CNG

SN
TNG
TRUYN
THNG

NGH
XUT

Tng l mt sn phm truyn

thng c t lu i. Tng l mt
gia v rt thng dng trong mm
cm ca ngi Vit Nam v mt
s nc Chu khc, n c
ngun gc t Trung Quc. T
ngy xa, ngi ta bit cch
lm tng t ht u nnh.
Nguyn liu: u nnh, go, bt
m, ng, mui v nc. u nnh
c mu sc khc nhau, trong
u nnh mu vng l loi tt nht
c trng v s dng nhiu.

nhit tt. Trong thi gian , vic

thm v o mc c thc hin
t 1-2 ln. Sau 12-15 ngy nu
mc ln u c mu vng da cam
(mu hoa ci) hoc mu en ng
nh mt l c. Lc ny mc
c bp vn ra, em phi nng
cho tht gin v cui cng l cho
vo ti nilon gi kn ch ngy ng
tng, mu c trng ca mc.
Thng v phi nng khong 79 ngy.

Mc tng

nng.

Phi tng

Ch c quy mt ln trc khi

phi. Sau khi khuy v phi nng
xong phi y k li.
Tng ngon, tng ngt l tng
c nng, lm bng mc np
thm,nhiu . Nhn vo chum
tng thy mnh u l lng
trong nc tng c qunh, mi
thm nh c cht ru, cng mi
ngt lm.Mu ca n c mu vng
ng snh nh mt ong.

ra sch, em rang.
ngui sau c xay (xit) v
i,v ba, sy b v, cho vo ni
nu ri vo chum hay che vi
nc l ngm v em phi
nng 7 ngy.

Tng ngon
u nnh

Cch lm:Go np hay ng gin,

sng k sao cho khng cn ht
gy. Ngm k, i sch v nu
thnh xi. Xi em vo mc, ri
u ra nong, ra nia v phun mt
lp nc ch xanh c snh trc
khi ph lp l dy em i
trong bung kn.

Xi trc khi em

Thng thng ngi ta chn l

nhn, l chui, l ch xanh hoc l
rng ph v c kh nng gi

Sy cho vo chum

Tip theo l qu trnh ng tng.

Ng tng, thng thc hin vo
bui khuya, l qu trnh trn 2 th
mc v mui rang (khng c
dng mui it) vo chum nc
tng phi.Mc tng phi
kh gi nh, em vo nc
v b mui vo quy cho mui v
mc u ha tan vo nhau. C 5
nc tng th 1 mui, khng
c b qu nhiu mui v nhiu
th tng s mn,cn nu b t
mui th tng hng (gi l tng
nh). Mi ngy 2 ln vo bui
sng v bui chiu, chum tng
phi c khuy u vi thi gian
10 pht/ln, m chum tng dng
mt chic a bp cc to (thanh
khuy) quy u, sau phi
1

Hin nay, ngi ta chuyn cch

lm tng th cng sang quy m
cng nghip sn xut lin tc,
nh vy mi p ng c nhu
cu ca ngi tiu dng.

Cc loi tng cng nghip

Tng l mn n truyn thng,

mt c sn, sn vt ca mi vng
min. Ngy nay,t nc i mi,
cuc sng ngi dn ngy cng
nng cao vi nhiu n, thc
ung ngon v b dng nhng
tng sn xut truyn thng vn l

mn nc chan, nc chm khng

th thiu trong ba n thng nht
ca ngi dn.

CNG NGH SN
XUT NC MM
TRUYN THNG
Nc mm l sn phm gn b
vi ngi dn Vit Nam t ngn
i, ngi dn Vit Nam , ang
v s s dng nc mm cho nhu
cu n hng ngy.

Sn phm nc mm s c phi
trn v phn thnh cc loi theo
m. Nc mm cht lng
cao nht c sn xut sau thi
gian trong chum 3 nm, lc ny
hm lng protein t 35
m/lt.
p mui
Qu trnh ln men din ra, protein
c c phn hy to ra cc axit
amin. Thng thng, thi gian
p qu trnh phn hy chuyn
t protein thnh axit amin khong
1 3 nm. Trong qu trnh p,
chp c phi nng qu
trnh phn hy din ra nhanh,
ng thi to mi v c trng ca
nc mm.

