nn nhit ca khi c tng ln, thc y cc enzyme trong c
hot ng, trung tm c tch t NH3, CO2, H2Slm cho c trng ln, tht
c b x nt nhng xng v da vn cn nguyn. Mui thm thu vo c,
nc tit ra gi l nc bi. Nc ny rt ra, mt phn em un nng ri li
tr li thng chp gi l tip nhit ln u. Cc ln sau un ti 70 80
0
C. cn phn ln nc bi snh c a ra phi nng n 3 gi chiu khi
nc cn nng th tr li chp.
Sau khi cho mui t 1 c 3 -4 ngy v ma h, 5-7 ngy v ma ng th
cho mui ln sau v tip tc cho mui n khi nng mn t 25 30 % l
c.
Ton b thi gian gi nn v cho mui nh trn v ma h khong 16 - 20
ngy, ma ng 30 ngy. Sau khi mui hng ngy m ra phi nng, ti
y li. Mi tun rt nc ra phi t bui sng, chiu vo. Khong 2
thng th c chm hn xung, lc khng cn dn nn na, nhng hng
ngy vn phi m np ra phi nng, khong 10 ngy th no rt mt ln.
Thng th 4 tr i th 2 tun no rt mt ln. Ch bin theo phng php
ny th c con nguyn con do vy ko rt d dng, nc mm thu c trong
hn.
33
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c. Phng php ch bin chp hn hp:

Phng php ny l kt hp 2 phng php gi nn v nh khuy. Phng
php ny kt hp u im ca c hai phng php trn.
Cch thc hin:
Nguyn liu c nhp v c phn loi k. Ty tng ma, tng loi c m
lng mui cho vo cng khc nhau. C nh lng mui khong 26 30 %,
c ln lng mui 30 35 %. Thng cho mui lm nhiu ln t 3 -4 ln.
Vi nguyn liu ti th trn u t 12- 15 % mui. Nu c p mui th
kim tra mn ri ty mn b sung lng mui ph hp. C c
trn mui xong th em vo b p v gi nn. Sau khong 2 ngy th m
nt l tho nc bi ra, cho thm mui vo nc bi ha tan n mn 22
23 0B ri mc tr li b, nu c iu kin th em bi ra phi nng tip
nhit. Sau 4-5 ngy sau m l cho nc chy ra, lc ny mn ca mui
chng 16 18 0B li ha tan mui vo c mn 22 23 0B ri mc
ln b. Lm nh vy chng 3 4 ln, khi no nc bi ra t mn 22 23
0
B th coi nh mui. Ton b thi gian cho mui v gi nn khong 20 30 ngy ty theo ma.
Sau khi mui ta tho phn gi nn nh khuy ging nh phng
php ct hi. Trong thi gian nh khuy nu cn thit c th thm mt
lng mui nh nu cn thit. Chp trong thi gian 4 -5 thng c th nh
khuy c, 6-7 thng c th ko rt c.
d. u nhc im ca phng php c truyn:
u im:
- Sn phm thu c c cht lng cao, hng v c trng.
- i hi k thut khng cao
- Trang thit b th s
- Ph hp vi qui m sn xut nh v h gia nh
- Chi ph sn xut thp
Nhc im
- Thi gian ch bin ko di
- Lng m thi mt i kh ln
34
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- Tn din tch mt bng

- Hiu qu kinh t thp
- Khng m bo v sinh an ton thc phm
- Kh c gii ha, t ng ha
2.3.2. Phng php sn xut nc mm ngn ngy

a. Nguyn tc:
s dng ngun enzyme protease t cc ch phm Neustrase, Flavourzyme
kt hp phng php tip nhit. Phng php ny gim thi gian ch bin t 6 12
thng xung ch cn 30- 45 ngy. Sn xut theo phng php ny c u im l
thi gian ngn, lng m thu c cao hn.
Tuy nhin n c nhc im l mi v nc mm km c trng hn so vi
mi v nc mm di ngy, do phi tm cch khc phc bng cch to hng cho
nc mm ngn ngy.
b. To hng cho nc mm ngn ngy:
to hng v thm ngon c trng cho nc mm ngn ngy c 2 hng
sau:
Sn xut chp gy hng theo phng php c truyn, c ci tin sau
cho nc mm ngn ngy, km hng i qua chp gy hng ri ko rt
qua chp ny, to hng cho nc mm.
Phn lp, tuyn chn cc chng vi sinh vt c kh nng sinh hng nc
mm t chp chn c hng tt ri dng cc chng ny gy hng cho
nc mm ngn ngy hoc s dng vi sinh vt gy hng sn xut ra hng
liu ri cho vo nc mm.
Hng th 2 l hng d c gii ha, t ng ha nhng ch l nghin cu
cha c a vo sn xut. cn hng th nht c p dng thnh cng v
sn phm c ngi tiu dng chp nhn nn em chn hng th nht : sn xut
chp gy hng theo phng php c truyn, sau cho nc mm ngn ngy i
qua ri ko rt qua chp gy hng to hng cho nc mm.
Do sn xut vi qui m ln, t hiu qu kinh t cao hn, d dng c
gii ha, hin i ha v tn mt bng sn xut em la chn phng php
sn xut nc mm ngn ngy c b sung enzyme protease. Sn xut cc chp
di ngy theo phng php gi nn gy hng cho sn phm.
35
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2.4. Thuyt minh qui trnh cng ngh

2.4.1. S dy chuyn cng ngh
Cc loi
c tp
X l nguyn liu
Enzyme protease
( 0,1 % lng c )
Trn u
30 pht
Thy phn: cho

mui, o trn
Mui
Chp chn
Ko rt, lc
Nc mui
22 0 B
Nc thp m
(nc thuc)
B 1
Dch lc 1
Dch lc 2
Gy hng
B 2
Nu b
Pha u
Lc
Xc mm
phn bn, thc

n gia sc
ng chai
Sn phm
36
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2.4.2. Thuyt minh qui trnh

a. X l nguyn liu
Nguyn liu a v c ra sch, loi b tp cht. Sau tin hnh phn
loi c da vo kch c v cht lng ca c, ti ca c. Yu cu t ra i vi
nguyn liu sn xut nc mm l phi ng u v cht lng v kch c qu
trnh thy phn din ra ng u. Nh vy qu trnh thy phn s din ra ng u
hn, trit hn trnh tn tht m do lng m thi nhiu v lng m cn li
trong b cao. Do vic phn loi l rt quan trng gip cho cht lng nc mm
tt hn, hiu qu thy phn cao hn v nh hiu qu kinh t cng cao hn.
i vi nhng loi c c kch thc ln th phi p dp qu trnh thy
phn din ra hon thin hn.
Tip theo trn nguyn liu vi 0,1 % enzyme protease v trong 30 pht
enzyme khuch tn u trong nguyn liu.
b. Qu trnh thy phn
C ch ca qu trnh thy phn:
C em trn vi mui theo mt t l nht nh, c p trong iu kin
thch hp, sau mt thi gian s hnh thnh nn nc mm. Qu trnh thy phn l
qu trnh chnh to ra nc mm v quyt nh cht lng ca nc mm. l
tc dng ca h enzyme protease trong bn thn c, ngun enzyme c b sung
vo hoc ca vi sinh vt bn ngoi v trong ni tng c tc ng vo thy phn tht
c t dng protein qua cc dng trung gian nh pepton, polypeptit, peptit v cui
cng l axit amin.
Bn cnh qu trnh m phn cn c qu trnh phn gii ng v cht
bo thnh cc axit hu c, ru gp phn hnh thnh hng v c trng ca
nc mm.
Qu trnh phn gii protein trong tht c ch yu l do men tc dng nhng
cng c th c s tham gia ca vi sinh vt. nhng vi sinh vt hu ch tit ra enzyme
protease thc y cho qu trnh thy phn cn vi sinh vt gy thi th c tc dng
lm ra nt tht c lm nc mm b thi.
Qu trnh thy phn chu nh hng ca cc yu t:
37
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Nhit ; pH; Lng mui; Lng enzyme v loi enzyme b sung;

Din tch tip xc; Bn thn nguyn liu c.
Cch tin hnh:

Nguyn liu c sau khi x l c trn u vi 0,1 % ch phm enzyme
protease o trn u trong 30 pht enzyme khuch tn u trong nguyn liu,
sau trn mui t l 5% so vi nguyn liu c v cho vo thng c np y.
C sau 1 ngy th cho thm 5% mui vo chp v o trn u. Nh vy
sau 5 ngy th mui cho vo 25 %. Khi nc bi chy ra, tip nhit cho nc bi
nhit nc bi tng ln 50 - 55 0C ta rt nc bi ri bm tr li chp. Vic
ny s gip cho thnh phn cc cht trong chp c o trn u v nc bi
cng c lc trong hn. Thc hin qu trnh tip nhit ny cho n khi nhit
ca chp t 450C th dng v gi nhit ny trong sut qu trnh thy phn. Sau
qu trnh thy phn tip tc xy ra to ra cc protein phn t thp v axit amin.
Trong nhng ngy tip theo c 3 ngy rt nc bi 1 ln kt hp o trn. Sau
khong 20 ngy, chp vo giai on n nh, mi khng cn tanh, c mi nc
mm nh, yn th chp phn lp, nc ct ng trong c mu vng nu n
cnh gin bn trn, ci chp chm di. Sau 30 - 35 ngy th chp chn.
nh gi chn ca chp theo tiu chun Vit Nam 3252 89.
Cm quan:
Mu sc: chp chn c mu nu ti, nu xm hoc xm, nc ct c mu
t vng rm n cnh gin..
Mi : thm, hi tanh du, khng c mi chua hoc mi l khc, nc ct c
mi thm c trng ca nc mm, khng c mi tanh hi.
V: ngt du, c v m , c d v.
Trng thi: vi chp gi nn th c cn nguyn con, nu x c ra th tht
tch khi xng, nu khuy ln th nt vn. Vi chp nh khuy th c nt
nhuyn, ci chp sng ri v khi nh khuy khng c hin tng si bt.
V ha hc:
T l nit axit amin trn nit ton phn ca nc ct i vi chp c ni
phi ln hn 45 % v i vi chp c y khong 40%.
Nit ton phn trong nc ct n nh, khi chp chn th khng bin
i g nhiu.
38
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Ko rt, lc
Khi chp chn, kt thc qu trnh thy phn ta chuyn sang giai on
lc, chp n nh khong 2-3 ngy ta rt dch lc ra. iu chnh tc chy
sao cho dch thu c trong, khng b vn c. Dch thu c l dch lc 1, ko rt
qua chp gy hng. Phn b cn li, ta cho mt phn nc thuc vo v khuy
o 3-4 ln trong mt ngy cho lng m trong b ha tan ra. Lng nc thuc
cho vo khong 25 - 50 % nguyn liu ban u. Sau hai ngy khuy o, yn 23
ngy cho b chp lng xung th thu dch lc. Dch lc thu c gi l dch lc 2.
c. Nu ph b tn dng m
B 2 lc ny cn hm lng m rt t, lng nit tng s cn khong 9 13
g/l th em nu ph b. Dng nc mui c nng 22 0 B vi t l 1 b: 2 nc
mui cho vo chp un si 30- 45 pht l c. Thi gian nu ph thuc vo
lng m cn trong b t hay nhiu. Sau thu dch, dch ph b thu c gi l
nc thuc dng ko rt nng m cc m sau. B cn li c th em ch bin
lm thc n chn nui, hoc lm phn bn.
d. Gy hng cho nc mm
y l giai on quan trng trong qui trnh ch bin nc mm ngn ngy.
Nu khng c giai on ny th nc mm khng c hng v c trng m ch l
dung dch giu m m thi.
Dch lc 1 v 2 c hm lng nito tng s > 13g/l s c em ko rt qua
chp ln men di ngy( cn gi l chp gy hng). T l nc mm cho vo
chp gy hng chim khong 50 % khi lng chp trong b, sao cho nc
mm ngp v nn khong 10 cm. Ngm trong khong 2 ngy cho n nh sau ko
rt no o lin tc t 3 -5 ngy ty theo cht lng ca chp gy hng. Nu
chp gy hng mi ko rt ln u th thi gian gy hng ngn, cc ln sau th
thi gian gy hng di hn. Khi nc mm c mi thm c trng th rt ra, tip
tc cho m khc vo, ko rt no o, cho n khi chp khng cn kh nng gy
hng na cho nc thuc cn li t chp ngn ngy em ko rt nhiu ln tn
thu m ch khng nu b ca chp di ngy.
Nc mm sau khi gy hng xong, cn kim tra xc nh hm lng m
tng s lm c s cho vic pha u.
e. Tin hnh pha u nc mm
Dng cng thc ng cho pha u nc mm
39
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V d ta c 2 loi nc mm l A : tnh theo g Nit/lt v B : g Nit/lt

Pha nc mm 15 gN/l
15 - B
Loi A gN/l
A - 15
Loi B gN/l
15
Nh vy cn pha 15 B phn loi A gN/l vi A 15 gN/l phn loi B gN/l c

c loi nc mm 15 gN/l theo yu cu.
Pha nc mm 20 gN/l
20-B
Loi A gN/l
A - 20
Loi B gN/l
20
Nh vy cn pha 20 B phn loi A gN/l vi A 20 gN/l phn loi B gN/l

c c loi nc mm 20 gN/l theo yu cu.
Sn xut chp gy hng
40
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sn xut chp gy hng ta dng nguyn liu l c cm v ch bin

theo phng php gi nn. S d em la chn phng php gi nn sn xut
chp gy hng bi v y l phng php m lng m tn tht t nht ( chim
25 % lng m ton phn, trong khi phng php nh khuy v hn hp lng
m tn tht ln lt l 38 % v 30 % )[2]. y cng l phng php c qu trnh
di trong iu kin ym kh cho sn phm thm ngon nht
* S qui trnh sn xut:

C tp
Loi b
tp cht
0,01%Enzyme
proteaza
Trn mui
Mui
Nc bi
Phi nng
Gi nn,
o trn
Chp
chn
*Thuyt minh qui trnh:

Nguyn liu c cm nht sch tp cht v cc loi hi sn khc.
Chn mui sch tinh khit qua bo qun trn mt thng.
41
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Trn mui: c c trn u vi mui, t l mui cho vo so vi c l 22 %

v thm 0,01% enzyme thc y qu trnh thy phn. Sau cho vo thng
c t l sn. L l 1 b cc thanh tre nh c kch thc 5x5x500 mm b cht li
thnh b c ng knh 0,2m t st vi l ly nc mm ra.
Trn thng ph 1 lp mui dy 3 cm gi nhit v trnh rui nhng. Sau 3
ngy khi c n mui, rt nc bi ra phi nng sau ht nng li vo tr li
chp.
Nc bi thot ra, c xp dn xung, dng v tre ln mt c ri nn
cht xung. Sau khi nn xong, na phn nc bi vo thng cho ngp c, cn
phn cn li em cha vo ang, chum phi nng. Nc trong thng cn dn th tip
tc cho phn nc bi cn li vo. Trong thi gian 2 thng u th 1 tun ko rt 1
ln, t thng th 3 th 10 ngy ko rt 1 ln. Thng th 4 tr i th 2 tun ko rt 1
ln. Cn ch vn tip nhit vo ma ng, c 1 tun 1 ln, rt 1 na nc bi
ra un ln 550C ri vo b. Ch khi nc bi vo b phi t t v rt l
ra cho nc nng chy t trn xung, nc bi lnh chy ra sau li mc ln
trn. Sau 3- 6 thng th chp chn.
f. Nc mm c b sung st:
Thiu st l mt vn thiu vi cht dinh dng chim t l cao nht, y
cng l vn cp bch i vi cc nc ang pht trin, trong c nc ta. Ph
n v tr em l nhng i tng c nguy c thiu st rt cao do nhu cu st ca c
th nhng i tng ny cao nhng ch n hng ngy khng p ng . T
chc y t v vin dinh dng, cng nh ngnh cng nghip thc phm ang c
gng ci thin tnh trng ny. Cc gii php c a ra nh b sung vin st, tng
cng st vo khu phn n a li nhng kt qu kh quan. Trn 95 % ngi
dn vit Nam dng nc mm lm nc chm v nu thc n hng ngy nn
vic b sung st vo nc mm l mt gii php tt.
Cc nghin cu cho thy sodium ion ethylenedianite tetraacetate
(NaFeEDTA) l cht b sung st c bn vng, c gi tr sinh hc cao v ha tan
tt trong cht lng.Vi lng NaFeEDTA b sung vo nc mm l 3 g/l s t nh
hng ti gi tr cm quan. Vo nm 2003, Phm Vn Thy, Nguyn Cng Khn v
cng s trin khai nghin cu nh gi cm quan nc mm b sung st loi 15
0
N v kt qu cho thy nc mm c b sung NaFeEDTA 3 g/l v c bo qun
trong thi gian 9 thng c ngi tiu dng hon ton chp nhn.
Do em la chn b sung st vo nc mm 15 gN/l v hm lng
NaFeEDTA b sung vo nc mm l 3 g/l. B sung bng cch nh khuy.
42
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g. Bo qun nc mm:
Nc mm c hm lng mui rt cao v vy c th bo qun thi gian di.
Tuy vy, nc mm l dung dch m nn cng d b vi sinh vt xm nhp
v gy h hng. thng thng, nc mm chn hon ton vi mui khng
bao gi thi, nhng vi nc mm c ko rt t cc loi chp cha chn th rt
d thi.
Nc mm c bo qun kho v sinh sch s, thong mt, trnh bi bm
bay vo v nht l nc l. Nc mm nhp kho phi c giy bo kt qu kim
nghim v cht lng theo qui nh ca nh nc.
Nc mm trc lc xut xng cn c kim tra li cht lng ln na ri
em ng chai xut i. Nc mm phi c ng gi cn thn, c nhn hiu r
rng.
CHNG 3: TNH CN BNG SN PHM

