BI TP RT GN PHN THC (Lp 8 nng cao)

Di y l mt s bi v rt gn phn thc lp 8 m ti su tm c. Phn

A. Cc bi tp v d ti c gii lm mu, phn B. Bi tp s gm cc bi tp
cc em t rn luyn, hi vng ti liu ny s gip ch cho cc em.

A. Cc bi tp v d.
Bi 1. Cho phn thc

a
A

b 2 c 2 a b c ab bc ca

a b c ab bc ca

a) Tm iu kin ca a, b, c phn thc A c ngha.

b) Rt gn phn thc A .
Gii.
a) Xt mu thc:
2

a b c ab bc ca 0 a 2 b2 c 2 ab bc ca 0
2a 2 2b 2 2c 2 2ab 2bc 2ca 0
2

a b b c c a 0 a b c 0
Vy phn thc A c ngha khi v ch khi a, b, c khng ng thi bng khng.
ngha l a 2 b 2 c 2 0
2

b) Ta c: a b c a 2 b 2 c 2 2 ab bc ca
t a 2 b 2 c 2 x; ab bc ca y

a
Ta c: A

b 2 c 2 a b c ab bc ca
2

a b c ab bc ca

x x 2 y y2

x 2y y

x 2 2 xy y 2 x y

x y a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ca
x y
x y
V Tin Trnh - Trng PTNK

Bi 2. Rt gn phn thc
3

b c c a a b
B 2
a b c b2 c a c 2 a b
Xt mu thc:

a 2 b c b 2 c a c 2 a b a 2b ab 2 b 2c a 2c c 2 a b

ab a b c a b a b c 2 a b
a b c 2 ac ab bc a b b c c a
M ta c:
x 3 y 3 z 3 3 xyz x 3 y 3 3 xy x y z 3 3xy x y 3xyz
3

x y z 3 3 xy x y z x y z x y x y z z 2 3xy x y z

x y z x 2 y 2 z 2 xy xz yz
Do nu x y z 0 x 3 y 3 z 3 3xyz
t x b c; y c a; z a b ta c: x y z 0
3

b c c a a b b c c a a b
B 2
a b c b2 c a c 2 a b
a b b c c a

x3 y 3 z 3

xyz

3 xyz
3
xyz

Bi 3. Rt gn phn thc:

a 2 b c b2 c a c 2 a b
C
ab 2 ac 2 b3 bc 2
Gii.
Xt t thc: a 2 b c b2 c a c 2 a b a b b c c a
Xt mu thc: ab2 ac 2 b3 bc 2 b 2 a b c 2 a b a b b c b c

a 2 b c b 2 c a c 2 a b a b b c c a a c
Vy C

ab 2 ac 2 b3 bc 2
a b b c b c b c
V Tin Trnh - Trng PTNK

Bi 4. Rt gn phn thc.
D

a 3 b 3 c 3 3abc

a b

b c c a

Gii.
Xt t thc:
a 3 b 3 c 3 3abc a 3 3ab a b b3 c 3 3ab a b 3abc
3

a b c3 3ab a b c a b c a b c 2 c a b 3ab

1
2
2
2
a b c a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ca a b c a b b c c a

Vy D

a b c 3abc
2

a b b c c a

1
2
2
2
a b c a b b c c a
2
2
2
2
a b b c c a

1
a b c
2

Bi 5. Rt gn phn thc.
E

a 3 b 3 c 3 3abc

a b

b c c a

Tng t bi 4, ta c E

1
a b c
2

Bi 6. Rt gn

a b b c b c c a c a a b

Gii.

a b b c b c c a c a a b
c a a b b c
0
a b b c c a

V Tin Trnh - Trng PTNK

Bi 7. Rt gn.

1
1
1

a a b a c b b c b a c c a c b

Gii.

