Phuong Phap Phan Tu Huu Han

Bai giang
PHNG PHAP PHAN T HU HAN

c Trnh Anh Ngoc

1/9/2009
Muc ch
. Sinh vien nam c noi dung cua phng phap phan t hu han
(PTHH).
. Sinh vien biet ap dung phng phap PTHH e giai so cac bai toan xuat
hien trong khoa hoc va ky thuat, ac biet, trong c hoc va vat ly.
. Sinh vien co the t oc cac sach, bai bao ve PTHH.
Noi dung
1. Gii thieu
2. Ly thuyet c ban
3. PTHH trong c hoc
Tai lieu oc them
T.A. Ngoc, Hoc Matlab bang th du, 2009.
Rao S.S., The finite element method in engineering, Pergamon Press, 1989.
Strang G., Fix G.J., An analysis of the finite element method, Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1973.
Cap nhat: 9/2011
ii
Toan hoc khong phai la Ba hoang,
Toan hoc la Nang hau, Ngi phuc vu cua cac khoa hoc
(Mathematics is a servant, but not a queen).
Nh tat ca chung ta eu biet, hau het cac ly thuyet toan eu co nguon
goc t c hoc va vat ly, ong lc phat trien cua no (cac ly thuyet toan) la ap
dung vao (phuc vu cho) cac nganh khoa hoc co the "rat xa" toan hoc. Viec
hoc toan, lam toan, v the, khong the tach ri cac nganh khoa hoc ma toan
hoc hng ti. Trong tai lieu nay hau het cac th du c trnh bay lay t
nguon cac bai toan xuat hien trong c hoc va vat ly. ieu nay ban au co
the lam "nan long" cac ban sinh vien chon cac hng giai tch, ai so, . . . ;
tuy nhien, vi viec tm hieu them cac ly thuyet c hoc, vat ly tng ng, viec
hoc toan se tr nen thuan li hn, va nhat la kien thc toan cua ngi hoc
se tr nen toan dien hn.
Trnh Anh Ngoc
Bang ky hieu
nn
ne
(e)
xi
xi
LA
COORD
(e)
(e)
[x1 , x2 ]
{ue } = {ue1, ue2}T
{u} = {u1 , u2, . . . , unn }T
[N e ]
[N]
[K e ]
[K]
[M e ]
[M]
{pe }
{p}
so nut
so phan t
nut th i (th t a phng) cua phan t e
nut th i (th t toan cuc)
ma tran lap ghep
ma tran toa o
phan t e
vect chuyen dch nut phan t e
vect chuyen dch nut toan cuc
ma tran ham dang cua phan t e
ma tran ham dang toan cuc
ma tran o cng cua phan t e
ma tran o cng toan cuc
ma tran khoi lng cua phan t e
ma tran khoi lng toan cuc
vect tai phan t e
vect tai toan cuc
iii
iv
Chng 1
Gii thieu
1.1 Dan nhap
. Phng phap PTHH la mot phng phap giai so tm nghiem xap x
cua cac phng trnh ao ham rieng xuat hien trong khoa hoc va ky
thuat. Khac vi phng phap sai phan hu han, xap x trc tiep phng
trnh ao ham rieng (xap x ao ham), phng phap phan t hu han
dung cong thc bien phan cua bai toan bien (dang tch phan cua bai
toan). Trong phng phap PTHH Mien cua bai toan (mien xac nh
cua phng trnh ao ham rieng) c phan hoach thanh cac mien con
goi la phan t hu han, va nghiem cua phng trnh ao ham rieng
c xap x bang cac a thc n gian tren moi phan t.
. Kien thc can biet: Toan hoc cao cap (giai tch, ai so tuyen tnh),
phng trnh vat ly toan, c hoc ket cau 1).
. Phng tien tnh toan: phan mem Matlab2) .
. Lch s cua PTHH
+ Cong thc PTHH au tien c phat trien nh la phng phap ma
tran cua c hoc ket cau.
+ Courant (1943) a ra he gom cac phan t tam giac (triangular elements) lap ghep vi nhau va cc tieu the nang (potential energy) e
1)
can.
Hai mon hoc cuoi khong bat buoc phai hoc trc, sinh vien co the tham khao them khi
2)
Sinh vien khong yeu cau phai biet ve Matlab, cach s dung Matlab se c gii thieu
dan trong giao trnh.
CHNG 1. GII THIEU
giai xap x bai toan xoan (cf. R. Courant, Variational methods for the
solution of problems of equilibrium and vibrations, Bulletin of American
Mathematical Society, 49, 1-23,(1943)).
+ Clough e ngh ten goi "phan t hu han" (cf. M.J. Turner, R.W.
Clough, H.C. Martin and L.J. Topp, Stiffness and deflection analysis of
complex stuctures, Journal of Aeronautical Sciences, 23, 805-824 (1956)).
+ Phat trien ban au cua phng phap c thc hien bi cac ky s
trong lanh vc c hoc ket cau; ve sau c s toan hoc c thiet lap cho
PTHH, t o m rong ap dung PTHH cho cac lanh vc khac.
1.2 Phep tnh bien phan

e n gian ta xet trng hp ham mot bien.
Cho phiem ham (functional) F (x, u, u0) vi u = u(x) va u 0 = du/dx.
Bien phan (variation) cua u, ky hieu u, la mot ham bieu dien "bien
thien cua u"
u + u
tng t nh so gia x bieu dien "bien thien cua x"
x + x.
Neu u c cho trc tai mot iem (thng la ieu kien bien) th bien
phan cua u phai bang khong tai o, th du
u(x0 ) = u0 u(x0) = 0.
V bien phan u triet tieu tai cac iem c cho trc, nhng lay gia tr tuy
y tai cac iem khac nen u con c goi la bien thien ao.
Tng t nh phep tnh vi phan cua ham nhieu bien, bien phan cap
mot cua phiem ham F tai u c nh ngha la
F (x, u + u, u0 + u0) F (x, u, u0)
.
0
F = lim
(1.1)
Dung cong thc vi phan toan phan cho F (x, u + v, u0 + v 0) tai (x, u, u0) vi
x co nh,
F (x, u + u, u0 + u0) F (x, u, u0)
F
F
u + 0 u0,
u
u
1.2. PHEP TNH BIEN PHAN
ta co
F =
F
F
u + 0 u0.
u
u
(1.2)
Chu y s tng t gia bien phan cap mot vi vi phan toan phan cua ham F
dF =
F
F
F
dx +
u + 0 u0.
x
u
u
Vi phep tnh bien phan x khong thay oi khi u bien thien thanh u + u
nen dx = 0 va s tng t gia F va dF tr nen ro rang. Ngha la, toan t
bien phan tac ong nh toan t vi phan oi vi cac bien phu thuoc.
Ta co cac cong thc sau:
1. (F G) = F G.
2. (F G) = F G + F G.

F
F G F G
3.
=
.
G
G2
4. (F )n = nF n1 F .
d
(u) =
5.
dx
6.

du
.
dx
u(x)dx =
u(x)dx.
a
Th du 1.1. Phiem ham nang lng cua dam chu uon:

#
Z l " 2 2
b dw
dw
I(w) =
+ wf dx
(l)M0
2
2 dx
dx
0
CHNG 1. GII THIEU
4
S dung cac cong thc tren ta co

Z l 2
dw
d w d2 w
I(w) =
b 2
+
wf
dx
(l)M0.
dx dx2
dx
0

Nhan xet 1.1. Trong c hoc moi trng lien tuc, ta co hai khai niem quan
trong: chuyen dch kha d va chuyen dch ao. Bi nh ngha, chuyen dch kha d
la chuyen dch bat ky thoa ieu kien bien ong hoc, chuyen dch ao la hieu
cua hai chuyen dch kha d. Nh vay chuyen dch ao thoa ieu kien bien
ong hoc thuan nhat. Neu goi w la mot chuyen dch kha d, u la chuyen
dch thc (mot trng hp cua chuyen dch kha d) th chuyen dch ao la
u = w u. Noi khac i, chuyen dch ao chnh la bien phan cua chuyen dch
thc u, hay chuyen dch kha d la tong cua chuyen dch thc vi chuyen dch
ao, w = u + u.
Nhan xet 1.2. S tng t gia phep tnh bien phan vi phep tnh vi phan:
Phep tnh vi phan
Ham so f(x)
oi so - x (so thc)
So gia vo cung be dx
Vi phan cua ham so, df
ieu kien at cc tr cua ham so
df = 0 vi moi dx
Phep tnh bien phan

Phiem ham I(u)
oi so - u (ham so)
Bien phan u
Bien phan cua phiem ham, I
ieu kien at cc tr cua phiem ham
I = 0 vi moi u
1.3 Cac phng phap so

PTHH c xay dng tren c s phng phap bien phan (variational method).
Muc nay gii thieu mot so the hien cua no.
1.3.1
Phng phap Ritz
Giai bai toan cc tieu hoa phiem ham I(v), v V (trong cac bai toan c hoc
th V la tap hp tat ca cac "chuyen dch" kha d).
1.3. CAC PHNG PHAP SO
Phng phap Ritz tm nghiem xap x di dang tong hu han
uN =
N
X
cj j + 0 ,
(1.3)
j=1
trong o i , i = 0, 1, . . . , N, la cac ham chon trc; cac he so c j , goi la he so

Ritz, c chon sao cho
I(c1 , . . . , cN ) := I(uN ) min
(1.4)
ieu kien can e I(c1, c2, . . . , cN ) at cc tr la cac ao ham rieng cua

no oi vi moi he so Ritz triet tieu:
I
I
I
=
= =
= 0.
c1
c2
cN
(1.5)
Trong cac bai toan tuyen tnh, he (1.5) gom N phng trnh ai so tuyen tnh
vi N an c1, c2 , . . . , cN .
Tnh chat cua cac ham i (i = 0, 1, . . . , N)
. Ham 0 c chon thoa ieu kien bien cot yeu (ieu kien bien Dirichlet)
cua bai toan.
. Cac ham i , i = 1, 2, . . . , N, thoa ieu kien bien cot yeu thuan nhat.
. Hn na, cac i can thoa them cac ieu kien sau:
(i) I(uN ) c xac nh tot,
(ii) Vi N bat ky, tap hp {i } la oc lap tuyen tnh,
(iii) {i } la ay u.
Cac yeu cau (i) -- (iii) bao am, vi cac bai toan tuyen tnh, s hoi tu cua
nghiem Ritz ti nghiem chnh xac khi N tang. S hoi tu c hieu theo
ngha sau
I(uN ) I(uM ) khi N M.
1.3.2
(1.6)
Phng phap d so co trong
Phng phap d so co trong la mot tong quat hoa cua phng phap Ritz.
Cho L la toan t ao ham, xet phng trnh toan t
Lu = f
trong ,
(1.7)
CHNG 1. GII THIEU
ngoai ra ham u (nghiem) con thoa cac ieu kien bien.

Trong phng phap d so co trong, nghiem u c xap x theo cach
giong nh phng phap Ritz
uN =
N
X
cj j + 0 ,
(1.8)
j=1
trong o 0 phai thoa moi ieu kien bien ch nh cua bai toan, va i phai
thoa dang thuan nhat cua cac ieu kien ch nh. Cung nh phng phap
Ritz, vi muc ch xap x, cac ham i cung phai co cac tnh chat (i) -- (iii).
Thay xap x (1.8) vao phng trnh toan t (1.7) ket qua la d so
E = LuN f 6= 0.
(1.9)
Ngay khi 0 va cac i a c chon, E la ham cua cac bien oc lap va cac
tham so cj . Trong phng phap d so co trong, cac tham so c xac nh
bang cach at tch phan cua tch d so co trong vi cac ham trong lng bang
0,
Z
i (x, y)E(x, y, cj )dxdy = 0,
(1.10)
trong o i la cac ham trong lng. Hien nhien {i} phai la tap oc lap
tuyen tnh.
Noi chung, cac ham trong lng i khong giong cac ham i . Tuy theo
cach chon i ta co cac phng phap khac nhau:
Phng phap Galerkin i = i . PTHH c thiet lap tren c s
phng phap nay. Khi toan t L la toan t ao ham tuyen tnh cap chan, th
phng phap Galerkin dan ve phng phap Ritz.
Phng phap Petrov - Galerkin i 6= i .
1.3.3
Phng phap bnh phng toi thieu
Phng phap bnh phng toi thieu (least-squares method) tm nghiem dang
(1.8) va xac nh cac tham so bang cach cc tieu hoa tch phan cua bnh
phng d so. ieu kien cc tieu:
ci
E 2 (x, y, cj )dxdy = 0
hay
Z
1.3.4
E
Edxdy = 0.
ci
(1.11)
Phng phap ong v
Phng phap ong v (collocation) hay phng phap chon iem tm nghiem
xap x uN cua phng trnh (1.7) dang (1.8) bang cach oi hoi d so trong
phng trnh triet tieu tai N iem chon trc xi = (xi , y i ) (i = 1, 2, . . . , N)
trong mien :
E(xi, y i , cj ) = 0 i = 1, 2, . . . , N
(1.12)
S chon la cac iem x i la cot yeu e nhan c mot he phng trnh chnh
(well-conditional) va cho nghiem xap x tot. Phng phap ong v la mot
trng hp ac biet cua (1.10) vi i (x) = (x xi ), trong o la ham delta
Dirac
Z
f(x0)(x x0)dx0 = f(x).
Th du 1.2. Cho bai toan bien: tm ham u(x), 0 < x < 1, thoa phng trnh
vi phan
u00 + f = 0,
(1.13)
u(1) = g,
u0(0) = h,
(1.14)
(1.15)
va cac ieu kien bien
trong o f(x) la ham va g, h la cac hang so cho trc.

ieu kien bien (1.14) la ieu kien bien cot yeu, ieu kien bien (1.15) la
ieu kien bien t nhien.
e ap dung phng phap PTHH giai bai toan nay ta can phat bieu bai
toan di dang bien phan.
? Cong thc bien phan (yeu)
Ky hieu:
CHNG 1. GII THIEU
S = {s|s H 1 (0, 1), s(1) = g} la tap hp cac ham th (tng t nh tap

hp cac chuyen dch kha d);
V = {v|v H 1 (0, 1), v(1) = 0} la tap hp cac ham trong lng (tng t
nh tap hp cac chuyen dch ao)3). Ky hieu H 1 (0, 1) ch khong gian Sobolev
cac ham cung vi ao ham cap 1 (ao ham suy rong) bnh phng kha tch
(thuoc L2 (0, 1)).
Nhan hai ve phng trnh (2.118) vi ham trong lng v V bat ky, lay
tch phan t 0 en 1, ta c
Z
(1.16)
(u00 + f)vdx = 0.
0
Dung cong thc tch phan tng phan, sau mot so bien oi, ta c
Z
1
0
u (x)v (x)dx =
0
f(x)v(x)dx + hv(0).
(1.17)
Goi 0 la ham thuoc S thoa ieu kien bien cot yeu 0 (1) = g th u = 0 + w,
w V , va phng trnh tren thanh
Z
1
0
w (x)v (x)dx =
0
f(x)v(x)dx + hv(0)
1
0
00 (x)v 0(x)dx.
(1.18)
Tren V a vao dang song tuyen tnh (oi xng) a : V V R,

a(w, v) =
w0 (x)v 0(x)dx
(1.19)
va dang tuyen tnh l : V R

l(v) =
3)
f(x)v(x)dx + hv(0)
1
0
00 (x)v 0(x)dx,
Trong trng hp g 6= 0, V la khong gian vect con S th khong.
(1.20)
bai toan bien (2.118)-(1.15) dan ve bai toan bien phan tuyen tnh: Tm w V
thoa phng trnh bien phan
(1.21)
a(w, v) = l(v)
vi moi v V .
? Phng phap Galerkin
Tm nghiem xap x di dang tong hu han (1.8). Ham 0 thoa ieu
kien (1.14), cac ham i thoa ieu kien thuan nhat, i V .
Neu dung phng phap Galerkin, i = i (i = 1, . . . , N), th ta co bai
toan xap x
N
X
i=1
ci
1
0
0i (x)0j (x)dx
f(x)j (x)dx + hj (0)
1
0
00(x)0j (x)dx (1.22)
vi j = 1, . . . , N.
? Phng phap Ritz
e y rang, ham v trong phng trnh (1.17) la bien phan cua u, nen co
the bien oi nh sau.
Z
1
0
u (x)(u) (x)dx
1
0
f(x)u(x)dx hu(0) = 0
Z 1

Z 1
1
0
2
(u (x)) dx
f(x)u(x)dx hu(0) = 0
2 0
0
I(u) = 0,
(1.23)
trong o
1
I(u) =
2
1
0
(u (x)) dx
1
0
f(x)u(x)dx hu(0)
(1.24)
la phiem ham nang lng (energy functional) lien ket vi bai toan.
T phng trnh (1.23) ta co the ket luan: nghiem u cua bai toan bien
(2.118)-(1.15) la iem cc tr cua phiem ham I. Phng phap Ritz c ap dung t
ay.