3.1. Lng m ton phn c trong 1 kg nguyn liu:
Nguyn liu dng sn xut l cc loi c tp c gi tr kinh t thp nh: c
nc, c lit, c mi, c lp
Theo bng 2.2 th hm lng protein chim t 10 21 % trng lng c, do
ta ly hm lng protein trung bnh trong c nguyn liu l 16 %. Trong thnh
phn protein c nhiu nguyn t khc nhau nh : N, C, H, S, O hm lng N ch
chim 15 -18%. H s chuyn i t hm lng N sang protein l 6,25.
Vy hm lng Nit c trong 1 kg nguyn liu c l:
1000 x 0,16 : 6,25 = 25,6 g N/l
3.2. Hm lng N thu c trong nc mm t 1 kg nguyn

liu
Trong qu trnh sn xut nc mm khng th trnh khi tn tht m. do
qu trnh thy phn protein thnh cc axit amin cn km theo s phn hy protein
to thnh cc hp cht bay hi gi l m thi nh NH3, indol, trimetylamin,
skatol
Ngoi ra cn mt lng m cn li trong b chp cha thy phn ht.
trong qui trnh sn xut s dng enzyme protease nn thi gian ch bin rt ngn do
43
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vy lng m thi bay hi to ra cng t hn phng php c truyn. Lng m

thi khong 17-18%.
Mt khc qu trnh thy phn cng trit hn do vy lng m cn li
trong b t khong 3-4 %.
Nh vy lng m tn tht trong qu trnh ch bin khong 20 22%.
Lng N thu c t 1 kg nguyn liu c l :
25,6 x 0,78 = 20 gN/ kg.
Nh vy t 1 kg nguyn liu thu c 1 lt nc mm 20 gN/l.
T 1 kg nguyn liu thu c 1,33 lt nc mm 15 gN/l.
3.3. Lng c cn dng trong qu trnh ch bin trong 1 nm

Do qu trnh ng chai tn tht 2% nn
Vi yu cu sn xut 2 triu lt nc mm 20 gN/l v 3 triu lt nc mm 15
gN/l do trong 1 nm tng lng c tiu th l:
Gnm = (2 000 000 : 1 + 3 000 000 : 1,33) : 0,98 = 4 348 509 kg
3.4. Khi lng c cm cn ch bin chp gy hng

Do tn tht ng chai l 2% nn lng nc mm trc khi ng chai l :
5 000 000 x 1,02 = 5 100 000 lt
Theo tin s ng Vn Hp th 1 tn c cm c th gy hng cho 5 000 lt
nc mm ngn ngy[4].
Nh vy khi lng c cm dng ch bin chp gy hng l:
Gh = 5 100 000 : 5000 x 1000 = 1 020 000 kg
Qu trnh x l c cm ch cn nht cc tp cht i, khng cn ra ( v c
cm l c ni) nn phn hao ph t. Chn tn tht cho qu trnh x l nguyn liu c
cm l 0,1%. Lng c cm mua vo thc t l:
1 020 000 : ( 1 0,001) = 1 021 021 kg
3.5. Khi lng nguyn liu c tp dng ch bin chp

ngn ngy
Khi lng c tp cn ch bin trong 1 nm l:
44
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G tp = 4 348 509 1 020 000 = 3 328 509 kg

Qu trnh x l nguyn liu c tp tn tht l 1%.
Nguyn liu c tp thc t cn mua vo l:
G tp tt = 3 328 509 : ( 1 0,01) = 3 362 130 kg
Gi s nguyn liu c c cung cp u cho tng thng, mi thng lng c
tp cn c ch bin l:
G tp th = 3 328 509 : 12 = 277 376 kg
Coi 1 thng lm vic 26 ngy.
Lng c tp ch bin trong 1 ngy l:
277 376 : 26 = 10 668 kg
Do nguyn liu thy sn mang tnh ma v, nn lng nguyn liu cung cp
hng thng l khng u nhau. Vo ma v: thng 5, thng 6, thng 7 nguyn liu
c cung cp nhiu hn. Tuy nhin c nhng thng li khng nguyn liu sn
xut . Do nng cao hiu qu kinh t, cn hn ch c b trng ng thi hp
l trong nhng lc nguyn liu nhiu.
Da trn c s nguyn liu cung cp cho tng thng, em la chn kh nng
sn xut thng cao nht gp i nguyn liu cung cp u tng thng. Nguyn liu
sn xut trong thng cao nht l:
G tg max = 277 376 x 2 = 554 752 kg
Chn s ngy sn xut trong thng l 26 ngy. Lng c cn trong ngy
thng c lng nguyn liu cao nht l:
G ng = 554 752 : 26 = 21 337 kg
3.6. Chu k sn xut trong 1 nm ca chp gy hng

Mi nm lng c cm dng gy hng l 1 020 000 kg. Ma c cm
thng vo thng 6, thng 7 hng nm. Lng c cm tnh cho 1 thng sn xut(
thng 6, thng 7) l:
1 020 000 : 2 = 510 000 kg
Lng c cm thu mua trong 1 ngy l:
510 000 : 26 = 19 615 kg
45
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Theo TS. ng Vn Hp th 1 chu k sn xut chp gy hng theo

phng php c truyn c ci tin c thi gian t 3- 6 thng, thi gian ko rt gy
hng t 3 -15 ngy ty thuc vo cht lng chp. Chn thi gian ko rt trung
bnh l 7 ngy v ko rt c khong 9 t nc mm.
Vy s ngy ko rt l:
7 x 9 = 63 ngy
Chu k sn xut chp gy hng l:
6 x 30 + 63 = 243 ngy
3.7. Tnh lng mui cn dng

S dng lng mui vi t l 25 % so vi nguyn liu c.
Do lng mui cn dng trong mt nm l:
Gm nm = 4 348 509 x 0,25 = 1 087 127 kg
Lng mui cn dng cho cc chp gy hng l:
1 020 000 x 0,25 = 255 000 kg
Lng mui dng cho 1 thng ch bin c cm l:
510 000 x 0,25 = 127 500 kg
Lng mui dng cho 1 ngy ch bin c cm l:
127 500 : 26 = 4 904 kg
Lng mui dng trong 1 nm sn xut c tp l:
3 328 509 x 0,25 = 832 127 kg
Lng mui dng trong 1 thng sn xut c tp:
277 376 x 0,25 = 69 344 kg
Lng mui dng trong 1 ngy ch bin c tp l:
10 668 x 0,25 = 2 667 kg
Lng mui dng trong mt thng c lng nguyn liu cao nht l:
M tg = 554 752 x 0,25 + 127 500 = 266 188 kg
Lng mui dng trong 1 ngy thng cao nht l:
M ng = 266 188 : 26 = 10 238 kg
46
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3.8. Tnh lng enzyme cn b sung:

Ch phm enzyme thu c l enzyme tinh khit dng bt kh. Lng
enzyme a vo sn xut l 0,1 % so vi lng nguyn liu c tp v 0,01% i ci
c cm. Do vy lng enzyme a vo trong 1 nm sn xut l:
En = 3 328 509 x 0,001 + 1 020 000 x 0,0001 = 3 430,5 kg
Lng enzyme a vo trong thng sn xut cao nht ( thng 6, thng 7) l:
Eth max = 554 752 x 0,001+ 510 000 x 0,0001 = 605,8 kg
Lng enzyme cho vo trong 1 ngy thng cao nht l:
20 761,6 x 0,001+ 19 615 x 0,0001 = 22,8 kg
3.9. Tnh lng nc cn b sung

Theo bng 2.2 lng nc trong c chim 75 81 % trng lng c th c.
Ly hm lng nc trung bnh trong c l 77 %.
Trong 100 kg nguyn liu c hm lng nc chim:
100 x 0,77 = 77 kg
Theo bng 2.5 hm lng nc trong mui t 10 13 % do ta c th chn
hm lng nc trung bnh trong mui l 12%.
Vy lng nc trong mui dng p 100 kg nguyn liu c l:
100 x 0,25 x 0,12 = 3 kg
Tng hm lng nc c trong 100 kg nguyn liu p mui l:
77 + 3 = 80 kg
Trong b ca c cha ch yu l xng, vy, vy. Trong qu trnh thy phn
to nc mm, xng v vy hu nh khng tham gia vo qu trnh thy phn. Do
chng khng thay i v c hnh dng v khi lng. Sau khi thu dch th xng
v vy l nhng phn ch yu trong b.
Qua bng 2.1 ta thy hm lng xng c chim t 10 13 % trng lng
c th c, vy vy chim 3 9 % trng lng c th c. Ta ly hm lng xng
trung bnh l 11 % v hm lng vy, vy trung bnh l 5%.
Khi lng vy vy, xng c trong 100 kg nguyn liu l:
100 x ( 0,11 + 0,6 ) = 16 kg
47
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Trong b khng ch c xng, vy, vy m cn c c tht c cha thy phn

ht vn cn li trong b chp. Lng m cn li trong b chp khi rt nc bi
khong 16 gN/ kg.
Trong 100 kg c nguyn liu ban u th lng protein cn li trong b l:
100 x 16 x 6,25 = 10 000 g = 10 kg
Vy phn cht kh cn li trong b l :
16 + 10 = 26 kg
B 1 thu c c hm lng m kh cao, khong 80 %, do vy lng nc
cn li trong b 1 khi ch bin 100 kg nguyn liu l:
26 x 0,8 = 20,8 kg
Khi lng b 1 l:
26 + 20,8 = 46,8 kg
Lng dch lc 1 thu c l :
80 20,8 = 59,2 kg = 59,2 lt
Theo tnh ton phn 3.1.
Ta c 1 kg nguyn liu sn xut c 1 lt nc mm 20 gN/ l bn thnh phm.
V 1 kg nguyn liu sn xut c 1,33 lt nc mm 15 gN/ l bn thnh phm.
Nh my sn xut vi cng sut 2 triu lt nc mm 20 gN/ l v 3 triu lt nc
mm 15 gN/ l tc l t l 2 loi nc mm 20 gN/ l : 15 gN/ l = 2 : 3.
1 kg nguyn liu phi sn xut ra s lt nc mm bn thnh phm l:
5: ( 2 : 1 + 3 : 1,33) = 1,175 lt
100 kg nguyn liu sn xut ra s lt nc mm bn thnh phm l:
1,175 x 100 = 117,5 lt
Dch lc 1 thu c l 59,2 lt. Vy lng dch cn thiu l:
117,5 59,2 = 58,3 lt
Nc mm thu c khng ch c dch lc 1 m cn c dch lc 2. Do vy cn
tnh ton lng nc b sung thu c 58,3 lt dch lc 2.
Lng nc cn b sung thu c 58,3 lt dch lc 2.
48
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Khi lng xng, vy, vy vn khng thay i trong qu trnh ko rt nc

mm thu dch lc 2. Do khi lng xng, vy, vy trong dch lc 2 vn l 16
kg.
Tuy nhin, lc ny hm lng protein v hm lng nc trong b 2 thay
i. Trong qu trnh ko rt thu dch lc 2 th mt s protein trong b 1 tip tc
c thy phn, ng thi hm lng m ca b 2 cng gim xung ch khong 70
% so vi b.
Theo [2] th hm lng Nito tng s trong b cn khong 9 13 g N/kg. Ta
ly hm lng N tng trung bnh l 11 g/kg.
Lng protein cn li trong b 2 ca chp 100 kg nguyn liu l:
100 x 11 x 6,25 = 6 875 g = 6,9 kg
Vy phn cht kh cn li trong b 2 l:
16 + 6,9 = 22,9 kg
B 2 thu c c hm lng m chim 70 % so vi b.
Lng nc tn ti trong b 2 l:
22,9 x 0,7 = 16 kg =16 lt
Tng lng b 2 l:
22,9 + 16 = 38,9 kg
Lng nc cn trong b 1 trc khi em i ko rt l 20,8 kg .
Nh vy mun thu c 58,3 dch lc 2 cn b sung lng nc thuc l:
58,3 + 16 20,8 = 53,5 lt.
Tnh lng nc cn b sung nu ph b:
Nc cn nu ph b l nc mui c nng 22 0 B vi t l b : nc l
1 : 2. Do nu ph b 38,9 kg th lng nc cn l:
38,9 x 2 = 77,8 kg = 77,8 lt
Trong qu trnh nu lng nc bay hi thng l 12 % [2] ng thi lng
m cn trong b khong 60 %, hm lng protein cn trong b nu l 3 g N/ kg.
Lng xng, vy, vy cn li l 16 kg.
Lng protein cn li trong b ch bin t 100 kg nguyn liu l:
100 x 3 x 6,25 = 1 875 g = 1,9 kg.
49
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Nh vy lng cht kh trong b 3 l:

16 + 1,9 = 17,9 kg
Lng nc c trong b 3 l:
17,9 x 0,6 = 10,7 kg = 10,7 lt
Khi lng b sau khi nu ph l:
17,9 + 10,7 = 28,6 kg
B ny c tn dng lm thc n gia sc hoc phn bn.
Nc cn li trong b 2 l 15,6 lt.
Th tch dch nu thu c l:
77,8 0,12 x 77,8 + 16 10,7 = 73,8 lt
Lng nc thuc cn d l:
73,8 - 53,5 = 20,3 lt.
3.10. Tnh lng mui b sung khi nu ph b

Trong qu trnh nu ph b nc s dng nu ph b l nc mui c nng
22 B. Lng nc mui 22 0 B tng ng l lng NaCl trong dung dch
chim 22 %, tc l trong 100 g dung dch c 22 g NaCl.
0
Lng NaCl c trong nc ph b l:

77,8 x 22 : 100 = 17,1 kg
Theo bng 2.6 mui dng ch bin nc mm l mui hng 2 hoc 3 c
hm lng NaCl l 80 85%. Ta ly trung bnh NaCl c trong mui l 82,5 %.
Lng mui dng to ra 77,8 lt nc mui 22 0 B l:
17,1 x 100 : 82,5 = 20,7 kg
100 kg nguyn liu c ban u th cn khi lng mui ban u l:
100 x 0,25 = 25 kg
Tng khi lng mui cn ch bin 100 kg c tp l:
20,7 + 25 = 45,7 kg
50
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3.11. Lng mui st NaFeEDTA cn b sung trong 1 nm

1 lt cn b sung 3 g NaFeEDTA do lng mui st cn sn xut 1
triu lt nc mm 15 gN/l l:
3 x 1000000 = 3000000 g = 3000 kg
3.12. K hoch sn xut ca nh my:

Do c l nguyn liu theo ma v nn nhng thng 5,6,7 l ma c ta s sn xut
vi lng gp i cc thng cn li. Thng 12,1,2 c t nn ta khng sn xut.
Bng 3.1. K hoch sn xut ca nh my
thng
10
11
NL c
C tp(kg)
277376 277376 554752 554752 554752 277376 277376 277376 277376
C cm(kg)
510000 510000
Bng 3.2. Bng tng hp cn bng sn phm tnh theo 100 kg c tp
Hng mc
n 100 kg 1 ngy 1 thng 1 ngy 1 thng 1 nm

v
nguyn thng
thng max
max
liu
Nguyn liu chnh

C tp
kg
100
10 668
277 376 21 337
554 752 3 328 509
51
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Nguyn liu ph
Mui
kg
45,7
4875
126 761 9 751
253 522 1 521 129
enzyme
kg
0,1
10,67
277,4
554,8
Dch lc 1
lt
59,2
6 315
164 206 12 632
328 413 1 970 477
Dch lc 2
lt
58,3
6 219
161 710 12 439
323 420 1 949 521
Nc thuc cn li
lt
20,3
2 166
kg
28,6
3 051
79 330
Nc nu ph b
lt
77,8
8 300
215 799 16 600
46,2
3 328,5
Sn phm trung gian
4 331
56 307
6 102
122 614
158 659 951 954

431 597 2 589 580
Bng 3.3. Bng tng hp cn bng sn phm tnh theo 100 kg c cm
Hng mc
n 100
kg 1 ngy
v
nguyn
liu
1 thng
1 nm
Nguyn liu chnh

C cm
kg
100
19 615
1 020 000
510 000
Nguyn liu ph
Mui
kg
25
4 904
127 500
255 000
Enzyme
kg
0,01
1,95
51
102
675 687
52
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kg
28,6
5 610
145 860
291 720
Bng 3.4. Bng tng hp cn bng sn phm tnh trung bnh theo c 2 loi
nguyn liu
Hng mc
n
v
100 kg 1 ngy 1 thng 1 ngy 1 thng 1 nm

nguyn thng thng
max
max
liu
kg
100
13 938
362 376
27 875
724 752 4 348 509
C tp
kg
76,5
10 668
277 376
21 337
554 752 3 328 509
C cm
kg
23,5
3 269
85 000
6 538
170 000 1 020 000
Nguyn liu chnh
53
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Nguyn liu ph
Mui
kg
1776129
Enzyme
kg
3430,5
Mui st NaFeEDTA
kg
3000
Dch sau gy hng

Dch lc 1
lt
59,2
8 251
214 526
16 502
429 052 2 574 317
Dch lc 2
lt
58,3
8 126
211 265
16 251
422 530 2 535 181
Nc mm 15 gN/l
lt
70,5
9826
255475
19652
510950
3065699
Nc mm 20 gN/l
lt
47
6551
170317
13101
340633
2043799
kg
28,6
3 986
103 640
7 972
207 280 1 243 674
Sn phm
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CHNG 4: TNH V LA CHN THIT B

4.1. Thit b cn nguyn liu
xc nh lng c a vo nh my sn xut ta dng cn bn t ngm
di t trc ca kho cha nguyn liu. c c ch bng t c trng ti 14
tn. lng c a vo nh my trong 1 ngy ln nht l: 21 337 kg = 21,337 tn.
Lng c ny cn s lng xe ch l:
21,337 : 14 = 1,52 xe
Chn 2 xe mi xe 2 ln cn ( mt ln vo v 1 ln ra ). Vy s ln cn trong 1 ngy
l: 2 x 2 = 4 ln
Hnh 4.1: cn xe ti hm chm

Chn cn xe ti hm chm c ti trng 30 tn, kch thc cn 3m x 8m.
4.2. Bng ti vn chuyn

Hn hp c, enzyme c vn chuyn n cc thit b ln men ngn ngy bng
h thng bng ti.
La chn bng ti:
55
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-Nng sut: 20 tn/h

