Chng 4

Ly mu Lng t - M ha
Th.S ng Ngc Khoa
Khoa in - in T

Nhc li

Hu ht cc h thng thng tin ngy nay u l

dng thng tin s.
u im ca thng tin s: tin cy cao do c
kh nng khi phc d liu, linh hot (lp trnh
c), d dng lu tr,
Bc quan trng u tin trong qu trnh thng
tin s: l qu trnh bin i ngun tin tc thnh
mt dng tng thch vi h thng thng tin s
c th truyn i.
2

S h thng thng tin s bng gc

(baseband)

Tin tc s.

Ngun

nh dng

Tin tc
vn bn.
Tin tc
analog

Ly mu

Lng t

nh dng
Tin tc
analog

ch

Tin tc
vn bn

Lc thng
thp

Gii m

iu ch
xung

M ha

Chui bit

Dng xung

Gii iu ch/
Tch sng

Pht

Knh truyn

Thu

Tin tc
dng s.
3

nh dng tn hiu tng t

chuyn mt tin tc dng tng t sang

mt dng thch hp vi h thng thng tin
s, cn thc hin cc bc nh sau:

Ly mu (sampling)
Lng t (quantization)
M ha (Encoding)
Truyn d liu di nn (baseband transmission)
4

Qu trnh ly mu

Qu trnh ly mu

Bt k tn hiu no cng c th phn tch thnh

tng ca cc tn hiu dng sin do vy ta s bt
u vi vic nghin cu mt tn hiu sin n
5

Qu trnh ly mu (tt)

V d qu trnh ly mu

Qu trnh ly mu (tt)

Cho tn hiu c dng hnh sin x(t) = sin(2f0t)

Tn hiu trn c ly mu vi tn s fs=1/Ts

fs: tn s ly mu
Ts: chu k ly mu

Suy ra
Ts

f0
x(nTs ) x(n ) = sin (2f 0 nTs ) = sin 2 n = sin 2
fs
T0

f0
c gi l tn s tn hiu sau khi ly mu
fs
7

Qu trnh ly mu (tt)

Nu bt u ly mu ti thi m t = 0, chng ta
s c mu ti nhng thi im 0, Ts, 2Ts, 3Ts,

x(0) = sin 2
T0
Ts
x(Ts ) = sin 2
T0
2Ts

x(2Ts ) = sin 2
T0

#
nTs

x(nTs ) = sin 2
T0

Qu trnh ly mu (tt)

Tn s ly mu bao nhiu l ph hp?

Ts=T/10
0

-1.1

-1.1

-1.1

Ts=T/4

Ts=3/4T

Qu trnh ly mu (tt)

Cho hai tn hiu

x1 (t ) = cos(20t ) f1 = 10 Hz

x2 (t ) = cos(100t ) f 2 = 50 Hz

C hai tn hiu c ly mu tn s fs = 40Hz

n

n
x1 (nTs ) x1 (n ) = cos 20
= cos
40

2
n
n

n
x2 (nTs ) x2 (n ) = cos100
= cos 2n + = cos
40
2

Hai tn hiu khc nhau nhng cho cng mt kt

qu, nguyn nhn l tn s ly mu khng ph hp
10

Qu trnh ly mu (tt)

Mt cch tng qut, cc tn hiu c tn s khc

nhau kfs, s c tn hiu sau khi ly mu ging
nhau

x1 (t ) = cos(2f 0t )

f0
x1 (n ) = cos 2 n
fs

f0
fs
f0
x2 (t ) = cos{2 ( f 0 + kf s )t} x2 (n ) = cos2 n + 2k n = cos 2 n
fs
fs
fs

11

B ly mu l tng
s( t ) =

( t nT )

n =

xa(t)

Zero-order
hold hO(t)

xS(t)

xQ(t)

Sample-and-Hold System
xa(t)

-3T

xS(t)

-2T

-T

2T

3T

4T

5T

12

nh l ly mu

c th biu din chnh xc tn hiu x(t) bi cc

mu x(n) th

Tn hiu x(t) phi c gii hn bng thng ngha l

tn ti tn s cc i (fmax)
Tn s ly mu fs 2fmax

fs = 2fmax: tc Nyquist
fs
: tn s Nyquist
2

Do vy tn hiu phi i qua b lc thng thp

13

nh l ly mu (tt)

Oversampling tn s ly mu cao hn
tc Nyquist
Undersampling tn s ly mu thp
hn tc Nyquist
Critical sampling tn s ly mu bng
vi tc Nyquist

14

nh l ly mu (tt)

Tn hiu thoi c bng thng 3.4KHz. Do

vy trong in thoi s, tn s ly mu
thng c chn l 8KHz.
Trong m nhc, tn hiu cht lng cao c
bng thng 20KHz. Do vy, a CD nhc
c lu vi tn s ly mu l 44.1KHz.