CHNG 1. GII THIEU
10
Nhan xet 1.3. Cach trnh bay cong thc bien phan trong th du 1.2 la theo
ly thuyet bien phan trong giai tch ham. Theo ly thuyet nay, bai toan bien
phan tuyen tnh tru tng c nh ngha nh sau.
Cho V la khong gian Hilber, cho a : V V R la dang song tuyen
tnh tren V , ` : V R la dang tuyen tnh tren V . Bai toan: Tm u V thoa
a(u, v) = `(v)
(1.25)
vi moi v V c goi la bai toan bien phan tuyen tnh.

ieu kien ton tai nghiem cua bai toan bien phan c cho trong nh
ly Lax - Milgram:
nh ly 1.1 (Lax - Milgram). Cho V la khong gian Hilbert vi tch vo hng (, )
va chuan tng ng k k. Neu
(i) a : V V R la dang song tuyen tnh lien tuc tren V , khang t, ngha la
ton tai hang so > 0 sao cho
a(v, v) kvk2
vi moi v V .
(ii) ` : V R la dang tuyen tnh lien tuc tren V .
Th bai toan bien phan (1.25) ton tai va duy nhat nghiem.
Chng minh nh ly Lax - Milgram da tren nh ly bieu dien Riesz.
nh ly 1.2 (Riesz). Cho V la khong gian Hilbert vi tch vo hng (, ). Neu
` : V R la dang tuyen tnh lien tuc tren V , th ton tai duy nhat vect w V sao
cho:
`(v) = (w, v), v V.
Chng minh nh ly Lax - Milgram. Do a(, ) la dang song tuyen tnh lien tuc
va khang t tren V nen co the xem no la tch vo hng (mi) xac nh tren
V vi chuan tng ng:
p
kvk = a(v, v).
V dang song tuyen tnh a(, ) lien tuc nen ton tai M > 0 sao cho vi moi
v V,
kvk2 a(v, v) Mkvk2 kvk kvk M kvk,

ngha la chuan k k tng ng vi chuan k k tren V .
T gia thiet `() lien tuc tren V vi chuan k k ta suy ra no cung lien
tuc tren V vi chuan mi. Ap dung nh ly Riesz, ton tai u V sao cho
`(v) = a(u, v),
v V ;
1.4. AP DUNG CUA PHNG PHAP PTHH
11
ngha la bai toan bien phan (1.25) co nghiem.

Neu bai toan (1.25) co hai nghiem u1, u2 th
a(u1 u2 , v) = 0 ku1 u2k = 0 ku1 u2k = 0;
ngha la u1 = u2 . Nh vay, nghiem cua bai toan (1.25) la duy nhat.
Trong trng hp a oi xng th bai toan bien phan tng ng vi
bai toan toi u, oi tng cua phng phap Ritz: Tm u V cc tieu hoa
phiem ham
1
I(v) = a(v, v) l(v).
2
(1.26)
1.4 Ap dung cua phng phap PTHH

1.4.1
Tong quan
Qua trnh giai quyet mot bai toan trong khoa hoc va ky thuat bang phng
phap PTHH c the hien bang s o mo ta tren hnh 1.1 gom hai giai oan.
Hnh 1.1: S o giai mot bai toan khoa hoc va ky thuat.

? Giai oan 1 -- Giai quyet -- Bai toan vat ly c toan hoc hoa bang
mo hnh toan hoc. Mo hnh toan hoc, sau o, c ri rac hoa va giai bang
phng phap PTHH.
? Giai oan 2 -- anh gia -- Kiem tra o tin cay cua ket qua PTHH.
Cac loai sai so: (1) sai so mo hnh (mo hnh toan hoc, mo hnh PTHH); (2) sai
CHNG 1. GII THIEU
12
so thuat toan; (3) sai so lam tron (bieu dien so trong may tnh). Hieu chnh
(neu can).
Trong c hoc moi trng lien tuc phng phap PTHH co the c dung
cho nhieu loai phan tch:
-- Phan tch tuyen tnh, tnh.
-- Phan tch tuyen tnh, ong.
-- Phan tch tr rieng ve cong hng.
-- Phan tch bien dang ln.
-- Mo phong phuc vu thiet ke.
oi tng cua mon hoc: Ap dung phng phap PTHH cho cac bai toan
bien (phng trnh ao ham rieng), ac biet, cac bai toan xuat hien trong c
hoc, tap trung vao giai oan 1 -- mo hnh PTHH va giai so.
1.4.2
Mot so bai toan c hoc va vat ly
Mot so bai toan c hoc va vat ly se c dung en trong giao trnh.

1. Truyen nhiet (1-chieu)
Phng trnh truyen nhiet trong thanh chieu dai L, tiet dien A = A(x)

T
T
kA
+ qA
= c ,
x
x
t
0 < x < L,
(1.27)
trong o T = T (x, t) la nhiet o (tuyet oi), q toc o phat sinh nhiet tren
n v the tch (do nguon nhiet), c la nhiet dung, la mat o khoi.
Cac trng hp ac biet:
a) Neu q = 0 ta co phng trnh Fourier

T
T
kA
= c .
x
x
t
(1.28)
b) Neu qua trnh dng ta co phng trnh Poisson

T
kA
+ qA
= 0.
x
x
(1.29)
1.4. AP DUNG CUA PHNG PHAP PTHH
13
c) Neu qua trnh dng va q = 0 ta co phng trnh Laplace.

T
kA
= 0.
x
x
(1.30)
d
(Au) = 0,
dx
(1.31)
2. Dong chay 1-chieu
trong o la mat o khoi, A la dien tch tiet dien ngang, u la van toc dong
chay.
Neu dong chay khong nht th ton tai ham (x), goi la the van toc, sao
cho
u=
d
dx
(1.32)
va phng trnh (1.31) thanh

d
dx
d
A
dx
= 0.
(1.33)
3. Thanh chieu dai L chu tai doc truc
AE
u
= lc tac dung,
x
0 < x < L,
(1.34)
trong o E la moun Young, A la dien tch tiet dien ngang, u la chuyen dch
doc truc.
Neu lc tac dung la hang th phng trnh thanh

u
AE
= 0.
x
x
(1.35)
CHNG 1. GII THIEU
14
ieu kien bien cua cac bai toan tren thuoc mot trong cac loai: Dirichlet
(cho gia tr ham can tm), Neumann (cho gia tr ao ham cua ham can tm),
va Robin (to hp ca hai ieu kien Dirichlet va Neumann). Ngoai ra, vi cac
bai toan phu thuoc thi gian can phai cho ca ieu kien au.
1.5 Cac van e toan hoc lien quan

Trc khi i vao ly thuyet cua phng phap PTHH ta xet mot th du tong
ket cac van e a trnh bay trong cac muc tren, ong thi neu bat cac van
e ly thuyet can xet khi ap dung phng phap PTHH cho bai toan khoa hoc
ky thuat. Cac van e c trnh bay bang ngon ng giai tch ham vi muc
ch gi y cac nghien cu sau hn ve ly thuyet PTHH.
. Bai toan bien
d2u
=f
dx2
trong (0, 1)
(1.36)
u0(1) = 0.
(1.37)
u(0) = 0,
. Bai toan bien phan va s ton tai nghiem yeu

Neu u la nghiem va v la ham bat ky (u trn) sao cho v(0) = 0, th tch
phan tng phan cho
a(u, v) = (f, v),
(1.38)
u0(x)v 0(x)dx,
(1.39)
f(x)v(x)dx.
(1.40)
V = {v H 1 (0, 1) : v(0) = 0},
(1.41)
trong o
a(u, v) :=
(f, v) :=
1
0
1
0
a vao khong gian ham
trong o H 1 (0, 1) la khong gian Sobolev cac ham cung vi ao ham cap 1
(ao ham suy rong) bnh phng kha tch (thuoc L2 (0, 1)). Th ta co the noi
1.5. CAC VAN E TOAN HOC LIEN QUAN
15
nghiem u cua (1.36)-(1.37) c ac trng bi

uV
sao cho
a(u, v) = (f, v) v V,
(1.42)
phat bieu nay c goi cong thc bien phan hay cong thc yeu cua bai toan
(1.36)-(1.37). Nghiem cua no goi la nghiem yeu (weak solution) cua bai toan cho.
S ton tai va duy nhat nghiem yeu cua bai toan ang xet c suy ra ngay
nh nh ly Lax-Milgram.
Mot van e quan trong thng c xet: nghiem cua (1.42) co la nghiem
cua bai toan (1.36)-(1.37) hay khong? Van e nay lien quan en tnh chnh quy
cua nghiem yeu. Vi bai toan ang xet ta co ket qua sau.
nh ly 1.3. Gia s f C 0([0, 1]) va u C 2([0, 1]) thoa (1.42). Th u thoa
(1.36)-(1.37).
Chng minh. Cho v V C 1 ([0, 1]). Th cong thc tch phan tng phan cho
(f, v) = a(u, v) =
(u00)vdx + u0(1)v(1).
(1.43)
Vay, (f (u00), v) = 0 vi moi v V C 1 ([0, 1]) sao cho v(1) = 0. at

w = f + u00 C 0([0, 1]). Neu w 6 0 th w co mot dau xac nh trong khoang
[x0, x1] [0, 1] nao o. Chon v = (x x0 )2(x x1 )2 trong [x0, x1 ] va v 0
ben ngoai khoang [x0, x1 ]. Th (w, v) 6= 0 mau thuan. Vay u00 = f. Bay gi
ap dung (1.43) vi v = x ta co ngay u0(1) = 0. Tat nhien, u V nen u(0) = 0,
vay u thoa (1.36)-(1.37).
. Bai toan xap x Galerkin va s ton tai nghiem xap x
Cho S V la khong gian con hu han chieu bat ky. Ta xet bai toan
(1.42) vi V c thay bi S, cu the la
uS S
sao cho
a(uS , v) = (f, v) v S.
(1.44)
nh ly 1.4. Cho trc f L2 (0, 1), bai toan (1.5) co nghiem duy nhat.
Chng P
minh. Viet (1.5) theo cac ham c s {i : 1 i n} cua S. Cho
n
uS =
j=1 Uj j , Kij = a(j , i ), Fi = (f, i) vi i, j = 1, 2, . . . , n. at
U = [Uj ], K = [Kij ] va F = [Fi ]. Th (1.5) tng ng vi phng trnh ma
tran
KU = F.
(1.45)
CHNG 1. GII THIEU
16
V cac ham c s i la oc lap tuyen tnh nen (1.45) duy nhat nghiem, suy ra
ton tai nghiem va nh ly c chng minh.
. anh gia sai so
Trc het ta xet he thc trc giao c ban gia u va u S . Tr (1.5) cho
(1.42) ta c
a(u uS , w) = 0 w S.
(1.46)
Bay gi nh ngha chuan nang lng cua v V la

p
kvkE = a(v, v).
ay la chuan tng ng vi chuan trong H 1 (0, 1). nh ly di ay ch ra

rang vi chuan nang lng sai so la toi u.
nh ly 1.5.
ku uS kE = min{ku vkE : v S}.
(1.47)
Chng minh. Vi v S bat ky

ku uS k2E =
=
=
a(u uS , u uS )
a(u uS , u v) + a(u uS , v uS )
a(u uS , u v) (do w = v uS S va (1.46))
ku uS kE ku vkE .
Neu ku uS kE 6= 0 th ku uS kE ku vkE . Neu ku us kE = 0 bat ang

thc la tam thng. Lay inf tren v S ta co
ku uS kE inf ku vkE .
S
V uS S nen ta cung co
ku uS kE inf ku vkE ku uS kE .
S
Vay nh ly c chng minh.

Ve sau, thng ta phai anh gia sai so tren c s xap x PTHH c
dung (cach chon S). e minh hoa, ta xet sai so theo chuan trong L2 (0, 1).
1.5. CAC VAN E TOAN HOC LIEN QUAN
17
Muon anh gia ku uS k ta dung cach chng minh "oi ngau". Cho w la
nghiem cua
w00 = u uS
tren [0, 1] vi w(0) = w0 (1) = 0.
Nh tch phan tng phan, ta c

ku uS k2 =
=
=
=
(u uS , u uS )
(u uS , w00)
a(u uS , w) (v (u uS )(0) = w0 (1) = 0)
a(u uS , w v) (do (1.46)
vi moi v S. T bat ang thc Schwarz cho chuan nang lng ta suy ra
ku uS k ku uS kE kw vkE /ku uS k
ku uS kE kw vkE /kw00 k.
Bay gi lay inf tren v S ta co
ku uS k ku uS kE inf kw vkE /kw00 k.
vV
Vay, ta thay chuan L2 (0, 1) cua sai so co the nho hn chuan nang lng rat
nhieu, mien la w co the xap x tot bi mot ham nao o trong S. Co ly e
gia s rang ta co the lay v S gan w, ngha la gia s
inf kw vkE kw00k
vV
(1.48)
vi be. Ap dung (1.48) ta c

ku uS k ku uS kE .
Ap dung (1.48) mot lan na vi w thay bang u, va dung nh ly 1.5 ta c
ku uS kE ku00k.
To hp cac anh gia tren ta c
nh ly 1.6.
ku uS k ku uS kE 2 ku00k = 2kfk.
Ta thay ku uS kE cap trong khi ku uS k cap 2.
(1.49)
CHNG 1. GII THIEU
18
1.6 Khong gian Sobolev

e trnh bay phng phap PTHH ta can en cac khong gian ham Sobolev.
1.6.1
Khong gian Lebesgue
Cho tap m Rd co bien trn tng manh. Theo ly thuyet tch phan
Lebesgue mot menh e phu thuoc x c goi la "ung hau het" (h.h.)
tren neu no ung vi moi x ngoai tr cac x thuoc mot tap co o o khong
(khong ang ke). Ta ong nhat hai ham bang nhau h.h.
Vi 1 q , ta nh ngha khong gian Lebesgue, Lq (), la tap hp
cac ham thc v xac nh tren sao cho kvk Lq () < , trong o kvkLq () c
nh bi
kvkLq () =
Z
|v(x)|dx
1/q
khi 1 q < ,
kvkL () = ess sup {|v(x)| : x } := inf{C : |v(x)| C h.h.}
khi q = .
Anh xa v 7 kvkLq () thoa nh ngha ve chuan tren Lq (). Hn na,
khong gian Lq () vi chuan k kLq () la khong gian Banach.
Bat ang thc H
older
Vi 1 p, q sao cho 1/p + 1/q = 1,
kuvkL1() kukLp () kvkLq ()
u Lp (), v Lq ().
(1.50)
Khi p = q = 1, bat ang thc nay con c goi la bat ang thc Cauchy hay
bat ang thc Schwarz.
Bat ang thc tam giac ap dung cho Lq () c goi la bat ang thc
Minkowski:
ku + vkLq () kukLq () + kvkLq ()
1.6.2
u, v Lq ().
(1.51)
ao ham suy rong (ao ham yeu)
Cho v la ham lien tuc xac nh tren , gia (support) cua v la bao ong cua
tap {v : v(x) 6= 0, x }. Neu tap nay la compact (b chan), th v c goi la
co gia compact trong .
1.6. KHONG GIAN SOBOLEV
19
Ky hieu D() hay C0 () la tap hp cac ham co gia compact trong .

e nh ngha ao ham yeu, ta a vao khong gian ham:
L1loc () = {v : v L1 (K) vi moi compact K trong }.
Chu y rang L1loc () cha tat ca cac ham thuoc lp C 0().

Ky hieu di ay c dung e ch mot ao ham rieng cua ham v
D v =
||v
,
x1 1 x2 2 xd d
trong o = (1 , 2, . . . , d ) la mot a ch so, vi 1 , 2, . . . , d la cac so

nguyen khong am, va || = 1 + 2 + + d la o dai cua .
Ham v L1loc () c goi la co ao ham suy rong, D w v, neu ton tai
ham u L1loc () sao cho
Z
u()(x)dx = (1)
||
v(x)D(x)dx D().
Neu u ton tai ta viet Dw v = u.

