1. ) ne Anh | Bey ee yee ae rN , A ernLOI NOI DAU Cuén NGU PHAP TIENG ANH NANG CAO duge bién soan cho hoc sink phé thong, hoe vién ud sinh vién dé trdi qua trink dé tiéng Anh cdin bin. Cubn sdch nay ra dai tiép theo sau cubn NGU PHAP TIENG ANH CAN BAN nhdm gitip ngudi doc di sau véo nhiing vin dé da hoc, phat trién kién thite vd cde hi nang cén thiét lién quan dén tu loai, cym tut, ménh dé vd edu. Sdch duge bién soqn thanh 16 chuong, trong dé 11 chuong ddu gidng vé ty logi, cde chuong sau dé cép cde vén dé cui phdp ciia cau vd dudi cdu. Trong tdt ed cde chuong, tée gid luén 06 géng trinh bay noi dung cdn link hoi dudi hinh thite bai gidng, gidi thich edn ké cde edéch diing va quy ludt ngudi hoc cén ndém vitng theo nguyén tde gidng gidi ting buée vdi cdc thi du ud hinh vé minh hoa. Céc bai tap 6 cui méi chung sé gitip cde ban ciing cé phan li thuyét vila hoc vd danh gid dugc mite dé tiép thu bai gidng. Nhdm mue dich gitip dé cde ban ty hoc, chuing toi dé bién soan bai gidi (hey) cho tét od cde bai tip. Mt sé bai gidi cén kém theo Idi gidi thich nham gitip da cde ban hiéu dude tai sao Igi gidi nhu thé nay ma khéng gidi nhu thé hia. Ngodi ra, cudn sdch edn e6 phan tra citu theo thu mye (index) nhdm gitip ede ban cé thé tra ctu nhanh chéng mét van dé néo dé cde ban dang quan tam. Trong qué trinh bién soqn sdch, nhing sai sét nhét dinh ld diéu kh6 trénh khéi. Tée gid rdt mong su déng gop § hién ciia ban doc dé lan tdi bén sau b6 sich duge hodn thign hon. Véi ude mong gop phan vdo vite hoe tap tiéng Anh trong cd nuée, hi vong ring cudn séch nay sé la ngubi ban hitu ich va dée lye cua ede ban. Dai hoc Da Nang, ngdy 15 thing 10 ném 2002 Tée gid = .0 35: /0/e) <2) EBOOKS SOS EBOOKS EBOOKS SOSA= TY LOAI (Parts of Speech) iiéng Anh cé tdm ty loai hay loai tu (parts of speech, word classes, syntactic categories, kinds of words): 1. Danh tit (Noun) 2, Dai danh tit hay dai ti (Pronoun) 3, Dong tit (Verb) 4. Tinh tit (Adjective) 5. Pho tit hay trang ti (Adverb) 6. Gigi ti (Preposition) 7. Lién hit (Conjunction) 8. Than tit (Interjection) Méi tu Joai dam nhan mot cong vige rieng biét trong cau. Cac tut loai dtige phan chia dya theo chic nding (firtction) va hinh thiic (form). 11 Phan chia ty loai theo chtic nang: Phan chia ty loai theo chtic nang la dua vao cong viée cia ti dam nhan trong cau. Vi mot ti co thé dam nhan nhiéu cong viéc khéc nhau nén nd c6 thé thuge mot tu loai trong cdu nay nhung, Jai thudc vé mot tif loai khaic trong cau khac. Chung ta hay xem bi well trong nhuing cau sau day: The iat is dry. idan ti] (Cai giéng da kid can) He works CaS hs tal) (Gait dy fan vide gidi) =— Ido not feel {tinh ta] (Toi cm thy khéng ditge khoe) ‘Tears Civell) from her eyes.” [dng ti) (Nude mift chay tie d6i mat ctia nang) nkso. thant] (Al Toi ciing nghi niu wy) 12 Phan chia ty loai theo hinh thiic: Phan chia ty loai theo hinh thuic la dua vao céc tiép té (affix) gan voi ti, néu cd. Nho dd, chting ta co thé it nhiéu doan duigc mot tw thudc ty loai nao, vi du: -ist voi danh ti: artist (lon si) dramatist (ulti soqn kich) = 5~ed vdicée dong tit: walked (dd di 66) changed (di thay déi) ous Voi cae tinh tt famous (110i tiéng) continuous (tiép dién) Tu loai dong vai tro rt quan trong trong, viéc hoc ngoai ngW. Thiéu kién thtic vé ty loai, ngwdi hoc sé khéng thé nao viét va ndi duoc cau dting, cling nhu khong thé nao phan biét duoc gitia cau ching va cau sai Nguoi ta thudng phan chia cac tif loa néu tren thanh hai nhém lon: 1) Open word classes (tu loai co thé nhan thém ti moi) gom es: danh ti, dong tii, tinh bi, pho ti. S6 Iuong mdi ty Jai thuge nhom nay co thé ti vai nghin dén cé tram nghin ti Nhom nay bao gém cac content words, Ja nhtng tt! mang nghia néi dung hay nghia ty didn (lexical meaning) nhu home (nha 6, qué huiong), bridge (cay cdu), slowly (cham chap). 