-Vn tc bng ti: 0,05 m/s
Chiu rng bng ti 900mm. Chiu cao 400 m.
Cng sut ng c: 5 kW.
C 1 bng ti di chy dc nh xng v 16 bng ti 2 bn di 12 m.
C sau khi ra c a n my trn c vi enzyme bng bng ti li st rc
sch nc.
Chn bng ti:
Nng sut: 20 tn/h
Vn tc bng ti 0,05 m/s
Kch thc bng ti: 5000 x 900 x 400 (mm)
Cng sut ng c: 6 kW
4.3. My ra c
S dng my ra c dng thng quay.
My lm vic theo phng php ra ngm xi ng thi gy ra tc ng c hc ch
xt ln nguyn liu, ng thi thng quay vn chuyn nguyn liu 1 cch lin tc.
Chn my ra:
Nng sut: 20 tn/h
Kch thc: 4000 x 2000 x 1800 (mm)
Cng sut ng c: 10 kW
56
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Hnh 4.2: My ra c dng thng quay
4.4. My trn c
C sau khi ra c bng ti li st a vo my trn trn u c v enzyme.
Hnh 4.3: My trn c
Chn my trn c:
Nng sut: 20 tn/h
Thng quay lm bng inox c kch thc
= 3 m, L = 5 m
S vng quay 15 vng/pht
Cng sut ng c: 15 kW
4.5. Thit b vn chuyn vt ti

C sau khi trn vi enzyme c vt ti vn chuyn a n cc nh xng. Vt ti
vn chuyn mui n nh ln men ngn ngy.
Nng sut: 20 tn /h
S lng : 2 ci
57
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Cng sut: 8 kW
Hnh 4.4 : Vt ti
4.6. Thit b ln men nc mm ngn ngy

- Yu cu thit b thy phn:
Thit b thy phn l ni din ra qu trnh thy phn cc cht cao phn t
trong c m ch yu l cc protein thnh cc sn phm thp phn t hn. Nh my
p dng phng php ch bin nc mm ci tin c s dng enzyme nn ch
thy phn m du, nhit trong qu trnh thy phn l 450C, p sut thng do vy
yu cu chu nhit v p sut ca thit b khng cao. Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh sn
xut nguyn liu c trn mui vi t l cao 25% do yu cu c bn ca vt liu
ch to b l khng b n mn ca mui, khng b r st. c bit thit b khng lm
thay i thnh phn ha hc ca chp, khng to ra cc cht c hi gy ra nh
hng xu ti sn phm v ngi tiu dng. Do em chn thit b thy phn lm
bng inox chng c s n mn ca mui nng cao.
- Chn thit b thy phn
Do yu cu ca qui trnh cng ngh ch bin nc mm s dng enzyme kt
hp tip nhit, nhit trong qu trnh thy phn 450C do em chn thit b thy
phn hnh tr, y hnh cu c y gi. Thit b c trang b hai v iu chnh
nhit v gi nhit trong chp. C y b phn ph nh van, nhit k, knh
quan st.
- S lng thit b thy phn:
Chu k thy phn ca c ht 30 - 35 ta chn ti a l 35 ngy. Ta tin hnh lc ngay
ti thit b thy phn, thi gian lc l 10 ngy. Sau khi thy phn ta phi tin hnh
v sinh thit b trong 1 ngy.
Tng thi gian thy phn, lc v v sinh thng l :
T = 35 + 10 + 1 = 46 ngy
Lng c tp ch bin 1 ngy bnh thng l: 10 668 kg
58
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Lng mui cho vo p c l: 10 668 x 0,25 = 2 667 kg

Lng enzyme cho vo chp l: 10,67 kg
Ton b hn hp ny cho vo 1 thit b thy phn.
Tng khi lng ca chp l: 10 668 + 2 667 + 10,67 =13 346 kg
Theo thc t xc nh c khi lng ring ca khi chp l: 1 170 kg/m3
Th tch khi chp l: Vc = 13 346 : 1 170 = 11,4 m3
Do h s s dng ca b l 0,8 nn th tch ca b l:
11,4 : 0,8 = 14,3 m3
Nhng thng nguyn liu cao th lng nguyn liu tng gp i, do vy th tch
hn hp c mui cng tng gp i V = 2 Vc
Vy s lng thit b thy phn l:
V x T : Vc = 2 Vc x 46 : Vc = 92 b
Chn chp thy phn c chiu cao h = 1,8 D
Hnh 4.5:Thit b thy phn nc mm ngn ngy
Th tch thit b thy phn ( khng k phn y gi ) c tnh theo cng

thc:
V = S x h =(D2 /4) x h = 1,414 D3 = 14,3 m3
D = 2,16 m.
Chn D = 2,2 m
59
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Chiu cao thit b thy phn: h = 1,8D = 396 m

Chiu cao chp b: h2 = 0,15 D = 0,33 m
Chiu cao y b : h1 = 0,15 D = 0,33 m
Chiu cao ca ton b thit b l: H = h1 + h + h2 = 0,33 + 3,96 + 0,33 = 4,62 m
Thit b c cnh khuy, ng knh cnh khuy 0,8D = 1,76 m. Cng sut ng c
cnh khuy 8 kw, s vng quay 10 vng/ pht.
Chiu cao ca khi chp l:
h= Vc : S = Vc : ( D2 /4) = 3 m
Th tch thit b thy phn l:
Vt = Vtr + Vy + Vnh.
Vt =
2
2
D h2 2 D
H+
h2 + 3
h1 + 3 +
4
6
2
2 6
D 2
h1
Vt =1,474D3 = 1,474 x 2,23= 15,7 m3
4.7. B cha dch lc

Cn 2 b cha sn phm trung gian: mt b cha dch lc 1 v 1 b cha
dch lc 2. Ton b dch lc 1 ta cho vo 1 b cha ri sau a i gy hng. Do
tnh cht ch l b cha tm do vy ch b ch cn cha c lng dch 1 ngy ln
nht l: 12 632 lt.
Chn b lm bng xi mng trong c lt gch. Chn kch thc b l:
Chiu di = 3m
chiu rng = 2,5m
chiu cao 2m.
bn trn c np y.
Tng t b cha dch lc 2 cng ch cn cha th tch dch lc l: 12 439 lt
Chn b lm bng xi mng trong c lt gch. Chn kch thc b l:
Chiu di = 3 m
Chiu rng = 2,5 m
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Chiu cao 2m.

Bn trn c np y.
d phng ta xy 2 b cha dch lc 1 v 2 b cha dch lc 2. Nh vy b cha
nc mm sau khi ln men di ngy l 4 b, mi b c th tch:
V = 3 x 2,5 x 2 = 15 m3
4.8. Thng cha nc mui

Nc mui pha nu ph b. Ngy c lng nguyn liu nhiu nht cn 21
687 lt nc mui. Th tch s dng ca thng l 80 %. Do thng c th tch l:
V = 21 687 : 0,9 = 24 097 lt = 24,1 m3
Ta lm 2 thng, mi thng c th tch l: 24,1 : 2 = 12,05 m3
B cha bng nha hnh tr bn trong c cnh khuy khuy ha tan mui.
tit kim din tch mt bng chn chiu cao thng H = 2D
V= ( D2/4) x H = D3/2 = 12,05 m3
D = 1,97 m
Chn D = 2 m, H = 4 m
Th tch ca b cha nc mui l:
V = x 23 /2 = 12,6 m3
4.9. B cha nc thuc

100 kg nguyn liu c cho 73,8 lt nc thuc. Th tch nc thuc tnh cho 1 ngy
cao nht l:
21 337 x 73,8 : 100 = 15 747 lt = 15,75 m3
Chn thit b cha nc thuc l b xi mng bn trong c lt gch, bn trn c np
y. Kch thc b cha l: chiu di 3m, rng 2 m, cao 3m.
Th tch thit b l: 3 x 2 x 3 = 18 m3
Xy dng 2 b c kch thc nh trn phng trng hp d tha nc thuc.
4.10. Thng ln men nc mm di ngy

Lng c cm thu mua trong 1 ngy l:
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1 020 000 : (2 x 26) = 19 615 kg

Lng c ny chia ra 2 thng ln men nc mm di ngy. Th tch c cha trong
mi thng ln men nc mm di ngy l: 19 615 : 2 = 9 808 kg
S thng ln men nc mm di ngy cn l: 2 x 26 x 2 = 104 thng. Do
chp gy hng sn xut theo phng php c truyn, thi gian ko di do
khng ng b trong sn xut. ch ng trong sn xut ta chn thm 4 thng d
tr.
Vy s thng ln men nc mm di ngy thc t l: 104 + 4 = 108 thng
Hnh 4.6. Thng ln men nc mm di ngy

Lng c cm cha trong thng ln men nc mm di ngy l 9 808 kg. T
l mui dng p c l 25 % so vi nguyn liu nn tng khi lng trong thng
ln men nc mm di ngy l:
G = 9 808 + 0,25 x 9 808 = 12 260 kg
Hn hp mui v c cm c khi lng ring l 1 170 kg/m3
Th tch khi chp gy hng l:
Vc = 12 260 : 1 170 = 10,48 m3
Thng ln men nc mm di ngy c h s s dng l 0,9. Th tch thng ln men
nc mm di ngy l:
10,48 : 0,9 = 11,64 m3
Thng ln men nc mm di ngy c thit k hnh tr. Chn Hthng= 1,8 D
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Vthng = ( D2 :4) x Hthng = 1,413 D3 = 11,64 m3

D = 2,02 m
Chn D = 2,1 m
H = 3,78 m. chn H = 3,8 m
Th tch thc ca thng l: Vthc =(3,14 x 2,12 : 4) x 3,8= 13,2 m3
to ra hng v nc mm thm ngon ta chn vt liu lm thng ln men
nc mm di ngy l g bng lng va r, bn p ng yu cu ch bin nc
mm.
Thng c l st y, c p l lc nc mm.
4.11. B cha nc bi
Chp gy hng sau khi thy phn, p 3 ngy tin hnh rt nc bi em
i phi nng.
Lng nc bi rt ra khong 35 % s vi chp, do vy lng nc bi thu c
t mt thng ln men nc mm di ngy l:
0,35 x 10,48 = 3,67 m3
C 2 thng ln men nc mm di ngy ta xy 1 b cha nc bi. Th tch b
cha l:
Vb= 3,67 x 2 = 7,34 m3
Ta chn b xy bng ximang c kch thc:
Chiu di: 2 m
Chiu rng: 2m
Chiu cao 2 m
Th tch b cha nc bi: 2x2x2 = 8 m3
S b cha nc bi l:
108 : 2 = 54 b
Do vy ta xy 54 b cha nc bi.
63
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4.12. B cha nc mm sau khi gy hng

Nc mm thnh phm c cha trong cc b xi mng trong c lt gch.
Bn trn c trang b np y, van ly mu. tit kim din tch v thun li
cho vic ly rt nc mm t cc b gy hng ta xy dng 2 b ny ngm di
t.
Nc mm sau khi gy hng c 3 loi l dch lc 1, dch lc 2 do ta phi
xy dng 2 b. Nc mm sau khi gy hng xong s c a i pha u do ta
ch cn xy b cha c nc mm sn xut trong 1 ngy. Lng dch lc 1 ln
nht trong 1 ngy l 16 502 lt, lng dch lc 2 thu c trong 1 ngy l 16 251 lt.
Sau khi gy hng th tch dch tng ln do c c nc mm trong c ra. Do ta
c th xy dng 2 b cha dch lc 1 v 2 c kch thc :
Chiu di : 5 m
Chiu rng: 4 m
Chiu cao: 1 m
Th tch mi b cha l: 5 x 4 = 20 m3
4.13. Thng pha u nc mm

Cn pha u dch lc 1 v dch lc 2, dch lc 3 thnh 2 loi nc mm 15
gN/l v 20 gN/l. Ngy c nng sut ln nht sn xut 19652 lt nc mm 15 gN/l
v 13101 lt nc mm 20 gN/l. Do ta cn 1 thng pha nc mm.
Thng pha nc mm 15 gN/l:
Thng hnh tr y bng c H = 1,5 D. 1 ngy lm vic 2 ca, mi ca 5h. C 30 pht
pha c 1 m nh vy mi ngy pha c 20 m. Th tch mi m l:
19652 : 20 = 983 lt.
Do h s s dng thit b l 80 % nn th tch thc ca thit b cn l:
983 : 0,8 = 1229 lt
Cng thc tnh th tch thit b :
V = H x D2/4 = 1,178 D3 = 1,229 m3
D = 1,014 m
Ly D = 1,1 m, H = 1,65 m. Thit b c cnh khuy o trn.
Th tch thc ca thit b l:
64
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Vt = 1,178 x 1,13 = 1,56 m3

Tng t ta tnh c thng pha nc mm 20 gN/l l: D = 0,9m,H = 1,35m.
Thit b c cnh khuy o trn.
Vt =
1,178 x 0,93 = 0,86 m3.
4.14. B cha nc mm thnh phm

Theo t l sn lng nc mm 15 gN/l v 20 gN/l l 3 : 2. 2 b dch lc c
tng th tch l 40 m3. Do ta c th xy b pha u nc mm 20 gN/l c th
tch l 16 m3 v b cha nc mm 15 gN/l l 24 m3.
Kch thc b cha nc mm 20 gN/l l: 2 x 2 x 4 m
Kch thc b cha nc mm 15 gN/l l: 3 x 2 x 4 m
2 b pha u xy bng xi mng, bn trong c lt gch.
4.15. Thng ha trn mui st vo nc mm 15 gN/l

Lng nc mm 15 gN/l cn em i pha trong 1 nm l:
1000 000 : 0,98 = 1 020 408 lt
( do tn tht trong qu trnh chit chai l 2 %)
Lng nc mm cn em i pha ch trong 1 thng l:
1 020 408 : 12 = 85 034 lt
Trong thng cao nht th lng nc mm sn xut cao gp i bnh thng do
lng nc mm em pha trong thng cao nht l:
85 034 x 2 = 170 068 lt
Trong 1 ngy thng cao nht lng nc mm em i pha l:
170 068 : 26 = 6 541 lt
Ngy lm vic 8h, mi m pha trong 30 pht. Nh vy mi ngy pha 16 m.
Mi m pha s lt l:
6 541 : 16 = 409 lt
H s s dng ca thit b l 0,85.
65
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Th tch thit b l:
409 : 0,85 = 481 lt
Chn thit b c hnh tr c H = 1,5 D
Th tch thit b l:
V = (D2/4)xH = 1,178D3= 0,481 m3
D = 0,742 m. chn D = 0,8 m. H = 1,2 m
Th tch thng ha trn l V = 1,178 x 0,83 = 0,6 m3
Trong thng c cnh khuy. ng knh cnh khuy d = 0,8D = 0,64 m.
4.16. My chit chai, ng np

Nng sut nh my l 5 triu lt/nm
Chai c dung tch 500 ml. Nh vy mi nm nh my sn xut :
5 000 000 : 0,5 = 10 000 000 chai
Mi thng nh my sn xut s chai l:
10 000 000 : 12 = 833 333 chai
Trong nhng thng sn xut nhiu, nng sut nh my gp i bnh thng. S chai
sn xut trong nhng thng l:
833 333 x 2 = 1 666 666 chai
S chai sn xut trong 1 ngy l:
1 666 666 : 26 = 64 103 chai
Ngy lm vic 16 gi, h s lm vic ca my l 0,9. Nng sut cn thit ca my
chit chai l:
(64 103 : 16) : 0,9 = 4 452 chai
Chn my chit chai nng sut 6 000 chai/h.
Cng sut my chit chai ng np: 6 Kw
Chn my chit c kch thc ngoi:
Chiu di: 1 850 mm
Chiu rng : 1 630 mm
66
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Chiu cao: 2 200 mm

S u chit rt : 24 u
S u ng np: 8 u
Hnh 4.8. My chit chai, dp np.
Hnh 4.7. thit b ng chai th cng
4.17.My dn nhn
Chn my dn nhn c cng sut ng b vi my chit chai l 6 000 chai/h.
Kch thc my : 1500 x 890 x 1200 mm
Cng sut my : 4 Kw.
67
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Hnh 4.9.My dn nhn
4.18. Tnh thng ng dung dch CIP

CIP l thit b cha dung dch v sinh thit b. Thng CIP l thit b thn
tr y v np hnh chm cu. Thit b c ch to t thp khng g trnh b n
mn. Th tch thng CIP bng 5% th tch thit b thy phn, h s s dng thit b
l 0,8.
VCIP = (15,8 0,05 ) : 0,8 = 1 m3
S dng 4 thng, mi thng c th tch l 1 m3. Trong 1 thng ng dung
dch NaOH 2%, 1 thng ng axit nitric 0,3%, 1 thng ng nc v trng v 1
thng hi CIP hoc cha cht st trng khi cn thit.
D 2
4
H+
h1
2
D
2
h
3
+