Neu v C ||(), th ao ham suy rong Dw v ton tai va bang D v.
1.6.3
Khong gian Sobolev
Vi r = 1, 2, . . . va v L1loc (), gia s cac ao ham suy rong D v ton tai vi

moi || r. Ta nh ngha chuan Sobolev
kvkW r,q () =
||r
1/q
kD vkqLq ()
khi 1 q < . Khi q = , nh ngha

kvkW r, () = max kD vkL () .
||r
Khong gian Sobolev c nh ngha bi

W r,q () = {v L1loc () : kvkW r,q () < },
1 q .
CHNG 1. GII THIEU
20
k kW r,q () thoa nh ngha chuan. Hn na, W r,q () la khong gian Banach

vi chuan nay.
Ky hieu W0r,q () la ay u hoa cua D() oi vi chuan k k W r,q () .
Vi co bien trn va v W 1,q (), han che tren bien , v|, co the
c bieu dien nh la ham trong Lq (), 1 q . ieu nay khong khang
nh gia tr tng iem cua v tren co ngha. T tnh chat nay ta co
W0r,q () = {v W r,q () : D v| = 0 trong L2 (), || < r}.
Trong cac phat bieu ve sau ta con dung cac na chuan:
|v|W r,q () =
||=r
1/q
kD vkqLq ()
1q<
|v|W r, () = max kD vkL () .

||=r
Vi q = 2 ta dung cac ky hieu:

H r () = W r,2(), H0r () = W0r,2(),
r = 1, 2, . . .
Mot so bao ham thc thong dung:

Neu r k, 1 q , th
0
W r,q () W r,q ().
(1.52)
Neu b chan, 1 q q 0 , th
W k,q () W r,q ().
(1.53)
Bat ang thc Poincare

Cho Rd la tap m vi bien trn tng manh, neu v H 1 () triet
tieu tren mot phan bien cua co o o dng, th ton tai hang so C > 0,
phu thuoc ch vao , sao cho
kvkL2() C|v|H 1() .
(1.54)
Neu b chan, bat ang thc nay am ch na chuan | | H 1 () tng ng

vi chuan k kH 1 () . Tong quat, k kH r () tng ng vi chuan k kH 1() .
Bai tap chng 1
21
Xet khong gian Lq (), 1 q < . Vi f Lp (), trong o 1/p + 1/q =

1, at
Z
L(v) =
f(x)v(x)dx, v Lq ().
Theo bat ang thc H

older, L la dang tuyen tnh b chan theo chuan Lq ():
L(v) kfkLp () kvkLq () ,
v Lq ().
Nh vay f Lp () co the xem nh phiem ham tuyen tnh lien tuc tren
Lq (). Do nh ly bieu dien Riesz Lp () la khong gian oi ngau cua Lq ().
Ch so p goi la ch so oi ngau cua q.
Vi 1 q va r la so nguyen dng, khong gian oi ngau cua
khong gian Sobolev W r,q () c ky hieu bi W r,p (), trong o p la ch so
oi ngau cua q. Chuan:
kLkW r,p () =
L(v)
,
06=vW r,q () kvkW r,q ()
sup
L W r,p ().
Bai tap chng 1

1.1. Cho phiem ham I(u) nh bi
1
I=
2
[(u0)2 + u2 + 2xu]dx.
0
Tnh bien phan cap mot I cua phiem ham I.

S:
Z 1
I =
[u0(u)0 + (u + x)u]dx.
0
1.2. Cho bai toan bien: tm ham u thoa phng trnh vi phan
u00 + u + x = 0,
0 < x < 1,
Bai tap chng 1
22
vi cac ieu kien bien
u(0) = u(1) = 0
a) Tm phiem ham nang lng lien ket vi bai toan.

b) Giai bai toan bang phng phap Galerkin hoac Ritz vi
0 (x) = 0, 1 (x) = sin(x), 2 (x) = sin(2x), 3(x) = sin(3x).
HD: S = V = {v H 1 (0, 1), v(0) = v(1) = 0}. Bai toan bien phan:
Z
[u0v 0 + uv + xv]dx = 0
0
vi moi v V .
a) e tm phiem ham nang lng lien ket vi bai toan, thay v bang ky
hieu bien phan u cua u.
b) Nghiem xap x dang:
u 3 = c1 1 + c2 2 + c3 3
= c1 sin(x) + c2 sin(2x) + c3 sin(3x).
Thay vao phng trnh bien phan ta c he:
= 0
c1 ( 3 ) 2
c2 (4 3 ) + 1
= 0
3
c3 (27 3) 2 = 0
Giai:
c1 =
2
1
2
, c2 =
, c3 =
.
2
1)
(4 1)
3(9 2 1)
( 2
Vay,
u3 =
2 sin(x)
sin(2x)
2 sin(3x)
+
.
2
2
( 1) (4 1) 3(9 2 1)
So sanh ket qua vi nghiem chnh xac ucx =
sin x
sin 1
x, hnh 1.2.
Bai tap chng 1
23
Hnh 1.2: Nghiem chnh xac va nghiem xap x.

1.3. Cho phiem ham I(u) nh bi
I(u) =
F (x, u, ux, uxx )dx,

a
trong o u = u(x), x [a, b], cac ky hieu ux, uxx e ch ao ham cap mot va
hai cua u theo bien x.
a) Tnh I.
b) Tm ieu kien can e I at cc tr.
S:
a) I =
Z b
a

F
F
F
u +
ux +
uxx dx.
u
ux
uxx
b) I = 0. Bien oi I,
I =
Z b
a
F
d
u
dx
F
d
+
u
ux
dx
F
ux
F
uxx
d2
+ 2
dx

b
F
uxx

udx
F
uxx
ux
b
Bai tap chng 1
24
Do bien phan u tuy y, t ieu kien I = 0 suy ra
F
d
u
dx

F
ux
d2
+ 2
dx
F
d
u
ux
dx

F
uxx
F
uxx
= 0,
(1.55)
b
= 0,
(1.56)
b
= 0.
(1.57)
F
uxx

ux
Phng trnh (1.55) c goi la phng trnh Euler hay phng trnh EulerLagrange; cac phng trnh (1.56), (1.57) cho ieu kien bien.
1.4. Xet bai toan bien

du
d
p(x)
+ q(x)u = f(x), 0 < x < 1,
L[u] :=
dx
dx
(1.58)
u(0) = u(1) = 0.
(1.59)
a) Dung phng phap d so co trong tm nghiem xap x vi

j (x) = (x) = sin jx, j = 1, 2, . . . , N.
b) Chng to rang: neu dung (1.10) vi
j (x) = (x xj ), j = 1, 2, . . . , N,
trong o (x) la ham delta Dirac thoa
(x) = 0, x 6= 0;
(x)dx = 1,
va
0 < x1 < x2 < . . . < xN < 1.
th ta c ket qua cua phng phap ong v; ngha la, nghiem thoa phng
trnh vi phan (1.58) tai cac iem xj .
Bai tap chng 1
25
Hnh 1.3: Bai tap 1.5.

1.5. o vong cua dam chieu dai L, chu uon di tac dung cua tai trong phan
bo eu p, thoa phng trnh
EI
d4 w
p = 0,
dx4
(1.60)
trong o E la moun Young, I la momen quan tnh cua dam.

Bang phng phap Galerkin, tm o vong cua dam vi cac ieu kien
bien (ngam):
EI
w(0) = w(L) = 0,
(1.61)
dw
dw
(0) = EI
(L) = 0.
dx
dx
(1.62)
26
Bai tap chng 1
Chng 2
Ly thuyet c ban
Luon luon co cach bieu dien tot hn!
Bat chc roi sang tao.
ay la chng dai nhat trnh bay: cac y tng c ban cua phng phap
PTHH, cach ap dung PTHH giai bai toan khoa hoc ky thuat, con goi la mo
hnh hoa PTHH. Vi nh hng ng dung PTHH giai cac bai toan khoa hoc
ky thuat, cach thc mo hnh hoa va ca lap trnh tnh toan PTHH c trnh
bay cho mot bai toan c hoc ket cau n gian - bai toan keo thanh doc truc.
Do cach trnh bay van e co ong, dung ngon ng ma tran, nen cong viec
cua ngi oc kha nang ne. Hay oc ky cho thau ao va kiem tra can than
cac bc bang giay but.
2.1 PTHH nh la phng phap xap x ham

Y tng c ban cua PTHH la xap x ham. ac iem cua phep xap x nay la
gia tr xap x cua ham tai mot iem ch phu thuoc vao gia tr (cho trc) cua
ham tai vai iem "kha gan" no.
Cho ham f(x) xac nh tren mien Rd (d = 1, 2, 3).
2.1.1
Phep phan hoach PTHH
Xap x ham bat au bang s phan hoach thanh cac mien con (e) , goi la
phan t hu han (finite element), co hnh hoc n gian. Cac phan t hu han
27
CHNG 2. LY THUYET C BAN
28
c xac nh nh cac iem, goi la nut (node) hnh hoc. Noi chung, phep phan
hoach phai thoa hai ieu kien:
1) Hoi cac phan t tao thanh mien h xap x mien ,
h =
(e) ;
Hnh 2.1: Xap x PTHH mien .

2) Cac phan t hu han khac nhau khong "dam len" nhau. Gia hai
phan t co chung nhau hn hai nut hnh hoc, th phan bien cua chung i
qua cac iem chung nay phai trung nhau. Noi khac i, phep phan hoach
PTHH khong lam xuat hien cac "lo hong".
Hnh 2.2: Tnh chat cua phep phan hoach.
2.1.2
Cac loai phan t hu han
Tuy theo th nguyen d cua mien va so iem nut (cua phan t) ta co cac
loai phan t hu han khac nhau. Viec chon loai phan t gop phan ch nh
cach xap x ham trong phan t ay.
1) Phan t 1-chieu la cac oan thang hay cong (hnh 2.3)
2.1. PTHH NH LA PHNG PHAP XAP X HAM
29
Hnh 2.3: Phan t hu han 1-chieu.

2) Phan t 2-chieu la cac tam giac hoac t giac vi cac canh la ng
cong bac nhat, bac hai hay bac ba (hnh 2.4).
3) Phan t 3-chieu la cac khoi t dien, luc dien (hnh 2.5).
2.1.3
Phan t tham chieu
Mot ac iem quan trong cua xap x phan t hu han la tnh a phng cua
phep xap x. Xap x cua ham tren moi phan t ch phu thuoc vao cac gia tr
cua ham tai cac nut, goi la nut noi suy, nam trong phan t ay. V vay ta co the
xay dng phep xap x tren mot phan t ac thu (cung loai, n gian) r goi
la phan t tham chieu. Xap x cua ham tren mot phan t thc (e) bat ky co
30

the nhan c nh phep bien oi (song anh) (e) bien phan t tham chieu
thanh phan t thc.
Th du 2.1. Phan t tham chieu 1-chieu la oan r = [0, 1] tren truc toa o
vi cac nut 1 = 0 va 2 = 1. Vi phan t thc (e) tren truc toa o x vi
cac nut tng ng xi , xj , phep bien oi (e) : 7 x, bien r thanh (e) , la
anh xa affine
(e) () = a + b,
trong o cac hang so a, b c xac nh bi cac tng ng:

(e) (1 ) = xi,
(e) (2 ) = xj
a = xj xi ,
b = xi
Nh vay, phep tng ng gia iem r vi iem x (e) :

x = (1 )xi + xj
(0 1).
(2.1)
Nhan xet 2.1. Trong hnh hoc affine, iem x nam tren oan thang noi hai
iem xi , xj c bieu dien di dang mot to hp tuyen tnh cua hai iem nay
x = 1 xi + 2 xj
31
Hnh 2.6: Phep bien oi (e) .

vi 1 , 2 0 va 1 + 2 = 1. Khi o, (1 , 2 ) goi la toa o trong tam
(barycentric coordinates) cua x oi vi hai iem xi , xj .
So sanh vi cong thc bien oi (2.1), ta co:
1 = 1 ,
2 = .
Hai ham nay xac nh phep bien oi (e) : [0, 1] [xi, xj ].
Nhan xet 2.2. Cac ham 1 , 2 la cac a thc bac nhat theo , trong o cac
he so c xac nh t ieu kien Kronecker i (k ) = ik .
Th du 2.2. Phan t tham chieu 2-chieu tam giac la tam giac r vi cac nh
1 = (0, 0), 2 = (1, 0), 3 = (0, 1) trong mat phang toa o . Phan t tam
giac bat ky (e) vi cac nut xi = (xi, yi ), xj = (xj , yj ), xk = (xk , yk ) trong mat
phang toa o xy c bien oi t phan t tham chieu nh phep bien oi
(2.2)
x = A + B,
trong o
A=
a11 a12
a21 a22
B=
b1
b2
(2.3)
32
la ma tran va vect hang c xac nh bi cac he thc:
xi = A 1 + B,
xj = A 2 + B,
xk = A 3 + B,
Giai ra, ta c
A=
xj xi xk xi
yj yi yk yi
B=
xi
yi
(2.4)
Nh vay, s tng ng gia iem va iem x:

x
y
= (1 )
xi
yi
xj
yj
xk
yk
(2.5)
hay
x = (1 )xi + xj + xk .
(2.6)
1 = 1 , 2 = , 3 = .
(2.7)
Cac ham
la cac toa o trong tam cua x oi vi ba iem x i , xj , xk .
Hnh 2.7: Phan t tham chieu tam giac 3 nut.
33
Tong quat, trong Rd PTHH n gian nhat la d-n hnh - bao loi cua
d + 1 iem xi (i=1,2,. . . ,d+1) oc lap tuyen tnh trong Rd . d-n hnh tham
chieu co cac nh:
1 = (0, 0, . . . , 0),
2 = (1, 0, . . . , 0),
3 = (0, 1, . . . , 0),
d+1 = (0, 0, . . . , 1).

Ky hieu:
x = (x1, x2 , . . . , xd ) la iem thuoc phan t thc;
= [1, 2 , . . . , d ]T la iem thuoc phan t tham chieu.
xi = [xi,1, xi,2, . . . , xi,d ]T la cac nh cua phan t thc.
Phep bien oi Affine gia phan t tham chieu va phan t thc:
(2.8)
x = A + B.
T ieu kien A i + B = xi ta co ngay
B = x1 =
x1,1
x1,2
..
.
x1,d
, A(:, i) = xi+1 x1 =
xi+1,1 x1,1
xi+1,2 x1,2
..
.
xi+1,d x1,d
, (i = 1, . . . , d).
Phep bien oi:
x =
d
X
k=1
x1 + 1 x2 + 2 x3 + + d xd+1
= 1 x1 + 2 x2 + 3 x3 + + d+1 xd,
trong o i la toa o trong tam cua x:
1 = 1
d
X
k=1
k , 2 = 1 , 3 = 2 , . . . , d+1 = d .
34
Th du 2.3. Phan t tham chieu 2-chieu t giac. Xet phan t t giac bat ky
(e) vi cac nut xi = (xi , yi ), xj = (xj , yj ), xk = (xk , yk ), xl = (xl , yl) trong
mat phang toa o xy, a vao he toa a phng co cac ng toa o , la
hai ho ng thang phan eu bon canh cua t giac (hnh 2.8a)). Lay iem
trung tam cua hai ho nay lam goc bang cach at = = 0, ve cac truc ,
theo hng tang cua ,, ong thi lay gia tr tren bon canh la 1, th ta thu
c hnh vuong r vi cac nh:
1 = (1, 1), 2 = (1, 1), 3 = (1, 1), 4 = (1, 1)
trong he toa o (hnh 2.8b)). Hnh vuong (e) la phan t tham chieu
2-chieu t giac.
Hnh 2.8: Phan t hu han t giac.
(e)
e xay dng phep bien oi t phan t tham chieu r sang phan t thc
ta can en mot so khai niem cua ly thuyet noi suy sieu han.
nh ngha 2.1. Cho L la khong gian vect va L la khong gian con ong cua
no. Mot anh xa tuyen tnh P : L L co tnh chat luy ang (idempotent),
ngha la
P P = P,
c goi la phep chieu t L len L.

Cho L la khong gian cac ham (hai bien) lien tuc xac nh tren r , va
L la khong gian cac ham lien tuc tren r , sao cho ao ham theo ton tai va
la hang so. Xet phep chieu P : L L xac nh bi
P (f) =
1
+1
f(1, ) +
f(1, ).
2
2
(2.9)
35
Ta thay, P(f) gi nguyen gia tr cua ham f doc theo cac canh thang ng
= 1 cua phan t tham chieu, va noi suy tuyen tnh gia tr cua no gia
= 1 va = 1 doc theo cac canh nam ngang = const.
Tng t cho cac ng nam ngang = 1
P (f) =
+1
1
f(, 1) +
f(, 1).
2
2
(2.10)
Tch cua hai phep chieu P va P ,

P P (f) =
(1 )(1 )
(1 + )(1 )
f(1, 1) +
f(1, 1)
4
4
+
(1 + )(1 + )
(1 )(1 + )
f(1, 1) +
f(1, 1)
4
4
(1 )(1 )
(1 + )(1 )
f( 1 ) +
f( 2 )
4
4
+
(1 )(1 + )
(1 + )(1 + )
f( 3 ) +
f( 4 ),
4
4
(2.11)
cung la mot phep chieu. Bang cach kiem trc tiep, dung (2.9) - (2.11), co the
ch ra rang
P (f) + P (f) P P (f) =
=
1
+1
f(1, ) +
f(1, )
2
2
+
1
+1
f(, 1) +
f(, 1)
2
2
(1 )(1 )
(1 + )(1 )
f( 1 )
f( 2)
4
4
(1 + )(1 + )
(1 )(1 + )
f( 3 )
f( 4 )
4
4
noi suy ham f chnh xac tren ca bon canh cua hnh vuong r .
(2.12)
36
Bay gi, ta xay dng phep bien oi phan t tham chieu r thanh phan
t thc (e) ,

x = x(, ),
y = y(, ).
e y rang cac iem (1, ), 1 1 (tren canh 2 3 ), tng ng vi cac
iem (x, y) tren canh x2x3; do o,
x(1, ) =
x2 + x3
x3 x2
+
.
2
2
(2.13)
Tng t vi cac canh con lai, ta co:
x(1, ) =
x4 x1
x1 + x4
+
,
2
2
(2.14)
x(, 1) =
x4 + x3
x3 x4
+
,
2
2
(2.15)
x(, 1) =
x2 + x1
x2 x1
+
.
2
2
(2.16)
Dung cong thc (2.12) vi f thay bang x, sau mot so bien oi, ta thu c:
x = x1
(1 )(1 )
(1 + )(1 )
+ x2
4
4
+x3
(1 + )(1 + )
(1 )(1 + )
+ x4
.
4
4
(2.17)
Do tnh oi xng, bang cach thay x, x1, x2, x3, x4, tng ng, bang y, y1, y2, y3 , y4
trong cong thc tren ta thu c cong thc bien oi cho thanh phan tung
37
o. at:
N1 (, ) =
(1 )(1 )
,
4
(2.18)
N2 (, ) =
(1 + )(1 )
,
4
(2.19)
N3 (, ) =
(1 + )(1 + )
,
4
(2.20)
N4 (, ) =
(1 )(1 + )
.
4
(2.21)
Khi o cong thc bien oi co the viet di dang vect:
x=
4
X
xi Ni ().
(2.22)
i=1
Nhan xet 2.3. Phep chieu (2.9) co the de dang c tong quat hoa thanh noi
suy ham f chnh xac doc theo m + 1 ng thang ng = i ,
1 = 0 < 1 < . . . < m = 1,
Pv (f) =
m
X
f(i , )iv (),
(2.23)
i=0
trong o
iv () =
Y j
,
i j
j6=i
i = 0, 1, . . . , m la nhng ham noi suy Lagrange c s. Trong khuon kho ly

thuyet noi suy sieu han (transfinite interpolation), cac ham iv c goi la cac
ham uon (blending function). V ca hai ham so P(f) va Pv (f) trung vi f tai
38
mot so khong em c cac iem nen chung co ten goi la noi suy sieu han,
toan t tng ng c goi la toan t noi suy sieu han.
Cong thc tng t (2.23) cho cac ng nam ngang = j ,
1 = 0 < 1 < . . . < n = 1,
Ph (f) =
n
X
f(, j )jh (),
(2.24)
j=0
trong o
jh () =
Y i
, = 0, 1, . . . , n.
j i
j6=i
Tch cua hai phep chieu Pv va P h :