2) Closed word classes (ttf loai cd sé luong, tt gidi han) gom dai ti, gidi ti, lién tw va than tit S6 long méi tt foai thude nhom nay chi tii vai tei dén vai tram tit. Nhom nay bao gém cac firnction words, la nlving ti it mang nghia néi dung nhung lai dong vai tro quan trong trong quan hé cui phap ctia cu, nhut ov (6 trén), beside (ben eanh), he (ong Ay), and (va). Phuong phap phan chia tu loai cng nhu dang gay nhiéu tranh cai gitta cic nha ngon ngit ve gid tr] va tinh khoa hoc etia chuing. Tuy vay c dink nghia vé ty loi trong ede chtiong, sau con chung vin duge chap nhan rong rai ttt xua dén nay trong viee gitip con ngudi hoc ngoai ngt Ke) Identify the parts of speech in the following paragraph. How many adverbs are there in it? (Hay xde dinh cae tf loai trong doan vain sau day. Co bao nhiéu pls tit trong dogn extn nly?) Proteins are most important in the growth and maintenance of healthy body tissue, They cannot be stored. If not immediately utilized, they leave the body in the form of urine. Proteins which can be immediately used are broker down into amino acids and absorbed directly into the bloodstream EXERCISE 2 What are the parts of speech of the words ‘that’ in the following sentence? (Te loai etia exc ti that’ trong eau sau day la gi ?) 1203 4 3 [pointed out that that ‘that! that that man had written was in the wrong place. EXERCISE 3 Jachberwockey sentences, in which nonsense words are used as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, illustrate the fact that identification of form classes (=parts of speech) does not depend on meaning. See if you can identify the nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs in the following: p=(Cau Jachherwockey, trong dé cic tit v6 nghia duge ding nut danh tit, dong tit, tink tit va phd til, chung 16 riing viée adc dink Uf loai khong tity thuge vio nghia ciia tit. Ban hity xc dinh eae dank tt, ding ti tinh tit va pho tit trong ede ci sau day) 1. A rather goby sebblewidge was borgling its tanglesse. 2. As the grabic sworgmond stropped down its metical warronge, the carattiness of an astingen could be horlowed shaster and shaster. SOS EBOOKS EBOOKS SOB SOS EBOOKS EBOOKS SOSA= DANH TU 21 2.2 2.21 2.22 (Nouns) DINH NGHIA (Definition) Danh ti la ti ding dé dat ten cho ngust, vat, noi chén hode ¥ tuidng (A nom isa word used fo name a person, thing, place, or idea) Danh tit la mot tir 6 thé: a) dang lam chi ngif hay tan ngd cia mot dong ti. b) ding lam tan ngtt cia mot gid tit c) lam bé ny d) dtioe pham dinh bang mot tinh tit Tcho cae Hong tii nhui be, become, seem. Mot s6 nha ngén ngui hoc khéng can cti vao chic nang hoac tinh chat ma dinh nghia danh ti dyfa vao céu tric: danh ti la tir c6 thé xudt hién trong edie mau céu sau: Lost my The __ was interesting. Dit you see ir? It was full of CAC LOAI DANH TU (Kinds of nouns) Danh tii duge phan thanh hai loai chinh: danh ti cu thé va danh tif tritu tugng. Danh tif cy thé (concrete nouns): Danh ti cu thé 1a danh tit chi mot cai gi do chting ta c6 thé cdm thay true tiép qua gide quan: man, cat, pencil, John, mountain, London. Danh bi cy thé duige phan thanh hai tiéu loai: Danh tet rigng (proper nouns): 1a danh ti diing Ué chi riéng