Nu mun t m cao
hn,phi phi nng lu hn
dung dch bay hi lm tng
m c, khi tng m c s
lm tng mn ca nc mm.

Thit b o mn ca nc mm
Nc mm Gia v truyn thng
Nc mm truyn thng sn xut
t nguyn liu c bin, ch yu l
c cm, c mi, c nc,

C cm Nguyn liu lm nc
mm Ph Quc ni ting
Saukhi thu mua t tu nh bt, c
c p mui vi t l 2 c/1
mui, o u v chuyn trc tip
vo thng cha. Thng cha c
lm bng g si, chum snh hoc
b xi mng. Hn hp c v mui
sau khi c o nhuyn (gi l
chp) th y np thng li.

Phi nng
Thi gian ln men s t l thun
vi cht lng sn phm nhng
cng khng qu 3 nm, bi sau 3
nm, protein trong c s b phn
hy ht. Khi qu trnh ln men
hon tt, hm lng protein trong
dung dch chp t 20 26
m/lt. Sau khi cht ln u,
tip nc un si vo b lng v
b sung thm mui, phn b li
c o ln. Sau 10 15 ngy,
cht ly nc ln hai. t ny,
hm lng m t 10 17
m/lt. Quy trnh c lp li n
ln th 3, hm lng m t 8
12 m.

Nc mm cht

Ngy nay, vi nhu cu cao ca

ngi tiu dng v s tin b ca
khoa hc cng ngh, nc mm
truyn thng ngy cng khan
him, trong khi nc mm
cng nghip ngy cng c sn
xut v s dng rng ri.

Nc mm cng nghip
Khc vi nc mm truyn thng,
nc mm cng nghip c protein
c chit rt, bin i thnh axit
amin theo phng php thy phn
di tc ng ca axit hoc
enzim. to mi, mu, ngt,
nh sn xut s dng cc
nguyn liu b sung nh cht to
hng, cht bo qun (benzoate),
cht to mu (caramel), cht gi
mu (ascorbic axit), cht to ngt
(glutamate)
Tuy nhin, vi nhu cu a dng
ca ngi dng hin nay, nc
mm sn xut theo cng ngh
truyn thng vn c a chung
v s dng. Mt s ni nh Ph

Quc, Phan Thit rt ni ting vi

ngh lm nc mm truyn thng.

Nh thng nc mm Ph Quc

CNG NGH SN XUT M

CHNH BNG PHNG PHP
LN MEN

M chnh (bt ngt) l gia v ln men thu c qua qu

trnh ln men cc nguyn liu: Mt ma, ng, sn,
ng, go, nh vi sinh vt. M chnh c dng
nm nm trong ch bin cc mn n lm tng hng v
ngt bi t nhin (umami) ca thc phm.

Sn xut m chnh
Cng on thy phn: Dng -amilaza, -amilaza
thy phn tinh bt thnh ng. Sau ty mu v p
lc tch cc phn b v cc cht khng ha tan, c
dch ng glucoza 16 18%.

S dng m chnh nu n
Nguyn liu sn xut m chnh gm: Tinh bt sn, r
ng ma (pha long n 13- 14%), c th c mui
amon, mui photphat, mui sulfat, biotin, vitamin B,
c bit cn cc chng vi sinh vt ln men.

My lc
Cng on ln men c 3 giai on nh l nui ging
cp I, nui ging cp II v ln men ln. Nui ging
cp I v cp II gip nhn ging chng vi sinh vt ln
men t s lng phc v cho qu trnh ln men.
ging thun v mnh cn kh trng mi trng
m bo.