Ph Pv (f) =
m X
n
X
f(i , j )iv ()jh ().
(2.25)
i=0 j=0
Toan t tch Ph Pv cung la mot phep chieu, va Ph Pv (f) noi suy ham f
chnh xac tai (m + 1)(n + 1) iem (i , j ), i = 0, 1, . . . , m, j = 0, 1, . . . , n. Ham
Ph Pv (f) c goi la noi suy Lagrange lng a thc cua ham f tai cac iem
(i , j ).
Phep chieu Ph Pv khong la noi suy sieu han. Ta co mot cach to hp
hai toan t P v va P h e co c mot toan t noi suy sieu han ma tap chnh
xac cha toan bo cac ng = i , = j . o la tong Boolean
Pv Ph = Pv + Pv Pv Ph .
(2.26)
nh ly 2.1. Cho cac toan t Pv va Ph . Th (Pv Ph )(f) noi suy ham f chnh
xac doc theo cac ng = i , = j , i = 0, 1, . . . , m, j = 0, 1, . . . , n.
Ham (Pv Ph )(f) c goi la noi suy Lagrange hai chieu sieu han.
Nhan xet 2.4. Ta co the tm cong thc bien oi di dang mot a thc bac
nhat theo tng bien:
x = a0 + a1 + a2 + a3 .
39
Vi cach chon nay th khi = const (hay = const) a thc tr thanh bac
nhat theo y (hay x), tng ng vi ng thang.
2.1.4
Xap x ham tren phan t hu han
Phep xap x ham bang phan t hu han s dung cac ham noi suy Lagrange.
Bac toi a cua a thc xap x qui nh loai phan t hu han va so nut noi suy 1)
can thiet.
Th du 2.4. Trng hp 1-chieu, a thc bac nhat. Cac a thc p1 (x) = 1,
p2 (x) = x lap thanh c s cua khong gian cac a thc bac 1. Ham xap x
cua u = u(x) co the bieu dien di dang
uh (x) = [p1(x) p2 (x)]
a1
a2
(2.27)
= [p(x)]{a}.
ay ta s dung cac ky hieu thu gon:

{a} = {a1 a2}T .
[p(x)] = [p1 (x) p2 (x)],
T yeu cau ham xap x va ham chnh xac co gia tr bang nhau tai cac nut
noi suy xi , xj , ta co:
[p(xi )]{a} = ui ,
[p(xj )]{a} = uj
hay di dang ma tran

1)
p1 (xi ) p2 (xi )
p1 (xj ) p2 (xj )

a1
a2

a1
a2
Phan biet vi nut hnh hoc.
1 xi
1 xj
ui
uj
ui
uj
40
Giai ra ta c
a1 =
ui xj uj xi
,
xj xi
a2 =
uj ui
.
xj xi
Suy ra
uh (x) = ui
xj x
x xi
+ uj
.
xj xi
xj xi
a vao cac ky hieu:

Ni (x) =
xj x
,
xj xi
Nj (x) =
x xi
,
xj xi
ta co the viet lai

uh (x) = ui Ni (x) + uj Nj (x) = [N]{u}.
Cac ham Ni (x), Nj (x) c goi la cac ham dang (shape function), [N] la ma
tran ham dang.
Nhan xet 2.5. Cac ket qua tren co the tm c khi i t phan t tham
chieu. Ham xap x:

a1
uh () = [1 ]
.
a2
Chu y, dau ganh tren au ham xap x e ch no la ham xac nh tren phan
t tham chieu. Cac ham u(), uh () lien he vi u(x), uh (x) qua phep oi bien
(th du 2.1),
u(x()) = u(), uh (x()) = uh ().
Thc hien cac bc tnh toan tng t, ta c:
1 () + u2N
2 () = [N]{
u},
uh () = u1N
trong o
1 () = 1 ,
N
2() = .
N
41
Cac ham dang trung vi cac ham toa o trong tam cua x. Nhng phan
t hu han vi phep xap x co tnh chat nay c goi la phan t hu han
ang tham so (isoparametric).
Tong quat -- xap x bang a thc bac N. Cac a thc c s cua khong
gian cac a thc bac N: p 1 (x) = 1, p2 (x) = x, . . . , pN +1 (x) = xN . e
xay dng xap x ta can N + 1 nut noi suy. Trong trng hp nay ngoai hai
nut bien (nut hnh hoc) ta can a vao N 1 nut nam ben trong phan
t. e n gian, ta ky hieu x1 , x2, . . . , xN +1 la cac nut noi suy cua phan t,
u1 , u2, . . . , uN +1 la gia tr cua ham u(x) tai cac nut tng ng. Da vao th du
2.4 ta thiet lap cac ham dang nh sau.
Ham xap x
a1
a2
uh (x) = [p1 (x) p2 (x) . . . pN +1 (x)]
..
N +1
trong o
[p(x)] = [p1 (x) p2 (x) . . . pN +1 (x)],
(2.28)
= [p(x)]{a},
{a} = {a1 a2 . . . aN +1}T .
(2.29)
T ieu kien ham xap x va ham chnh xac co gia tr bang nhau tai cac
nut noi suy, ta co he phng trnh ai so tuyen tnh xac nh a1, . . . , aN +1
a1
a2
..
p1 (xN +1) p2 (xN +1) . . . pN +1 (xN +1)

aN +1
p1 (x1 )
p1 (x2 )
..
.
p2 (x1 )
p2 (x2 )
..
.
...
...
pN +1 (x1)
pN +1 (x2)
..
.
1 x1 . . . xN
1
1 x2 . . . xN
2
.. ..
..
. .
.
1 xN . . . xN
N
a1
a2
..
.
aN +1
u1
u2
..
.
u1
u2
..
.
N +1
u
N +1
P{a} = {u},
(2.30)
42
trong o
P=
1 x1 . . . xN
1
1 x2 . . . xN
2
.. ..
..
. .
.
1 xN . . . xN
N
{u} =
Giai phng trnh (2.30) ta c
u1
u2
..
.
u
N +1
(2.31)
{a} = P1 {u},
roi thay vao (2.28) ta thu c cac ham dang
uh = ([p(x)]P1 ){u} = [N(x)]{u}
(2.32)
[N(x)] = [N1(x) N2(x) . . . NN +1 (x)] = [p(x)]P1
(2.33)
vi
la ma tran cac ham dang.

Nhan xet 2.6. Do cac a thc p1 (x), p2 (x), . . . , pN +1 (x) oc lap tuyen tnh
nen cac ham dang N1 (x), N2 (x), . . . , NN +1(x) cung oc lap tuyen tnh. Theo
ngon ng ai so tuyen tnh, cac gia tr nut u1 , u2 , . . . , uN +1 co the xem la toa
o cua vect u h (x) trong c s gom cac ham dang; con cac tham so a 1, a2, . . . ,
aN +1 la toa o cua u h (x) trong c s gom cac a thc p 1 (x), p2 (x), . . . , pN +1 .
Theo o, ta goi u1 , u2, . . . , uN +1 la cac tham so nut, con a1 , a2, . . . , aN +1 la cac
tham so suy rong, xap x theo cong thc (2.28) goi la xap x phi nut.
Th du 2.5. Trng hp 2-chieu, a thc bac nhat. Xap x ham u(x, y)

bang a thc bac nhat th phan t thch hp la tam giac 3 nut. Cac a thc
p1 (x, y) = 1, p2 (x, y) = x, p3 (x, y) = y lap thanh c s cua khong gian cac a
thc hai bien co bac 1. Ky hieu:
[p(x, y)] = [p1(x, y) p2 (x, y) p3 (x, y)],
{a} = {a1 a2 a3}T .
Ham xap x u h (x, y) c bieu dien di dang:

uh (x, y) = [p(x, y)]{a}.
(2.34)
He phng trnh xac nh {a}

P{a} = {u},
(2.35)
43
trong o
1 x1 y1
a1
u1
a2 , {u} =
u2
P = 1 x2 y2 , {a} =
.
1 x3 y3
a3
u3
Giai he phng trnh (2.35), roi thay vao (2.34) ta thu c

uh (x, y) = [N(x, y)]{u}
trong o
N1 (x, y) =
x2y3 y2 x3 + x(y3 + y2 ) y(x3 + x2)

,
x2 y3 y2 x3 x1 y3 + y1 x3 + x1 y2 y1 x2
N2 (x, y) =
x1y3 + y1 x3 + x(y3 + y1 ) + y(x3 + x1)

,
x2 y3 y2 x3 x1 y3 + y1 x3 + x1 y2 y1 x2
N3 (x, y) =
x1y2 y1 x2 + x(y2 + y1 ) y(x2 + x1)

.
x2 y3 y2 x3 x1 y3 + y1 x3 + x1 y2 y1 x2
Nhan xet 2.7. Viec tm cac ham dang tuy n gian nhng rat de sai sot khi
tnh toan bang "tay chan". Ta co the dung Matlab e thc hien cac tnh
toan nay. Script file hd2D3N.m di ay tm cac ham dang trong th du tren
hd2D3N.m
% xay dung ham dang cho PTHH 2-D, 3 nut
clear all
syms x y x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3 a1 a2 a3
% da thuc co so
p=[1 x y];
% cac he so
a=[a1; a2; a3];
% da thuc xap xi
uh=p*a
syms u1 u2 u3
% ma tran gia tri da thuc co so tai cac nut
PP(1,:)=subs(p,x,y,x1,y1);
44
% gia tri nut
u=[u1;u2;u3];
% tinh cac he so
aa=inv(PP)*u;
% xac dinh cac ham dang
kq=simplify(subs(uh,a,aa))
N1=simple(maple(coeff,kq,u1))
Nhan xet 2.8. Phng phap xay dng ham dang trong cac th du tren co the
tong quat hoa cho trng hp ham can xap x xac nh trong R d . Goi M la
so chieu cua khong gian cac a thc tren Rd co bac N, PN (Rd ). e xay
dng cac ham dang "ay u" ta can M nut noi suy. Ky hieu:
x = (x1, x2 , . . . , xd ) la iem trong Rd ;
{p1 (x), p2 (x), . . . , pM (x)} la mot c s cua P N (Rd );
xi (i = 1, 2, . . . , M) la cac nut noi suy.
S o thiet lap cac ham dang
1. [p(x)] = [p1 (x) p2 (x) . . . pM (x)];
2. P =
p1 (x1)
p1 (x2)
..
.
p2 (x1 )
p2 (x2 )
..
.
...
...
pM (x1)
pM (x2)
..
.
p1 (xM ) p2 (xM ) . . . pM (xM )
3. [N] = [N1 (x) N2 (x) . . . NM (x)] = [p(x)]P1 .
2.1.5
ao ham va tch phan theo toa o tham chieu
Trong cac bai toan c hoc, vat ly, thng cac ham can tm va cac ao ham
cua no co mat trong phng trnh xac nh. Neu dung ham xap x tren cac
phan t thc (e) se rat phc tap (khong thuan tien). Bang cach a vao khai
niem phan t tham chieu r va anh xa (e), ham va cac ao ham cua no
c tnh toan tren phan t tham chieu. Di ay ta xet trng hp 2-chieu.
45
Goi uh la ham xap x cua u tren phan t tham chieu, ta co

)]{
uh (, ) = [N(,
u}.
T cong thc bien oi:
x = (e)() x = x(, ),
(2.36)
y = y(, )
va cong thc ao ham ham hp ta co:

x T

x
y
=J
(2.37)
trong o J la ma tran Jacobi cua phep bien oi (e) ,
x

J = y
x
.
y
T cong thc (2.37) ta suy ra
x
=
hay
=J
(2.38)
va ta co cong thc tnh ao ham cua ham u trong he toa o thc bang cac
ao ham cua u trong he toa o tham chieu:
x
=
u
x
u
= JT
(2.39)
Cong thc oi bien (2.36) cho phep ta chuyen tch phan cua mot ham
u tren phan t thc (e) thanh tch phan tren phan t tham chieu r n
46
gian hn:
Z
u(x, y)dxdy =
(e)
u(, )|J|dd,
(2.40)
trong o |J| ky hieu tr tuyet oi nh thc cua ma tran Jacobi.
Th du 2.6. Cho phan t tam giac vi cac nh x1 = (1, 1), x2 = (3, 2),
x3 = (2, 3) (trong toa o xy). Cho u = x + y, v = xy la hai ham xac nh tren
.
1) Thiet lap cong thc oi toa o, bien phan t tham chieu r , tam giac
vi cac nh 1 = (0, 0), 2 = (1, 0), 3 = (0, 1) (toa o ), thanh tam giac .
Xac nh J va J1 .
2) Dung u va v kiem tra lai cong thc (2.39).
3) Tnh
u vd.
Giai. 1) Nh trong th du 2.2, c bien oi t r nh phep bien oi

x = 1 + 2 + ,
y = 1 + + 2
Ma tran Jacobi va nh thc cua no:

J=
2 1
1 2
det J = 3.
T ay suy ra
J
1
=
3
2 1
1
2
2) Bieu dien u va v theo toa o :

u = u(x(, ), y(, )) = 2 + 3( + ),
v = v(x(, ), y(, )) = 1 + 3( + ) + 5 + 2( 2 + 2 ).
47
ao ham u va v trong toa o xy

u
u
=
= 1,
x
y
v
= y,
x
v
= x.
y
ao ham u va v trong toa o

u
u
=
= 3,
v
= 3 + 5 + 4,
v
= 3 + 5 + 4.
Kiem cong thc (2.39) trng hp ham u:

Ve trai:

1
.
1
Ve phai:
1
3
2 1
1
2

3
3
1
1
Kiem cong thc (2.39) trng hp ham v:

Ve trai:

y
1 + + 2
=
.
x
1 + 2 +
Ve phai:
1
3
2 1
1
2

3 + 5 + 4
3 + 5 + 4
1 + + 2
1 + 2 +
3) T ket qua tren ta co

u v = (1, 1)(1 + + 2, 1 + 2 + )T = 2 + 3( + ).
48
Ap dung cong thc oi bien so trong tch phan (2.40)

Z
u vd =
= 3
= 3
= 3
(2 + 3( + ))|3|dd
Z
Z
Z
d
0
(2 + 3( + ))d
1
0
1 !
3
(2 + 3) + 2
d
2
0
1
0
1

7
3 2
21
3 3
2
2 d =
3 = 6.
2
2
2
2 0
2.2 Cac bc thiet lap mo hnh PTHH

Muc nay trnh bay cach thiet lap mo hnh PTHH cho cac bai toan khoa hoc
ky thuat. Ta se tm hieu chi tiet cac bc thiet lap, bao gom c s ly thuyet
va cach thc thc hien. Van e c trnh bay thong qua mot bai toan n
gian cua c hoc ket cau nham lam ro ly do va y ngha cua cac bc thc hien.
Nh se thay, sau o, cach ap dung PTHH cho cac bai toan bien cung tng
t.
2.2.1
Phan tch ng suat cua thanh nhieu nac
Th du 2.7. Tm ng suat phan bo trong thanh nhieu nac oi xng truc,

b ngam chat mot au, au con lai b keo bi lc doc truc p. Thanh co
cac dien tch tiet dien ngang A(1) = 2cm2, A(2) = 1cm2 tren cac oan dai
l(1) = l(2) = 10cm. Cho moun Young E (1) = E (2) = E = 2 106 kg/cm2 ,
p = 1kg.
Cong thc bien phan2)
Theo ly thuyet thanh chu keo nen doc truc, bien dang cua thanh c
xac nh bi chuyen dch q = q(x) tai cac iem thuoc no. Ta co cac he thc
sau:
2)
Ngi oc khong quen vi c hoc ket cau co the chap nhan cac cong thc c gii
thieu ay.
2.2. CAC BC THIET LAP MO HNH PTHH
49
Hnh 2.9: Thanh nhieu nac.

Bien dang (o gian tng oi)
=
dq
.
dx
(2.41)
ng suat
= E = E
dq
,
dx
(2.42)
trong o E la moun Young (nh luat Hooke).