mot di tuiong nhdt dink nao dé va luon luén duge viét hoa: Jol, London, America. Danh tii riéng di khi duige ding nhu danh tit chung: He is called the Shakespeare of India. (Ong ta ceive goi lt Shakespeare [nha soan kich va nha the lon nguoi Anh] ctia Aur Do). Danh tir chung (common noms): 1a danh tit diing dé chi nhuing déi tung co thé ap dung chung: man, cat, pencil, mountain, Trong, danh tt chung con c6 cae tiéu loai nhut anit tad tip ligp (collective noun) ding dé chi mot nhom hay tap hgp (class, family, party) va danh te chi vat liéw (material noun) nhwi sugar, oil, milk vv. Danh ti trizu tugng (abstract nouns): Danh ti trizu tuomg la danh tii chi mét phim chét, dc tinh, trang thai hay hoat dong; bravery (ling can dam) happiness (iignh pluic) goodness (cai 161) existence (s1/ truth (ch li) departure (ste kitdi hinh) in tai)tugng co thé dém duge (mét, hai, ba, 2.3. DANH TU DEM DUOC VA KHONG Dim DUGC (Countable & uncountable nouns) 2.3.1 Danh tit dém duge (Countable nouns): Danh tiv dém duge nhu ten goi, 1a danh ti chi ede bén...). Danh ti dém duce lu6n luén c6 ca hinh thiée s6 it va 86 nhiéu. SB it | $6 nhiéw boy (itvia con trai) 1 boys (nluitng dia con trai) chair (cai ghé) | chairs (ning edi ghé) |___ box (edi hop) | boxes (ming cdi dp) 2.3.2 Danh tit khong dém duge (Uncountable nouns): Danh ti khong «tém etéoe la nhiing danh tif chi vat ligu hoje khai nigm, khéng c6 a, an 6 s6 es 6 86 nhiéu: it va khong cé water (1uric) chalk (pliin) paper (gifiy) happiness (Iianh phic) Chuing ta khong thé noi: *a water, “a chalk (sai) nhuing ching ta cé thé ding chung kém véi cae danh tii chi su do luéng nhut three glasses of water (ha li mic) two cups of tea (hai tcl tri) a slice of bread (m6! miéng beth mi) A drop of oil (mit giot dé) two pieces of chalk (lia vin phn) hoac voi nhang danh tt khée nhu a source of happiness (m6! nigwdn hanh pln) a piece of advice (mot Idi kinyén) 8) a ray of light (dt tia Danh ti khong dém duoc khéng cé hinh thtic sé nhiéu. Tuy nhién, mét vai danh tw khéng dém duige lai duge ding nhu danh ti dém duoc. Khi dé, chting thuting c6 ¥ nghia khac Danh tt khong dém duige Danh tit dém duige ~ glass: tay tink This table is made of glass. - coffee: ct phé John doesn't like coffee - paper: gily The cover is made of paper = beer: hia He drinks a lot of beer. ~ beauty: v¢ dep We must admire the beauty of Paris. (Cluing ta phai Klum phuc ve dep etta Pa-ri) T glass: aa i, cc He poured me a glass of wine. - coffee: céc, tech ca phe Do you want a coffee ? = paper: la io Tread about the accident in a paper. = beer: li bia, low bia Buy me a beer, John. ~ beauty: nguléi dep We have seen the beauties of Paris. (Cluing ta da thiy nluing ngutii dep tia Pa-ri)24 24.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 10 GHI NHG: OCHi c6 danh tit dém duge mdi 6 a, an di trude 6 36 it va -s, vs & 56 Nhibu. Séit a book, a pen, an apple, an orange $6 nhiéu: books, pens, apples, oranges Phan lon danh tit tritu tuong la danh tit khong dém duige freedom (tv do), equality (binh déng), advice (loi khuyén) Chuing khong bao gid cé hinh thiic sé nhiéu va khong duige dting vai a, air 686 it: *a happiness (sni) *an advice (sai) ta weather (sai) “a news (sai) DANH TU KEP (Compound nouns) Danh ti kép duoc (go thanh béi hai hay nhiéu ti ghép véi nhau va duige ding nhwi danh ti Chung ta can phan biét gitta dant tr kép va cunr dank tir thong timg gém mot danh tit va mot hay nhiéu tinh ti di véi nhau: Danh tirkép: blackboard (hing viét) [khong nhat thiét