R ng ma
Sn xut m chnh gm 4 cng on chnh: Thy phn
tinh bt, ln men, trao i ion tch axit glutamic ra
khi dch ln men v cui cng l trung ha, tinh ch
glutamate natri tinh khit.
Ni hp thanh trng

Ln men ln l chuyn ha ng glucoza v m v

c thnh axit glutamic, gm 3 giai on nh. Giai
on u t 8 12h giai on tng sinh khi. Giai
on gia t gi th 10, 12 24, 26h giai on t
bo vi sinh vt khng tng thm. Giai on cui khi
hm lng ng 1% th ln men kt thc.

cng l sy m chnh bng cch ri ra khay nhm v

a vo t sy.
Cng on cui cng l sng m chnh, phn loi v
bao gi.

Cng on trao i ion tch ly glutamic ra khi dch

ln men: Trc tin cn x dch bn trn b mt, o
trn, ra bng nc sch. Sau cho nc nng 60 oC
gia nhit ti khi nc thi t 48% th cho NaOH 5%
vo tch. Tip theo, cho nc gim dn nhit
lm lnh kt tinh v chuyn sang c c kt tinh. Cui

CNG NGH SN
XUT INSULIN
Cng ngh sn xut Insulin l
mt trong nhng cng ngh ng
dng cng ngh sinh hc trong
sn xut hp cht c hot tnh
sinh hc cao.
Insulin l mt dng hoocmon iu
chnh lng ng trong mu
ngi v ng vt, thiu Insulin s
gy ra bnh tiu ng, sau s
dn n cc bnh l khc.

Sn phm m chnh

Ngy nay, ngi ta sn xut

Insulin bng cng ngh di truyn
vi s lng ln, tinh sch v c
tnh an ton cao, trong , sn
xut Insulin bng cng ngh AND
ti t hp c hiu qu kinh t v
cht lng sn phm bo m
nht.
Tng hp Insulin ngi l mt
qu trnh gm nhiu bc: To ra
cc chui ring bit, kt hp ha
hc hoc to mt tin cht chui
n proinsulin ngi, sau phn
ct to thnh insulin hon
chnh.
Bc 1: Bng k thut tch gen
s dng trong sinh hc phn t
tch c gen m ha proinsulin
ngi trn nhim sc th s 11.

S dng Insulin
Thng thng, cc hp cht c
hot tnh sinh hc nh Insulin
c tng hp vi mt lng nh
trong t bo ca c th ngi v
ng vt bnh thng. Mt s
ngi thiu ht cc hp cht trn
gy ra cc bnh l v cn iu
tr b sung vo c th.

Bc 2: Tch v thit k plasmit

ti t hp bng cch ct gen m
ha proinsulin v plasmit bng
mt loi enzyme gii hn v ni
chng vi nhau bng AND ligase
ca phage T4. Sau thit k cc
trnh t m ha chocacs protein
tn hiu gip vn chuyn Insulin
ra ngoi t bo cht.

Tch v bin np Plasmit ti t

hp vo E.coli
Sau qu trnh bin np cn chn
lc c nhng dng vi khun
mang gen mong mun nh cc
gen nh du.
Bc 4: Cc vi khun chuyn gen
sau c a vo ni ln men.
Nui chng trong cc ni ln men
vi iu kin ti u, s dng
phng php nui cy lin tc. C
20 pht li c hng triu vi khun
c nhn ln qua nguyn phn.
Nh vy, sau mt thi gian ngn,
sinh khi s tng.

Bc 3: Bin np plasmit ti t
hp vo E.coli nh phng php
trn vi sung dch ion Ca2+ hoc
to l xung in.

Ni ln men

Cu trc phn t Insulin

Bc 5: Tin tinh sch: Sau khi

ln men cn tch t bo v kh
trng nhit. Dng enzyme
lizozyme ph v mng t bo, sau
dng hn hp cht ty ra
tch lp mng lipit, sau li tm
v lc tch c proinsulin.

cng trnh nghin cu i mi quy

trnh sn xut.
Mc d vy, cng ngh sn xut
Insulin s dng AND ti t hp
vn c p dng rng ri v hiu
qu cao nht.