1
3
2
VCIP =
H = 1,5D, h1 = h2 = 0,15D
VCIP = 1,3. D3 = 1 m3 D = 0,92 m. Chn D = 1m
H = 1,5 m ; h1 = h2 = 150 mm Htng = 1500 + 150 + 150 =
1800(mm).
Th tch thng CIP l: VCIP = 1,3. D3 = 1,3 m3
4.19. Tnh bm
Lng dch cn bm nhiu nht trong nh thy phn l bm dch lc 1 sang
thng ln men nc mm di ngy.
Lng dch lc 1 cn bm trong 1 ngy l: 12 632 lt = 12,63m3
Thi gian bm 1 h; h s s dng 0,8. Vy nng sut bm l :
NS = (12,63: 1 ) : 0,8 = 15,8 m3/h
68
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Trong nh my chn 10 bm cho cc cng on khc nhau: 1 bm bm

nc mui vo thit b thy phn di ngy nu b nng sut : 20 m3/h, 3 bm
tun hon bm dch lc o trn trong qu trnh thy phn nc mm di
ngy nng sut 10 m3/h, 6 bm bm dch lc o trn trong qu trnh thy
phn nc mm ngn ngy nng sut 10 m3/h, 1 bm bm dch lc sang thng
ln men nc mm di ngy gy hng nng sut 20 m3/h, 1 bm bm nc
mm i lc nng sut 6 m3/h v 1 bm bm nc mm lc n cc thit b
pha u nng sut 6 m3/h, 2 bm bm nc mm t thit b pha u n b phn
chit chai nng sut 10 m3/h , 4 bm cho h thng CIP nng sut 6 m3/h.
Nh vy nh my s dng bm ly tm c cng sut:
- 2 bm cng sut 20 m3/h
- 11 bm c cng sut 10 m3/h
- 6 bm c cng sut 6 m3/h
4.20. My lc khung bn
Nc mm sau khi pha u c em i lc loi b cc tp cht, cc vi
sinh vt trong nc mm nhm n nh nc mm, ko di thi gian bo qun v
nng cao cht lng nc mm.
Lng nc mm em i lc 1 ngy ln nht l:
16 251 + 16 502 = 32 753 lt = 32,75 m3
1 ngy my lc lm vic 2 ca, mi ca 4 ting. Nh vy my lc lm vic 8 ting
mi ngy.
Nng sut ca my cn l:
32,75 : 8 = 4,1 m3/h
H s s dng ca my l 0,8. do vy nng sut my thc t l:
4,1 : 0,8 = 5,12 m3/h
Chn my lc c nng sut 6 m3/h
Kch thc my lc: Chiu di: 2,4 m Chiu rng: 1 m Chiu cao: 1,5 m
69
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Hnh 4.10 : my lc khung bn
4.21. B cha b c
Mi ngy lng b thu c trung bnh l: 7 972 kg. C 2 ngy ly b 1 ln. vy b
cha phi cha khi lng l: 7 972 x 2 = 15 944 kg. Khi lng ring ca b l:
1100 kg/m3. H s s dng b l : 0,9. vy th tch b cn l:
(15 944 : 1200) : 0,9 = 14,8 m3
Xy b c kch thc: di 5 m, rng 4 m, cao 1 m.
Th tch thc ca b l: 5 x 4 x 1 = 20 m3
Bng 4.1. Bng tng hp thit b
STT
Tn thit b
S
lng
Th tch( m3)
Kch thc ( mm)
Nng sut
Cn xe ti hm chm
Bng ti
18
20
My ra c
20
4000x 2000 x 1800
My trn c
20
=3000, L=5000
Vt ti
20
Thit b ln men ngn ngy
92
15,8
D=2200,h2=330,
h=3960,h1= 330
B cha dch lc
15
3000x2500x2000
8000 x 3000
70
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Thng cha nc mui
12,6
D=2000, H=4000
B cha nc thuc
18
3000x2000x3000
10
Thng ln men di ngy
108
13,2
D =2100, H=3800
11
B cha nc bi
54
12
2000x2000x3000
12
B cha nc mm gy
hng
20
5000x4000x1000
13
B cha nc mm 15gN/l
24
3000x2000x4000
14
B cha nc mm 20gN/l
16
2000x2000x4000
15
Thng ha trn mui st
0,6
D=800, H=1200
16
My chit chai
6000 chai/h
1850x1630x2200
17
My dn nhn
6000 chai/h
1500x890x1200
18
My bm ly tm
20 m3/h
19
My bm ly tm
11
10 m3/h
20
My bm ly tm
6 m3/h
21
My lc khung bn
6 m3/h
2400x1000x1500
22
B cha b
20
5000 x 4000x1000
23
Thng CIP
1,3
D =1000,H=1500,
h1 =h2 =150
24
Thng pha nc mm 15 gN/l
1,56
D=1100; H=1650
25
Thng pha nc mm 20 gN/l
0,86
D=900; H=1350
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CHNG 5 : THIT K XY DNG

5.1. Chn a im xy dng nh my
y l khu quan trng m bo tui th v yu cu sn xut ca nh
my. a im xy dng l khu t thuc x Din Bch, Huyn Din Chu, tnh
Ngh An. Khu t nm gn bin do vy gn ngun cung cp nguyn liu. Gn
ng quc l 1 A v ga ng st nn rt thun tin cho vic lu thng hng ha,
chuyn ch nguyn vt liu. y cng l khu c nhiu lao ng nn tuyn nhn
cng d dng.
5.1.1. a cht
Nh my c xy dng trn khu t c t mt xp c t l ct ln. Do vy
vic thot nc rt nhanh v thun tin. Mt khc vic o ng ng cng rt d
dng, gim c chi ph xy dng.
72
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5.1.2. a hnh
Nh my c xy dng trn khu t hnh ch nht bng phng gim chi
ph san lp mt bng. Khu t c dc 1 % m bo thot nc khi ma hoc
ngp lt.
5.1.3. V sinh cng nghip

Cht thi ca nh my nc mm ch yu l nc bn, b mm, kh bay hi c mi
kh chu: NH3, H2S, mi tanh ca c, x than, khi l.
hn ch ti a nh hng ti mi trng xung quanh nh my tun th
cc yu cu:
+Do nh my sn xut nc mm thi ra kh gy mi kh chu cho nn cn t
cch khu dn c 1 km.
+ m bo khong cch bo v, v sinh thch hp.
+ Hng xy dng thch hp, l hi c t cui hng gi ch o.
+ Ngun nc thi c a qua b phn x l nc thi ca nh my trc
khi thi ra h thng thu gom nc thi ca khu cng nghip.
5.2. Nguyn tc b tr tng mt bng

C 2 nguyn tc khi thit k tng mt bng nh my, l nguyn tc phn vng
v nguyn tc hp khi. Da vo c im sn xut ca nh my nc mm ta chn
nguyn tc khi thit k tng mt bng l nguyn tc phn vng. Gii php ny c
nhng u, nhc im sau:
+ u im:
- Thch hp vi cc nh my, phn xng c c im sn xut khc nhau.
- D dng qun l theo ngnh, theo cng on sn xut ca nh my
- B tr h thng giao thng trong nh my thun li.
- D dng m rng nh my, khi cn tng nng sut.
- Ph hp vi c im xy dng nc ta, c bit l min Bc c kh hu 4
ma r rt.
+ Nhc im:
- Dy chuyn sn xut ko di.
73
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- H thng ng ng k thut v giao thng tng.

- H s xy dng v s dng thp hn gii php hp khi.
Theo gii php thit k ny, em chia nh my thnh 4 vng nh sau:
5.2.1.Vng trc nh my
L vng t ngay cng vo, dc theo hng ro pha trc nh my, u hng
gi. Bao gm: nh hnh chnh, phng bo v, gara t, nh xe, nh gii thiu sn
phm.
5.2.2. Vng sn xut

c b tr trung tm nh my, bao gm cc hng mc nh: Kho nguyn
liu, phn xng thy phn, phn xng gy hng v phn xng hon thin sn
phm.
5.2.3. Khu vc cng trnh ph tr v nng lng

Nm pha cui nh my, cui hng gi ch o, bao gm: Trm bin p,
xng c in, nh v sinh, khu x l nc sn xut v sinh hot, khu x l nc
thi v khu l hi.
5.2.4. Khu vc kho tng, bn bi

Vng ny b tr kho cha nc mm thnh phm, bi v chai, hp, bi xe
t ch hng bn phi v ng nh my theo hng t cng vo v sau khu nh
hnh chnh.
5.3. Tnh kch thc hng mc cc cng trnh

5.3.1. Khu vc x l nguyn liu
Trong khu vc ny c kho cha nguyn liu, h thng bng ti vn chuyn nguyn
liu, my ra nguyn liu, my trn.
Ton b thit b x l nguyn liu c t trong nh x l nguyn liu. Chn nh
c kch thc: chiu di 24m, chiu rng 12 m, chiu cao 7,2 m.
Din tch ca nh x l nguyn liu l:
24 x 12 = 288 m2
Nh cu to bng b tng ct thp, lp mi tn tin ch, nn b tng.
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5.3.2. Phn xng sn xut nc mm ngn ngy

Phn xng thy phn c 92 thit b thy phn, 4 b cha dch lc, 2 thng cha nc
mui v 4 thng CIP, 2 b cha nc thuc. ng knh trong mi thit b thy phn
l D = 2,2 m, do thit b c lp cch nhit c chiu dy 0,05 m nn ng knh ngoi
ca thit b l Dn = 2,2 + 2 x 0,05 = 2,3 m. thun li cho lm vic ta sp xp cc b
thnh 6 dy, 4 dy c 15 thng v 2 dy c 16 thng. Khong cch gia cc b l 1 m,
b cch tng 1,5m. Chiu di phn xng l:
16 x 2,3 + 16 x 1 + 2 x 1,5 + 3 = 58,8 m.
Chn chiu di ca phn xng thy phn l L = 60 m.
Khong cch gia 2 dy l 1 m. gia c ng i 3 m. Do vy, chiu rng phn
xng thy phn l:
6 x 2,3 + 1 x 4 + 3 + 1,5 x 2 = 23,8 m
Chn chiu rng b thy phn l 24 m.
Thit b c chiu cao H = 4,62 m. Thit b t cch mt t 1,2m. Bn trn c vt ti
vn chuyn nguyn liu. Nh vy, chn chiu cao ca nh l 8,4 m.
Din tch ca phn xng thy phn nc mm ngn ngy l:
66 x 18 = 1 188 m2
Phn xng c kt cu khung thp zamil, lp mi tn tin ch, nn b tng.
5.3.3. Phn xng sn xut nc mm di ngy

Phn xng gy hng gm c 108 thng ln men nc mm di ngy, 54 b
cha nc bi v 2 b cha nc mm sau khi gy hng t ngm di t. 108
thng ln men nc mm di ngy s c t thnh 6 hng. Mi hng 18 thng. C 2
hng xp thnh 1 cp, gia 2 hng s c 1 hng gm 18 b cha nc bi. Khong
cch gia cc hng l 1 m. Gia cc b trong hng l 0,5 m. B cch tng 1 m. ng
knh thng ln men nc mm di ngy l 2,1 m, chiu cao 3,7 m. B cha nc bi c
kch thc : 2 x 2 x 2 m
Chiu di phn xng sn xut nc mm di ngy cn l:
2,1 x 18 + 0,5 x 17 + 1 x 2 = 48,3 m.
Chn chiu di phn xng ny l 54 m.
Chiu rng phn xng sn xut nc mm di ngy l:
2,1 x 6 + 2 x 3 + 1 x 10 = 28,6 m
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Chn chiu rng ca phn xng ny l: 30 m.

Chiu cao nh gy hng l 8,4 m.
Din tch ca phn xng sn xut nc mm di ngy l:
54 x 30 = 1 620 m2
Nh kt cu khung thp zamil, lp mi tn, nn b tng.
5.3.4. Nh hon thin sn phm

Khu vc hon thin sn phm t 2 b pha u sn phm, thng pha mui st vo
nc mm, my chit chai , my dn nhn, cng thm din tch thao tc. Do khu
vc ny c chiu di 30 m, rng 12 m, cao 7,2 m. Din tch khu vc hon thin sn
phm l: 30 x 12 = 360 m2
Khung nh c kt cu zamil steel, lp mi tn, nn b tng.
5.3.5. Cc cng trnh ph tr

5.3.5.1. Kho nguyn liu
Kho nguyn liu gm c kho cha c v kho cha mui
- Kho cha c:
Nguyn liu a vo kho sau c a i sn xut ngay trong ngy do
kho nguyn liu ch dng cha nguyn liu trong 1 ngy. Nguyn liu nhiu nht
trong ngy l vo thng 6, thng 7 c19 615 kg c cm v 21 337 kg c tp. Do
kho phi cha c 40 952 kg c. Ta chn kho c kch thc:
Chiu di: 24m, chiu rng 12m, chiu cao 7,2 m.
Din tch kho cha c l: 24 x 12 = 288 m2
Nh b tng ct thp, nn b tng, lp mi tn tin ch. Trong nh cn c ng
ng dn nc lnh h nhit phng ph hp vi nhit bo qun c. C th
lp t thm 1 qut thng gi.
- Kho cha mui
Mui dng mui c phi l mui sau bo qun 1 thng. Gi s 1 thng nhp
mui 1 ln th kho phi cha c lng mui dng trong 2 thng. Lng mui
dng trong 2 thng cao nht l:
(253 522+127 500) x 2 = 762 044 kg
Chn kho c kch thc:
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Chiu di 48 m, chiu rng 24 m, chiu cao 7,2 m.

Din tch kho cha mui l: 24 x 48 = 1 152 m2
Kho c kt cu b tng ct thp, nn b tng chng m, lp mi tn tin ch, m
bo thng thong, kh ro.
5.3.5.2. Kho cha sn phm
Gi s sn phm 1 thng xut bn 1 ln ngha l kho phi cha sn phm
sn xut c trong 1 thng. S chai trong thng sn xut nhiu nht l: 1 666 666
chai. Mi hp xp 24 chai 500 ml. Vy s lng hp l:
1 666 666 : 24 = 69 445 hp
Chiu cao mi hp l 0,33 m. Din tch chim ch mi hp l 0,15 m2. mt chng
xp 10 hp. Vy din tch cha sn phm l:
( 69 445 : 10 ) x 0,15 = 1 041,7 m2
thun tin cho xe chuyn ch, thao tc ta thm 200 m2. Vy din tch kho cn l:
1 041,7 + 200 = 1 241,7 m2
Kch thc kho:
Chiu di: 54 m, chiu rng: 24 m, chiu cao 7,2 m.
Din tch kho cha sn phm l: 54 x 24 = 1 296 m2
Kho cha sn phm yu cu rng, thong mt, cao ro, ca ra vo rng cho
cc phng tin vn chuyn sn phm hot ng. Kho c xy dng vi kch
thc nh trn, nh b tng ct thp. C h thng thng hi, chng m.
5.3.5.3. Nh hnh chnh
Xy dng nh hnh chnh l khu nh 2 tng nm ngay cng chnh i vo,
tin li cho cn b cng nhn vin i lm v khch n giao dch. Kt hp vi cc
cy cnh lm nn mc ch to cho nhng ngi khch, bn hng ca cng ty cm
gic thoi mi thn thin v c th chim ngng quang cnh nh my. Nh c
chiu di 42 m, chiu rng 18m.
+ Din tch nh: S = 42 18 = 756 m2
Chiu cao mi tng : 4,8 m
Cu thang b tr gia nh v rng 2 m.
Hnh lang nh 2 m, nh hnh chnh c xy dng gm cc phng sau:
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+ Phng gim c:
+ Phng ph gim c.
+ Phng k ton ti v.
+ Phng hp.
+ Phng khch.
+ Phng k hoch.
+ Phng k thut v KCS.
+ Phng cng on.
+ Phng vt t.
+Phng y t: 1 phng y t t tng 1 c chiu di 18m, chiu rng 9m. Din
tch phng y t l: 18 x 9 = 162 m2
+ Nh n ( c s dng lm hi trng nh my lun) tng 1 tnh cho khong 60
% cn b, cng nhn vin nh my tc l:
160x 0,6 = 99 ngi vi din tch u ngi l 3,49 m2/ngi.
Din tch nh n cn l: 3,49 x 99 = 345,51 m2. chn chiu di 24m, chiu rng 18m.
Din tch nh n l:
24 x 18 = 432 m2
Chn gii php xy dng
Nh hnh chnh c xy dng vi kch thc nh trn, nh khung b tng
ct thp ton khi.
5.3.5.4. Nh gii thiu sn phm
Din tch nh S = 18 12 = 216 m2, cao nh:4,8m; c xy dng gn cng
chnh, thun li cho vic gii thiu v bn sn phm.
Chn gii php xy dng
Nh c xy dng vi kch thc nh trn, nh khung b tng ct thp ton khi.
5.3.5.5. Trm bin p, trm pht in
2 trm mi tram c kch thc: chiu di 9m, chiu rng 6m, chiu cao 4,8m.
Din tch mi trm l: S = 9 x 6 = 54 m2
Chn gii php xy dng
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Trm bin p, trm pht in c xy dng vi kch thc nh trn, nh

khung b tng ct thp ton khi.
5.3.5.6. Nh xe my, xe p
Phi m bo c 2,25m2/1 xe my v 0,9m2/1 xe p.
Nh my c 140 cng nhn v 25 cn b. Gi s c 150 xe my, 15 xe p th
din tch cn thit ca nh xe l:
150 x 2,25 + 0,9 x 15 = 351 m2
Chn chiu di nh xe l 30 m. Chiu rng l 12 m. Chiu cao 4,2 m.
Din tch S = 30 x 12 = 360 m2.
Chn gii php xy dng
Nh c xy dng vi kch thc nh trn, nh khung thp mi tn tin ch,
tng gch bao quanh ba mt.
5.3.5.7. Gara t
Xe t ca nh my a n cn b, nhn vin l 3 xe. Ta xy gara t
thm din tch d phng cho xe ring ca cn b nh my. Din tch ca mi xe
cn l: 18 m2
Din tch gara cn l: 18 x 13 = 198 m2
Gara c chiu di 18 m, chiu rng 12 m. Din tch ca gara l
Din tch S = 18 x 12 = 216 m2
Cao nh: 4,8m.
Chn gii php xy dng
tng gch bao quanh ba mt.
5.3.5.8. Nh bo v
Nh my c hai cng, nn cn 2 nh bo v. Nh c kch thc: di 6 m, rng
6 m, cao 4,2m.
Din tch nh S = 6 6 = 36 m2, cao 4,2m.
Chn gii php xy dng
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5.3.5.9. Nh v sinh
Cng trnh v sinh nm trong nh hnh chnh phc v cho b phn hnh chnh.
Cng trnh v sinh phc v sn xut s c b tr ngoi xng sn xut.
B tr 2 nh v sinh mi nh c kch thc: chiu di 12m, chiu rng 6m, chiu
cao 4,2 m. Din tch mi nh 12 6 = 72m2.
Chn gii php xy dng
5.3.5.10. Khu x l nc cp
Bao gm cc thp lc v b cha nc sch phc v cho ton nh my.
Nh c kch thc: chiu di 18m, chiu rng 12 m, chiu cao 7,2 m.
Din tch: S = 18 12 = 216 (m2). .
Chn gii php xy dng
Khu x l nc cp c xy dng bao gm 1nh khung b tng ct thp ton
khi v cc b, thp x l nc l thin ngoi tri.
5.3.5.11. Khu x l nc thi, cha b
-Khu x l nc thi:
Nh c kch thc: chiu di 24 m, chiu rng 18 m, chiu cao 4,2 m
Din tch S = 24 x 18 = 432 m2.
Chn gii php xy dng
Khu x l nc thi c xy dng bao gm 1nh khung b tng ct thp ton
khi v cc b, thp x l nc l thin ngoi tri.
- Nh cha b:
Nh cha b bn trong t b cha b c kch thc 5 x 4 x 1m. c ch cho
thao tc ly b ta xy nh c kch thc : di 12 m, rng 6 m, cao 7,2 m. Din tch
nh cha b: 12 x 6 = 72 m2. Nh khung thp lp mi tn.
5.3.5.12. Nh chai,hp
Chai hp d tr sn xut trong na thng. S chai cn trong na thng l:
1 666 666 : 2 = 833 333 chai.
Mi hp c 24 chai. S hp cn l:
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833 333 : 24 = 34 772 hp