phai son mau den] Cum danh tit black board (Iving den) [son mau den} Cac vi dy dudi day sé gitip lam 16 khai nigm nay Bac tinh chung cia cac danh i kép La Dau nhén: Phan Ion danh tit kép c¢ déu nhuin trén thinh phin tue ant: bkickboard (bing viét) grandson (chau trai) godfather (cha nuéi) dir-hostess (lip vién hing khong) Cum danh tit co déu nhin trén think phuin tt hai (Xem didi). Céch vidt: Danh tii kép c6 khi duige viét thanh hai ti réi (post office: bua digu), thank mot tit duy nhdt (newspaper: 16 nie), hay thanh hai ti e6 déu néi 6 gitta (dining-room: phong dn), Mot danh tui kép 6 khi thay di cach viét ty theo tu dién cing nhw theo su phat trién cia ngon new. Khi thanh phan thi nhét la mot danh dong ty (gerund), danh ti kép thudng cd dau néi 6 gitia (writing- table: bin wiét) Cach thanh lap: Cac danh ti kép c6 thé duge thanh lap béi: Danh ti + danh tit gold-mine (md ving) newspaper (ihdt bio) oil-rig (gid khoan du) postcard (bitt: thiép) oil-stove (bép diin) sunshine (anh ning) car rally (cudc dua xe) airplane (dy bay)Mot sé danh tif kép c6 nguyén am bién déi nhut: cupboard ["kabéd)]: tti chan [2->é] postman [pavstmén]: ngifii dita thu [22 —> C] hoac cach viét bién adi nhu: shepherd [lépéd): gui chiin cttu [sheep —> shep] Danh déng tir + danh tit living-room: phing kivicl driving licence: hing lai xe dancing-shoes: gity mang khi khiéu wi swimming-pool: hd boi Cac ban cin phan biét danh td kép trong truémg hop nay dufgc nhén manh trén thanh phin dau (danh déng ti), Khac véi truémg hyp cum danh tif duige céu tao béi hign tai phan tit + danh ti dugc nhdn manh trén thanh phan sau. Hign tai phan ti @ day due ding nhu mét tinh ti binh thuéng va khong ¢6 du gach néi (-) theo sau. Y nghia cia danh tit kép va hién tai phan ti + danh tit cing khac nhau. Danh tit kép Hign tai phan tif + danh ti a dancing-teacher (thiy day khiéu vii) a sméking-room (phong ditt cho ngudi init thude) a walking-stick (afty giy, baton) a dining-room (phang an) a dancing téacher(tiiy gido biét khiéu vii) a smoking rom (can phiong dang bic khoi) a walking stick (ciy giiy biél di?) ing rodm (cin phiong biét am?) Danh tif + danh dgng ta: Danh tii kép trong truéng hgp nay thuéng chi met loai cong viée no dé: fruit-picking: vige Init qua lorry-driving: vig Idi xe thi céal-mining: viée Khai the md than weightlifting: vige ctl ta Tinh ti + danh tet quicksilver: tity ngdn gréenhouse: nha kinh blackboard: bing viét black sheep: ke 0d tich sur Tuong tii nhu trudng hop danh déng tit + danh tit, cde danh tit kép trong truiéng hop nay duige nhén manh irén thinh plin dau (tinh ti), Khée voi cam danh ti (tinh ti + danh ti) duge nhdn manh frén Hhdnth plein sau: Danh tir kép Tinh ti + danh ti the White House: Nhi Tring (tia Tong thong My) a gréenhouse: nha kinh (dé tréng cay) | a blackbird: chint hét (ten mot loai chim] an English teacher: thiy day tiéng Anh white house: nha mau ining a green house: nh miu xan a black bi an English téacher: thiy ngudi Ant him mae den BS ILe Cac truig hgp khée: Danh tu kép cén cé thé cau tao boi: - Danh tit + tinh td: secretary-general (idig bi tne, tng tht ki) - Danh ti’ + gidi tii + danh tit mother-in-law (bi gin) - Danh ti + gidi ti: passer-by (kluich qua diving) - Tinh tir + dong tu: whitewash (nude vi) - DOng ti + danh tit: pickpocket (ké méc tii) - Pho ti + dong ti: upsurge (si tréi day) - Dong tif + pho tit: breakdown (sif suy sup) - Pho ti + danh dng ti: upbringing (viée nudi dieing) va nhiéu hinh thc két hop khde nhui_forget-me-no! (hoa