CNG NGH NUI

CY M V T
BO THC VT

Nui cy m v t bo thc vt
l phng php nui cy
nguyn liu thc vt trn mi
trng dinh dng nhn to
trong iu kin v trng.

Nui cy m gip nhn nhanh

ging thc vt
Quy trnh sn xut nui cy m
gm: Chn lc v chun b cy
m; nui cy khi ng; nhn
nhanh; ra r invitro, cui cng l
chuyn ra mi trng t nhin.
Nguyn liu s dng l m nui
cy c th hu ht cc b phn
khc nhau ca thc vt nh: R,
thn, l, hoa, ht, nh sinh
trng,

My li tm
Bc 6: Hot ha proinsulin
invitro bng cch x l dung dch
m, gip n t cu trc bc 4,
sau dng enzyme c hiu
trypsin phn ct proinsulin. Khi
, sn phm thu c mi c
hot tnh cn thit.
Bc 7: Bng phng php sc
k, tch v phng php min dch
gn enzyme tinh sch hn hp
ch cn Insulin. Cui cng, Insulin
c tinh th ha.

Tinh th Insulin
V c bn, sn xut Insulin ng
dng cng ngh AND ti t hp
to ra sn phm c cht lng
mong mun, ph hp vi nhu cu
s dng ca con ngi, gp vai
tr quan trng trong ngnh y hc
ni chung. Tuy nhin, do mt s
vn nh khng Insuln v phi
s dng Insulin ht c cuc i
ngi mc bnh nn ngy nay
trn th gii xut hin kh nhiu

Nui cy m thc vt
C s khoa hc ca cng ngh l
tnh ton nng ca t bo thc vt,
l kh nng t bo t bt k m
sng no ca c th thc vt nu
c nui trong mi trng nui
cy thch hp u c th pht trin
thnh cy nguyn vn c trng
cho loi c th v ra hoa kt qu
bnh thng.
Nui cy m v t bo thc vt
cn gi l nui cy thc vt
invitro (trong ng nghim)
phn bit vi cc qu trnh nui
cy trong iu kin t nhin ngoi
ng nghim, gi l nui cy
invivo.
Nui cy invitro c ngha to ln
trong cng tc ging cy trng
mt s im chnh nh: Nhn
nhanh v duy tr nhng ging c
ngha khoa hc, c gi tr kinh t
cao; lm sch bnh virut phc
trng nhng ging thoi ha v
lm phong ph vt liu di truyn
cho cng tc chn to ging.
5

Chun b cy m
Ty theo s tip xc vi mi
trng bn ngoi, cc b phn ny
cha t hay nhiu vi khun v
nm. Hu nh khng th v trng
m nui cy c nu nm v vi
khun nm su cc t bo bn
trong ch khng hn ch b mt.
Do bc u tin cn thanh
trng m nui cy.
Phng thc v trng m nui
cy thng dng nht hin nay l
dng cc ha cht c hot tnh dit
nm khun. Trong thi gian x l,
m cy phi ngp hon ton trong
dung dch dit khun.

X l cy m
Mu thc vt sau khi kh trng
c s dng nui cy to
callus trn mi trng thun li.

min,s dng di dng cha

m mm a vo nghin; v
dng ng hoc bn thnh phm
t ng nh xiro tinh bt, xiro
malt, xiro caramel,

Callus pht trin t m thc vt

i mch

Callus va hnh thnh s c

chuyn vo cc mi trng ti
sinh chi, c b sung cytokinin
nng cao kch thch s
phn ha chi.
Chi invitro thu c khi t
kch thc nht nh, c thn,
l c chuyn vo mi trng c
b sung auxin kch thch chi
ra r.

Cy invitro trang tr

CNG
NGH
SN XUT BIA

Trong , hoa houblon c vai tr

quan trng gip to v ng du,
hng thm c trng cho bia,
tng kh nng to v gi bt, tng
bn keo, n nh thnh phn
ha hc ca bia v to tnh khng
khun cho bia.