Chn nh chai hp c kch thc: chiu di 24m, chiu rng 18m, chiu
cao 7,2 m.
Din tch S = 24 x 18 = 432 m2
Chn gii php xy dng
Bi c xy dng vi cu trc 3 lp: Lp t m cht, lp b tng v cui
cng l lp xi mng ct mc cao lng b mt.
5.3.5.13. Bi than v x than
Din tch S = 18 x 12 = 216 m2
Chn gii php xy dng
5.3.5.14. Bi xe t ch hng
Nh my cn 4 t ch cc loi nguyn vt liu, 2 t ch sn phm.
Din tch cho 1 t ti l 85 m2. Din tch bi xe t ti l:
S = 85 x 6 = 510 m2
Chn chiu di 36 m, chiu rng 15 m.
Din tch bi xe ch hng l: 36 x 15 = 540 m2
Chn gii php xy dng
5.3.5.15. Nh l hi
Din tch nh ni hi cn phi rng v thng thong, da vo kt qu phn
tnh nng lng ta tnh c:
Chiu rng: 12 m, chiu di: 18 m, chiu cao nh 7,2m v ni hi c ng khi.
Din tch nh ni hi S = 18 12 = 216 (m2)
Chn gii php xy dng
tng gch bao quanh.
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5.3.5.16. Xng c in
Xng c in nh my c kch thc: chiu di 18m, rng 12m, cao 4,2m.
Din tch ca xng c in: 18 x 12 = 216 m2
Bng 5.1. Hng mc cc cng trnh
Kch thc
TT
Tn hng mc cng trnh
Di
Rng
Cao
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m2)
Kt cu
Khu trc nh my
Nh hnh chnh (2 tng)
42
18
8,4
756
BTCT
Phng gii thiu sn phm
18
12
4,8
216
BTCT
Nh bo v (2 nh)
4,2
72
BTCT
Nh xe p, xe my
30
12
4,2
360
KTMT
Gara t
18
12
4,8
216
KTMT
II
Khu sn xut
Khu x l nguyn liu
24
12
7,2
288
BTCT
Phn xng ln men ngn

ngy
60
24
8,4
1440
KTZM
Phn xng ln men di

ngy
54
30
8,4
1620
KTZM
Nh hon thin sn phm
30
12
7,2
360
KTZM
III
Kho tng, bn bi
Kho nguyn liu cha c
24
12
7,2
288
BTCT
Kho nguyn liu cha

mui
48
24
7,2
1152
BTCT
Kho sn phm
54
24
7,2
1296
BTCT
Nh chai, hp
24
18
7,2
432
BTCT
Bi than, x
18
12
216
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Bi xe t ch hng
36
15
Nh cha b
12
7,2
72
KTMT
IV
Khu ph tr sn xut
Nh l hi
18
12
7,2
216
KTMT
Xng c in
18
12
4,2
216
KTMT
Trm pht in
4,2
54
BTCT
Trm bin p
4,2
54
BTCT
Nh v sinh(2 nh)
12
4,2
144
BTCT
Khu x l nc cp
18
12
4,2
216
BTCT
Khu x l nc thi
24
18
4,2
432
BTCT
Tng din tch xy dng (Syc)
540
10620
5.3.6. Tnh cc ch tiu kinh t k thut

5.3.6.1. H s xy dng: Kxd
H s xy dng c xc nh nh sau:
K xd =
A+ B
S
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Trong :
A - Din tch chim t ca cc cng trnh xy dng (m2)
B- Din tch chim t ca sn bi l thin bao gm bi than, x, bi

t ch hng (m2)
S- Tng din tch ca ton nh my (m2)
T tng mt bng ca nh my ta c:
A = 9864 m2
B = 756 m2
Kxd = 30 35% Chn Kxd = 32%, ta c tng din tch ca ton nh my l:
S=
A+ B
= 10620 : 0,32 33188(m2)
K xd
5.3.6.2. H s s dng: Ksd
H s s dng c xc nh nh sau:
K sd =
A+ B +C
S
Vi C l din tch chim t ca ng, mt bng h thng ng k thut, h

rnh thot nc. Ta chn C = 35%S = 11616(m2):
Ksd= ( 9864 + 756 + 11616 ) : 33188 x100 = 67%
T kt qu thu c, nhn thy vic thit k xy dng nh my nh trn l hon
ton hp l, ph hp vi ch tiu thit k ca cc nh my trong cng ngh thc phm.
5.3.8. Thit k nh sn xut chnh

Vic thit k nh sn xut l rt quan trng, phi ph hp vi cng ngh,
bn, an ton v thm m. Bi tt c nhng iu ny u nh hng trc tip hoc
gin tip ti hiu qu ca qu trnh sn xut.
Phn xng sn xut chnh gm phn xng ln men nc mm ngn ngy,
phn xng ln men nc mm di ngy. Phn xng ln men ngn ngy v di
ngy yu cu thng thong, tn dng c nhit , nh nng vo ma h, che ma,
gi nhit vo ma ng.
Chn khung nh cho phn xng sn xut chnh l nh b tng ct thp lp
ghp, mi lp vt liu nh. Da trn c im sn xut, vn chuyn v tnh kinh t, ta
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chn nh mt nhp, bc ct 6m, c h thng li ct chng gi. Cc thit b trong

phn xng c b tr theo dy, dc theo chiu di phn xng. H thng giao
thng c th hot ng theo chiu dc.
T cch b tr thit b, chiu cao thit b v khong khng gian cho thao tc
thit b, cng nh c im vn chuyn trong phn xng. Em chn chiu cao nh
ln men di ngy l 8.4m, chiu cao nh ln men ngn ngy l 7.2m khng s dng
cu trc v khng c kt cu ca mi.
Ngoi ra, thit k phn xng khng th thiu c vic la chn cc kt cu
sau:
5.3.8.1. Kt cu bao che
Bao gm tng, ca s, tm che ma nng, ca i v h thng thot nc mi.
Da trn c s cng nghip sn xut cng nh c im sn xut, em la chn kt cu
bao che nh sau:
Tng: Dng loi tng gch, dy 220mm. Do chu lc tt, d thi cng, n
gin, cch m, cch nhit tt.
Ca s: Chn loi ca s quay theo trc ngang gia,do chng cu to n
gin, d ng m, che ma tng i tt. Kch thc ca ca s l 4000 x 4000mm.
Tm che ma, nng: Dng tm che ngang btng ct thp loi tm che ngang
c, loi ny che nng, che ma tt.
Ca i: S dng loi ca m quay theo trc ng, kch thc ca: cao
3500mm v rng 3000mm.
Mi: Chn mi hai dc, vi dc i = 1/12, cu to ca mi bao gm:
+ Tm lp bng nha va tit kim chi ph kinh t, m bo che ma nng v
tn dng c nhit, nh nng vo ma h.
+ Tip n l loi x g C200.
+ H thng dm mi pha di cng.
H thng thot nc mi: Dng loi thot nc mi bao che bng tng gch,
dy 220mm.
5.3.8.2. Kt cu sn, nn, mng
Nn: Cu to ca nn bao gm
+ Va xi mng mc 100# dy 20 - 30 mm.
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+ B tng mc 150 - 200# dy 100 - 200 mm

+ Lp ct m dm cht h s K= 0,85 - 0,9.
+ t t nhin dm cht.
Mng: Dng mng c kch thc nh sau:
+ Chiu di: 1500mm
+ Chiu rng: 1500mm
+ Cao: 300mm
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CHNG 6 : TNH HI - LNH - IN - NC

6.1. Tnh lng hi dng cho ton nh my
Hi trong nh my dng nng nhit ca chp ln 450C v gi nhit ny
trong sut qu trnh thy phn i vi cc chp ln men ngn ngy. Hi dng
nu b tn thu m, st trng chai trc khi a i ng chai.
6.1.1. Tnh hi cho qu trnh ln men ngn ngy:

Lng hi cn dng cho thit b thy phn ngn ngy l hi dng nng
nhit khi chp t nhit mi trng ( ly trung bnh l 300C) ln 450C, sau
khi nng nhit khi chp ln 450C th sau gi nhit ny trong 35 ngy
tin hnh thy phn. Trong qu trnh thy phn xy ra phn ng ta nhit b
phn nhit tn hao ra mi trng do m bo gi nhit cho khi chp m
khng cn cp hi gi nhit.
Lng nhit dng nng nhit tnh cho 1 thit b l:
Q1 = Gc x Cc x ( t2 - t1 )
Theo s tay qu trnh thit b cng ngh ha cht tp 1 ta c : nhit dung ring ca
mui khan 450C tnh theo cng thc :
Cm x 10-3 = a + bT - cT-2
Trong :
- a, b, c l h s tra theo bng I.142 trang 153 s tay qu trnh thit b cng ngh ha
cht
- T : nhit tuyt i ca mui khan
a = 2,04 ; b = 4,54 x 10-4 ; c = 0,8 x 104
T = 45 + 273 = 3180K
Cm x 10-3 = 2,04+ 4,54 x 10-4 x 318 - 0,8 x 104 x 318-2 =2,105
Cm = 2105 J/kg.
Nhit dung ring ca dung dch mui 250B l:
Cd= Cm x A + 4186 ( 1- A)
Trong Cm l nhit dung ring ca mui khan 450C, A l nng cht ha tan
tnh theo phn khi lng A = 0,25
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Cd = 2105 x 0,25 + 4186 ( 1 - 0,25 ) = 3665,75J/kg.

Lng hi dng nng nhit khi chp ln 450C l :
Q1 = Cc x Gc x ( t2 t1)
Trong :
- Gc l khi lng ca chp
- C l nhit dung ring ca chp ( xem Cc = Cd)
- t2 l nhit sau khi nng nhit ( t2 = 450C)
- t1 l nhit mi trng ( t1 = 300C)
Lng nhit cn dng nng nhit khi chp t 300C ln 450C l :
Q1 = 3665,75 x13346 x ( 45- 30 ) = 733846493 J =175561 kcal
6.1.2. Tnh nhit dng nu ph b :

1 chp ln men ngn ngy c 10668 kg nguyn liu
Lng nc cho vo nu ph b l : 8300 lt
Lng mui dng nu ph b cho 1 chp l : 20,7 x 10668 : 100 = 2208 kg ( c
100 kg nguyn liu th cn 20,7 kg mui nu ph b)
Lng b cn li trong chp trc khi nu l : 38,9 x 10668 : 100 = 4150 kg ( do
c 100 kg nguyn liu c 38,9 kg b 2 em i nu)
Tng khi lng ca nc mui, b l : 8300 + 2208 + 4150 = 14658 kg
Nhit dng nu ph b gm nhit nng nhit ca nc, b ln 1000C v
nhit dng gi nhit ny 45 pht.
Nhit nng nhit hn hp ln 1000C l :
Qn = 3665,75 x 14658 x ( 100 30) = 3761279 x103 J = 3761279 kJ= 899828 kcal
- Nhit dng gi hn hp nhit ny trong 45 pht l :Qg= W r
Trong :
r l m nhit ha hi ca nc 100 0C, p sut 1 atm:
r =540 (kcal/kg)
W: Lng m bc hi
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Ta bit lng hi bc ln trong qu trnh ng ha l 12% khi lng nc

thm vo:
W = 0,12 x 8300 = 996 kg
Qg =W r = 996 x 540 = 537840 kcal.
Lng nhit dung cho qu trnh nu ph b l:

Q2= Qn+ Qg = 899828 + 537840 = 1437668 kcal
Do lng nhit dng sn xut l:
Qt = Q1 + Q2 = 175561 + 1437668 = 1613229 kcal
6.1.3. Tnh lng hi dng cho qu trnh ln men ngn ngy

Lng hi D v nhit lng Q c quan h theo cng thc sau:
D=
Trong :
Qt
(kg/h)
ih i
- ih: Hm nhit ca hi nc bo ho (kcal/kg)

- i : Hm nhit ca hi nc ngng t (kcal/kg)
Tra theo bng gi tr P = 3,5 kg/cm2 , t = 137,9oC ta c :
ih = 653,5 kcal/kg
i = 100 kcal/kg
Vy lng hi cn dng cho ln men ngn ngy trong 1 ngy l:
D=
Qt
1613229
=
= 2915
i 653,5 100
(kg)
Thi gian cung cp hi nng nhit cho qu trnh ln men l 1h, thi gian
nu ph b l 2h. Vy lng hi cn cung cp trong 1h l:
Dsx = 2915 : 3 = 972 (kg/h)
6.1.4. Lng hi dng cho ton nh my

Lng hi v sinh st trng thit b, chai v cho cc mc ch khc.
Lng hi ny ly bng 10% tng lng hi cung cp cho sn xut:
DVS=(Dsx x 0,1) = 972 x 0,1 = 97,2 kg/h
89
n tt nghip
Lng hi tiu tn l: 972 + 97,2 = 1069,2 kg/h
6.1.5. Tnh v chn l hi

Lng hi tn tht trong qu trnh vn chuyn l 10 %. Lng hi l hi cn
cung cp l:
Dtt = 1069,2 x ( 1+ 0,1) = 1176 kg/h
Chn 1 l hi ,cng sut ti a l 1500 kg hi/h do nh my Ni hi v thit b p
lc ng Anh ch to:
p sut lm vic
: 8 at.
Din tch b mt t nng
: 45 m2.
Th tch nc trong l
: 5 m3.
ng knh ng sinh hi
: 60 mm.
ng knh ni
: 2200 mm.
Chiu cao
: 4000 mm.
H s hu ch
: 80%.
6.1.6. Tnh nhin liu cho l hi

- Tnh lng than:
G=
D(ih in )
kg/h
Q
Trong
-
Q: Nhit lng ca than kcal/kg

Q = 6500 kcal/kg
D: Cng sut l hi kg/h, D = 1500 kg/h
ih: Hm nhit ca hi nc p sut 8at .Tra s tay qu trnh thit b

ih = 662,3 kcal/kg
in : Hm nhit ca nc a vo, cng tra theo s tay ta c

in = 30 kcal/kg
:H s s dng ca l hi = 0,75
90
n tt nghip
Lng than cn dng

G=
1500 (662,3 30)

= 194,6kg / h
6500 0,75
- Hiu sut qu trnh t than l 0,9

Suy ra lng than thc t
Gtt=
194,6
= 216,2 kg/h
0,9
Ni hi lm vic 2 ca, mi ca lm vic 4 ting, suy ra lng than mt ngy:

216,2 x 2 x 4 = 1729,6 kg/ngy
Lng than trong mt thng:
1729,6 26 = 44970 kg/thng
Lng than dng trong mt nm:
44970 12 = 539640 kg/nm
6.2. Tnh lng nc s dng cho nh my

6.2.1.Nc dng ra phn xng x l nguyn liu
Nc dng phn xng x l nguyn liu gm nc ra c, nc ra thit
b v sn.
- Nc dng ra c :
C 1 kg c cn 2 lt nc ra. Vy lng nc ra cn cho 1 ngy nguyn liu
ln nht l :
2 x 10-3 x 21337 = 42,7 m3
- Nc dng ra thit b
Cc thit b phn xng x l nguyn liu gm cc bng ti, my ra c,
my trn c, vt ti. C mi ngy v sinh 1 ln. Lng nc v sinh cc thit b
trong 1 ngy l : 3m3
- Nc dng ra sn :
Phn xng x l nguyn liu c din tch l : 288 m2. c 1 m2 sn cn 5 lt
nc ra. Vy lng nc ra sn phn xng x l nguyn liu mi ngy l :
91
n tt nghip
288 x 5 x 10-3 = 1,4 m3

Tng lng nc dng trong phn xng x l nguyn liu trong 1 ngy l :
V1 = 42,7 + 3 + 1,44 = 47,1 m3
6.2.2. Nc dng cho v sinh phn xng ln men ngn ngy

Cc thit b trong phn xng ln men ngn ngy gm 92 thit b ln men
ngn ngy, 2 thng cha nc mui, 4 b cha dch lc, 2 b cha nc thuc.
- Nc dng ra thit b ln men ngn ngy :
Lng nc v sinh thit b ln men ngn ngy ly bng 20% th tch ca mi
thit b. Mi ngy v sinh mt thit b, mi thit b c th tch l 15,8 m3 nn lng
nc cn dng v sinh thit b trong mt ngy:
15,8 0,2 = 3,2m3
- Nc dng ra thng cha nc mui

Lng nc dng v sinh thng cha nc mui bng 10% th tch ca thng
nn lng nc cn dng cho 2 thng cha nc mui l :
2 12,6 x 0,1 = 2,5 m3
- Nc dng ra b cha dch lc
Nc v sinh cc b cha dch lc trong 1 ngy chim 10% th tch b, c 1
ngy v sinh 2 b :
2 x 15 x 0,1 = 3 m3
- Nc dng ra b cha nc thuc
Lng nc dng v sinh b cha nc thuc bng 10 % th tch b. C 1
ngy v sinh 1 b. Lng nc dng v sinh b cha nc thuc l :
18 x 0,1 = 1,8 m3
- Nc dng ra sn phn xng ln men ngn ngy :
Din tch phn xng ln men ngn ngy l 1440 m2. C 1 m2 sn cn 3 lt
nc ra.
Nc dng ra sn phn xng ln men ngn ngy l :
1440 x 3 x 10-3 = 4,3 m3
92
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Vy lng nc dng v sinh phn xng ln men ngn ngy trong 1 ngy
l :
V2 = 3,2 + 2,5 +3 + 1,8 + 4,3 = 14,9 m3
6.2.3. Nc dng v sinh phn xng ln men di ngy