lau ly), merry-go-round (tro choi r quay) SO NHIEU CUA DANH TU (Plural forms of nouns) Cach thanh lap sé nhiéu cia danh tit Chi cd danh ti dém due mi e6 36 nhiéu: Phan Ion danh tw tao thanh sé nhiéu bang cach thém -s vao books (nhiing cudn sich) keys (wluting cai chia kiioa) pens (uluing city vid!) book (cudn sich) key (chia k pen (cy vid) door (edi cia) doors (ihu?ng cai cia) Nhuing danh tu tan cing bang s, x, =, cit, si, tao thanh sé nhiéu bang cach thém -es bus (xe bury) buses (nluing chide xe buyt) box (citi 6p) boxes (wlulug cai hip) quiz (cude dé vui) quizes (1luing cud dé vui) wish (téc mun) wishes (ihting tiie mudn) Nhiing truténg hgp khac: J Danh ti tan cang bing fhode fe tgo thanh sé nhiéu bing cach ddi fhodc fe thanh -ves: knife (con dao) - knives life (cude doi) - lives wife (vg) - wives thief (ten an cifp) - thieves wolf (cho soi) - wolves leaf (cai Ia) leaves shelf (ngan ké) shelves Ngoai Ié: cliff (bi dai cao) cliffs gulf (vinh) guifs roof (tdi nha) roofsproof (chiing of) - proofs chief (nguii aim dau) S chiefs safe (két bac) - safes belief (niém tin) = beliefs handkerchief (Khan tay) _ handkerchiefs OMOt vai danh tit cé cé hai céch d6i nhut: dwarf (thing lin) - dwarfs viz dwarves scarf (Khun quing) = scarfs vi scarves wharf (dw ti) - wharfs vd wharves Dank tir tan cing biing mot ply dm + y tao thanh s6 nhitu bang cach di y thanh -ies (doc la [iz)) family (gia dinh) - fami country (xf sd) - countries story (tuyén) 5 stories Chi y: Nhang danh tif tan cing bing mot nguyén dm + y thi chi thém -s ma thoi: play (vd kich) - plays key (chia Kho‘) - keys GF Danb tir tan cing bang o tao thanh s6 nhiéu bang cach thém -s hodc -es tay trudng hgp. Cach hay nhdt la nén hoc thudc hodc ding ty dién tra citu. potato (ci khoai) _ potatoes studio (phing vé) studios MOt s6 danh tif c6 thé ddi theo ca hai cach: mango (trai xoii) mangos va mangoes volcano (nui Ii) volcanos va volcanoes tornado (véi rng) _ tornados va tornadoes Danh ti s6 nhiéu bat quy the: Céc dank tit sau day tao thanh s6 nhidu khOng theo qui téc trén: sit S6 NHIEU man (nguéi dan 6ng) men (nhiing ngvtbi din 6ng) woman (ngiéoi dan ba) women (nhiing nguisi dan ba) child (dita b6) children (nining dita bé) goose (con ngéng) | geese (nhilng con ngdng) louse (con chiy) lice (nhiing con chéy) ox (con b6) oxen (nhitng con bo) tooth (aii ring) teeth (nhiing cai rang) = 13d 14 Vai danh tt sau day cé s6 it va 6 nhigu giéng nhau: aircraft (mdy bay) sheep (con citu) deer (con nai) swine (con lon) grouse (ga ritng) craft (tin, thuyén) trout (cai jadi) salmon (m6t loai cai indi) plaice (cd bon sa0) carp (ca chép) Cae vi du: This sheep is mine. (Con citu nary cvia t6i) All these sheep are mine. [sheep khéng s] One aircraft is ready to take off. (Mét may bay dang sin sang cit cinh) Six aircraft are ready to take off. [aircraft khong c6 -s] Vai danh ti co hinh thii¢ sé it (khong tan cing bang -s) nhung co nghia sé nhiéu (nén duge dung véi dong te s6 nhiéu): cattle (trin bo) people (1igui ta) clergy (gidi tu si) police (cinh sat) Cae vi du: Many people are standing in front of the church. (Nhiéu ngudi dang ding tretée nha ths) The police have arrested the robbers. (Cain sat di bft bon euép) [Néu mudn noi mde ngudi, mét vién cinh sat thi ding a person, a policeman) Nguégc lai, mot s6 danh te udn luén 6 hinh thiic sé nhigu nhuing c6 nghia sé it (nén thuiéng duoc duing voi dong ti sé it): newss (tin tic) summons (trit toi) billiards (bi-da) barracks (trai linh) species (cluing, loai) works (1 mdy) The