L mt mt hng c tnh cnh

tranh cao trn th trng ung
ni ring cng nh trn th trng
tiu th ni chung, bia v cng
ngh sn xut bia lun c i
mi cng ngh nhm p ng nhu
cu ngy cng kht khe t phi
khch hng v ng thi gia tng
li nhun.
Hoa Houblon

Callus ra r v chi

Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut bia

gm 3 giai on chnh: Sn xut
dch ng ln men; ln men bia
v hon thin sn phm.

Sau khi to c cy hon chnh,

ta chuyn cy invitro ra vn m
cy non thch nghi vi iu
kin mi trng.

Bia ti

Vn m cy
Ngoi ra, vi nhu cu a dng ca
ngi tiu dng hin nay, nui cy
m cn c ngha to ln trong to
cc mu cy cnh, cy trang tr
p mt.

Sn xut dch ng ln men

gm nghin malt v th liu, nu
(ng ha), lc v ra b, nu
hoa v cui cng l lm lnh dch
ng.

Bia l nc gii kht c phng

thc sn xut truyn thng lu i
bng qu trnh ln men ca
ng.

Nghin malt v th liu gip tng

b mt tip xc vi nc, gip
thc y qu trnh ng ha, qu
trnh thy phn nhanh, trit
hn.

Nguyn liu sn xut bia c i

mch, hoa houblon, nm men,
nc v cc cht ph gia. Ngoi
ra, gim gi thnh, ci thin
mi v, bo qun lu hn, ngi ta
cn s dng mt s nguyn liu
thay th nh: Cc loi thc, go,
ng, tiu mch, yn mch, la

Qu trnh nu gip chuyn phn

ln tinh bt trong malt v th liu
thnh nhng cht ha tan di tc
ng ca enzyme. Qu trnh ny
s dng mt s cht ph gia
lm mu, tng bn vng, lng
cc cn mn, cho bia.

Lc v ra b nhm tch v thu

kit cht ha tan khi b, tng s
khuch tn cc cht tan vo trong
dch ng.
Nu hoa gip ha tan cc cht
ng,cht thm, cht to mi v,
mu cho bia, tiu dit vi sinh vt
v iu chnh dch ng. Sau
c th dng lc ly tm hoc lng
trong xoy tm tch b hoa v
cc ta cn.

hu ht cc nc trn th gii vi
sn lng ngy cng tng.

Nhng hng bia ni ting th gii

i vi nc ta, bia tr thnh
ngnh cng nghip mi nhn
trong cng nghip nc ta.

Nu hoa
Lm lnh dch ln men nhm
trnh s xm nhp v pht trin
ca vi sinh vt bn ngoi, m bo
s ha tan oxy cn thit cho men
pht trin trong giai on u
trc khi ln men.
Tip theo, qu trnh ln men bia
gip thay i cht v lng ca
cc cht ha tan c trong dch
ng v bin dch ng thnh
dch bia nh vi sinh vt ln men.

Thit b sn xut bia

Cui cng,bia c hon thin
nh cc cng on lc bia, bo
ha CO2, chit bia v thanh trng
sn phm.
Sn phm bia c cn thp, bt
mn xp v c hng v c trng
ca hoa houblon. c bit CO2
ha tan trong bia c tc dng gii
nhit nhanh, h tr cho qu trnh
tiu ha, ngoi ra trong bia cn
cha mt lng vitamin kh
phong ph. Nh nhng u im
ny, bia c s dng rng ri

Thuc tr su Bt dit c
su khoang
C s khoa hc sn xut ch
phm thuc tr su sinh hc
l: Vi khun c tinh th
protein c giai on bo
t. Sau khi nut phi bo t
c tinh th protein c, c
th su b b t lit v b
cht sau 2 4 ngy.