1
1
1

a a b a c b b c b a c c a c b

bc b c ac c a ab a b
abc a b b c c a
c 2 b a c a 2 b 2 ab a b
abc a b b c c a

a b ca cb c2 ab

abc a b b c c a
a b b c c a

abc a b b c c a

1
abc

Bi 8. Rt gn.
a2
b2
c2
b2
c2
a2
H

ab bc ca ab bc ca

Gii.

a2
b2
c2
b2
c2
a2
H

ab bc ca ab bc ca
a 2 b2 b2 c2 c 2 a 2

ab
bc
ca
a b b c c a 0
Bi 9. Cho a b c 0 . Tnh
4bc a 2 4ca b 2 4ab c 2
I
.
.
bc 2a 2 ca 2b 2 ab 2c 2

Gii.
V Tin Trnh - Trng PTNK

Do a b c 0 a b c
2

Ta c: 4bc a 2 4bc b c 2bc b 2 c 2 b c

bc 2a 2 a 2 bc a 2 a 2 bc a b c a b a c
2

b c
4bc a 2

Nh vy
bc 2a 2 a b a c
2

c a
a b
4ca b 2
4ab c 2

Tng t ta c:
2
2
ca 2b
b a b c ab 2c c a c b
Vy

4bc a 2 4ca b 2 4ab c 2

I
.
.
bc 2a 2 ca 2b 2 ab 2c 2
2

b c
c a
a b

.
.
a b a c b a b c c a c b
1
Bi 10. Cho phn thc

a b c a a b b c b c c a

a) Tm iu kin ca a, b, c phn thc c ngha.

b) Khi gi tr phn thc xc nh, chng minh gi tr ca phn thc khng ph
thuc vo a, b, c .
Gii.
a) iu kin: a b c a
b)
a
b
c
J

a b c a a b b c b c c a

a b c b c a c a b ab ac bc ab ac bc

0
a b b c c a
a b b c c a

V Tin Trnh - Trng PTNK

Bi 11. Cho ba s a, b, c tha mn a b c 0; a, b, c 0 v

1 1 1
1

a b c abc
1
1
1
1
Chng minh rng 2011 2011 2011 2011
a
b
c
a b 2011 c 2011
Gii.
1 1 1
1
1 1
1
1

a b c abc
a b abc c
a b c a b c
Ta c:

a b c a b c ab 0
ab
ca b c

a b b c c a 0
Nh vy tng t ta c:

1
a

2011

1
b

2011

1
c

2011

1
a

2011

2011

c 2011

a 2011 b 2011 b 2011 c 2011 c 2011 a 2011 0

M a 2 k 1 b 2 k 1 a b a 2 k a 2 k 1b a 2 k 2b 2 ... b 2 k a b
Nh vy ta c:

2011

b 2011 b 2011 c 2011 c 2011 a 2011 0 a b b c c a Q 0

a b b c c a 0 (ng theo iu kin bi cho)

Bi 12. (Bi tng qut) Cho ba s a, b, c tha mn a b c 0; a, b, c 0 v
1 1 1
1

a b c abc
1
1 1
1
Chng minh rng n n n n
vi n l.
a
b
c
a bn c n
Bi 13. Cho ba s khc nhau a, b, c . Tnh
bc
ca
ab
K

a b a c b c b a c a c b
Gii.

V Tin Trnh - Trng PTNK

bc
ca
ab

a b a c b c b a c a c b

baac
c bba
accb

a b a c b c b a c a c b

1
1
1
1
1
1

c a a b a b b c b c c a
2
2
2

a b b c c a

Bi 14. Cho abc 1. Tnh

a
b
c

ab a 1 bc b 1 ca c 1

Gii.
V abc 1 a

1
, thay vo L ta c:
bc

1
a
b
c
b
c
bc
L

ab a 1 bc b 1 ca c 1 1 b 1 1 bc b 1 c 1 c 1
bc
bc
bc
1
b
bc
bc b 1

1
bc b 1 bc b 1 bc b 1 bc b 1
Bi 15. Cho abcd 1. Tnh

a
b
c
d

abc ab a 1 bcd bc d 1 cda cd c 1 dab da d 1

Gii.
V abcd 1 a

1
, thay vo M ta c
bcd

V Tin Trnh - Trng PTNK

a
b
c
d

abc ab a 1 bcd bc d 1 cda cd c 1 dab da d 1

1
b
bcd

1
1
1
bc
b
1 bcd bc d 1
bcd
bcd
bcd
c
d

1
1
1
cd
cd c 1 d
bd
d 1
bcd
bcd
bcd
1
b
bc
bcd

1
bcd bc b 1 bcd bc d 1 bcd bc b 1 bcd bc b 1
M

Bi 16. Cho a, b, c tha mn

Tnh.