The nang toan phan cua thanh
I = Nang lng bien dang Cong cua lc ngoai
= Wp,
(2.43)
trong o
L
0
A(x)
Wp = pq(L).
1
(x)(x)dAdx,
2
(2.44)
(2.45)
Bai toan c giai da tren nguyen ly cong ao: chuyen dch thc la chuyen
dch lam cc tieu hoa the nang toan phan cua thanh.
Ky hieu:
L = l(1) + l(2) la chieu dai thanh;
S = {q|q H 1 (0, L), q(0) = 0} la tap hp cac chuyen dch kha d (ham
th);
50
V = {s|s H 1 (0, L), s(0) = 0} la khong gian cac chuyen dch ao (ham
trong lng). Do ieu kien bien cot yeu la thuan nhat nen V = S.
Dung cac cong thc (2.41), (2.42) cho bieu thc the nang (2.43)-(2.45) ng
vi chuyen dch kha d q, ta c
I(q) =
A(x)
E
2
dq
dx
2
(2.46)
dAdx pq(L).
Nhan xet 2.9. Ve phng dien toan hoc, bai toan phan tch ng suat cua
thanh nhieu nac ay la bai toan toi u: tm ham q(x), 0 x L, lam cc
tieu phiem ham I(q) xac nh bi (2.46).
Ap dung PTHH
Bc 1 - Phan hoach
Thanh c xem nh mot ket cau gom 2 phan t: phan t th nhat la
phan thanh gii han bi cac tiet dien x1 = 0, x2 = 10, phan t th hai la
phan thanh gii han bi cac tiet dien x2 = 10, x3 = 20 (ve phng dien toan
hoc, oan [0, L] c phan hoach thanh cac oan con [x 1, x2], [x2, x3 ]).
Hnh 2.10: Phan t thanh [xi, xi+1 ], lc tac dung len phan t.
Bc 2 - Xap x ham tren tng phan t
Chuyen dch (ham q(x)) tren moi phan t c xap x bi a thc bac
nhat (phan t e)
(e)
(e)
(e)
(2.47)
(e)
q (e) = q1 N1 (x) + q2 N2 (x) = [N](e){q}(e).
trong o [N](e) = [N1 (x) N2 (x)] la ma tran ham dang, [q] (e) = {q1 q2 }T
goi la chuyen dch nut phan t3) .
(e)
3)
(e)
(e)
(e)
Ky hieu u(e) ch nham muc ch "nhan manh" no la thu hep cua ham u tren phan t e.
51
Nhan xet 2.10. Do ieu kien ngam cua chuyen dch (ieu kien bien cua bai
toan), q1
(1)
= 0, nen ham N1 (x) khong co mat trong bieu thc xap x cua
(1)
q. Tuy nhien, e thuan tien, trong thc hanh ta van tnh en q1 trong qua
(1)
trnh thiet lap phng trnh xap x. Viec kh q1 khoi phng trnh se c
thc hien sau.
(1)
Bien dang va ng suat tren moi phan t c xap x bi
(e) =
d
[N](e){q}(e) = [B]e{q}(e),
dx
(2.48)
(2.49)
(e) = E (e)[B]e {q}(e),
trong o [B]e = (d/dx)[N](e) (ao ham cua mot ma tran la ma tran vi cac
phan t la ao ham cua phan t tng ng trong ma tran au).
Bc 3 - Thiet lap phng trnh PTHH
Neu xet rieng tng phan t th the nang cua phan t c tnh theo
cong thc (tng t nh the nang toan phan)
(e)
(e) (e)
(q1 , q2 )
E (e) A(e)
=
2
xe+1
xe
dq (e)
dx
2
dx p2 q2 + p1 q1 , (2.50)
(e) (e)
(e) (e)
trong o p1 , p2 la lc tac dung len cac au mut cua phan t. ay ta quy

c hng dng cua lc tac dung len phan t hng ra ngoai phan t (hnh
2.10)
Do tnh chat cong tnh cua nang lng, cong thc the nang toan phan
co the viet:
(e)
I=
2
X
e=1
(e)
I (e)
"
#

2
Z
2
X
E (e) A(e) xe+1 dq (e)
(e) (e)
(e) (e)
=
dx p2 q2 + p1 q1 .
2
dx
xe
e=1
a vao ky hieu {p}(e) = {pe1 pe2 }T , goi la vect tai phan t, va dung cong
52
thc (2.47) ta co
"
#

2
2
(e) (e) Z xe+1
(e)
X
E A
d[N]
I=
{q}(e) dx {q}(e)T {p}(e) .
2
dx
xe
e=1
(2.51)
e y rang,
d[N](e)
{q}(e) = [B](e){q}(e)
dx
la vo hng nen ta co the viet

d[N](e)
{q}(e)
dx
2
= {q}(e)T [B](e)T [B](e){q}(e).
Neu lay bien phan ta se c:
d[N](e)
{q}(e)
dx
2
= {q}(e)T [B](e)T [B](e){q}(e) + {q}(e)T [B](e)T [B](e){q}(e)

= 2{q}(e)T [B](e)T [B](e){q}(e)
ang thc cuoi nhan c t nhan xet: cac vo hng {q} (e)T [B](e)T [B](e){q}(e),
{q}(e)T [B](e)T [B](e){q}(e) la chuyen v cua nhau.
ieu kien cc tr cho phiem ham I:
I = 0
2
X
e=1
{q}
(e)T

Z
(e) (e)
E A
xe+1
[B]
(e)T
xe
2
X
e=1
(e)
[B] dx {q}
(e)
{p}
(e)
{q}(e)T [k](e){q}(e) {p}(e)
= 0
= 0, (2.52)
trong o ma tran
[k]
(e)
(e)
=E A
(e)
xe+1
xe
[B](e)T [B](e)dx,
(2.53)
53
c goi la ma tran o cng phan t.

a vao vect chuyen dch toan cuc, bien phan cua no va vect tai toan cuc
co thanh phan la chuyen dch, bien phan cua chuyen dch va noi lc tai cac
nut cua toan bo thanh
{q} = {q1 q2 q3 }T ,
{q} = {q1 q2 q3}T ,
{p} = {p1 p2 p3 }T ,
ta co the viet
2
X
e=1
{q}
(e)T
(e)
[k] {q}
(e)
= {q} [K]{q},
2
X
e=1
{q}(e)T {p}(e) = {q}T {p},
va phng trnh (2.52) thanh

{q}T ([K]{q} + {p}) = 0,
(2.54)
trong o [K] co dang
K11 K12 K13

[K] = K21 K22 K23 ,
K31 K32 K33
goi la ma tran o cng toan cuc. Tr nut th nhat do ieu kien rang buoc
q1 = 0, cac bien phan con lai q2, q3 la tuy y, bang cac lay cac bien phan
nay lan lt bang 1, ta suy ra:
0 K11 q1 + K12 q2 + K13 q3 = 0 p1
K21 q1 + K22 q2 + K23 q3 = p2
K31 q1 + K32 q2 + K33 q3 = p3
Phng trnh th nhat tng ng vi 0 = 0. He phng trnh suy bien, can
phai loai phng trnh nay khoi he. Ta se tr lai van e nay sau.
Nh vay, noi chung, v bien phan la tuy y, phng trnh (2.54) thanh
[K] {q} = {p}.
(2.55)
Phng trnh (2.55) c goi la phng trnh PTHH. Do hai phan t ke

nhau co chung nhau mot iem nut nen phep lay tong trong cac phng trnh
(2.54) phai c hien theo mot cach ac biet, goi la phep lap ghep.
54
Trc khi tien hanh cac bc tiep theo ta cu the hoa cac bc 1-3 qua
o gii thieu s o tnh toan PTHH.
Trc het, trong thc hanh, viec phan hoach bc 1 c thc hien
bang cach a vao hai ma tran:
* Ma tran toa o cac nut COORD
COORD = [x1, x2, x3] = [0, 10, 20].
* Ma tran lap ghep LA mo ta s lien ket gia cac phan t. Ma tran nay
gom 2 dong (so phan t) va 2 cot (so nut hnh hoc cua phan t). Moi dong
cua LA ng vi mot phan t, LA(e, 1) va LA(e, 2) la th t cua nut 1 va 2
trong cach anh so toan cuc.
LA =
1 2
2 3
Bc th 2 va 3 c thc hien nh nhau cho moi phan t (ay la ac

iem cua PTHH). Thanh gom 3 nut nen chuyen dch xap x c xac nh
bi vect chuyen dch toan cuc (toan bo thanh),
q1
{q} =
q2 .
q3
Trong khi o moi phan t ch co hai nut, nen vect chuyen dch phan t, th
du phan t e, co dang
(
)
(e)
q
1
{q}(e) =
.
(e)
q2
Nhan xet tng t vi vect tai toan cuc va vect tai phan t,
p1
,
p2
{p} =
p3
{p}(e) =
(e)
p1
(e)
p2
55
Ma tran o cng phan t, c tnh nh sau.
[N]
(e)
(e)
[B]
(e)
[k]

x xe
xe+1 x
,
,
xe+1 xe xe+1 xe
1
1
(e)T
(e)
=
[1, 1] [B]
[B] =
xe+1 xe
(xe+1 xe )2
E (e) A(e)
=
le
1 1
1
1
1 1
1
1
Nh a noi tren, e thiet lap phng trnh PTHH ta phai lay "tong"
hay lap ghep cac phan t ca biet lai vi nhau. Phep lap ghep ma tran o cng
va vect tai phan t c thc hien nh sau. Trc het khi tao ma tran o
cng va vect tai toan cuc
0 0 0
[K] = 0 0 0 ,
0 0 0
0
[p] = 0 .
0
Phan t th nhat c ghep vao da tren lien he gia th t a phng va

th t toan cuc theo ma tran lap ghep,
th t a phng
th t toan cuc
1
1
2
2
(1)
k11 7 K11
(1)
k21 7 K21
(1)
k12
7 K12
(1)
k22
7 K22
(1)
p1 7 p1
(1)
p2 7 p2
(mui ten 7 am ch s cong vao). Do o
(1)
(1)
k11 k12 0
(1)
(1)
[K] = k21
k22 0 ,
0
0 0
Tng t vi phan t th hai

th t a phng
th t toan cuc
1
2
2
3
(2)
(1)
p1
(1)
{p} =
.
p
2
0
k11 7 K22
(2)
k21 7 K32
(2)
k12
7 K23
(2)
k22
7 K33
(2)
p1 7 p2
(2)
p2 7 p3
56
(1)
(1)
k11
k12
(1) (1)
(2)
[K] = k21 k22 + k11
(2)
0
k12
(1)
0
p1
(2)
(1)
(2)
.
k12 , [p] =
p2 p1
(2)
(2)
k22
p2
Cho en bay gi gia tr cua tai at tai cac nut van cha c ban ti.
That ra, theo d lieu cua bai toan, ta ch biet gia tr cua tai at tai nut th
ba, p2
(2)
= p. Tuy nhien, da vao nguyen ly tac dung tng ho ta co ngay
p2 = p1 , ngha la
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
p1
[p] =
0
vi p1 la tai (cha biet) tac dung tai nut b ngam (nut cho ieu kien bien
cot yeu). Nh se thay trong bc ke tiep phng trnh co cha p1 se c
kh mat, con p se c gan gia tr lc cho trc. V vay, trong tnh toan thc
hanh, ta co the at

0
0 ,
{p} =

0
ngha la khong can lap ghep vect tai phan t (xem s o khoi, hnh 2.11).
Bc 4 - Kh ieu kien bien (ieu kien chuyen dch va lc)
ieu kien chuyen dch: do nut 1 c cho trc chuyen dch, q1 = 0,
phng trnh th nhat tng ng vi 0 = 0 nen e he phng trnh khong
suy bien ta phai kh an q1 va loai phng trnh tng ng khoi he phng
trnh.
Cach kh an a biet va loai phng trnh tng ng ma khong lam thay
oi kch thc cua cac ma tran tham gia trong he phng trnh (??). e lam
ro phng phap ta trnh bay cho trng hp tong quat, phng trnh PTHH
57
co dang
K11 q1 + K12 q2 + . . . + K1d qd + . . . + K1n qn
K21 q1 + K22 q2 + . . . + K2d qd + . . . + K2n qn
= p1
= p2
..
.
Kd1 q1 + Kd2 q2 + . . . + Kdd qd + . . . + Kdn qn
= pd
..
.
Kn1 q1 + Kn2 q2 + . . . + Knd qd + . . . + Knn qn = pn

trong o qd = g c cho trc. Thay q d bang g vao cac phng trnh tr
phng trnh th d, roi chuyen so hang a biet sang ve hai th ve hai tr
thanh
pj Kjd g (j 6= d);
rieng phng trnh d c thay bang phng trnh 1qd = g; cuoi cung ta co:
K11 q1 + K12 q2 + . . . +
K21 q1 + K22 q2 + . . . +
0 q1 +
0 q2 + . . . +
Kn1 q1 + Kn2 q2 + . . . +
0 qd + . . . + K1n qn
0 qd + . . . + K2n qn
1 qd + . . . +
= p1 K1d g
= p2 K2d g
..
.
0 qn = g
..
.
0 qd + . . . + Knn qn = pn Knd g
Vi cach lam nay th ma tran o cng [K] chuyen thanh ma tran nhan
c t no bang cach cho cac phan t dong d va cot d bang khong, rieng
phan t dong d, cot d cho bang 1
K11 K12 . . . 0
K21 K22 . . . 0
..
0 0 ... 1
..
.
Kn1 Kn2 . . . 0
. . . K1n
. . . K2n
.
... 0
. . . Knn
Cac thanh phan cua vect tai c hieu chnh theo cong thc tren, rieng
phan t dong d c lay bang g.
58
ieu kien lc: do nut 3 cho trc lc keo p, ta "cong them" p(3) =
p(3) + p.
Bc 5 - Giai he phng trnh STT.
Bc 6 - Hau x ly
Tnh ng suat trong cac phan t nh cong thc (2.49).
Cac bc tnh toan PTHH co the tom lc bang s o tren hnh 2.11.
2.2.2
Lap trnh tnh toan PTHH
Nh mot th du ve cach lap trnh tnh toan PTHH, di ay la chng trnh

thanhnn.m c viet bang ngon ng Matlab. Tat nhien, nh cau cham ngon
au chng, ay khong phai la chng trnh tot nhat e thc hien muc
ch - phan tch ng suat thanh nhieu nac; chng trnh c viet theo sat
cac bc chung cua viec mo hnh hoa PTHH e ngi mi bat au de theo
doi, "bat chc roi sang tao" cac chng trnh tnh khac.
Su lieu chng trnh thanhnn.m4)
Muc ch: phan tch ng suat thanh nhieu nac.
Ten: . . . . . .
Ngay cap nhat: . . . . . .
Bien - Mo ta bien
nn
ne
coord
la
para
dcond
fcond
ke
gk
gp
q
sigma
4)
tong so nut
tong so phan t
vect toa o cac nut
ma tran lap ghep
ma tran cac tham so hnh hoc va vat lieu
ieu kien chuyen dch
ieu kien lc
ma tran o cng phan t
ma tran o cng toan cuc
vect tai toan cuc
vect chuyen dch nut toan cuc
vect ng suat cac phan t
Su lieu chng trnh la phan khong the thieu khi lap trnh, no cung cap nhng thong
tin can thiet e chuyen giao chng trnh cho ngi s dung. Thng bon muc au c
a vao trong phan au cua chng trnh.
Hnh 2.11: S o khoi mo hnh hoa PTHH.
59
60
Cau truc d lieu cua vect, ma tran

1) Vect toa o cac nut coord, kch thc 1nn,
coord(i) = toa o nut toan cuc th i.
2) Ma tran lap ghep la, kch thc ne2
la(e,1) = th t toan cuc cua nut th nhat cua phan t e,
la(e,2) = th t toan cuc cua nut th hai cua phan t e.
3) Ma tran cac tham so hnh hoc va vat lieu para, kch thc ne3
para(e,1) = chieu dai cua phan t e,
para(e,2) = dien tch tiet dien cua phan t e,
para(e,3) = moun Young cua phan t e.
4) ieu kien chuyen dch dcond, kch thc 12
dcond(1) = th t toan cuc cua nut cho trc chuyen dch,
dcond(2) = gia tr cua chuyen dch.
5) ieu kien lc fcond, kch thc 12
fcond(1) = th t toan cuc cua nut cho lc ngoai,
fcond(2) = gia tr cua lc.
Chng trnh thanhnn.m
thann.m
% chuong trinh phan tich ung suat cua thanh nhieu nac
% T.A. Ngoc
% update: 25/9/2009
% bien - mo ta
% nn ....... tong so nut
% ne ....... tong so phan tu
% coord .... vecto toa do cac nut
% la ....... ma tran lap ghep
% para ..... ma tran cac tham so hinh hoc va vat lieu
% dcond .... dieu kien chuyen dich
% fcond .... dieu kien luc
% ke ....... ma tran do cung phan tu
% pe ....... vecto tai phan tu