Nhng hng bia ni ting

Vit Nam

CNG NGH SN
XUT CH PHM
THUC TR SU
BT
Bng k thut cng ngh
sinh hc, cc nh khoa hc
nghin cu sn xut ch
phm Bacillus thuringienis
(Bt) phng tr cc loi su
keo, su t, su khoang t
hiu qu sau 5 7 ngy
phun thuc. Ch phm Bt
sn xut theo phng php
ln men ph hp vi iu
kin ca Vit Nam.

Protein c (Crystal)
T vi khun Bacillus
thuringienis ngi ta sn
xut c thuc tr su Bt.

Vi khun Bacillus
thuringienis
Nguyn liu sn xut ch
phm thuc tr su Bt gm
cm la m, bt ng, nc,
ging vi sinh vt v cc cht
ph gia,

Bt ng
Bt c sn xut ch yu
theo 2 cch: ln men thng
(ln men b mt) v ln men
chm c sc kh. Hin nay
ngi ta s dng phng
php ln men chm v mang
li hiu qu cao.

Quy trnh tng qut sn xut

ch phm Bt: Chng Bt
thun khit Nhn ging
cp 1 Nhn ging cp 2
Thi gian ln men: 48- 72
h, pH = 7, nhit : 30oC
Ln menLc v ly
tmThu sinh khiHon
thin sn phm.
Sn phm c ng gi v
ch thnh cc dng ch
phm khc nhau.

Ch phm dit b gy dng

dch th
Mt s ch phm Bt tr su:
Agritol,
Larvatrol,
Thuricide, c bit l
Xentari 35 WDG dit tr 60
loi su hi thuc b cnh
phn khng cc loi
thuc ha hc khc trn 200
loi cy trng khc nhau.

Ch phm dit b gy dng

bnh li ng tan chm
Dng ch phm cng l mt
yu t quan trng quyt nh
hiu qu phng tr su
bnh. Ch phm Bt c cc
dng: Nc, bt, bt thm
nc, nang keo.

Mt s hnh nh sn phm Bt
trn th trng Vit Nam

H thng ln men chm

CNG
NGH
SN
XUT
KHNG SINH PENICILLIN
Ngy nay ngi ta bit trn 2000 cht khng
sinh, nhng ch mi c khong 50 cht c dng
vo t liu ha hc cha cc bnh nhim vi sinh vt
trong y hc v mt s ngnh khc. Mt trong
nhng ch phm cht khng sinh ph bin l
penicillin.

Khng sinh penicillin dng

vin nn
Penicillin l cht khng sinh c tm ra u tin v
c sn xut sm nht dng cha mt s bnh do vi
khun vo nhng nm u ca chin tranh th gii th
hai. Ngy nay,cht khng sinh ny c sn xut mt
lng rt ln vi cng ngh hin i v c dng kh
ph bin trong y hc.
8

Ht ng cc
Nguyn liu c thanh trng ri ri ra khay m
bo thong kh trn b mt mi trng.
Khi mi trng c kh trng v lm ngui n
30oC, tin hnh trn ging nm vi t l 5 10%.
tng cng kh nng pht trin v sinh tng hp ca
nm, ngi ta thng thi kh bng qut gi c lp h
thng lm sch. Qu trnh ln men ko di 6 7 ngy
24 28oC.
Sau khi ln men, dch nui cy c thu li, chit, li
tm v lc thnh dch chit th. Dch chit th c
tinh sch thnh penicillin.
Penicillin c tm ra v s dng u tin trong chin
tranh th gii th hai
Cng ngh ln men sn xut penicillin mang nt c
th ring ca tng c s sn xut v cc thng tin ny
rt hn ch cung cp cng khai. Ngay c bng sng
ch cng c gii hn nhng cng on nht nh, v
vy rt kh a ra cng ngh sn xut cng nghip.
Theo hng gist-brocades, ton b dy chuyn chia lm
4 cng on chnh: Ln men X l ln men, tinh
ch thu bn thnh phm penicillin t nhin Sn
xut cc penicillin bn tng hp Pha ch cc loi
thuc khng sinh.
Nguyn liu: Cm v ht ng cc cc loi, chng nm
sn xut penicillin.