15

V d 4-1

Mt ng dng m thanh c:

Tn s ly mu: 44.1Khz
Kch thc mu: 16 bits

Tn hiu sau khi ly mu c lu vo a

CD (700MB). Xc nh thi lng ti a
c lu trong a.

16

Bi tp 4-1

Cho tn hiu lin tc

x1 (t ) = 3 cos(2000t ) + 5 sin (6000t ) + 10 cos(12000t )

Xc nh x(n) vi fs = 5000Hz
Xc nh fs tn hiu c ly mu ng
Vi fs = 5KHz, tm x2(t) chng ph vi x1(t) sau khi
ly mu

17

Ph ca tn hiu ly mu
1

XC(j)
Ph ca tn hiu nguyn thy

-N

Ph ca hm ly mu

S(j)
2/T

-S

S > 2N

-N

S = 2N

S < 2N
nh hng ca chng ph

XS(j)

-S

Ph ca tn hiu sau khi ly mu

18

Ph ca tn hiu ly mu

Nhn xt:

Ph ca tn hiu ly mu c dng lp tun

hon ph ca tn hiu trc khi ly mu v
cch nhau fs
Ph ca tn hiu ly mu trn c th c
to thnh t mt trong cc tn hiu c tn s f
+ mfs
Nu tn s ly mu khng tha nh l ly
mu s xy ra hin tng chng ph.
19

Hin tng aliasing (chng ph)

Lc thng thp

Tc Nyquist

aliasing

20

Hin tng aliasing (chng ph)

21

Ly mu
Min thi gian

xs (t ) = x (t ) x(t )
x(t )

x (t )

xs (t )

Min tn s

X s ( f ) = X ( f ) X ( f )
| X(f )|

| X ( f ) |

| Xs( f )|

22

Bi tp 4-2

Cho tn hiu lin tc

x(t ) = 4 + 3 cos(1000t ) + 2 sin (2000t ) + cos(3000t )

Xc nh x(n) vi fs = 1.5KHz
Xc nh fs tn hiu c ly mu ng
Vi fs = 5KHz, tm xa(t) chng ph vi x(t) sau khi
ly mu

23

Khi phc tn hiu

Nu tc ly mu ln hn tc Nyquist, c
th khi phc li tn hiu gc bng mt b lc
thng thp c tn s ct bng fm.
Trong min thi gian, tn hiu khi phc s l
tch chp ca cc mu ca tn hiu gc vi
hm sinc (sinc(t) = Sa(t)):
t nTs
n x (nTs )sin c T
s

24

Ph ca tn hiu ly mu (tt)

25

V d minh ha

Tn hiu phi thoi

Tn hiu thoi

26

V d minh ha
Tn hiu gc
(Fs=44.1 kHz)
Tn hiu sau b lc thp
(SSB=Fs/4=11.025 kHz)

Tn hiu ly mu Fs/4
(new Fs=11.025 kHz)

27

Qu trnh lng t

Qu trnh lng t s biu din gi tr ly mu

bi B bit nh phn [b1, b2, , bB]
Tn hiu ly mu

Quantizer

.
.
.

Tn hiu lng t

B bits/sample

B : s bit ca mt mu
c 2B mc lng t
R : tm o ton thang ca b bin i ADC
Q = 2R rng lng t
B

28

Qu trnh lng t

B bin i A/D lng cc c cc gi tr

lng t nm trong khong
R
R
xQ (n ) Q
2
2
B bin i A/D n cc c cc gi tr lng
t nm trong khong

0 xQ (n ) R Q
29

B lng t lng cc

30

B lng t n cc

31

Sai s trong lng t

32

Sai s trong lng t

Sai s lng t e(nT) = xQ(nT) x(nT)

Khi x nm gia hai mc lng t, ty theo x
nm na trn hay na di ca khong
lng t m s c lm trn ln hay xung
Q
Q
e
2
2
Sai s lng t
erms

Q
=
12
33

Bi tp 4-3

Trong mt ng dng m thanh, tn hiu

c ly mu tn s 44KHz. B ADC c
R=10V.

Xc nh s bit B sai s lng t hiu

dng thp hn 40uV
Xc nh sai s hiu dng tht s.
Tnh tc bit theo bps

34

Bi tp 4-4

Cho mt tn hiu hnh sin c tn s 1KHz

v bin 1 volt, tn hiu ny c ly
mu vi tn s 8KHz. Tn hiu sau khi ly
mu c a n b lng t lng
cc, u, 3 bit, R = 2V. Xc nh chui bit
sau khi lng t trong mt chu k?