% gk ....... ma tran do cung toan cuc
% gp ....... vecto tai toan cuc
% q ........ vecto chuyen dich nut toan cuc
% sigma .... vecto ung suat phan tu
clear all
% TIEN XU LY
nn=3;
ne=2;
coord=[0 10 20];
la=[1 2; 2 3];
para=[10 2 2*10^6; 10 1 2*10^6];
fcond=[3 1000];
dcond=[1 0];
% XU LY
gk=zeros(nn,nn);
gp=zeros(nn,1);
% tinh ma tran do cung va vecto tai toan cuc
for e=1:ne
i=la(e,1);
j=la(e,2);
x1=coord(i);
x2=coord(j);
le=para(e,1);
ae=para(e,2);
ee=para(e,3);
% ma tran do cung phan tu
ke=ae*ee/le*[1 -1; -1 1];
% lap ghep
gk(i,i)=gk(i,i)+ke(1,1);
gk(i,j)=gk(i,j)+ke(1,2);
gk(j,i)=gk(j,i)+ke(2,1);
gk(j,j)=gk(j,j)+ke(2,2);
% vecto tai phan tu
pe=[0; 0];
% lap ghep
gp(i)=gp(i)+pe(1);
gp(j)=gp(j)+pe(2);
end;
% dua vao dieu kien nut
for i=1:size(fcond,1)
gp(fcond(i,1))=gp(fcond(i,1))+fcond(i,2);
61
62
end
for i=1:size(dcond,1)
for j=1:nn
gp(j)=gp(j)-gk(j,dcond(i))*dcond(i,2);
end
for j=1:nn
gk(dcond(i,1),j)=0.0;
gk(j,dcond(i,1))=0.0;
end
gk(dcond(i,1),dcond(i,1))=1.0;
gp(dcond(i,1))=dcond(i,2);
end
q=inv(gk)*gp;
% HAU XU LY
disp(sprintf(\n %s,KET QUA))
% xuat chuyen dich
disp(sprintf(\n %s,CHUYEN DICH CUA CAC NUT))
disp(sprintf(%s,nut))
for i=1:nn
disp(sprintf(%d\t\t %f,i,q(i)))
end
% xuat ung suat cua cac phan tu
disp(ung suat trong cac phan tu (kg/cm^2));
for e=1:ne
sigma(e)=para(e,3)*(q(la(e,2))-q(la(e,1)))/para(e,1);
end
disp(sprintf(\n %s,UNG SUAT CUA CAC PHAN TU))
disp(sprintf(%s,phan tu))
for e=1:ne
disp(sprintf(%d\t\t%f,e,sigma(e)))
end
Ket qua chay chng trnh:
KET QUA
CHUYEN DICH CUA CAC NUT
nut
1 0.000000
2 0.002500
3 0.007500
ung suat trong cac phan tu (kg/cm2)
UNG SUAT CUA CAC PHAN TU
63
phan tu
1 500.000000
2 1000.000000
2.2.3
Mot cach tiep can khac
Khi thiet lap mo hnh PTHH cua bai toan phan tch ng suat cua thanh
nhieu nac ta a dung cach at bai toan theo nguyen ly nang lng (nguyen
ly cong ao) cua c hoc ket cau phat bieu cho thanh chu keo nen. Cac phan
t hu han theo cach at nay la cac oan thanh cau thanh thanh nhieu nac,
chung co y ngha vat ly cu the. Bay gi ta xet bai toan theo cach at mi
cua ly thuyet cac bai toan bien.
Ap dung phng trnh vi phan mo ta bien dang cua thanh chu tai doc
truc, bo qua lc khoi tac dung len thanh, phng trnh (1.35), ta c cac
phng trnh vi phan xac nh chuyen dch cua thanh nhieu nac
d
dx

(1) dq
A E
= 0, 0 < x < l(1),
dx
(2.56)
d
dx

(2) dq
A E
= 0, l(1) < x < L.
dx
(2.57)
Theo gia thiet cua bai toan ieu kien bien cho nghiem:
q(0) = 0,
(2.58)
dq
p
(L) =
.
dx
A(2)
(2.59)
Ngoai ra, chuyen dch q con phai thoa ieu kien lien tuc va tng tac tai
iem phan cach x = l (1)
q(l(1)) = q(l(1)+),
A(1)E
dq (1)
dq
(l
) = A(2)E (l(1)+ ).
dx
dx
(2.60)
(2.61)
a vao khong gian ham V = {s|s H 1 (0, L), s(0) = 0}. Lay s V
tuy y, nhan hai ve phng trnh (2.56) (hay phng trnh (2.57)) vi s, lay tch
64
Hnh 2.12: Cac ham c s.

phan t 0 en L
(1)
A E
l(1)
0
d2 q
sdx + A(2)E
dx2
L
l(1)
d2 q
sdx = 0.
dx2
Tch phan tng phan, dung cac ieu kien (2.59)-(2.61), ta c
(1)
A E
l(1)
0
dq ds
dx + A(2)E
dx dx
L
l(1)
dq ds
dx ps(L) = 0.
dx dx
(2.62)
Bai toan bien phan: tm q V thoa (2.62) vi moi s V . Dung phng

phap Galerkin, lu y en nhan xet 2.10, vi cac ham c s (hnh 2.12)
1(x) =
x2 x
x2 x1
neu 0 = x1 x x2
neu x2 < x x3 = L
2.3. AP DUNG PTHH CHO CAC BAI TOAN BIEN

xx1
neu x1 x x2
x2 x1
2(x) =
x3 x
neu x2 < x x3
x3 x2
3(x) =
0
xx2
x3 x2
65
neu x1 x x2
neu x2 < x x3
Thay
q
3
X
q i i =
i=1
2
X
e=1
[N](e) {q}(e)
vao (2.62) vi s lay lan lt la j (j = 1, 2, 3) ta c

Z
2
X
(e) (e)
E A
e=1
xe+1
[B]
xe
(e)T
(e)
[B] dx {q}(e) {p} = 0

2
X
e=1
[k]e{q}(e) {p} = 0
[K] {q} = {p},
trong o {p} = {0 0 p}T .

Sau khi kh ieu kien bien cot yeu ta nhan lai c phng trnh PTHH
trong th du 2.7.
2.3 Ap dung PTHH cho cac bai toan bien

Nh a trnh bay tren, phng phap phan t hu han co the ap dung
cho cac bai toan bien. Cac thanh phan chnh cua phng phap PTHH cho
nghiem cua bai toan bien:
i. Phat bieu bien phan hay phat bieu yeu bai toan; va
ii. Giai xap x phng trnh bien phan nh PTHH.
Muc nay gii thieu cach tm nghiem xap x PTHH cua bai toan bien thong
qua mot so th du, qua o gii thieu cach nhn van e theo quan iem giai
tch ham.
66
2.3.1
Bai toan 1-chieu
Th du 2.8. Ky hieu = (0, 1). Giai phng trnh vi phan cho u:

d2 u
+ f = 0,
dx2
(2.63)
x ,
thoa cac ieu kien bien
u(1) = g,
(2.64)
du
(0) = h.
dx
(2.65)
R la ham cho trc, con g, h la cac so thc cho trc. ay

ay f :
la bai toan trong th du 1.2, chng 1.
Bai toan nay co nghiem giai tch:
u(x) = g + (1 x)h +
1
x
Z
f(z)dz dy.
0
(2.66)
Ky hieu:
S = {s|s H 1 (), s(1) = g} la tap hp cac ham th ;
V = {v|v H 1 (), v(1) = 0} la tap hp cac ham trong lng.
Bai toan bien phan:
Cho f, g, h nh trc. Tm u S sao cho vi moi w V
Z
1
0
dw du
dx =
dx dx
wfdx + w(0)h.
(2.67)
Di ay, e n gian ta goi bai toan bien (2.63) - (2.65) la bai toan (S), con
bai toan bien phan (2.67) la bai toan (W)5) . Ve phng dien toan hoc (tnh
chat che) ta can chng minh:
5)
S la ch au cua Strong, am ch phat bieu (hay dang) manh cua bai toan. W la ch au
cua Weak, am ch phat bieu (hay dang) yeu cua bai toan.
67
nh ly 2.2. Di cac gia thiet thch hp ta co:

(a) Neu u la nghiem cua (S) th u cung la nghiem cua (W).
(b) Neu u la nghiem cua (W) th u cung la nghiem cua (S).
Chng minh
(a) V u la nghiem cua (S) nen
0=
d2 u
+f
dx2
dx
vi moi w V . Tch phan tng phan ve phai,

Z
0=
dw du
dx
dx dx
1
0
1
du
wfdx w .
dx 0
Dung ieu kien bien (2.65) va w(1) = 0, ta c:

Z
dw du
dx =
dx dx
wfdx + w(0)h.
(2.68)
Hn na, v u la nghiem cua (S) nen no thoa u(1) = g va v vay u S. Cuoi

cung, v u thoa (2.68) vi moi w V nen u thoa nh ngha nghiem yeu cho
bi (W).
(b) Bay gi gia s u la nghiem yeu. Vay u S, suy ra u(1) = g, va
Z
dw du
dx =
dx dx
wfdx + w(0)h
0
vi moi w V . Tch phan t phan ve trai va dung w(1) = 0, ta c

0=
w
0
d2 u
+f
dx2

du
dx + w(0)
(0) + h .
dx
(2.69)
e chng minh u la nghiem cua (S) ch can chng minh rang (2.69) dan en:
68
(i)
(ii)
d2 u
dx2
+ f = 0 tren ; va
du
(0)
dx
+ h = 0.
au tien ta chng minh (i). nh ngha w trong (2.69) bi

d2 u
w=
+f
dx2
trong o trn; > 0 vi moi x ; va (0) = (1) = 0. Chang han, ta co

the lay (x) = x(1 x). Do w(1) = 0 nen w V . Thay w vao (2.69) th c
0=
1
0
2
d2 u
+ f dx + 0.
dx2
|
{z
}

Suy ra (i) phai c thoa.

Dung (i) trong (2.69) e chng minh (ii), cu the la

du
0=w
(0) + h .
dx
Ta co the chon w V sao cho w(0) 6= 0. Vay (ii) cung c chng minh
at:
a(w, u) =
(w, f) =
Z
Z
1
0
dw du
dx,
dx dx
(2.70)
wfdx
(2.71)
1
0
lan lt la dang song tuyen tnh oi xng lien tuc, dang tuyen tnh lien tuc
tren V . Phng trnh bien phan (W) co the viet lai:
a(w, u) = (w, f) + w(0)h.
(2.72)
69
Ap dung PTHH cho bai toan bien phan la xay dng cac xap x hu han
chieu cua S va V , ky hieu S h va V h tng ng. Ch so tren h lien he vi
li hay phep phan hoach mien xac nh cua bai toan thanh cac phan t
hu han. Thong thng ta muon S h S va V h V , xap x nh vay goi la
xap x trong. T ieu kien bien ta thay neu uh S h , wh V h th uh (1) = g,
wh (1) = 0. Cho trc ham g h S h . Moi ham u S h co the bieu dien di
dang uh = v h + g h , trong o v h V h . T phng trnh (2.72), ta co phng
trnh
(2.73)
a(wh , uh ) = (wh , f) + wh (0)h
xac nh nghiem yeu xap x uh thoa (2.73) vi moi wh V h ; hay xac nh

v h V h (uh = v h + g h ) thoa
a(wh , v h ) = (wh , f) + wh (0)h a(wh , g h )
(2.74)
Tom lai, ta co dang Galerkin cua bai toan (xap x), ky hieu (G), c
phat bieu nh sau: Cho trc f, g, h nh tren, tm uh = v h + g h , v h V h , sao
cho vi moi wh V h
a(wh , v h ) = (wh , f) + wh (0)h a(wh , g h ).
Cho en ay, ta co bai toan xap x cua bai toan bien ban au. Ap dung
PTHH cho bai toan, thc chat, la xay dng khong gian xap x V h bang PTHH
(xap x ham).
Xay dng khong gian xap x V h bang PTHH
Mien c chia thanh ne phan t hu han (oan con) bi nn = ne + 1
iem nut:
0 = x1 < x2 < . . . < xnn ,
phan t th e la oan [x e , xe+1 ], chieu dai he = xe+1 xe .
Ham w h V h (khong gian xap x) la a thc bac nhat tren tng phan
t
(e)
(e)
(e)
(e)
wh = c1 N1 (x) + c2 N2 (x) = [N](e){c}(e)
xe < x < xe+1 .
(2.75)
Vi cach xap x nay ta co ho ham tuyen tnh t manh: N 1 , N2 , . . . , Nnn , goi

la ham dang toan cuc, xac nh nh sau:
? N1 lien ket vi nut 1:
N1 (x) =
x2 x
h1
neu 0 = x1 x x2
neu x > x2
70
? Ni (2 i nn 1) lien ket vi nut i (nut trong):
Ni (x) =
xxi1
hi1
xi+1 x
hi
neu xi1 x xi
neu xi < x xi+1
neu x < xi1 hay x > xi+1
? Nnn lien ket vi nut nn:
Nnn (x) =
0
xxnn1
hnn1
neu x < xnn1

neu xnn1 x xnn
Cac ham dang Ni la s "lap ghep" ham dang cua cac phan t co chung nut
Hnh 2.13: Cac ham dang toan cuc.

i. De thay cac ham Ni thoa ieu kien kronecker
Ni (xj ) = ij
va v vay ho ham nay oc lap tuyen tnh. Do w h (1) = 0, ta nh ngha:
V h =< N1 , N2 , . . . , Nnn1 >. ieu nay co ngha la neu wh V h th ton tai
cac hang so thc ci , i = 1, 2, . . . , nn 1 sao cho
h
w = c1N1 + c2 N2 + . . . + cnn1 Nnn1 =
nn1
X
i=1
ci Ni = [N]{c},
(2.76)
71
trong o [N] = [N1 N2 . . . Nnn1 ], {c}T = {c1 c2 . . . cnn1 }.

e xac nh cac ham u h S h ta a vao ham g h nh ngha nh sau
h
g = gNnn , khi o neu uh S h th ton tai cac so thc q i , i = 1, 2, . . . , nn 1,
sao cho
u =
nn1
X
(2.77)
qi Ni + gNnn = [N]{q} + gNnn ,
i=1
trong o {q}T = {q1 q2 . . . qnn1 }.

Bay gi thay (2.76) va (2.77) vao phng trnh Galerkin (2.74), roi dung
tnh song tuyen tnh cua a, va tnh tuyen tnh cua cac bieu thc con lai, ta
c:
nn1
X
ci a(Ni, Nj )qj =
i,j=1
nn1
X
ci (Ni , f) + h
i=1
nn1
X
i=1
ci Ni (0) g
nn1
X
ci a(Ni , Nnn ).
i=1
V phng trnh tren thoa vi moi wh V h nen no thoa vi cac ci tuy y, suy
ra:
nn1
X
j=1
a(Ni, Nj )qj = (Ni , f) + hNi (0) ga(Ni , Nnn )
(2.78)
vi moi i = 1, 2, . . . , nn.
Ky hieu: Kij = a(Ni , Nj ), pi = (Ni , f) + hNi (0) ga(Ni, Nnn ) th (2.78)
tr thanh:
nn1
X
Kij qj = pi .
(2.79)
j=1
hay di dang ma tran

[K]{q} = {p},
trong o [K] = [Kij ], {q} = {q1 q2 . . . qnn }T , {p} = {p1 p2 . . . pnn }T , oi

chieu vi muc trc, lan lt la ma tran o cng toan cuc, vect chuyen dch,
vect tai toan cuc (sau khi kh ieu kien bien).
72
Nhan xet 2.11. Loi trnh bay ay, theo quan iem toan cuc, neu bat y
tng c ban cua PTHH la xap x khong gian ham V bang khong gian hu
han chieu V h . Tuy nhien, trong thc hanh giai cac bai toan bien ngi ta
tien hanh theo quan iem a phng.
Thiet lap phng trnh PTHH (Galerkin) theo quan iem a phng
Sau khi a phan hoach mien (bc 1), chon a thc noi suy cho tng
phan t (bc 2). Bc 3, thiet lap phng trnh PTHH c thc hien bang
cach xet phng trnh (2.63) tren phan t hu han (e) = (xe , xe+1 ). Thc
hien tnh toan tng t nh khi thiet lap cong thc bien phan,
Z
xe+1
xe
d2 u
+f
dx2
wdx.
Tch phan tng phan:

Z
xe+1
xe
dw du
dx =
dx dx
xe+1
wfdx +
xe
du
du
(xe+1 )w(xe+1 ) (xe )w(xe ).
dx
dx
Dung cac ky hieu

(e)
a (w, u) =
xe+1
xe
dw du
dx,
dx dx
(w, f)
(e)
xe+1
wfdx,
xe
cong thc tren co the viet lai:

a(e) (w, u) = (w, f)(e) +
du
du
(xe+1 )w(xe+1 ) (xe )w(xe ).
dx
dx
Theo cach xap x ham tren (e) , wh = [N](e) {c}(e) va uh = [N](e) {q}(e), th
2
X
(e)
(e)
(e)
(e)
c(e)
a (N , N )q =
,=1
2
X
=1
(e)
(e)
c(e)
(N , f)
2
X
=1
c(e)

du(e)
du(e)
(e)
(e)
(xe+1 )N (xe+1 )
(xe )N (xe ) .
dx
dx
73
(e)
Do cac c la tuy y nen