Khng sinh penicillin dng dch

X L NC
THI
BNG
CNG
NGH
SINH HC
X l nc thi l qu trnh loi
b cht nhim ra khi nc
thi thng qua cc qu trnh vt
l, ha hc, v sinh hc loi
b cc cht nhim a

chng v cc dng cht khc

nhau nh cht lng khng c
hi vi mi trng.
Phng php x l nc thi
bng cng ngh sinh hc v
ang c ng dng rng ri
trong cng nghip c dng .
x l cc cht hu c ho tan,
cht v c H2S, sunfit, ammonia,
nit l cc cht nhim c
trong nc thi c x l
da trn hot ng ca vi sinh vt
(VSV) phn hu cht hu c
9

gy nhim VSV s dng cht

hu c .v mt s khong cht
lm thc n sinh trng v
pht trin.
X l nc thi bng phng
php sinh hc c chia thnh 2
phng php khc nhau:
+ Phng php x l nc thi
bng VSV hiu kh. Phng php
ny s dng cc loi VSV hiu
kh tc l chng cn cung cp mt
lng oxi lin tc trong qu trnh

phn hy cht nhim.

+ Phng php x l nc
bng VSV k kh phng php
ny s dng cc loi VSV sng k
kh tc mi trng khng c oxi
trong qu trnh phn hy cht
nhim.
Chng ta cng tm hiu v
phng php s dng VSV hiu
kh x l nc thi.
Qu trnh x l hiu khi gm 3
giai on:
+ Giai on 1: Qu trnh Oxy ho
cc cht hu c to thnh CO2 v
H2O, mt phn nng lng
C xH y O z + O2 => CO 2 + H2O
+ DH
+ Giai oan 2: VSV tin hnh
tng
hp
t
bo
mi:
C x H yO z +.NH3 + O 2 => CO 2
+ H 2 O + DH
+ Giai on 3 Phn hu ni bo:
C 5H 7 NO 2 + 5O 2 => 5CO 2 +
5 H 2O + NH 3 DH
Cc qu trnh x l sinh hc
bng phng php hiu kh c th
xy ra iu kin t nhin hoc
nhn to. Phng php x l
nhn to qu trnh x l c tc
v hiu sut.cao hn rt nhiu.
Tu vo trng thi tn ti ca vi
sinh vt, qu trnh x l sinh
hc hiu kh nhn to c th
chia thnh:
+ X l sinh hc hiu kh vi vi
sinh vt tn ti dng l lng
ch yu s dng kh cht hu c
cha carbon nh qu trnh bn
hot tnh, h lm thong...

Cu trc thit b lc sinh hc

+ X l sinh hc hiu kh vi vi
sinh vt tn ti dng dnh bm
nh qu trnh bn hot tnh dnh
bm, b lc nh git, b lc cao
ti, a sinh hc, b phn ng
nitrate ho vi mng c nh

H thng x l nc thi bng

vi sinh

H thng x l sinh hc hiu kh

X l nc thi bn hot tnh

hiu kh.
Trong b bn hot tnh hiu kh
vi sinh vt sinh trng dng l
lng, qu trnh phn hu xy ra
khi ncthi tip xc vi bn
trong iu kin sc kh lin tc
qu trnh sc kh lin tc nhm
cung cp mt lng oxi n nh.
Qu trnh ny s gip cho phn
ng oxi ha din ra nhanh ng
thi cc cht nhim tch t mt
phn vi sinh vt hp th cho giai
on hnh thnh t bo mt phn
to ra nng lng cung cp cho
qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu
c b oxy ho hon ton thnh
CO2, H2O, NO3-, SO42-...
+ X l sinh hc VSV tng trng
dnh bm. B bn hot tnh vi
VSV dnh bm. Phng php ny
tng t nh VSVdng l lng
ch khc vi sinh vt pht trin dnh
bm trn vt liu tip xc t
trong b. Phng php ny c u
im vt tri hn thi gian x l
cng nh tc x l nhanh gim
c qu trnh tiu hao nhiu
nng lng. Phng php ny
c ng dng rng ri trong
qu trnh x l nhim nc thi.
Bn cht ca x l nc thi
bng cng ngh sinh hc m tiu
biu phng php x l hiu kh
l qu trnh phn hu cc cht
nhim hu c nh vi sinh vt.
t c hiu qu qu trnh
phn hy sinh hc cn cung cp
lng cht dinh dng, oxi ph
hp cho VSV nhm m bo cho
qu trnh phn hy din ra n
nh.