news is very bad today. This is a summons for you to appear in court tomorrow. (Diy Ia trait doi dng ra toa vac ngay mai) There is a barracks near my house. (Co mt trai tinh gan sha toi) Nhuing danh tw sau day chi co hinh thiic 6 nhiéu (thuéng duige dung vai déng ti sé nhiéu): bellows *(dng tdi bé) belongings (vit dung ca han) binoculars * (éng nln) cards (tri chai bai) credentials (gidy cluing nhin) dominoes (tri choi 6-mi-n6) pincers* (cai kim) pliers* (cai kim) pyjamas (b6 dé pi-ja-ma) tongs* (cdi kep dé) trousers* (gin téy) scales* (cant iai dia)dregs (can) riches (sif git sang) eaves (inp ditéi mai nha) scissors* (cdi kéo) headquarters (dng haul dinh) shears* (ci kéo lon) jeans * (quin gin) shorts* (quiin sot) knickers * (quan chen géi) savings (tien lid? kiém) measles (béntl sii) sweepings (ric quét nla) winnings (tin tuing) tidings (tin thic) takings (tid thu difoc) surroundings (mdi tring xung quanti) mumps (bénh quiai bj) means (pluiong tiétt) Cae vi du: How much are the takings this evening ? (Tien thi tdi nay dugc bao niu?) These scissors are rather blunt. (Cai keo nity Khia ctint r0i) Tom tucked his shirt into his shorts. (Tom net do so ini va0 quan sot) She went to the bank and drew out all her savings. (Cody dén ngdn hing rit hét s6 tién tiét kigm) Put the sweepings into the dustbin. (Hay b6 nie viu trong gid) John kissed his wife and told her the good tidings. (Joh hon vo wi ké nang nghe tin tiée t6t tanh) Chting ta c6 thé thém @ pair of vao trude cdc danh tit chi dung cu va do quan tao than béi hai phan bing nhau (cé mang dau * 6 trén) dé tao thanh nghia ‘mot cal [need some new trousers. Ineed a new pair of trousers. (To in hiy mdi) sin midt cai g ‘Mot s6 danth tii c6 hai hinh thtic sé nhiéu véi nghia kde nhau: a) brother (aut em) brothers (cae ant em) brethren (ciic dao Inf) 'b) cloth (vai voc) cloths (ciic minh, réo wi) clothes (0 quin) ©) genius (thién tii) geniuses (cde tien tai) genii (cre vj thin) @) penny (déng xu Ie) pennies (cae dong xu [e) pence (tri gid bing xu) e) head (cai div) heads (nlutng cai du nguoi) head (nluing cai dd tui) [50 head of cattle] hode chi cé mét hinh thtic sé nhiéu nhung 6 hai nghia khac nhau: £) compass (ei la bat) compasses (ii?ng cai la ban) compasses (cai compa)f & 16 g) custom (pliong tuc) hy) drawer (ngitn kéo) i) letter (ld thi’) k) spectacle (canht trrong) customs (eric phong tue) (the) customs (hdi quan) drawers (nhiing cai ngitu kéo) drawers (quin dili) letters (nluing ti tue) letters (vin chong) spectacles (nluing canh tong) spectacles (inl deo mt) Nhiing danh tit sau day (6 nguén géc nvide ngoai) tao thanh sé nhiéu theo quy tac rieng: analysis (si¢ phan tic) crisis (cudc Klning hoing) hypothesis (gid tluyét) oasis (6c dao sa mac) parenthesis (difu ngoite don) criterion (tiéu chi) phenomenon (hién tugng) datum (di? kign) stratum (ting lop, giai cdp) analyses crises hypotheses oases parentheses criteria phenomena data strata Cae dank ti kép (xem 24) tao thinh sé nhiéu bing cach bién ddi thank phan chink (headword) cia ti: maid-servant (diy td gai) assistant director (pho givim déc) passer-by (Kluich qua dung) runner-up (ngi/i v nhl) ticket collector (guia sodt vé) mother-in-law (ba gia) court-martial (to ain quis ste) maid-servants assistant directors passers-by runners-up ticket collectors mothers-in-law {ciing viét: mother-in-law} courts-martial [cting viét: court-martials} Khi khéng co tuong quan chinh-phy hodc khi cdc thanh phan dude viét dinh nhau, danh. tui kép tao