1 1 1
2 v a b c abc
a b c

1
1 1

a2 b2 c2

Gii.
2

Ta c:

1
1 1
1
1 1
1 1
abc
1 1 1
1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
b
c
b
c
abc
a b c a
ab bc ca a
2

1
1 1 1 1 1
abc
N 2 2 2 2
a
b
c a b c
abc
p dng gi thit bi cho ta c:

N 22 2 2
Bi 17. Cho a , b, c, x, y , z tha mn

x y z
a b c
1 v 0
a b c
x y z

x2 y2 z2
Tnh O 2 2 2
a
b
c

Gii.

V Tin Trnh - Trng PTNK

2
x2 y 2 z 2
y2 z 2
xyc yza zxb
x y z
xy yz zx x
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
b
c
b
c
abc
a b c a
ab bc ca a
x 2 y 2 z 2 2 xyz a b c
2 2 2

a
b
c
abc x y z
2

x 2 y 2 z 2 x y z 2 xyz a b c
O 2 2 2

a
b
c a b c
abc x y z
p dng gi thit bi cho ta c:
2

x 2 y 2 z 2 x y z 2 xyz a b c
O 2 2 2
1
a
b
c a b c
abc x y z

Bi 18. Cho ba s a, b, c khc nhau:

a) Tnh P

ab
bc
ac

b c c a c a a b a b b c

b) Chng minh:

a2

b c

b2

c a

c2

a b

Gii. a)

ab
bc
ac

b c c a c a a b a b b c

ab a b bc b c ca c a
a b b c c a
ab a b c a 2 b 2 c 2 a b

a b b c c a
a b ab ac bc c 2

a b b c c a
a b b c c a

1
a b b c c a
b)p dng cu a) ta c ngay iu phi chng minh.

V Tin Trnh - Trng PTNK

B. Bi tp
Bi 1. Cho ba s khc nhau a, b, c . Tnh
bc
ca
ab
K

a b a c b c b a c a c b
Bi 2. Cho abc 1. Tnh

a
b
c

ab a 1 bc b 1 ca c 1

Bi 3. Cho abcd 1. Tnh

a
b
c
d

abc ab a 1 bcd bc d 1 cda cd c 1 dab da d 1

Bi 4. Cho a, b, c tha mn

Tnh.

1 1 1
2 v a b c abc
a b c

1
1 1
2 2
2
a
b
c

Bi 5. Cho a , b, c, x, y , z tha mn

x y z
a b c
1 v 0
a b c
x y z

x2 y2 z2
Tnh O 2 2 2
a
b
c

Bi 6. Cho x, y , z 0 v

ax by cz
2

x y z
a b c
Chng minh:
x y z

a 2 b2 c2

Bi 7. Cho a b c 0 . Tnh
a 2 b2 c 2
N
2
2
2
b c c a a b
Bi 8. Cho a b c 0 v a , b, c 0 . Tnh
ab
bc
ca
K 2

a b 2 c 2 b2 c 2 a 2 c 2 a 2 b2
V Tin Trnh - Trng PTNK

10

Bi 9. Cho a, b, c l cc s nguyn i mt khc nhau. Chng minh biu thc sau

c gi tr l mt s nguyn
a3
b3
c3
P

a b a c b a b c c a c b
Bi 10. Tm a, b, c bit
a 2 b 2 c3 a 2 b 2 c 2

2
3 4
5
1
1
Bi 11. Tm a, b bit a 2 b 2 2 2 4
a
b
a b c
x y z
Bi 12. Cho bit 0 v 2 .
a b c
x y z
2
2
a
b
c2
Tnh gi tr biu thc P 2 2 2
x
y
z
1 1 1 1
1 1
Bi 13. Cho bit 2 2 2 2 .
a b c a
b
c
Chng minh a b c abc
2