Phn xng ln men di ngy gm cc thng ln men di ngy, 2 b cha
nc mm sau khi gy hng v cc b cha nc bi.
- Nc dng thng ln men di ngy
C tt c 108 thng ln men di ngy. Ta ly trung bnh 3 ngy ra 1 thng ln
men di ngy. Lng nc ra thng ln men di ngy bng 25 % th tch thng
nn lng nc dng cho 1 thng tnh trung bnh trong 1 ngy l :
13,2 x 0,25 : 3 = 1,1 m3
- Nc ra b cha nc bi
Thi gian ln men di ngy l 6 thng, trong thi gian c 10 ngy cc b
cha nc bi c v sinh 1 ln. S ln ra b cha trong 1 nm l : 6 x 30 : 10 =
18 ln. C 54 b cha nc bi.
Trung bnh c 1 ngy ra 3 b cha nc bi. Lng nc ra b bng 20 %
th tch b. Vy lng nc dng ra b tnh cho 1 ngy l :
3 x 12 x 0,2 = 7,2 m3
- Lng nc dng ra b cha nc mm gy hng
Nc v sinh cc b cha nc mm gy hng bng 10% th tch b, c 1
ngy v sinh 2 b :
2 x 20 x 0,1 = 4m3
- Nc dng ra sn phn xng ln men di ngy :
Din tch phn xng ln men di ngy l 1620 m2. C 1 m2 sn cn 3 lt nc
ra.
Nc dng ra sn phn xng ln men di ngy l :
1620 x 3 x 10-3 = 4,9 m3
Vy lng nc dng v sinh phn xng ln men di ngy trong 1 ngy
l :
V3= 1,1 + 7,2 + 4 + 4,9 = 21,2 m3
93
n tt nghip
6.2.4. Lng nc v sinh dng trong phn xng hon thin

Phn xng hon thin gm c 2 b pha u nc mm, 1 thng pha nc
mui, dy chuyn chit chai, dp np, dn nhn, 1 my lc khung bn .
- Lng nc dng ra b pha u v thng ha trn mui st.
Nc v sinh cc b pha u nc mm v thng ha trn mui st bng 10%
th mi thit b, c 1 ngy v sinh thit b 1 ln :
( 24 + 16 + 0,6 ) x 0,1 = 4,1 m 3
- Lng nc dng ra thit b chit chai l 2 m3
- Nc dng ra my lc khung bn trong 1 ngy l 3 m3
- Nc dng ra sn phn xng hon thin l :
Din tch phn xng hon thin: 360 (m2). C 1 m2 phn xng cn 3 lit
nc ra. Vy lng nc ra sn:
360 3 x 10-3 = 1,1 m3
- Lng nc dng v sinh phn xng hon thin dng trong 1 ngy l :
V4 = 4,1 + 2 + 3 + 1,1 = 10,2 m3
6.2.5. Lng nc dng nu b trong 1 ngy

Theo bng 3.2 lng nc dng nu b trong 1 ngy nhiu nht l :
V5 = 16600 lt = 16,6 m 3
6.2.6. Lng nc dng cho ni hi

Theo tnh ton th lng nc dng cho ni hi bng lng hi cung cp cho
nh my. Do , lng nc dng cho ni hi 1 ngy( 1 ngy l hi lm vic 8 h)
l :
V6 = 1176 x 8 = 9408 (lit/ngy) = 9,4 m3
6.2.7. Lng nc dng cho cc yu cu khc

Nc v sinh v cc yu cu ph khc tnh bnh qun theo u ngi: 25
lit/ngy. Tng s ngi trong nh my: 150 ngi. Do lng nc cn dng
trong 1 ngy l :
94
n tt nghip
V11 = 150 x 0,025 = 3,8 m 3
6.2.8. Tng lng nc dng cho nh my trong mt ngy

VT = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 + V5 + V6 + V7
VT = 47,1 + 14,9 + 21,2 + 10,2 + 16,6 + 9,4 + 3,8 = 123,2(m3/ngy).
Do , tng lng nc dng trong mt thng:
Vthng = VT 26 = 123,2 x 26 = 3203 (m3/thng).
Tng lng nc cn dng trong mt nm:
Vnm = VThng x 12 = 3203 12 = 38438 (m3/nm).
6.3. Tnh in tiu th ca ton nh my

in trong nh my ch yu s dng hai dng : in ng lc v in
chiu sng
Yu cu v ng lc:
Cng sut ca cc ng c cc phn xng phi ph hp vi yu cu ca
thit b trong dy chuyn. Nu ta chn h s d tr cng sut qu nh d gy ra qu
ti khi lm vic. Ngc li nu chn qu ln th s tiu th nhiu nng lng ng
thi lm gim h s cng sut cos do chy non ti.
Yu cu v chiu sng:
-nh sng phi phn b u, khng c bng ti v khng lm la mt
-m bo cht lng ca ri v hiu qu chiu sng i vi cng trnh
-m bo cht lng quang thng mu sc nh sng vi sng ti thiu
Emin.
6.3.1. Tnh ph ti chiu sng.

chiu sng nh my s dng 3 loi n:
-
n trn dy tc: c nh sng vng cng sut 100 300w.
n hunh quang: bng bu dc, nh sng trng, cng sut 100w chiu
sng cc khu vc nh my.
n tup hunh quang: c nh sng trng, cng sut 40w.
95
n tt nghip
6.3.1.1. Cch b tr n:
Trong phn xng sn xut, vic b tr n chiu sng ph thuc vo cc
thng s sau:
Chiu cao n ph thuc vo chiu cao ca thit b, v tr lm vic, thng
ly H = 2,5 4,5 m
Khong cch gia cc n: L = 2 4 m
Ta chn khong cch gia 2 n l 3 (m)
Khong cch n ngoi cng n tng l: l = (0,3 0,5) x L m
l = 0,5 L = 1,5 (m)
-
S n b tr theo chiu dc nh:

A 2l
+1
L
n(n)
dai =
thay s vo:
ndai =
(1)
A 2 1,5
A
+1 =
3
3
Trong :
A: l chiu di ca nh
-
S n theo chiu rng:

nrong =
B 2l
+1
L
n rong =
B 2 1,5
B
n (2)
+1 =
3
3
Trong :
B: l chiu rng ca nh
Nh vy tng s n cn mc s l:
N = ndai x nrong (n) thay (1) v (2) vo ta c
96
n tt nghip
N=
A B
S
x
= (n)
3
3
9
S
Vy tng s n cn mc: N = 9
6.3.1.2. Cng sut ca n cn dng

sng yu cu vi mi phng
C s ca phng php tnh ton l da vo cng sut chiu sng ring ca
mi phng. T chiu sng ti thiu cho mi phng Emin ta bit c 1m2 nh cn
cng sut chiu sng ring l:
Pt/c(w/m2)
Nh vy ton b din tch nh S cn cng sut l:
P = Pt/c S(w)
T ta s tnh c cng sut ca n ph hp:
P cn =
P
=> chn loi n cho ph hp: P chn
N
T ta tnh c cng sut tiu th thc t:

Ptt = n Pd (w)
6.3.1.3. Tnh ph ti chiu sng cho cc cng trnh.

Tnh ph ti chiu sng cho phn xng hon thin:
Din tch S= 360 m2
N hoanthien =
S ht 360
=
= 40(bng )
9
9
T din tch phn xng ta tnh c s bng n cn mc trong phn xng hon
thin l:
sng yu cu vi phn xng hon thin. Phn xng hon thin i hi
cng lm vic ln v yu cu s chnh xc cao nn 1m2 nh cn cng sut chiu
sng ring l:
Pt/c = 15 (w/m2)
97
n tt nghip
Nh vy ton b din tch nh S cn cng sut l:

P = 15 x 360 = 5400 (w) = 5,4 kW
T ta s tnh c cng sut ca n ph hp:
=>
P =
chn loi n
P 5400
=
= 135
360
N
cho ph hp P chn = 150 W
Vy cng sut tiu th ca c phn xng hon thin

Phon thin = N x Pn = 40 x 150 = 60 000 (w)
Ta tnh tng t vi cc cng trnh cn li ta s c bng di y:
98
n tt nghip
Bng 6.1: Tnh ton s lng n v cng sut nh mc cho cc n
STT Tn cng trnh

1
Phng bo v(2 nh)
Din
tch (m2)
P
(w/m2)
72
Ptc
(w)
S bng
(N)
Pn cn
(w)
432
54
Nh xe p v xe
my
360
2160
40
54
Nh gii thiu sn
phm
216
10
2160
24
90
Nh hnh chnh(2 tng)
756 x 2
10
15120
168
90
Kho cha sn phm
1296
10368
144
72
Phn xng
nguyn liu
288
15
4320
32
135
Phn xng ln men

ngn ngy
1440
15
21600
160
135
Phn xng ln men

di ngy
1620
15
24300
180
135
Nh hon thin sn
phm
360
15
5400
40
135
10
Kho cha c
288
10
2800
32
90
11
Kho cha mui
1152
9216
128
72
12
Khu x l nc thi
432
3456
48
72
13
Khu x l nc cp
216
1728
24
72
14
Nh v sinh(2 nh)
144
864
16
54
15
Phn xng c in
216
15
3240
24
135
16
Trm bin p
54
432
72
17
Phn xng l hi
216
10
2160
24
90
18
Bi than x
216
1296
24
54
19
Nh chai hp
432
2592
48
54
99
n tt nghip
STT Tn cng trnh
Din
tch (m2)
P
(w/m2)
Ptc
(w)
S bng
(N)
Pn cn
(w)
20
Gara t
216
1296
24
54
21
Trm pht in
54
432
72
22
Nh cha b
72
432
54
23
Bi u t
540
3240
60
54
Bng 6.2: Tnh cng sut chiu sng cc cng trnh
Din
tch (m2)
STT Tn cng trnh

1
Phng bo v(2 nh)
S bng
(N)
Pn cn
(w)
Pn chn
(w)
Cng
sut tiu
th(w)
72
54
60
480
Nh xe p v xe
my
360
40
54
60
2400
Nh gii thiu sn
phm
216
24
90
90
2160
Nh hnh chnh(2 tng)
756 x 2
168
90
90
15120
Kho cha sn phm
1296
144
72
70
10080
Phn xng
nguyn liu
288
32
135
150
4800
Phn xng ln men

ngn ngy
1440
160
135
150
24000
Phn xng ln men

di ngy
1620
180
135
150
27000
Nh hon thin sn
phm
360
40
135
150
6000
10
Kho cha c
288
32
90
90
2880
11
Kho cha mui
1152
128
72
70
8960
100
n tt nghip
STT Tn cng trnh
Din
tch (m2)
S bng
(N)
Pn cn
(w)
Pn chn
(w)
Cng
sut tiu
th(w)
12
Khu x l nc thi
432
48
72
70
3360
13
Khu x l nc cp
216
24
72
70
1680
14
Nh v sinh(2 nh)
144
16
54
60
960
15
Phn xng c in
216
24
135
150
3600
16
Trm bin p
54
72
70
420
17
Phn xng l hi
216
24
90
90
2160
18
Bi than x
216
24
54
60
1440
19
Nh chai hp
432
48
54
60
2880
20
Gara t
216
24
54
60
1440
21
Trm pht in
54
72
70
420
22
Nh cha b
72
54
60
480
23
Bi u t
540
60
54
60
3600
Tng cng sut chiu sng
126320
Ngoi nhng hng mc cng trnh k trn k trn, nh my cn c cc loi

ph ti chiu sng khc nh: n ng, n bao quanh cc phn xng sn xut
chnh, n chiu sng trong cc thit b ph tr ... tt c ly bng 10% ph ti ng
lc k trn.
Vy ph ti chiu sng ca ton nh my l:
PCS = 126320 x(1 + 0,1) = 138952 w = 139 kw
6.3. 2. Tnh ph ti ng lc
Theo tnh ton v chn thit b ta c bng sau:
101
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Bng 6.3. Cng sut cc thit b trong nh my

Cng sut nh
mc (kW)
S
lng
Tng cng
sut (kW)
1 My ra c
10
10
2 My trn
15
15
3 Bng ti chnh chuyn c
4 Bng ti li st
5 Bng ti a c vo thit b ln men
16
48
6 Gu ti
15
Bm dch thit b ln men ngn

7 ngy
18
8 Bm nc mui
Bm t thng cha dch sang thng

9 ln men di ngy
10
Bm nc bi thng ln men di
ngy
11
Bm dch i lc
12
Bm dch i n b pha u
13
Bm nc mm i ng chai
14
Bm CIP
15
ng c cnh khuy thit b ln men

ngn ngy
92
736
16
My chit v dp nt chai
17
My dn nhn
STT
Tn thit b
102
n tt nghip
STT
Tn thit b
Cng sut nh
mc (kW)
S
lng
Tng cng
sut (kW)
18
Thit b ha tan mui
19
Thit b ha tan mui st
20
Qut ht l hi
10
21
Qut y l hi
Tng cng sut ng lc, Pl
924
Ngoi cc thit b nh my cn phi trang b cc thit b ph khc nh: Qut

ht, qut y, bm x l ncTt c nhng thit b ph ny ta ly bng 15% ph
ti ng lc k trn.
Vy ph ti ng lc ca ton nh my:
Pl = 924 + 0,15 x 924 = 1063 (kW).
Ph ti ton nh my:
PT = Pcs + Pl = 139 + 1063 = 1202 (kW).
6.3.3. Xc nh ph ti tiu th thc t

Ph ti chiu sng
Ph ti chiu sng c xc nh theo cng thc:
Pttcs =k1 Pcs
Trong :
k1: H s s dng ph ti chiu sng:
P: Tng cng sut chiu sng:
k1=0,9
Pcs = 139 (kw)
Pttcs = 0,9 x 139 = 125 kw

Ph ti ng lc.
Ph ti ng lc c xc nh theo cng thc:
Pttdl = k2 Pl
Trong :
k2: h s s dng ph ti ng lc:
k2 = 0,6
103
n tt nghip
P: Tng cng sut ph ti:
Pl = 1063 (kw)
Pttl = 0,6 x 1063 = 638 kw

Ph ti tiu th thc t ca nh my:
Ptt = Pttcs + Pttl = 125 + 638 = 763 (kW).
6.3.4. Tnh in nng tiu th hng nm.
6.3.4.1. in chiu sng:
Acs= Pttcs Tcs (kwh)
Trong : Pttcs: Cng sut chiu sng thc t
Tcs: Thi gian chiu sng thc t Tcs = k1 k2
k1: Thi gian thp sng trong ngy tnh trung bnh 12 h/ngy
K2: S ngy lm vic trong mt nm 312 (ngy)
Vy in nng tiu th cho vic chiu sng trong c nm:
Acs = 125 x 12 x 312 = 468000 (kwh)
6.3.4.2 in ng lc.
Thi gian lm vic trong ngy tnh trung bnh cho ton b my mc l 6 h
S ngy lm vic trong mt nm 312 (ngy)
Vy :
Al= 638 x 6 x 312 = 1194336 (kwh)
6.3. 4.3. Vy in nng tiu th hng nm ca nh my:
A = Al+ Acs = 468000 + 1194336 = 1662336 (kWh)
6.3. 4.4. in nng tiu th thc t ca nh my.
ATT = A kba
Trong :
kba: H s hao ph ca my bin p kba=1,02
Vy:
ATT =1662336 x 1,02 = 1695583 (kwh)
104
n tt nghip
6.3.5. Xc nh cng sut v dung lng b

Vic xc nh h s cng sut cos c bin php nng cao cos ca nh
my, nhm mc ch gim tn tht in p, in nng cho nh my.
ch lm vic nh mc, cos c xc nh theo cng thc:
cos =
Trong :
P
( P) + ( Q)
2
P: Tng cng sut cc thit b tiu th in.