thanh sé nhiéu bang cach bién ddi é thanh phan sau cing: handful (ihém nhé) breakdown (sif stty sup) grown-up (ngu&i fruiing tHuauth) forget-me-not (lion liu li) good-for-nothing (ké v6 tich si) handfuls breakdowns grown-ups forget-me-nots good-for-nothings Ngoai ra, mot vai danh tif bién ddi 6 cA hai thanh phan: gentleman farmer (‘Gng' dng din) manservant (ily to trai) woman doctor (bi ic si) gentlemen farmers menservants women doctors2.6 2.6.1 GIONG CUA DANH TU (Gender of nouns) Van dé gidng trong tiéng Anh khong gay kho khan nhiéu nhu trong mot sé ngon ngit khdc. Cac danh tif ding dé chi nui cd thé 1a giéng duc (masculine gender) nhu boy, uncle, father, king hoac giéng cai (feminine gender) nhu girl, aunt, mother, queen nhung rat nhiéu danh bi chi chung ca hai giéng (common gender) nln friénd, teacher, doctor, writer, person. Danh ti chi dé vat duige xem nhu trung tinh (neutral gender) nhut pen, door, chair, garden, Thui vat thudng duge xem nhu trung tinh (= it), nhung cing co thé dung ‘he’ hodc ‘she’ tay theo giéng (xem ghi chti bén dui). Dai thude giéng nao, cc tt phdm dinh cho danh ti (adjectives, determiners, articles) ciing khong phai bién d6i theo gidng. Cach thanh lap danh tit giéng cai: Danh ty giéng cai duigc tao thanh bang cach: ‘Them -ess vao sau danh ti gidng duic (c6 thé c6 thay déi phan cudi cia ti géc): Gidng duc poet (th si actor (dién vén) author (tc git) god (vj tin) heir (nigufat thi ké) host (clui tiée) steward (tiép vién hang khéng) waiter (gett huiu ban) emperor (/toaig dé) prince (hoing 1) negro (din dng da den) manager (6ng giiin dic) lion (si tu? dufe) master (dng thay) tiger (cop duc) duke (cog tue) marquess (/udu tic) count/earl (ba tric) viscount (l1é ive) baron (nam tdi) Gidng cai poetess (mu thi si) actress (m7 dién vin) authoress (1? tc gia) goddess (ni? tin) heiress (nu? thin k2) hostess (ba clui tige) stewardess (ni? tigp vin) waitress (1? hau birt) empress (loiing hit) princess (cong chia) negress (fin bit da den) manageress (bi gitins déc) lioness (si¢ tf cai) mistress (C6 gio) tigeress (cop aii) duchess (hi céitg tdci) marchioness (bd Iuitr tit) countess (bi bd tude) viscountess (ba ti? tic) baroness (bi nin tude) b Hai trudng hop ngoai Ié trong dé danh tt gidng dye duge tao than tw gidng cai la bride (CO dau) = bridegroom (chang, ré) va widow (clan ba goa chong) - widower (dan ong goa ve). Va mét trudng, hop dae biet: hero (anh hing) - heroine (nut anh hing). Co hinh thuic giéng duc va giéng cai khac han nhau boy (iii con trai) man (fan dug) sir (6g) king (wht eua) father (clia) girl (duia con gai) woman (cl bi) madam (bi) queen (hofing hau) mother (me) 73 c 18 grandfather (ing néi) husband (ching) bachelor (trai clita w) horse (nguia) stallion (ngifa dc) bull (ba dic) cock (ga tréng) buck (ludon due) colt (ngua con duc) stag (nai duc) boar (lon dic) gentleman (vsti dn dng guy phi) son (con trai) uncle (chi, bic) monk (611g su, thiy tu) tutor (dy day kom) wizard (ng phir thuj) drake (vit dive) gander (ngdng dric) dog (eld duc) fox (chin duc) Déi véi nhuing danh tii chi ca hai gidng ( grandmother (bi ndi) wife (v9) spinster (gdi chia ching) mare (niguia edi) cow (b0 citi) hen (gf midi) doe (hiioti cdi) filly (ngua con edi) hind (nai cai) sow (lon ni) lady (gust dan ba quy phat) daughter (con gai) aunt (cd, di) nun (ii c6) governess (cd vay kom) witch (bit plut they) duck (vit ei) goose (ngdng cai) bitch (cho cai) vixen (chén edi) (common gender), khi cin thiét c6 thé phan biét gidng bang cach ghép voi