10

CNG NGH XT
NGHIM AND
Xt nghim AND l xt nghim
dng AND (Axit Deoxyribo
nucleic) c trong cc t bo ca c
th chng ta xc nh quan h
huyt thng. Xt nghim AND
cho php chng ta kim tra c
mi quan h huyt thng mt cch
chnh xc nht hin nay.

Xt nghim ADN
C s l thuyt ca cng ngh ny
l do trong nhn t bo ca ngi
c 46 nhim sc th, sp xp
thnh 23 cp, trong c 22 cp
nhim sc th thng v 1 cp
nhim sc th gii tnh (XX: n,
XY: nam).

Tch chit AND: Nhiu quy trnh

tch AND ca th gii c
th nghim v thch ng vi iu
kin nc ta, gp phn gim gi
thnh, m bo cht lng v s
lng AND t nhng lng mu
nh.

in di polyacrylamid
in di mao qun: My in di
mao qun ABI 3130 cho php tch
bit cc on And c di ch
khc nhau 1 nucleotit. My ny
c s dng trong hu ht cc
xt nghim huyt thng v to ra
cc th AND nhn dng c nhn.

B NST ngi
Con ci tha hng cc c tnh
di truyn thng qua 23 nhim sc
th t tinh trng ca b v 23
nhim sc th t t bo trng ca
m, chnh l c s khoa hc
cho vic xc nh quan h huyt
thng: m - con cha.
Cc mu xt nghim: Da trn c
s khoa hc th tt c cc mu l
t bo t con ngi c cha AND
u c th c dng lm xt
nghim xc nh huyt thng v
cc xt nghim s cho kt qu
chnh xc nh nhau, v tt c cc
t bo trong cng mt c th u
c cng mt loi AND. Tuy nhin,
thun tin cho vic thu mu
ng (khng dnh t bo ca
ngi khc vo) th nn thu mu
t bo nim mc ming; lng, tc
(c gc); mu; cung rn;
Quy trnh xt nghim: Thu thp
mu, tch chit AND, nhn AND
c hiu, in di polyacrylamid,
in di mao qun v phn tch kt
qu.
Thu thp mu: Mu c th ly ti
ch hoc gi t xa trong phong b
bnh thng, quan bu in,
khng cn bo qun lnh.

Tch chit ADN

Nhn AND c hiu: Cc hn hp
ha cht khc nhau v cc chu
trnh nhit c th nghim
cho tng cp mi, tng b kit. Do
ti u ha thnh phn ca
tng hn hp, tng chu trnh
nhit.

in di mao qun
Phn tch kt qu: Kt qu cui
cng l nhng biu . Cc alen
c di khc nhau ca cc locut
hin r, quan st c bng
mt thng.

Nhn AND c hiu

in di polyacrylamid: in di
c dng tch bit cc on
AND c di nng khc nhau.
Cc yu t lin quan c la
chn v ti u ha, h gi thnh
ng k v tng phn gii ln
hng trm ln, gip phn bit r
cc on AND ch lch nhau 3 4
nucleotit.

Thu thp mu

11

Biu kt qu xt nghim
Cc trng hp xt nghim: Xt
nghim cha (m) con; xt
nghim quan h h hng (gm:
xt nghim NST X, xt nghim
NST Y, xt nghim ty th, xt
nghim Full-Sibling); xt nghim
AND tr sinh i ( xc nh
sinh i cng trng hay khc
trng); xt nghim trc sinh.