35

V d minh ha
amplitude
x(t)

m7

111

3.1867

110

2.2762

101

1.3657

m5

6
5

100

0.4552

m4

011 -0.4552

m3

Bin gii 3

010 -1.3657

m2

001 -2.2762

m1

x(nTs): gi tr cc mu 1

000 -3.1867

m0

7
m6

Mc lng t

xq(nTs): gi tr lng t

0
Ts: chu k ly mu

T m
PCM

t
36
110 110 111 110 100 010 011 100 100 011Chui PCM

B chuyn i D/A

Qu trnh bin i D/A bao gm hai khi

chnh sau:

B khi phc bc thang (Mch gi)

B lc ng ra
yQ[n]

Hold circuit

yS(t)

Post-filter

ya(t)

37

B chuyn i D/A

Tn hiu trc khi a vo b khi phc bc

thang phi c bin i t gi tr nh phn
sang gi tr ri rc.
M ha n cc

yQ (n ) = R b1 2 + b2 2 + ... + bB 2

M ha lng cc
1
1
2
B
yQ (n ) = R b1 2 + b2 2 + ... + bB 2
2

38

Bi tp 4-5

Sau khi lng t mt chui cc mu bng

b lng t 3 bit c R=2V ta c chui
bit sau y

Xc nh gi tr cc mu khi s dng

Lng t n cc
Lng t lng cc
39

B chuyn i D/A

B khi phc bc thang s cho ra tn hiu

tng t nhng cha phng do c thnh
phn cao tn
Ys(t)

t
40

B chuyn i D/A

So snh p ng tn s ca b lc l
tng v b khi phc bc thang
T

B lc l tng

B khi phc bc thang

-2/T

-/T

/T

2/T

41

B chuyn i D/A

B lc post-filter c tc dng b phn

chnh lch gia hai b khi phc. p
ng tn s ca b lc post-filter nh sau
|Hr~(j)|
1

-/T

/T

42

B chuyn i D/A

43

Lng t ha u v khng u

Lng t ha u:

Khng c thng tin thng k bin v c tnh tng quan ca

tn hiu vo.
Khng s dng nhng c tnh lin quan n ngi dng.
Thch ng vi nhng bin thin nh ca tn hiu v khng cn
tinh chnh cc thng s u vo.
D thc hin
ng dng trong x l tn hiu, ha v iu khin qu trnh

Lng t ha khng u:

S dng thng tin thng k ca tn hiu vo tinh chnh cc

thng s ca b lng t
Cho t s SNR tt hn lng t ha u vi cng s mc
lng t.
Cc khong lng t c chia khng u v bin trong di
ng ca b lng t nhng c t s SNR bng nhau.
ng dng ch yu trong tn hiu ting ni.
44

Lng t ha khng u

c thc hin bng cch nn tn hiu trc khi lng

t ha u.
my thu, phi din ra qu trnh ngc li, gi l gin
tn hiu, trnh mo dng tn hiu thu.

y = C ( x)
x(t )

y (t )

y (t )

x (t )
y

x
Nn (compress)

My pht

Lng t

Gin (expanding)

Knh truyn

My thu
45

Thng k bin tn hiu ting ni

i vi ting ni, cc tn hiu nh thng xut hin
nhiu hn cc tn hiu ln.
Hm mt xc sut

1.0

0.5

0.0

2.0
1.0
3.0
Bin chuNn ha ca tn hiu ting ni
S

N q

Nu dng lng t ha u s dn n t s
thp
S
i vi cc tn hiu b v N cao i vi cc tn hiu ln.

iu chnh khong cch lng t s ci thin t s SNR
46
trn ton di ng ca tn hiu.
q

Lng t ha u i vi tn hiu m thanh

Vi cc tn hiu c m lng ln hay nh, cng

sut nhiu lng t u c gi tr nh nhau.
Nh vy SQNR (Signal to Quantization Noise
Ratio) s c gi tr nh i vi cc tn hiu m
lng nh v ngc li i vi cc tn hiu m
lng ln.
Cn ci thin t s SQNR cho cc tn hiu nh.

47

Lng t ha u i vi tn hiu m thanh

111

volts

001
000

qu ln vi
cc m thanh
nh

OK

qu nh vi cc
m thanh ln

Cn xc nh di bin thin ca cng sut tn

hiu vo sao cho trong khong , t s SQNR
l chp nhn c i vi ngi s dng.
48

Di ng ca tn hiu

nh ngha: l t s cng sut ti a ca tn hiu

so vi cng sut ti thiu ca tn hiu sao cho t
s SQNR l chp nhn c.
T s SQNR ph thuc cng sut tn hiu, v
cng sut nhiu lng t l khng i v bng
2/12.
Vi tn hiu sin c lng t ha u bng n
bit th:
SQNR 6n + 1.8 (dB)
Cng thc ny cng gn ng i vi tn hiu
m thanh.
49