Q: Tng cng sut phn khng ca cc thit b tiu th in.
Q = P1tg1 + P2tg2 + P3tg3 + + Pntgn.
Thc t thng lm vic non ti nn chn h s cos = 0,7 tg =1,02
Thng thng cc my pht in c h s cng sut l 0,8. c c h s
cng sut ti a cos = 0,95 th trong mch in phi mc thm t in. Tng cng
sut phn khng cn b cho i tng nng h s cng sut t cos1 ln cos2 l:
Qb = Ptt x (tg1 tg2).
tg1: Tng ng vi cos1, h s cng sut ban u.
tg2: Tng ng vi cos2, h s cng sut c nng ln sau khi b.
Ta c: cos1 = 0,7 tg1 = 1,02.
cos2 = 0,95 tg2 = 0,328.
Vy: Qb = 763 x (1,02 0,328) = 528 (kW).
6.3.6. Chn my bin p

Cng sut ca my bin p:
S=
2
Ptt2 + Q phu
= 7632 + 528 2 = 861 (kW).
Chn my bin p nhn hiu TC3630/10 c cc c tnh sau:

+ Cng sut nh mc 1000 (kW)
+ in p : 5 kV
+ Kch thc: (1580 1100 1920)mm
+ Khi lng: 820kg
+ S lng: 1 thit b
105
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6.3.7. Chn my pht d phng

phng in li b mt t ngt, nh my c trang b thm 1 my my
pht d phng vi:
+Cng sut 500 kW
+Chy bng du DO.
+in p nh mc: 400 V
+Tn s: 50 Hz
+H s cng sut cos = 0,8
CHNG 7: V SINH AN TON LAO NG

7.1. V sinh
V sinh l mt cng vic lun c cc nh my sn xut cng nghip, c
bit l trong lnh vc thc phm quan tm, i hi phi c thc hin mt cch
nghim tc v nghim ngt. Cht lng sn phm ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t
trong sn xut, trong khu v sinh ng vai tr then cht. Cuc sng ngi dn
ngy cng c nng cao, yu cu nc mm sch, cht lng cao l yu cu tt
yu ca ngi dn, ca x hi. Cn phi m bo v sinh trong qu trnh sn xut
thu c sn phm p ng c yu cu ca th trng. C nh vy cng ty mi
c th cnh tranh, ng vng v pht trin c.
Vic v sinh trong nh my bao gm mt s ni dung chnh sau:
7.1.1. V sinh c nhn

- Cng nhn trc tip sn xut phi c trang b y qun o v dng c
bo h lao ng.
- Nhn vin k thut, kim nghim, pha u nc mm phi c trang b o
blu trng, m trng, khu trang v gng tay cao su.
- Trc v sau khi tip xc vi sn phm, sau khi i v sinh, mi ngi phi
ra sch tay bng x phng dit khun.
- Cn b, cng nhn khi tham gia vo sn xut phi m bo v sinh c nhn,
khng mc cc bnh truyn nhim v nh k kim tra sc kho hng nm
106
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7.1.2. V sinh thit b nh xng

- Cc loi thit b, dng c sn xut, dng c cha ng c b mt tip xc
trc tip vi chp v nc mm phi c duy tr trong iu kin v sinh; m
bo sch trc khi s dng v ra sau khi s dng.
- Trong qu trnh lm v sinh v kh trng thit b dng c, khng c lm
nhim bn. Phi c ni ra ring ph hp vi tng loi thit b dng c.
- Thit b, dng c sau khi lm v sinh, kh trng phi c ct gi v
bo qun ng ni quy nh.
- Thit b, dng c ca tng cng on phi c ring v khng s dng
vi mc ch khc.
- C s phi c k hoch lm v sinh m bo nh xng sch s. Hng
ngy phi c ngi chuyn trch qut dn, thu gom cht thi.
- Cc khu vc ch bin, cha thnh phm, ng gi..phi c quy nh
ring ph hp vi iu kin thc t.
- Cc cng rnh thot nc thi phi c qut dn thng xuyn, m bo
khng c bn rc, khng ng nc, gim thiu mi hi.
- C s phi c bin php hu hiu ngn chn c cn trng, ng vt gy
hi xm nhp vo khu vc sn xut.
7.2. An ton lao ng

Bo h an ton lao ng cng l mt khu quan trng trong sn xut v n nh
hng trc tip n sc khe, tnh mng ngi lao ng v tui th thit b.
i vi nh my sn xut bia, cn phi quan tm ti mt s im quan trng
sau y:
7.2.1. Chng kh c trong nh my

- Kh c trong nh my nc mm ch yu l kh sinh ra trong qu trnh thy
phn c.Cc cht kh gm NH3, kh cha lu hunh v cc axit bay hi. Do cn
c ng thng kh cao nhm khuch tn kh ln cao gim thiu nh hng ti mi
trng sng xung quanh..
- Khi thi l hi: hn ch tc hi do khi thi l hi gy ra cho mi trng
xung quanh, cn lp t h thng ng khi cao trn 10m khuch tn khi ln cao,
gim nh hng ti mi trng xung quanh.
107
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7.2.2. An ton khi vn hnh thit b

- Cc thit b chu p nh l hi, cn c kim tra nh k, vn hnh cn thn,
ng hng dn.
- Cc thit b khc cng cn c kim tra thng xuyn kp thi pht hin
hng hc.
- Thng xuyn theo di, kim tra cc ng ng, van, ng h o... kp
thi x l s c.
- Cng nhn khi vn hnh phi c trang b y bo h lao ng, khng
b v tr khi ang lm vic, thc hin nghim tc ch giao ca.
7.2.3. An ton v in
Trong qu trnh sn xut, cng nhn lun phi thng xuyn tip xc vi cc
thit b s dng in, do cn ch :
- Phi thc hin tuyt i ni quy an ton v in trnh xy ra s c hay tai
nn. Cch in tt cc phn mang in, c bit l ti cc khu vc c m cao v
nhiu nc.
- B tr cc ng dy cch xa tm tay hoc li i li ca ngi sn xut. B
tr cu dao in hp l c th ngt mi khi c s c.
7.2.4. Phng chy cha chy

Mi phn xng u phi c thit b cha chy, t v tr hp l c th d
tm khi c s c.
108
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CHNG 8 :MI TRNG V PHNG PHP X L

Cc yu t mi trng nh hng trc tip ti i sng con ngi. Mi trng
trong sch s tc ng tch cc ti sc khe, cuc sng con ngi cng nh ng, thc
vt. Do vy vic bo v mi trng, gi cho mi trng trong lnh, sch s, ci thin
mi trng ngy cng tt hn l nhim v quan trng ca c x hi.
Cng vi s pht trin ca cng nghip, lng nc thi, kh thi do cc c s
cng nghip thi ra ngy cng tng, gy ra nhng tc ng xu i vi mi trng nu
khng c x l mt cch ng n v hiu qu. nng cao hiu lc qun l nh
nc v trch nhim ca chnh quyn cc cp, cc c quan nh nc, t chc kinh t,
t chc x hi v mi c nhn trong vic bo v mi trng, nh nc ban hnh lut
bo v mi trng nhm bo v sc khe nhn dn, bo m quyn con ngi c
sng trong mi trng trong lnh, phc v cho s nghip pht trin lu di ca t
nc, gp phn ci thin mi trng trong khu vc v trn ton th gii. Vi s yu
cu cp thit nh trn th cc nh my cn ch trng n cng tc mi trng v cc
phng php x l mi trng. Do vy nh my u t xy dng h thng x l nc
thi m bo tiu chun nc thi cng nghip trc khi thi ra mi trng, khng gy
nhim mi trng xung quanh.
B thi l b c c bn cho cc c s sn xut thc n chn nui lm thc n gia
sc hoc lm phn bn.
8.1. Cc yu t nh hng n mi trng

C nhiu yu t nh hng n mi trng nh mi hi, tanh, nc thi, khi...
Cht thi kh: ch yu sinh ra trong phn xng l hi, khi c x l tch bi
bng Cyclon, sau thi ra mi trng bn ngoi.
B thi l b c c bn cho cc c s sn xut thc n chn nui lm thc
n gia sc hoc lm phn bn.
Nc thi: bao gm nc nc v sinh thit b, nh xng, nc thi sinh hot.
Lng nc thi ra mt lng kh ln 100 m3/ ngy v cng l ngun chnh gy
nhim.
109
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Thnh phn ch yu ca nc thi l cc hp cht v c, hu c d phn hy, cn

lng ca nc mm. Do c trng ca nc thi l hm lng COD, BOD cao,
nng mui cao.
Bng 8.1. Thng s nc thi nh my nc mm[9]
TT
Ch tiu
n v
Nc thi
Vt tiu chun ( ln)
pH
4,7-5,2
SS
mg/l
250
25
COD
mg/l
1800
180
BOD5
mg/l
1200
300
T-N
mg/l
18
T-P
mg/l
NTU
90
45
mu
Pt-Co
250
17
mui
mg/l
4000
10
Nhit
30
8.2. Phng php x l nc thi

C 3 phng php x l nc thi bao gm: c hc, ha hc, v sinh hc. Vic
ng dng phng php no l ph thuc vo c tnh ca nc thi v cc iu kin v
cng ngh.
8.2.1. Phng php c hc

Phng php ny l giai on s b ban u, dng loi b cc hp cht khng
tan trong nc thi. Cc phng php c hc thng dng l lc qua li, lng, cyclon
thy lc, ly tm.
110
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8.2.2. Phng php ha hc v l hc

Phng php ny thng thu hi cc cht qu hoc kh cc cht c hay
cc cht c nh hng xu ti giai on lm sch sinh hc v sau. Cc phng php
thng thng l oxy ha, trung ha, keo t, hp ph.
8.2.3. Phng php sinh hc

Phng php x l sinh hc thng dng loi tr cc cht phn tn nh, keo,
v cc hp cht hu c (i khi c v c) khi nc thi. C s ca phng php l
da vo s sng v hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt phn hy cc hp cht hu c
trong nc thi. Chng s dng cc hp cht hu c lm ngun dinh dng xy
dng t bo v sinh nng lng.
Phng php sinh hc x l nc thi chia lm 2 loi ty theo iu kin xy ra
qu trnh phn hy. l:
- X l hiu kh: l qu trnh phn hy xy ra vi s c mt ca oxy
- X l k kh (ym kh): l qu trnh phn hy xy ra trong iu kin khng c
mt ca oxy
Cc m hnh x l bng phng php sau:
- Cc qu trnh x l c thc hin trong iu kin t nhin nh: bi lc, cnh
ng ti, b sinh hc (b hiu kh, b k kh).
- Qu trnh x l c thc hin trong iu kin nhn to bao gm: hiu kh c b
biophin, b caroten, mng oxy ha tun hon, k kh c thit b phn hy, b phn
hy hoc l phn ng k kh,
Tnh cht nc thi nh my nc mm hu nh ch nhim cht hu c. Hm
lng SS khng cao. T l BOD5 : COD l 0,66 nn nc thi ny thch hp c x
l bng cng trnh sinh hc. Tuy nhin cn lu l nc thi nh my nc mm c
nng mui cao, y l yu t s nh hng ti qu trnh sinh trng ca vi sinh vt
trong bn hot tnh, lm gim hiu qu qu trnh chuyn ha ca vi sinh vt. Do vy
nng cao hiu qu qu trnh x l nc thi th vi sinh vt s dng trong bn hot tnh
l nhng vi sinh vt chu c nng mui cao khong 4000 mg/l c th m bo
s sinh trng v pht trin trong nc thi.
111
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8.3. Phng php x l nc thi ca nh my nc mm

Qua kho st, phn tch v cn c vo tnh hnh thc t v mt bng cng nh
ngun vn nh my, gii php x l nc thi c chn p dng l x l sinh hc
hiu kh c s dng bn hot tnh vi s tham gia ca cc vi khun hiu kh sng l
lng ( phng php hiu kh l lng).
8.3.1. S cng ngh

* Nguyn l lm vic ca h thng x l nc thi nh sau:
B chn rc B iu ha, tuyn ni v lng s b B phn ng keo t v
lng I B sinh hc hiu kh tip xc B lng II B kh trng Thi ra
ngun.
1. H bm
6. Bm tun hon
11. Bn lng
2. B tin x l
7. Bn to kh tip xc
12. B cha nc thi
3. B cn bng
8. Bm bn
4. Bm nc thi vo
9.B cha bn
5. B UASB
10. My nn kh
x l
13. Nc thi ra
Hnh 8.1. S h thng x l nc thi

112
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Hnh 8.2. H thng x l nc thi
8.3.2. Thuyt minh cng ngh:

8.3.2.1. B chn rc
Nc thi t cng on sn xut s theo h thng mng dn chy v ngn
tip nhn qua song chn rc. Song chn rc (Inox) s gt rc c kch thc ln,
giy, mnhVi phng php chn rc bng th cng, rc c thu hi c
chuyn n bi v sinh thch hp.
8.3.2.2. B iu ha, tuyn ni v lng s b
113
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Nc thi sau khi tch cn rc c tp trung v mt h gas c bm v b

iu ha, tuyn ni v lng s b. Thi gian lu 4h.
Mc ch:
- n nh lu lng dng chy, n nh nng cht bn v PH
- Gim kch thc v to ch lm vic n nh cho cc cng on pha sau,
trnh hin tng qu ti nh lng mt phn cn b ny
- Tuyn ni cc cht
- B sung O2 m bo mi trng thun li cho qu trnh phn hy sinh hc
sau ny
- Vt ni c vt ra vo thng cha vt ni
- Phn thng lng c ht nh k lm phn bn.
8.3.2.3. B phn ng keo t v lng

Trong trng hc lm lng cht rn dng l lng - kh lng m qu trnh
phn hy bng bin php sinh hc hu nh ch gii quyt c cht hu c dng ha
tan tn ti trong nc thi cn cao, m bo nc thi sau khi x l t yu cu phi
c keo t. y cht keo t dng bng s ko cc cht rn l lng vo ngn lng.
Nc trong thu vo mng bn trn b dn vo ngn bm
8.3.2.4. B sinh hc hiu kh tip xc v lng

c dn vo b x l sinh hc hiu kh vi bn hot tnh tun hon v b
xung mt s chng vi sinh vt c hiu cho qu trnh phn hy hiu kh. Khng kh
c a vo cc my nn kh c lu lng ln, p sut nh qua cc h thng phn
phi kh y b m bo lng O2 ha tan > 2 mg/lt. Thi gian lu 8h.
8.3.2.5. B lng cui

Nc thi sau giai on x l sinh hc hiu kh c a vo b lng cui
nhm chn gi bn sinh ra trong giai on x l sinh hc. Lng bn hot tnh c ti
s dng mt ln, bn tha c ht nh k dng lm phn bn hoc chn lp.
8.3.2.6. B kh trng
Nc thi sau khi lng trong c a qua b kh trng lm sch cc vi
khun cn st li. Ti y nc thi c ho ln vi mt lng dung dch clorin thch
hp kh trng. Sau khi lm sch nc thi s c thi ra mi trng.
8.3.2.7. Nc thi sch

Nc thi sau khi c x l s t c cc thng s tha mn tiu chun
mi trng Vit Nam i vi ngun tip nhn loi B, tc l c:
114
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- PH
: 5,5 - 9
- BOD : 100 mg/lt

- COD : 50 mg/lt
- SS
: 100 mg/lt
* Mc tiu
- Nc thi sau quy trnh x l s t tiu chun loi B (TCVN 5945 - 1995,
TCVN 6980 - 2001)
- Chi ph vn hnh, bo dng thp
- Quy trnh cng ngh n gin, d vn hnh. Trm x l gn p, m quan
- Khng lm pht sinh cc tc ng khc gy nh hng ti mi trng
115
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CHNG 9: TNH KINH T

9.1. Mc ch ngha
i vi mt doanh nghip sn xut v kinh doanh th y l khu c bit quan
trng, c vai tr lm c s chng minh cho tnh kh thi ca d n kinh t, n cho bit
ngun vn u t mc no, c t hiu qu khng. Tnh kinh t cng st vi thc
t th hot ng sn xut ca doanh nghip cng hiu qu.
Chnh v ng mt vai tr quan trng nh vy nn khi tnh ton cn phi tho
mn mt s yu cu sau :
+ m bo chnh xc trong tng cng on.
+ m bo tnh hp l trong tng thi im kinh t.
9.2. Ni dung tnh ton

Tnh ton kinh t cho mt nh my nc mm cn nhng phn sau:
9.2.1 . Danh mc ti sn c nh
Bao gm:
- Nh xng
- Thit b
- Chng trnh o to vn hnh, hun luyn chy th.
9.2.1.1. Nh xng
Bng 9.1. Danh mc chi ph xy dng nh xng
116
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n gi cho
1m2(triu ng)
Tng gi
thnh (triu
ng)
STT
Tn cng trnh
Din
tch (m2)
Nh hnh chnh (2 tng)
756
2,8
2116,8
Phng gii thiu sn phm
216
2,8
604,8
Nh bo v (2 nh)
72
2,8
201,6
Nh xe p, xe my
360
0,2
72
Gara t
216
2,0
432
Khu x l nguyn liu
288
2,6
748,8
Phn xng ln men

ngn ngy
1440
2,0
2880
Phn xng ln men di

ngy
1620
2,0
3240
Nh hon thin sn phm
360
2,6
936
10
Kho nguyn liu cha c
288
2,6
748,8
11
Kho nguyn liu cha

mui
1152
2,0
2304
12
Kho sn phm
1296
2,6
3369,6
13
Nh chai, hp
432
2,0
864
14
Bi than, x
216
0,2
43,2
15
Bi xe t ch hng
540
0,2
108
16
Nh cha b
72
2,0
144
17
Nh l hi
216
2,6
561,6
18
Xng c in
216
2,6
561,6
19
Trm pht in
54
2,8
151,2
20
Trm bin p
54
2,8
151,2
21
Nh v sinh(2 nh)
144
2,0
288
117
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22
Khu x l nc cp
216
23
Khu x l nc thi
432
Tng
0,2
0,2
10620
43,2
86,4
20656,8
Chi thm 20% s tin so vi tng u t xy dng xy dng h thng thot

nc, vn hoa, ng x, cc cng trnh ph,...s tin l:
20656,8 x 0,15 = 3098,5 (triu ng)
Vxd = 20656,8 + 3098,5 = 23755,3 (triu ng)
Tng din tch nh my l 33188 m2
Tin thu t : 150.000VN/m2/30 nm. S tin dnh cho thu t l
0,15 x 33188 = 4977 (triu ng)
Nn tng s tin dnh cho xy dng l:
23755,3 + 4977 = 28732,3 (triu ng)
9.2.1.2. Tnh vn cho u t v lp t thit b
Bng 9.2. Bng chi ph u t thit b
n gi
STT
Tn thit b
Thnh tin
S
lng
(triu
ng)
(triu ng)
Cn xe ti hm chm
10
10
Bng ti
18
24
My ra c
35
35
My trn c
30
30
Vt ti
20
40
Gu ti
15
45
Thit b ln men ngn ngy
92
40
3680
118
n tt nghip
B cha dch lc
10
40
B cha nc mui
18
36
10
B cha nc thuc
11
22
11
Thng ln men di ngy
108
648
12
B cha nc bi
54
162
13
B cha nc mm gy hng
14
18
14
B pha u nc mm 15gN/l
14
14
15
B pha u nc mm 20gN/l
10
10
16
Thng ha trn mui st
17
Dy chuyn chit chai, dp np,

dn nhn
2000
2000
18
My bm
19
95
19
My lc khung bn
20
20
20
B cha b
21
Thng CIP
10
40
22
Thit b phn tch vi sinh, ha l
200
200
23
H thng l hi
350
350
24
H thng x l nc cp
200
200
25
H thng x l nc thi
600
600
26
H thng trm bin p v my pht

in
700
700
H thng chng st v phng chy

cha chy
50
50
100
100
27
28
ng ng
Tng
9403
Kinh ph, vn chuyn, lp t chim 5% gi tr thit b:

5% 9403 = 470,2 (triu ng)
Vy tng kinh ph cho cc thit b chnh v vic vn chuyn, lp t chng l:
119
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Vtb = 9403 + 472,2 = 9873,2 (triu ng)

9.2.1.3. Tnh vn u t cho phng tin vn ti.
Bng 9.3. Chi ph cho phng tin vn ti
Loi xe
s lng
Gi(triu)
Thnh tin( triu

ng)
Xe con
400
800
t ti 2,5 tn
400
2400
Tng
3200
9.2.1.4. Kinh ph o to, hun luyn, vn hnh chy th

Chi ph ny ht 500 triu ng.
* Ti sn c nh ca nh my l:
VC = Vxd + Vtb + Vt+ Vpt
VC = 28732,3 + 9873,2 + 500 + 3200 = 42305,5 (triu ng)
9.2.1.5. Khu hao ti sn c nh:
Bng 9.3. Bng khu hao ti sn c nh
STT
Khon
mc
Xy dng
Thnh tin
Cch tnh
(triu
ng/nm)
Chi ph xy dng/s nm s dng
2873,2
(10 nm)
Thit b
Chi ph cho thit b/nm s dng
1410,5
(7 nm)
Chi ph o
to ban u
Chi ph o to/nm khu hao
166,7
(3nm)
120
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Thnh tin
STT
Khon
mc
Cch tnh
(triu
ng/nm)
Phng
tin vn ti
Chi ph cho phng tin vn ti/s

nm s dng(10 nm)
320
Tng gi tr khu hao ti sn c nh
4770,4
9.2.2. Tnh vn lu ng
Nh my mi nm sn xut 2 triu lt nc mm 15 gN/l, 2 triu lt nc
mm 20 gN/l v 1 triu lt nc mm 15 gN/l c b sung mui st.
9.2.2.1. Tnh nguyn vt liu
*Chi ph nguyn liu:

C tp:
Theo mc 3.5 lng c tp thc t cn mua vo mi nm l: 3362130 kg. Ga c
bnh qun l 3500 ng/kg. S tin mua c tp c nm l:
3362130 x 3500 = 11767455000 ng = 11767,5 (triu ng)
C cm:
Theo mc 3.4 lng c cm thc t cn mua vo mi nm l: 1021021 kg.
Ga c cm l 6000 ng/kg. S tin mua c cm c nm l:
1021021 x 6000 = 6126126000 ng = 6126,1 (triu ng)
Mui:
Theo bng 3.4 lng mui dng trong 1 nm l 1776129 kg. Ga mui l 700
ng/ kg. S tin mua mui c nm l:
1776129 x 700 = 1243290300 ng = 1243,3 (triu ng)
Enzyme:
Enzyme dng l enzyme Flavourzyme c gi l 1,2 triu/kg. Theo bng 3.4
lng enzyme dng mi nm l 3430,5 kg. S tin mua enzyme l:
121
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3430,5 x 1,2 = 4116,6 (triu ng)

*Tng chi ph nguyn liu chnh trong 1 nm l:
11767,5 + 6126,1 + 1243,3 + 375 = 19136,9 (triu ng)
Lng nguyn liu ph nh cht ph gia, cht dng v sinh st trng tnh
bng 5 % nguyn liu chnh:
Chi ph cho nguyn liu ph l:
5% x 19136,9 = 956,8 (triu ng)
*Tng chi ph cho tt c nguyn liu trong nh my l:
19136,9 + 956,8 = 20093,7( triu ng)
Thnh tin
Nguyn liu
S lng
Gi
tin(ng)
(triu ng/nm)
C tp
3362130 kg
3500
11767,5
C cm
1021021kg
6000
6126,1
Mui
1776129 kg
700
4116,6
Enzyme
3430,5kg
1200000
4116,6
Nguyn liu ph
956,8
Tng chi ph
20093,7
* Chi ph vt liu nh : chai, hp

Mi nm nh my sn xut 10 triu chai nc mm 500 ml. Ga mi v chai
nha l 350 ng. Chi ph mua chai l:
10000000 x 350 = 3500000000 = 3500 triu
Mi hp cha 24 chai. Lng hp nh my cn mi nm l :
10000000 : 24 = 416667 hp
Gi mi hp l: 1200 ng. Chi ph mua hp l:
416667 x 1200 = 500000400 ng = 500 triu
Chi ph cho np,v chai l 500 triu ng.
122
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*Vy tng s tin cn chi ph cho vt liu cha nc mm l:

350+500 + 500 = 4500 (triu ng)
* Tnh nhin liu, in
Thnh tin
Nhin liu
S lng
Gi
tin(ng)
(triu ng/nm)
in
1695583 (kwh)
1100
1865,1
Than
539640 (kg)
1263
681,6
Tng chi ph
2546,7
9.2.2.2. Tnh tin lng

Bng 9.4. Tng hp s cng nhn trong nh my
STT
Nhn cng
nh mc
lao ng/ ca
S ca/
ngy
Tng s
Xut nhp nguyn liu
Phn xng x l nguyn liu
12
Phn xng ln men ngn ngy
Phn xng ln men di ngy
Lc, pha nc mm
Chit chai, dp np
Kim tra chai
a chai t kho cha sang
Xp chai vo hp v a sang
kho thnh phm
10
Dn nhn
123
n tt nghip
11
Xut nhp sn phm
12
Li xe
13
Bo v
14
X l nc
15
X l nc thi
16
Sa cha c in
17
Trm in
18
L hi
19
Gii thiu sn phm
20
Qun l phn xng
12
21
V sinh
22
Y t
23
Nu n
Tng s cng nhn
129
Bng9.5. Cn b trong nh my
Stt
Phng ban
S ngi
Ban gim c
ng y,cng on
Phng ti v
Phng k thut
Phng k hoch vt t
Phng nhn s
10
Phng kinh doanh
Tng s cn b
24
124
n tt nghip
Thi gian lm vic thc t trong mt nm theo quy nh (tr ngy ngh l,
php,) l 283 ngy, thi gian lm vic ca my mc l 320 ngy.Vy h s iu
khuyt l:
K=
Ttb 320
=
= 1,13
Tcn 283
Vy s cng nhn trong phn xng l: 129 1,13 = 145,8 (ngi)

Ly s cng nhn l 146 ngi
Cn b qun l 24 ngi
Bng 9.6. Bng lng cn b, cng nhn vin
Lng bnh qun
Tng Lng
(triu ng/ngi/thng)
mt thng
146
1,5
219
Cn b
24
3,0
72
Tng
170
i tng
S lng
Cng nhn
291
* Cc khon trch theo lng (BHXH, BHYT, KPC) theo quy nh l 19%
(BHXH: 15%; KPC: 2%; BHYT: 2%)
- Ti b phn sn xut l: 219 x 19% = 41,6 (Triu ng)
- Ti b phn qun l l: 72 x 19% = 13,7 (Triu ng)
* Qu lng 1 nm
+ Ca b phn sn xut trc tip: 12 x (219 + 41,6 )= 3127,2 (triu ng)
+ Ca b phn qun l sn xut: 12 x (72 + 13,7)= 1028,4 (triu ng)
9.2.3. Tnh gi thnh sn xut sn phm

Bng 9.7. Bng chi ph
125
n tt nghip
Tng gi thnh
Ch tiu
(Triu)
- Nguyn vt liu trc tip
19609,5
- Nhn cng trc tip
3127,2
- Chi ph sn xut chung
11817,1
-Chi ph qun l
1028,4
-Chi ph bn hng
1779,1
Tng
37361,3
Trong :
Chi ph sn xut chung= CP khu hao TSC+ CP vt liu bao b+ CP dch v mua
ngoi (in, than,..)
Chi ph sn xut chung = 4770,4 +4500+ 2546,7 = 11817,1 triu
Chi ph bn hng tnh bng 5% tng chi ph.
Chi ph bn hng= 5% x (19609,5 + 3127,2 + 11817,1 + 1028,4)= 1779,1 triu
Theo mc 3.1. 1kg nguyn liu sn xut c 1 lt nc mm 20 gN/l trong
khi cng 1 kg nguyn liu s sn xut c 1,33 lt nc mm 15 gN/l. Do vy
ta c th coi chi ph cho 1 lt nc mm 20 gN/l gp 1,33 ln chi ph cho 1 lt nc
mm 15 gN/l.
Nh my mi nm sn xut 2 triu lt nc mm 20 gN/l v 3 triu lt nc mm 15
gN/l. Do ta tnh s b chi ph cho 1 lt nc mm 15 gN/l l:
37361,3 x 106 : ( 2000000 x 1,33 + 3000000) = 6601 ng
Chi ph cho 1 lt nc mm 20 gN/l l :
6601 x 1,33 = 8779 ng
9.2.4. Tnh gi bn sn phm

* Gi bn sn phm nc mm 15 gN/l
A: Gi bn cha bao gm VAT (VND/ lit)
c li th A > 6601 ng/lt
Vi mc li nhun k vng: 25 %.
126
n tt nghip
Gi bn 1 lt sn phm l: A x (1+ 0,25)= 8251(ng/lt)

Ta chn gi bn ra th trng l: 8500 (ng/lt)
V mc ch x hi, gp phn ci thin dinh dng cng ng nn nc mm
15 gN/l c b sung mui st cng bn ra vi gi 8500 ng.
* Gi bn sn phm nc mm 20 gN/l
- Vi cng thc tnh nh trn ta tnh c gi bn d tnh ca nc mm 20
gN/l l: 10974 (ng/lt)
Vy ta chn gi bn ra th trng l 1100(ng/lt)
9.2.5. Doanh thu v thu nhp

- Cc thu nhp khc (ph phm nh my nc mm phc v cho ngnh chn
nui nn khng phi ng thu tiu th c bit)
* Lng b mm thu c hng nm
Theo bng 3.4 lng b thu c mi nm l 1243674 kg. Ga bn b l 800
ng/kg. Thu nhp t b l: 1243674 x 800 = 994939200 ng = 994,9 triu
* Doanh thu bn hng
Doanh thu bn hng = cng sut thit k x gi bn cha tnh thu
8500 x 3000000 + 11000 x 2000000 (ng ) = 47500 triu ng
9.3. nh gi d n v tnh thi gian hon vn.
STT
Ch tiu
Tng gi tr
(triu ng)
Doanh thu bn hng
47500
Cc chi ph ngoi tr khu hao
Thu nhp khc
994,9
Dng tin trc thu CFBT (4 = 1- 2 +3)
15904
32590,9
T kt qu tnh ton trn ta c bng dng tin hng nm ca d n:

Dng tin sau thu: CFAT = CFBT thu thu nhp
127
n tt nghip
CFAT = CFBT (CFBT khu hao) x 25%

( thu thu nhp doanh nghip l 25% ca cc thu nhp chu thu)
Ly li sut chit khu R= 11,5%
Bng 9.8. Bng dng tin trc v sau thu trong cc nm
Nm
CFBT (triu
ng)
-42305,5
15904
Khu hao
(triu ng)
CFAT (triu
ng)
NPV
NPVi
-42305,5
-42305,5
-42305,5
4770,4
13120,6
11767,35
-30538,15
15904
4770,4
13120,6
10553,68
-19984,47
15904
4770,4
13120,6
9465,18
-10519,29
15904
4603,7
13078,9
8461,98
-2057,31
15904
4603,7
13078,9
7589,22
5531,91
15904
4603,7
13078,9
6806,47
12338,38
15904
4603,7
13078,9
6104,46
18442,84
15904
3193,2
12726,3
5327,25
23770,09
15904
3193,2
12726,3
4777,80
28247,89
10
15904
3193,2
12726,3
4285,03
32532,92
Qua bng trn ta thy
NPV4 < 0 < NPV5
Do sau 5 nm nh my s hon vn.

NPV10 = 32532,92 triu ng
Bng 9.9: Bng tnh IRR
128
n tt nghip
Qua bng trn ta thy IRR = 28 % > r =11,5%. Do vy d n t hiu qu kinh t,c
tnh kh thi.
129
n tt nghip
KT LUN
Nc mm l sn phm truyn thng ca nc ta. N ra i t rt lu nhng
hin nay ngh lm nc mm vn theo qui trnh th cng, thi gian qu di, hiu
qu kinh t thp. Mc d c nhiu nghin cu c thc hin ci tin qu
trnh sn xut nhng cha c trin khai rng trong thc t, ch dng qui m th
im vi sn lng nh.
Qua 3 thng thc hin ti Thit k nh my nc mm nng sut 5
triu lt/nm n nay c bn em hon thnh. ti ny gii quyt c mt
s ni dung sau, khc phc phn no kh khn ca ngnh ch bin nc mm:
Rt ngn thi gian ch bin nc mm t 6 -12 thng xung cn 45 -60 ngy,
nh b sung ch phm enzyme protease Flavourzyme 0,1%.
Ci thin hng v nc mm ngn ngy bng cch ko rt nc mm ngn
ngy qua chp sn xut nc mm di ngy vi nguyn liu l c ni.
C gii ha mt phn dy chuyn sn xut nng cao nng sut nh my nc
mm.
Tuy nhin, sn xut nc mm theo phng php ny vn cn tn ti nhng
nhc im nh:
Hng v nc mm khng ngon bng nc mm ln men di ngy.
Khng ng b trong sn xut do phi ko qua chp gy hng di ngy.
nng cao hiu qu kinh t ng thi to s ng b trong sn xut ta phi
tip tc nghin cu hng mi ci to hng nc mm. l phn lp,
cy vi sinh vt gy hng chp ln men di ngy tt vo chp ln men
ngn ngy.
Qua qu trnh thit k n, tnh ton kinh t em nhn thy sn xut theo
phng php ngn ngy, b sung enzyme kt hp vi gy hng bng chp di
ngy cht lng tt l mt phng n tt ci tin cch sn xut nc mm, em
li li nhun cao, c th nhn rng trong thc t. y l d n c tnh kh thi
thc hin
130
n tt nghip
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Nguyn Trng Cn Minh Phng, 1996. Cng ngh ch bin thc
phm thy sn tp 1: nguyn liu ch bin thy sn. Nh xut bn nng
nghip
2. Nguyn Trng Cn Minh Phng, 1990. Cng ngh ch bin thc
phm thy sn tp 2:p mui, ch bin nc mm, ch bin kh, thc n
chn. Nh xut bn nng nghip
3. Nguyn trng Cn,Nguyn Th Hin, Th Giang, Trn Th Luyn ,1998
Cng ngh enzyme
4. TS Nguyn th D,TS Bi Quang Thut,2001.
Nghin cu cng ngh to hng v xc nh phng php phi ch ph
hp cho bnh ko. Bo co tng ti
5. GS.TS. Nguyn Th Hin, 2006. Cng ngh sn xut m chnh v cc sn
phm ln men c truyn. Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut
6. TS. ng Vn Hp. Ti u ha cng ngh chit xut proteaza t Asp.
Oryzae v ng dng n trong sn xut nc mm. Lun n tin s k thut
7. Lng Hu ng, 1975. K thut sn xut nc mm. Nh xut bn khoa
hc v k thut
8. L Th Phng Tho,2008. B sung st vo nc mm. Lun vn thc s
9. Nguyn Hng Thm. Thit k h thng x l nc thi nh my nc
mm. Lun vn tt nghip
10. PGS.TS. Phm Thu Thy: Bi ging cng ngh enzyme
11. www.baovietnam.vn: Chn nc mm ngon, tt cho sc khe
12. http://smarket.vn :
Bank Invest v TPG Group u t vo Masan
13. http://fishsauce.wordpress.com:
M rng ng xut ngoi cho nc mm Ph Quc
14. http://www.kinhtenongthon.com.vn :
Ra mt thng hiu nc mm Nha Trang
15. thongtinkhcn.binhthuan.gov.vn :
131
n tt nghip
Kt qu hot ng Khoa hc v Cng - Bn tin Khoa hc Cng ngh

16. www.mpi.gov.vn:
Sn lng thy sn
17. http://www.ebook.edu.vn/
Qui trnh sn xut nc mm
18. http://www.nuocmamphuquoc.org
28 TCN230:2006: Nc mm Ph Quc
132

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n tt nghip

Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm

Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50

Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm

3.6. Chu k sn xut trong 1 nm ca chp gy hng ............................................ 45

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5.2. Nguyn tc b tr tng mt bng ............................................................................ 73

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7.2.3. An ton v in ............................................................................................... 108

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Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm

CHNG 1: LP LUN KINH T K THUT

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Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm

Hi Hu ( Nam nh)nhng sn lng ch l mt phn nh so vi tng sn

Hnh 1.1. Nc mm trn th trng

1.2. La chn a im xy dng nh my

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L mt huyn ven bin do vy gn ngun nguyn liu, gim chi ph vn

1.2. Ngun cung cp nguyn liu

Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50

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1.4. Giao thng vn ti

1.5. Ngun nhn lc

1.6. Th trng tiu th

1.7. V sinh mi trng, x l nc thi

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CHNG 2: LA CHN V THUYT MINH DY CHUYN

Hnh 2.1: Nguyn liu c ch bin nc

Theo gi tr s dng lm nc mm th c c chia lm 3 nhm:

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C nhm 2: gm c sn, c nc, c cm duyn hi ch yu l c linh, s

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Bng 2.3. Thnh phn ha hc ca cc loi c nc mn [5]

Thnh phn ha hc( % khi lng)

Cc thnh phn ha hc chnh ca c gm: nc, protein, lipid, cc vitamin

Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50

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Gm myoalbumin, globulin v cc enzyme, chim khong 25 30 % tng

Cc cht chit xut cha nit:

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Thnh phn c bn ca nhm ny l: cc baz bay hi nh amoniac v

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Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm

Vitamin v cht khong:

Nguyn Th Hin - Lp CNLM K50

Thit k nh my nc mm 5 triu lt/nm

Bng 2.5. Tiu chun mui n

4. Hm lng NaCl tnh theo % khi 97,00

5. Hm lng cht khng tan trong nc, 0,25

6. Hm lng m tnh theo % khng ln 9,50