cdc danh tit chi giéng khac: boy friend (ban Imai) boy cousin (ant em ho) cock sparrow (chim sé dic) Peacock (con céug tring) tomcat (méo duc) he-bear (gdu duc) he-wolf (sti dtc) he-goat (lé dive) landlord (6ng chit nha) girl friend (ban gai) gitl cousin (chi em ho) hen sparrow (chim sé cai) peahen (con cong mai) tabby cat (zo edi) she-bear (gait cai) she-wolf (séi edi) she-goat (dé csi) landlady (bi chu! whi) Mot vai danh ti chi nghé nghigp, do thuimg dugc gan cho mot phai tinh khi cin lam 19 c¢ thé diing kém véi danh tit chi giéng nhw male, oman: nurse (y td [thudng duoc hiéu la nd y ta) male nurse (nam y t4) engineer (A7 si) [thuéng hiéu la nam ki sui] woman engineer (1177 ki sit) Mét sé danh t¥ nhu_ policeman, businessivoman, trong khi mét sé danh tt khade (/f nhdt ding chung cho ca hai gidng. Ngay nay co mot khuynh hudng moi ding chairperson dé businessman cS hinh thie giéng cai policewoman, einan, milkman, chairman...) chi ed hinh thie duy thay cho chairman (chi toa).GHI CHU: 1. Khi cae danh tit chi cé hai gidng, (friend, teacher, dactor, writer, musician..), dai tit thay thé khi can thiét 1a fe hin Ifany stucle (Néw c6 sil ven mio goi, lin om bio t085é tré Ini ngay) calls, please tell him I'l come back soon. 2, Déi vor thu vat lén hoac gin gai voi ngués (bull, cow, Fion, tiger, horse, dog, cat), dai tit dang, dé thay the Lihre hoac she ti theo g ching): dng cita ching, hode ding it khi khong bidt gidng (do khéng quen thugc v6i Go and find the eat and put him out, [clung boi cht con méo| His dog had to be killed because it started attacking sheep. (Ho phi gidt che ciia dng ta thdi boi vi no bit dein tin cong cit) [dang b6i nguii ngoail. Tuy nhign nbidu ngueli thich ding he dé chi ve cho va se dé chi vé mor He won't eat cat foot (Con eho Déi vi cae con vat khae (snake, tortoise, ant, fy...) dai tt ing, 6 thay thé la i Aibg chin an thuie dn dnd cho nied 3. Ten eae quéc gia thuding duoc thay thé bing if usc gi 8 8 Looking at the map we see France here, [tis one of the largest countries of Europe. (Nh bai 6 clung ta thdy music Php dey, BO ta mdb trong nbuing qed gin tin cin cat Au) ‘Tuy mhign khi néi dén khia canh kinh t6, chinh tri, quan sig hode dé biéu 16 sir yeu mén (affection) hod than thudc (familiarity), chuing thuding duge thay thé bing she - her England and her fleet (NutBe Aut vi Ign d6i vin 06) England has done what she promised to do. (Nuadic Anh et linn nhuing’gi no hc) 4. Danh tirchi dd vat nhat la cae phuong tign van chuyén, noi chdn, khai niém 6 thé mang gidng due hay gidng cdi qua st nhan cach hoa (personification). Cach ding nay thudng duye thay trong thug, dam va trong I6i noi bing bay dé dién ta sy you men: Do you like Paris ? Ah yes ! She's a queen among cities, How's your old car? Oh, she’s running like a dream these days. INéu chi xe 1a phu nd, she co thé déi than fe That's the Queen's yacht - She's a beautiful ship. (B6 li chide du thuyen cia Net hoang. NO lr mist elie tw dep) Theo céch dang nhan cach hoa, giéng duc thuong duoc dung dé chi stic manh hode su man ligt, gidng eat dliing dé chi vé dep hode su diu dang: The sun sheds his beams on the rich and poor alike. (Mat indi voi tia ning len c4 ngudi gi lin ngubi ngheo) The moon has hidden her face behind a cloud. (Mat trang dé dn ntt vio save mbt dein iy) Spring has spread fe (Mia xu pi ne ro exe equ ity mantle of green over the earth. 26.2 Danh tif tan cing bing - er va -or: Phan lon ede danh ti tin cing, bang -cr, -or duge ding dé chi nghé nghiép cla ng 19