2
X
(e)
(e)
a(e)(N(e) , N )q =
=1
(N(e) , f)(e)

du(e)
du(e)
(e)
(e)
+
(xe+1 )N (xe+1 )
(xe )N (xe ) .
dx
dx
Ky hieu:
(e)
(e)
k = a(e) (N(e) , N ),
p(e)
(N(e) , f)(e)

du(e)
du(e)
(e)
(e)
(xe+1 )N (xe+1 )
(xe )N (xe ) ,
+
dx
dx
{z
}
|

so hang lien quan en bien phan t
phng trnh thanh:
[k](e){q}(e) = {p}(e) ,
(e)
(e)
trong o [k](e) = [k ] va {p}(e) = [p ] lan lt la ma tran o cng va vect

tai phan t. Cu the, trong tnh toan thc hanh, ma tran o cng phan t
c tnh bi cong thc:
[k]
(e)
1
=
he
1 1
1
1
con vect tai phan t, xap x PTHH ham f cung kieu, c tnh nh sau.
p(e)
(N(e) , f)(e) )
xe+1
xe
N(e) fdx
2 Z
X
=1
xe+1
xe
(e)
N(e) N dx
suy ra
{p}
(e)
he
=
6
2f(xe ) + f(xe+1 )
f(xe ) + 2f(xe+1 )
(e)
f(x ),
74
Chu y, ay ta khong a vao so hang lien quan en bien cua phan t, v no

se b triet tieu (kh lan nhau) khi lap ghep neu bien nam ben trong, hoac se
c xac nh t ieu kien bien bai toan neu bien nam tren bien cua mien.
Trong bai toan ang xet, tai nut au (phan t th nhat),
du
(1)
(x1 )N1 (x1) = h,
dx
du
(1)
(x1)N2 (x1 ) = 0.
dx
Do o, ta ch can "cong them" h vao thanh phan th nhat (ng vi nut 1)

cua vect tai toan cuc (xem chng trnh pthh26.m).
Phan con lai c thc hien tng t nh a trnh bay trong muc trc.
Chng trnh pthh28.m
Chng trnh c viet cho th du 2.8 vi cac so lieu cu the: f(x) = 6x,
g = 1, h = 2. Nghiem chnh xac: u = x3 + 2x 4. Ngi oc nen oi
chieu vi chng trnh thanhnn.m e thay cac thanh phan chung cua cac
chng trnh PTHH.
pthh28.m
% chuong trinh thi du 2.8, f=-6x, g=-1, h=-2
% T.A. Ngoc
% update: 25/9/2009
% bien - mo ta
% dcond .... dieu kien Dirichlet
% fcond .... dieu kien Neumann
% chuong trinh goi function ffunc - ham f
clear all
% TIEN XU LY
ne=10;
nn=ne+1;
coord=0:1/ne:1;
75
for e=1:ne
la(e,1)=e;
la(e,2)=e+1;
end
fcond=[1 -2];
dcond=[nn -1];
% XU LY
gk=zeros(nn,nn);
gp=zeros(nn,1);
for e=1:ne
i=la(e,1);
j=la(e,2);
x1=coord(i);
x2=coord(j);
ke=1/abs(x2-x1)*[1 -1; -1 1];
% lap ghep
% vecto tai phan tu
pe=abs(x2-x1)/6*[2*ffunc(x1)+ffunc(x2); ffunc(x1)+2*ffunc(x2)];
% lap ghep
gp(i)=gp(i)+pe(1);
gp(j)=gp(j)+pe(2);
end;
for i=1:size(fcond,1)
gp(fcond(i,1))=gp(fcond(i,1))+fcond(i,2);
end
for j=1:nn
gp(j)=gp(j)-gk(j,dcond(i,1))*dcond(i,2);
end
for j=1:nn
end
76
end
q=inv(gk)*gp;
% HAU XU LY
disp(sprintf(\n %s,
KET QUA SO VOI NGHIEM CX))
% nghiem chinh xac u=x^3+2*x-4
ucx=coord.^3+2*coord-4;
% xuat chuyen dich
disp(sprintf(%s,nut
uxx
ucx))
for i=1:nn
disp(sprintf(%d\t\t%f\t%f,i,q(i),ucx(i)))
end
disp(sprintf(%s%e,sai so cuc dai: , max(abs(q-transpose(ucx)))))
Ham c goi trong th du 2.8:
ffunc.m
function v=ffunc(x)
% ham duoc goi trong thi du 2.6
v=-6*x;
Ket qua chay chng trnh:
KET QUA SO VOI NGHIEM CX
nut
uxx
ucx
1
-4.000000
-4.000000
2
-3.592000
-3.592000
3
-3.136000
-3.136000
4
-2.584000
-2.584000
5
-1.888000
-1.888000
6
-1.000000
-1.000000
sai so cuc dai: 1.776357e-015
Chu thch ve lap trnh Matlab
(1) Mot vect X vi cac thanh phan nguyen dng c Matlab "xem
nh" anh xa t N vao N,
1 7 X(1), 2 7 X(2), . . . , n 7 X(n).
Matlab cho phep thc hien phep toan hp noi hai anh xa kieu G(X) mien
sao G la vect co chieu dai ln hn cac X(i). Th du:
>> X=[2 3]
77
X =
2
3
>> G=[0.1 0.2
G =
0.1000
0.2000
0.3000
>> G(1,X)
ans =
0.2000
>> G(X,1)
ans =
0.2000
0.3000
>> G(X,X)
ans =
0.3000
0.4000
0.3 0.4; 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5; 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6]
0.2000
0.3000
0.4000
0.3000
0.4000
0.5000
0.4000
0.5000
0.6000
0.3000
0.4000
0.5000
T nhan xet nay oan ma trong vong lap theo phan t cua chng trnh
tren co the viet:
i=la(e,:);
x=coord(i);
ke=1/abs(x(2)-x(1))*[1 -1; -1 1];
% lap ghep
gk(i,i)=gk(i,i)+ke;
% vecto tai phan tu
pe=abs(x(2)-x(1))/6*[2*ffunc(x(1))+ffunc(x(2));
ffunc(x(1))+2*ffunc(x(2))];
% lap ghep
gp(i)=gp(i)+pe;
(2) Dung ky t gop ':' oan ma kh ieu kien bien Dirichlet co the viet:
gp(:)=gp(:)-gk(:,dcond(i,1))*dcond(i,2);
gk(dcond(i,1),:)=0.0;
gk(:,dcond(i,1))=0.0;
end
78
2.3.2
Bai toan 2-chieu
Th du 2.9. Cho la tap m b chan trong R2 vi bien , xet bai toan

bien elliptic:
(2.80)
(2.81)
4 u = f(x), x ,
u = 0 tren ,
trong o f = f(x), x = (x, y)), la ham cho trc thuoc lp L 2 ().

Phng trnh ao ham rieng trong bai toan tren goi la phng trnh Poisson.
No la mo hnh toan hoc cua nhieu bai toan gap trong vat ly. Th du, goi u la nhiet
o phan bo trong vat the chiem mien R3. Neu qua trnh dan nhiet la dng ta
co cac he thc sau:
qi = ki (x)
5 q = f,
u
,
xi
x , i = 1, 2, 3 (nh luat Fourier),
x (nh luat bao toan nang lng),
(2.82)
(2.83)
ay q = (q1 , q2, q3), qi ky hieu dong nhiet theo hng xi , ki (x) la o dan nhiet
tai x theo hng xi , f(x) la mat o nguon nhiet tai x. Neu ki (x) 1, x ,
i = 1, 2, 3, kh qi trong (2.82) - (2.83) ta c 4 u = f trong .
. Phat bieu yeu
a vao khong gian ham H01 () = {v H 1 ()| v = 0 tren }. Lay
w H01 () tuy y, tch vo hng w vi hai ve phng trnh (2.80),
w 4 udx =
(2.84)
wfdx.
V

u
u
w u w u
w
+
w
,
w4u =
x
x
y
y
x x
y y
Z
u
w
x
+
y
u
w
y

dx =
u
d = 0,
n
(trong bien oi cuoi ta a dung cong thc Gauss vi n la vect phap tuyen
79
n v ngoai nen (2.84) tr thanh

Z
5w 5udx =
wfdx +
u
d.
n
(2.85)
Dung ieu kien w = 0 tren , cuoi cung, ta c cong thc bien phan cua
bai toan bien:
Z
5w 5udx =
wfdx.
(2.86)
a vao dang song tuyen tnh (oi xng) a(, ) va dang tuyen tnh `() tren
H01 () nh bi:
a(w, u) =
5w 5udx,
(2.87)
wfdx;
(2.88)
`(w) =
bai toan bien phan tng ng: tm u H01 () sao cho

a(w, u) = `(w)
w H01 ().
(2.89)
. S ton tai va duy nhat cua nghiem yeu

Trong nhan xet 1.3 ngay sau th du 1.2, chng 1, ta a "thong bao": s
ton tai va duy nhat nghiem (yeu) cua bai toan bien phan c chng minh
nh nh ly Lax - Milgram, va trong trng hp dang song tuyen tnh a(, )
oi xng th bai toan bien phan tng ng vi bai toan toi u. Bay gi,
trc khi ap dung PTHH cho bai toan ang xet, ta se chng minh s ton tai
nghiem, s tng ng vi bai toan toi u cua bai toan nay.
Bo e 2.1 (Poincare -Fredrichs). Gia s Rn la tap m b chan vi bien
u trn va cho u H01 (); th ton tai mot hang so c(), oc lap oi vi u sao cho
2
n Z
X
u

|u(x)| dx c()
(x)
xi dx.
i=1
(2.90)
80
Chng minh. V moi ham u H01 () la gii han trong H 1 () cua mot day
{um }
m=1 C0 (), nen ch can chng minh bat ang thc nay vi u
C0 ().
e n gian, ta trnh bay chng minh cho trng hp = (a, b)(c, d)
2
R . Chng minh cho tong quat la tng t.
Hien nhien,
u(x, y) = u(a, y) +
x
a
u
(, y)d =
x
x
a
u
(, y)d,
x
c < y < d.
Roi, bi bat ang thc Cauchy - Schwarz,

Z
|u(x, y)| dxdy =
Z bZ
Z bZ
2

u
(, y)d dxdy
x
(x a)
b
a
(x a)dx
1
(b a)2
2
Tng t,
Z

2 !

u
(, y) d dxdy
x

Z bZ
a

2

u
(, y) ddy
x

2
Z
u

(x, y) dxdy.
x

1
|u(x, y)| dxdy (d c)2
2
2
Z
u

(x, y) dxdy.
y

Cong hai bat ang thc va tm, ta c

Z
|u(x, y)|2dxdy c()
2
trong o c() = ( (ba)
2 +
2
)1 .
(dc)2

2
2!

u

u
(x, y) + (x, y) dxdy,
x

y

81
De dang kiem tra bai toan bien phan (2.89) thoa cac ieu kien cua nh
ly Lax - Milgram nen co nghiem (yeu) duy nhat (dung bat ang thc Poincare
-Fredrichs).
. Bai toan cc tieu hoa (toi u)
Do tnh oi xng cua dang song tuyen tnh a(, ) nen bai toan bien phan
(2.89) co the phat bieu lai nh la bai toan cc tieu hoa. e chnh xac hn,
ta nh ngha phiem ham toan phng (quadratic functional) J : H01 () R
bi
1
J (v) = a(v, v) `(v),
2
v H01 ().
(2.91)
Bo e 2.2. Cho u la nghiem yeu (duy nhat) cua (2.89) trong H01 () va gia s rang
a(, ) la dang song tuyen tnh oi xng tren H01 (); th u la cai cc tieu hoa duy
nhat cua J () tren H01 ().
Chng minh. Cho u la nghiem yeu duy nhat cua (2.89) trong H01 () va vi
v H01 (), xet J (v) J (u):
J (v) J (u) =
1
1
a(v, v) a(u, u) + `(v u)
2
2
1
1
a(v, v) a(u, u) a(u, v u)
2
2
1
[a(v, v) 2a(u, v) + a(u, u)]
2
1
[a(v, v) a(v, u) a(u, v) + a(u, u)] (do tnh oi xng)
2
1
a(v u, v u).
2
V (2.90) nen ton tai hang so dng c0 sao cho a(v u, v u) c0 kv ukH 1() .
Vay,
J (v) J (u) c0 kv ukH 1() 0 J (v) J (u) v H01 ();
ngha la u cc tieu hoa J () tren H01 ().
82
Hn na, de thay u la cai cc tieu hoa duy nhat.

De dang chng minh J () loi, ngha la
J ((1 )v + w) (1 )J (v) + J (w) [0, 1], v, w H01 ().
[Dung ong nhat thc
1
(1 )J (v) + J (w) = J ((1 )v + w) + (1 )a(v w, v w)
2
va bat ang thc a(v w, v w) 0.]
Hn na, neu u cc tieu hoa J () th J () co mot iem dng (stationary
point) tai u; cu the,
J (u + v) J (u)
=0
0
J 0 (u)v = lim
vi moi v H01 (). V
J (u + v) J (u)
= a(u, v) `(v) + a(v, v),
2
ta ket luan rang neu u cc tieu hoa J () th
lim [a(u, v) `(v) +
a(v, v)] = a(u, v) `(v) = 0 v H01 (),

2
ieu nay chng minh bo e di ay.

Bo e 2.3. Gia s u H01 () cc tieu hoa J () tren H01 (); th u la nghiem (duy
nhat) cua bai toan (2.89). Bai toan (2.89) c goi la phng trnh Euler - lagrange
cho bai toan cc tieu hoa nay.
Bo e nay la ao cua bo e trc. Ca hai bo e bieu dien s tng
ng cua bai toan (2.89) vi bai toan cc tieu hoa: tm u H 01 () sao cho
J (u) J (v) v H01 ().
(2.92)
83
. Xap x PTHH
Bay gi ta ap dung PTHH e xap x bai toan bien phan (2.89), dung
phan t tam giac vi noi suy tuyen tnh.
Bc 1: phan hoach mien bi li cac tam giac e .
Bc 2: xap x ham bang a thc bac nhat tren tng phan t (phan t
tam giac 3 nut ), vi phan t e la tam giac vi cac nut c anh so th t
a phng ngc chieu kim ong ho6) xi = (xi, yi ), i = 1, 2, 3,
u(e) = [N](e) {q}(e)
(e)
(e)
(e)
trong o N = [N1 (x, y) N2 (x, y) N3 (x, y)],

(e)
N1 (x, y) =
(e)
N2 (x, y) =
(e)
N3 (x, y) =
(e)
(e)
x2 y3 y2 x3 + x(y3 + y2 ) y(x3 + x2 )
,
x2 y3 y2 x3 x1 y3 + y1 x3 + x1 y2 y1 x2
x1y3 + y1 x3 + x(y3 + y1 ) + y(x3 + x1 )
,
x2 y3 y2 x3 x1 y3 + y1 x3 + x1 y2 y1 x2
x1 y2 y1 x2 + x(y2 + y1 ) y(x2 + x1 )
.
x2 y3 y2 x3 x1 y3 + y1 x3 + x1 y2 y1 x2
(e)
(e)
{q}(e) = {q1 q2 q3 }T vi qi = u(e) (xi), i = 1, 2, 3.

Bc 3: t phng trnh
4 u = f(x),
x e
ta co cong thc bien phan cua bai toan phat bieu cho phan t e vi bien
e :
Z
5w 5udx =
wfdx +
e
w
e
u e
d .
n
(2.93)
Ky hieu nh trong th du trc,

(e)
a (w, u) =
5w 5udx,
(w, f)
(e)
wfdx,
e
6)
Cach anh so nay nham muc ch phep bien oi t phan t e sang phan t tham chieu
(xem th du 2.2) co Jacobian dng.
84
cong thc tren co the viet lai:
(e)
a (w, u) = (w, f)
(e)
u e
d .
n
Tng t nh th du trc, tnh ma tran o cng phan t,

(e)
k
= a
(e)
(e)
(N(e) , N )
(e)
5N(e) (5N )T dx,
, = 1, 2, 3.
Nhng e tnh tch phan tren e th, khac vi th du trc, ta can oi bien
e bien oi mien e thanh mien n gian hn giong nhau cho moi phan t.
Mot cach t nhien, mien n gian c chon la phan t tham chieu 2-chieu
(xem th du 2.2), tam giac r vi cac nh 1 = (0, 0), 2 = (1, 0), 3 = (0, 1)
trong mat phang toa o , lan lt tng ng vi cac nut x 1, x2, x3. Phep
bien oi tng ng gia iem = (, ) vi iem x = (x, y):
x = (1 )x1 + x2 + x3.
(2.94)
Ma tran Jacobi cua phep bien oi:
x

J = y
x

= x2 x1 x3 x1 .
y
y2 y1 y3 y1
(2.95)
nh thc Jacobi (Jacobian):

J = det J = (x2 x1)(y3 y1) (x3 x1 )(y2 y1).
hp,
(2.96)
e bien oi ham di dau tch phan, ta dung cong thc ao ham ham
=
+
,
x
x x
(2.97)

=
+
,
y
y y
(2.98)
85
trong o = (x, y), = (x(, ), y(, )). Di ay, dau "" at tren au
mot bieu thc e ch bieu thc c viet trong he toa o a phng . Dang
ma tran:
x
=
= x
Neu thay trong (2.97), (2.98) lan lt bang x, y, ta nhan c he thc:
x

y
x
y
y
= I3
y

y3 y1 (x3 x1)
y = J1 = 1
;

x2 x1
J (y2 y1)
y
(2.99)
t o suy ra:
T
x
= J
x
hay
(2.100)
5 = 5r J1 ,
trong o 5 = [/x, /y], 5r = [/, /].