Bi 14. Cho a b c a 2 b 2 c 2 v a , b, c 0 . Chng minh

1
1 1
3
3 3
3
abc
a
b
c

a b c b a c
. Chng minh rng trong ba s a, b, c tn ti hai
b c a a c b
s bng nhau.
Bi 17. Cho

Bi 16. Rt gn phn thc

2

2
2
2
a b b c c a
M

a b b c c a
a b b c c a

a b c bc a a c b

0
ab
bc
ac
Chng minh rng trong ba phn thc v tri, c t nht mt phn thc bng 0.
Bi 17. Cho bit

Bi 18. Rt gn

1 1
1 1 1
1
M ab bc ca abc 2 2 2
b
c
a b c
a

V Tin Trnh - Trng PTNK

11

Bi 19. Cho a, b, c i mt khc nhau v

1 1 1
0 . Rt gn cc biu thc sau:
a b c

1
1
1

a 2 2bc b 2 2ac c 2 2 ab
bc
ca
ab
b) B 2
2
2
a 2bc b 2ac c 2 ab
a2
b2
c2

c) C 2
a 2bc b 2 2ac c 2 2ab
a) A

Bi 20. Cho cc s a, b, c khc nhau i mt v

ab bc ca

. Tnh gi tr
c
a
b

a b c
biu thc M 1 1 1
b c a
Bi 21. Chng minh rng nu x y z a v

1 1 1 1
th tn ti mt trong
x y z a

ba s x, y, z bng a .
Bi 22. Cc biu thc x y z v

1 1 1
c th c cng gi tr bng 0 c
x y z

khng?
Bi 23. Cho bit 2 a by cz, 2b ax cz, 2c ax by v a b c 0
1
1
1

Tnh gi tr biu thc M

x2 y2 z2
Bi 24. Cho abc 2 . Rt gn biu thc
a
b
2c
M

ab a 2 bc b 2 ac 2c 2

a a b

, a 0, c 0, a b 0, b c 0 .
c bc
1
1
1
1
Chng minh:

a ab bc c
Bi 25. Cho

Bi 26. Cho a, b, c l cc s khc 0 v a b c 0 . Rt gn cc biu thc sau:

a 2 b2 c2

a) M
bc ca ab
V Tin Trnh - Trng PTNK

12

a2
b2
c2

b) N 2
a b 2 c 2 b2 c 2 a 2 c 2 a 2 b2

Bi 27. Chng minh rng nu a 2 bc b abc b2 ac a abc v cc s

a , b, c, a b khc 0 th

1 1 1
abc
a b c

Bi 28. Cho a, b, c l ba s khc 0 tha mn

Chng minh:

ab 1 bc 1 ca 1

v abc 1
b
c
a

abc

a
b
c

1.
bc c a ab
a2
b2
c2

0
Chng minh rng
bc ca ab
Bi 29. Cho

a
b
c

0
bc ca ab
a
b
c
Chng minh:

0
2
2
2
b

c
c

a
a

Bi 30. Cho

Bi 31. Rt gn biu thc

1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
a 5a 6 a 7 a 12 a 9a 20 a 11a 30 a 13a 42
2
1 1 1 1
1
n 1 n 2 n 3
N

...

: ...
2
3
n 2 n 1 2 3 4
n
1

1 1 1

a b c
Chng minh trong ba s a, b, c tn ti mt s bng 1.
Bi 32. Cho abc 1 v a b c

Bi 33. Rt gn biu thc.

14 4 54 5 94 9 ... 214 4
P 4
3 4 74 4 114 4 ... 234 4

a 2 b2 c 2
b2 c 2 a 2
c 2 a 2 b2
;B
;C
Bi 34. Cho a, b, c khc 0 v A
2ab
2bc
2ac
V Tin Trnh - Trng PTNK

13

tha mn A B C 1. Chng minh rng mt trong ba phn thc A, B, C bng -1,

hai phn thc cn li l 1.