V d v di ng ca tn hiu

Nu SQNR ti thiu chp nhn c l

30dB, hy tnh di ng ca tn hiu sin
lng t ha u 8 bit?
Gii:
Dy = (6n + 1.8) 30 = 6x8 + 1.8 30 =
= 19.8 dB
Gi tr ny qu nh i vi tn hiu thoi.
Bi tp: lm li v d trn vi nu dng 12
bit lng t u.
50

Lng t ha khng ng u

tng t s SQNR i vi cc tn hiu c m

lng nh, cn gim sai s lng t bng cch
tng s mc lng t.
x(t)

001
111

51

V d minh ha
Lng t ha u

1-bit Q.
2-bits Q.
3-bits Q.
4-bits Q.
Lng t ha khng u

1-bit Q.
2-bits Q.
3-bits Q.
4-bits Q.

52

Truyn tn hiu di nn (baseband)

truyn tin tc qua knh truyn vt l, cc

t m PCM (codewords) c chuyn thnh
cc dng xung (waveforms).
Mi xung mang mt k hiu trong tp M k
hiu c th c.
Mi k hiu tng ng vi n = log 2 M bit trong
chui m PCM.
C nhiu cch khc nhau truyn cc k
hiu. l cc phng php iu ch xung.
53

Cc phng php iu ch xung

Chui xung PCM c truyn trc tip

theo mt trong cc dng sau:

Nonreturn to Zero-Level (NRZ-L)

Nonreturn to Zero Inverted (NRZI)
Multilevel (Bipolar AMI)
Manchester
Differential Manchester
B8ZS
54

Nonreturn to Zero-Level (NRZ-L)

Hai mc in p khc nhau cho hai mc

logic 0 v 1
Gi tr in p truyn khng mc 0V
V d: -5V miu t mc logic 1 v +5V
miu t mc logic 0.

55

Nonreturn to Zero Inverted

Truyn hai mc in p khc khng v

o ti mc logic 1.
+ve
0v
-ve

Invert on 1
+ve
0v
-ve

Bi tp

1011001110100000001110010
56

Bipolar-AMI

Bipolar-AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion)

Khng c tn hiu truyn (0 volt) m t bit 0

Bit 1 c miu t bi in p dng hay in p m.
Gi tr xung m v dng xen k nhau
H thng s mt ng b khi khng c tn hiu trong
thi gian di.

Bi tp

1011001110100000001110010
57

Manchester

Miu t gi tr bit ngay gia chu k xung

Nguyn tc:

T thp cao: miu t bit 1

T cao thp: miu t bit 0 Chu k bit

High

Low

Bi tp

1011001110100000001110010

58

Differential Manchester

Nguyn tc:

Bi tp

Truyn bit 0: c s thay i v mc truyn ti u chu k bit.

Truyn bit 1: khng c s thay i v mc truyn ti u chu
k bit.

1011001110100000001110010

59

B8ZS

B8ZS (Bipolar with 8-Zeros Substitution)

Ging nh bipolar-AMI nhng khc phc

c trng hp truyn nhiu bit 0 lin tip
Nu xut hin 8 bit 0 v xung cui cng
trc l xung dng th 8 bit 0 c m
ha thnh 000+-0-+
Nu xung cui cng l xung m th 8 bit 0
c m ha thnh 000-+0+60

B8ZS

xung cui cng l xung m v 8 bit 0 c m

ha thnh 000-+0+-

Bi tp

1011001110000000001110010

61

Cc dng xung PCM

La chn cc dng xung PCM da trn

cc tiu ch sau:

c tnh ph (ph mt cng sut v hiu

sut s dng bng thng).
Kh nng ng b bit.
Kh nng pht hin li.
Tnh chng nhiu v giao thoa.
phc tp v chi ph thit k h thng.
62

Ph cc tn hiu PCM

63

Cc dng iu ch xung M-ary

Cc dng iu ch xung M-ary khc bao gm:

iu ch bin xung M-ary (PAM)

iu ch v tr xung (PPM)
iu ch rng xung (PWM hay PDM)

iu bin xung PAM:

L tn hiu a mc, mi mc bin ng vi 1 k

hiu M-ary (tng ng bng n = log2M bit PCM).
Vi cng tc d liu, phng php ny yu cu
bng thng nh hn PCM.
Vi cng mc cng sut trung bnh ca xung,
phng php PCM d pht hin d liu hn PAM. 64

V d iu ch PAM
8
Analog
PAM
6

-2

-4

-6
-0.5

0.5

Matlab Demo: pamm.m

1.5

2.5

3.5

time

65

Cc dng iu ch xung M-ary

Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM): A m(t)

Pulse Time Modulation (PTM): Td m(t)
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM): T m(t)
PWM
PTM

Td

Ts

A PAM

t
66

Cu hi?

67