Bi 35. Cho a 3 b 3 c3 3abc v a b c 0 . Tnh gi tr biu thc

a 2 b2 c 2
M
2
a b c
Bi 36. Cho a, b, c l cc s khc 0 v a b c 0 . Tnh
a
b
a b b c c a c
M

a
b a b b c c a
c
Bi 37. Cho ba s a, b, c tha mn a b c 0; a, b, c 0 v
1 1 1
1

a b c abc
1
1
1
1
Chng minh rng 2011 2011 2011 2011
2011
a
b
c
a b c 2011

Bi 38. (Bi tng qut) Cho ba s a, b, c tha mn a b c 0; a, b, c 0 v

1 1 1
1

a b c abc
1
1 1
1
Chng minh rng n n n n
vi n l.
a
b
c
a bn c n

a b c
Bi 39. Cho a b c 0, x y z 0, 0
x y z
2
2
2
Chng minh: ax by cz 0
Bi 40. Cho ax by cz 0 . Tnh
2

bc y z ca z x ab x y
M
ax 2 by 2 cz 2
1
Bi 41. Cho x a . Tnh theo a gi tr cc biu thc sau:
x
1
a) x 2 2
x
V Tin Trnh - Trng PTNK

14

1
x3
1
c) x 4 4
x
1
d) x 5 5
x
1
1

Bi 42. Cho x 2 2 : x 2 2 a . Tnh theo a gi tr biu thc sau:

x
x

1
1

M x4 4 : x 4 4
x
x

b) x 3

x4 x2 1
Bie)43. Cho x 4 x 1 0 . Tnh gi tr biu thc M
x2
x2
x
Bi 44. Cho 2
a . Tnh theo a gi tr biu thc N 4
x x 1
x x2 1
2

a2 b c
b2 c 2 a 2
Bi 45. x
, y
2bc
b c 2 a 2
Tnh gi tr biu thc: M x y xy
Bi 46. Rt gn cc biu thc sau.
1
1
1

a) A 1 2 1 2 ....1 2
2 3 n
2

12
32
52
2n 1
b) B 2 . 2 . 2 . ... .
2 1 4 1 6 1
2n 2 2 1
p dng tnh:

1
1
1

A2010 1 2 1 2 ....1
2
2 3 2010
12
32
52
20112
B 2 . 2 . 2 . ... .
2 1 4 1 6 1
20122 1
32 1 72 1 112 1 872 1
C 2 . 2 . 2 ..... 2
5 1 9 1 13 1 89 1

Bi 47.
a) Chng minh cc biu thc sau
V Tin Trnh - Trng PTNK

15

i)

1
1
1

n n 1 n n 1

1 1
1

3n 2 3n 5 3 3n 2 3n 5
1
1 1
1

iii)
n 1 n n 1 2 n 1 n n n 1
b)Tnh gi tr cc biu thc sau.
1
1
1
1
i)

...
1.2 2.3 3.4
n 1 n
1
1
1
1
ii)

...
2.5 5.8 8.11
3n 2 3n 5
1
1
1
1
iii)

...
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5
n 1 n n 1
Bi 48. Chng minh rng vi mi s t nhin n 1 ta c
1
1
1
1
1
a) 2 2 2 ...

2
2
4
6
2n 2
ii)

b)

1 1
1
1
1
2 2 ...

2
2
3 5
7
2n 1 4

1
1
1
1

...
1

c) 1

1.3 2.4 3.5 n n 2

Bi 49. Chng minh rng vi mi s t nhin n 2 ta c
1 1 1
1 2
a) 2 2 2 ... 2
3
2 3 4
n
2
2
2 1
2
b) 1 1 1 ...1

6 12 20 n n 1 3
Bi 50. Chng minh rng vi mi s t nhin n 3 ta c
1 1 1
1
1

...

33 43 53
n3 12

V Tin Trnh - Trng PTNK

16