Nhan xet 2.12 (Phep bien oi ao ham). Cac cong thc (??), (2.100) cho phep
ta tnh cac ao ham /x, /y theo cac ao ham cua oi vi , . Cac
cong thc nay co the m rong cho trng hp 3-chieu, vi phep bien oi
mien (song anh) bat ky, va ca cac ao ham cap cao.
86
Cho e la mien trong khong gian xyz va r la mien trong khong gian
. Goi : r e la song anh tng ng moi iem = (, , ) r vi
iem x = (x, y, z) e , x = () hay
x = x(, , )
y = y(, , )
z = z(, , )
(2.101)
Ma tran Jacobi cua phep bien oi:
J=
(2.102)
Gia s la ham xac nh tren e . Ap dung cong thc ao ham ham hp, ta
co

x

x

=
y

= JT
, ) = (x(, , ), y(, , ), z(, , )).

ay (,
Ap dung cong thc oi bien so trong tch phan hai lp

(e)
k
(e) (J1 JT )(5r N

(e) )T J dd
5r N
= J
1
0
(e) (J1 JT )(5r N

(e) )T d,
5r N
87
trong o cac ham dang trong he toa o tham chieu:

(e) = [1 , , ].
[N]
Bieu thc cu the cua k co the tm c nh Matlab, script file:
(e)
mtdc2D.m
clear all
% tinh ma tran do cung phan tu
syms x y x_1 y_1 x_2 y_2 x_3 y_3
Jmat=[x_2-x_1 x_3-x_1; y_2-y_1 y_3-y_1]; % ma tran jacobi
J=abs(det(Jmat)); % jacobian
Jinv=inv(Jmat); % ma tran dao cua ma tran jacobi
syms xi eta
N=[1-xi-eta xi eta];
for i=1:3
for j=1:3
ke(i,j)=simplify(J*int(int([diff(N(i),xi) diff(N(i),eta)] ...
*Jinv*transpose(Jinv) ...
*transpose([diff(N(j),xi) diff(N(j),eta)]),eta,0,1-xi),xi,0,1));
end
end
88
Ket qua:
1 2
(y3 2y2 y3 2x2 x3 + x23 + y22 + x22 ),
2J
(e)
(e)
1 2
(y y3 y1 y2 y3 + y2 y1 x2 x3 + x2 x1 + x23 x3 x1),
2J 3
(e)
1
(y2y3 + y3 y1 + y22 y2 y1 + x22 x2x1 x2 x3 + x3 x1),
2J
(e)
1 2
(y y3 y1 y2 y3 + y2 y1 x2 x3 + x2 x1 + x23 x3 x1),
2J 3
(e)
1 2
(y3 2y3 y1 + y12 + x23 2x3 x1 + x21 ),
2J
(e)
1
(y2y3 + y3 y1 + y2 y1 y12 x2 x3 + x3 x1 + x2 x1 x21),
2J
(e)
(e)
1
(y2y3 + y3 y1 + y2 y1 y12 x2 x3 + x3 x1 + x2 x1 x21),
2J
(e)
1 2
(y2 2y2 y1 + y12 + x22 2x2 x1 + x21 ).
2J
k11
k12
k13
k21
k22
k23
k31
k32
k33
1
(y2y3 + y3 y1 + y22 y2 y1 + x22 x2x1 x2 x3 + x3 x1),
2J
Vi vect tai phan t, cung nh th du trc, ta "bo qua" so hang lien

quan en bien cua phan t,
Z
N(e)
u e
d ,
n
va xap x ham f tren phan t vi cung mot kieu PTHH, ta c:
p(e)
(N(e) , f)(e)
3
X
=1
(e)
(x )
(e)
N(e) N dx.
(2.103)
89
Ap dung cong thc oi bien trong tch phan hai lp:
p(e)
3
X
=1
(e)
f
d
0
(e) N
(e) J d,
N
(2.104)
(e)
trong o ky hieu f = f(e) ( , ), = 1, 2, 3.
Thay bieu thc cua cac ham dang trong toa o tham chieu, cuoi cung
ta c:
{p}(e)
2f1 + f2 + f3
J
f1 + 2f2 + f3
.
=
24
f1 + f2 + 2f3
(2.105)
Ket qua nay thu c t script file:
vttai2D.m
clear all
% tinh vecto tai phan tu
syms x y x_1 y_1 x_2 y_2 x_3 y_3
syms xi eta f_1 f_2 f_3
N=[1-xi-eta xi eta];
F=[f_1; f_2; f_3];
pe=simplify(J*int(int(N*F*transpose(N),eta,0,1-xi),xi,0,1));
Bc 4: v ieu kien bien cua bai toan la ieu kien Dirichlet nen cac
"so hang lien quan en bien cua phan t" (trong bieu thc tnh vect tai
a phng) c "ap at" bang 0 khi x , do o vect tai trong toan
cuc khong can hieu chnh7) (xem nhan xet 2.14). Viec kh ieu kien bien
Dirichlet tng t nh trong th du trc. Thong tin ve ieu kien Dirichlet
c cha ng trong mang 2 cot dcond co cau truc nh sau:
7)
(e)
That ra cac ham dang N

gian ham xap x V h .
ng vi nut x khong co mat trong c s cua khong
90
Hnh 2.14: o th ham u = x2(1 x)y(1 y)2 (th du 2.9).

TT nut
nut 1
nut 2
..
.
Gia tr
gia tr 1
gia tr 2
..
.
So dong cua mang nay bang so iem nut nam tren bien.
Noi dung cua bc 4, 5 khong khac th du trc.
Chng trnh pthh29.m
Chng trnh c viet cho th du 2.9 vi = [0, 1] [0, 1], f(x, y) =
(6y 4)x2 (x 1) + 2y(1 y)2(3x 1). Nghiem chnh xac cua bai toan:
u = x2 (1 x)y(1 y)2.
Thu tuc anh so nut va phan t
Ve nguyen tac viec anh so th t phan t, th t nut toan cuc (tng
ng a phng) la tuy y, mien la hai phan t (tng ng nut) khac nhau c
anh so khac nhau. Thong thng, trong cac bai toan phc tap, sau khi chia
li PTHH ngi ta anh so phan t, nut bang "tay", roi nhap d lieu di
dang file d lieu. Trong cac bai toan minh hoa trong chng nay, do mien
xac nh cua bai toan co dang n gian nen ta co the a ra thu tuc anh
so phan t, nut, tham ch ca toa o cua chung. Di ay la thu tuc (t ong)
e ngh thc hien cong oan nay.
Hnh vuong [0, 1] [0, 1] c phan hoach bang li cac tam giac. Goi
ma va mb lan lt la so ng toa o x = const (doc) va y = const (ngang)
91
phan hoach mien. Viec anh so nut c thc hien tuan t t di len tren,
t trai qua phai. Theo cach nay th nut giao iem ng doc th i vi
ng ngang th j co th t la (j 1)m a + i. Tong so nut la nn = ma mb.
Hnh 2.15: Canh anh so nut va phan t.

Cach anh so phan t cung c thc hien tng t. Cac dai gii han
bi hai ng toa o song song ke nhau c anh so t di len tren (oi
vi dai ngang), t trai qua phai (oi vi dai doc). Phan giao cua dai doc th
i vi dai ngang th j, c goi la o, gom hai tam giac, tam giac ben di co
th t la 2(j 1)(m a 1) + i, con (2j 1)(ma 1) + i la th t cua tam giac
tren. Tong so phan t cua phep phan hoach la ne = 2(ma 1)(mb 1).
Quy c anh so cac nut trong mot phan t (th t a phng) ngc
chieu kim ong ho, bat au t nut la nh vuong, thu tuc xay dng ma tran
lap ghep c thc hien theo tng o (hai phan t hu han). Th t a
phng cua cac nut c cho tren hnh 2.15.
pthh29.m
% chuong trinh thi du 2.9, f=(6*y-4)*x^2*(x-1)+2*y*(1-y)^2*(3*x-1)
% T.A. Ngoc
% update: 28/9/2009
% bien - mo ta
% nx ....... so nut tren truc x
% ny ....... so nut tren truc y
92
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%

coord .... vecto toa do cac nut
la ....... ma tran lap ghep
dcond .... dieu kien Dirichlet
ke ....... ma tran do cung phan tu
pe ....... vecto tai phan tu
gk ....... ma tran do cung toan cuc
gp ....... vecto tai toan cuc
q ........ vecto chuyen dich nut toan cuc
chuong trinh goi cac function: stiff27 (mtdc phan tu), load27
(vtt phan tu), ffunc27 (ham f)
clear all
% TIEN XU LY
nx=20;
ny=20;
ne=2*(nx-1)*(ny-1);
nn=nx*ny;
for j=1:ny
for i=1:nx
nut=(j-1)*nx+i;
coord(nut,1)=(i-1)/(nx-1);
coord(nut,2)=(j-1)/(ny-1);
end
end
for j=1:ny-1
for i=1:nx-1
e1=2*(j-1)*(nx-1)+i;
e2=(2*j-1)*(nx-1)+i;
la(e1,1)=(j-1)*nx+i;
la(e1,2)=(j-1)*nx+i+1;
la(e1,3)=j*nx+i;
la(e2,1)=j*nx+i+1;
la(e2,2)=j*nx+i;
la(e2,3)=(j-1)*nx+i+1;
end
end
%
dn=0;
for n=1:nn
if coord(n,1)==0.0|coord(n,1)==1.0|coord(n,2)==0.0|coord(n,2)==1.0
dn=dn+1;

dcond(dn,1)=n;
dcond(dn,2)=0;
end
end
% XU LY
gk=zeros(nn,nn);
gp=zeros(n,1);
for e=1:ne
i=la(e,1);
j=la(e,2);
k=la(e,3);
x1=coord(i,1);
y1=coord(i,2);
x2=coord(j,1);
y2=coord(j,2);
x3=coord(k,1);
y3=coord(k,2);
ke=stiff27(x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3);
% lap ghep
gk(i,k)=gk(i,k)+ke(1,3);
gk(j,k)=gk(j,k)+ke(2,3);
gk(k,i)=gk(k,i)+ke(3,1);
gk(k,j)=gk(k,j)+ke(3,2);
gk(k,k)=gk(k,k)+ke(3,3);
% vecto tai phan tu
pe=load27(x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3);
% lap ghep
gp(i)=gp(i)+pe(1);
gp(j)=gp(j)+pe(2);
gp(k)=gp(k)+pe(3);
end;
for j=1:nn
93
94

end
for j=1:nn
end
end
q=inv(gk)*gp;
% HAU XU LY
disp(sprintf(\n %s,
% nghiem chinh xac x^2(1-x)y(1-y)^2
ucx=coord(:,1).^2.*(1-coord(:,1)).*coord(:,2).*(1-coord(:,2)).^2;
% xuat chuyen dich
disp(sprintf(%s,nut
x
y
uxx
ucx))
for i=1:nn
disp(sprintf(%d\t\t %f\t\t %f\t\t %f\t\t %f,i,coord(i,1),
coord(i,2),q(i),ucx(i)))
end
disp(sprintf(%s%e,sai so cuc dai: , max(abs(q-ucx))))
% ve do thi chuyen dich
x=0:1/(nx-1):1;
y=0:1/(ny-1):1;
for j=1:nx
for i=1:ny
z(i,j)=q((i-1)*nx+j);
end
end
surf(x,y,z);
Nhan xet 2.13. Trong chng trnh pthh29.m oan ma tnh ma tran o cng
phan t, vect tai phan t c viet di dang function va c goi t chng
trnh chnh. ieu nay lam chng trnh de oc hn.
stiff29.m
function ke=stiff29(x_1,y_1,x_2,y_2,x_3,y_3)
% ham tra ve ma tran do cung phan tu (thi du 2.7)
ke = [1/2*(-2*y_2*y_3+y_3^2-2*x_2*x_3+x_3^2+y_2^2+x_2^2)/J, ...
95
Hnh 2.16: o th nghiem xap x (th du 2.9).

-1/2*(-y_2*y_3+y_2*y_1+y_3^2-y_3*y_1-x_2*x_3+x_2*x_1+x_3^2-x_3*x_1)/J, ...
-1/2*(-y_2*y_3+y_3*y_1+y_2^2-y_2*y_1-x_2*x_3+x_3*x_1+x_2^2-x_2*x_1)/J; ...
-1/2*(-y_2*y_3+y_2*y_1+y_3^2-y_3*y_1-x_2*x_3+x_2*x_1+x_3^2-x_3*x_1)/J, ...
1/2*(y_3^2-2*y_3*y_1+y_1^2+x_3^2-2*x_3*x_1+x_1^2)/J, ...
1/2*(-y_2*y_3+y_3*y_1+y_2*y_1-y_1^2-x_2*x_3+x_3*x_1+x_2*x_1-x_1^2)/J; ...
-1/2*(-y_3*y_2+y_3*y_1-y_1*y_2-x_3*x_2+x_3*x_1-x_1*x_2+y_2^2+x_2^2)/J, ...
1/2*(-y_3*y_2+y_3*y_1+y_1*y_2-y_1^2-x_3*x_2+x_3*x_1+x_1*x_2-x_1^2)/J, ...
1/2*(y_2^2-2*y_1*y_2+y_1^2+x_2^2-2*x_1*x_2+x_1^2)/J];
load29.m
function pe=load29(x_1,y_1,x_2,y_2,x_3,y_3)
% ham tra ve vecto tai phan tu (thi du 2.7)
J=abs((x_2-x_1)*(y_3-y_1)-(x_3-x_1)*(y_2-y_1)); % jacobian
f_1=ffunc27(x_1,y_1);
f_2=ffunc27(x_2,y_2);
f_3=ffunc27(x_3,y_3);
pe=J*[2*f_1+f_2+f_3; f_1+2*f_2+f_3; f_1+f_2+2*f_3]/24;
Ham f c cho bi function ffunc29.m
ffunc29.m
function v=ffunc29(x,y)
v=(6*y-4)*x^2*(x-1)+2*y*(1-y)^2*(3*x-1);
Phan bieu dien nghiem ta dung ham surf e ve mat cong bieu dien
96
nghiem xap x. Cu phap n gian goi ham nay la surf(x,y,z) vi hai oi so

au la vect, tng ng la hoanh o va tung o cac iem nut, oi so con lai la
mang cha gia tr cua ham can ve. Cac iem tren mat la bo ba (x(j),y(i),
z(i,j)). Chu y, x tng ng vi cac cot cua z va y tng ng vi cac dong.
Trong chng trnh pthh27.m oan ma cuoi nham chuyen oi vect chuyen
dch thanh dang ma tran.
Nhan xet 2.14. Trong bai toan bien cua th du 2.9, neu cua mien , =
D N gom hai phan tach biet D va N . ieu kien bien c cho ca
hai loai Dirichlet lan Neumann,
u = 0,
tren D ,
(2.106)
u
= g,
n
tren N ,
(2.107)
vi g : N R la ham cho trc. Khi o, ta phai "cong them" vao vect tai
"so hang lien quan en bien cua phan t".
Gia s xi xj la canh cua phan t e nam tren phan bien Neumann, "hng
doc theo" bien nay. Cac nut i, j (th t toan cuc) tng ng vi cac nut ,
(th t a phng) trong phan t e. Tham so hoa oan x ixj ,
Vi l [0, 1], at:
x = xi + l(xj xi ),
l [0, 1].
g(l) = g(xi + l(xj xi )),

= N(e) (x + l(x x )),
(e) (l)
N
(e) (l) = N (e) (x + l(x x ))

N
(e) (l), = , ,
vi moi l [0, 1]. Do tnh chat cua ham dang, hai ham N
trung vi hai ham dang (bac nhat) cua oan x i xj . Cu the la:
(e) (l) = 1 l,
N
(e) (l) = l.
N
"So hang lien quan en bien cua phan t" gom cac tch phan:
Z
N(e) gd xi xj ,
xi xj
{, }.
(2.108)
97
Neu tren oan nay ta xap x ham g bi a thc bac nhat th:
(e) (l) + g(xj )N
(e) (l)
g(l) g(xi )N
va
Z
N(e) gd
xi xj
xi xj g(xi )Lij
(e) N
(e) dl + g(xj )Lij
N
(e) N
(e) dl,
N
trong o Lij la chieu dai canh xi xj .

Qua trnh "cong them" c tien hanh lan lt tai cac canh "nam tren"
N . Neu = th ta cong them vao thanh phan pi (i tng ng vi ) cua
vect tai toan cuc lng:
g(xi)Lij
1
0
(e) )2dl + g(xj )Lij

(N
1
0
(e) N
(e) dl = Lij [2g(xi ) + g(xj )];
N
con neu = th cong them vao pj lng:

Lij
[g(xi ) + 2g(xj )].
6
Do phan tch tren, thong tin lu tr ieu kien bien Neumann c to chc
khac cach lu tr ieu kien bien Dirichlet (a noi tren). Thay v lu tr
theo nut, ay ta lu tr theo canh. Mang fcond gom 4 cot, hai cot au cha
th t toan cuc cua nut au va cuoi cua canh, hai cot con lai lu gia tr tng
ng cho trc.
TT nut au
nut au canh 1
nut au canh 2
..
.
TT nut cuoi
nut cuoi canh 1
nut cuoi canh 2
..
.
Gia tr nut au
gia tr nut au 1
gia tr nut au 2
..
.
So dong cua mang bang so canh nam tren bien N .
Gia tr nut cuoi

gia tr nut cuoi 1
gia tr nut cuoi 2
..
.
98
Hnh 2.17: Mien va cac ieu kien bien (th du 2.10).

Th du 2.10. Cho la tap m b chan trong R2 vi bien = D N , xet
bai toan bien elliptic:
4 u = f(x), x ,
u = 0 tren D ,
u
= g
n
tren N ,
(2.109)
(2.110)
(2.111)
trong o f(x, y) = 4 2 (x2 + y 2) sin(2xy), ham g xac nh tren hai canh x = 1

va y = 1,
g(x, y) =
2y cos(2y), x = 1
2x cos(2x), y = 1
(hnh 2.18). Nghiem chnh xac: u = sin(2xy).

Cach thc tien hanh tng t nh th du 2.9, cac ket qua chnh (chi tiet
thc hien danh cho ngi oc):
Khong gian ham V = {v H 1 ()|v = 0 tren D }.
Cong thc bien phan:
Z
5w 5udx =
wfdx +
wgdN .
99
Dang song tuyen tnh a(, ) va dang tuyen tnh `():

a(w, u) =
`(w) =
Z
Z
5w 5udx,
wfdx +
wgdN .
N
Bai toan bien phan: tm u V sao cho

a(u, v) = `(v),
v V.
Xap x PTHH (ngi oc nen thc hien chi tiet cac bc).
Chng trnh pthh210.m
Chng trnh di ay la mot sa oi cua chng trnh trong th du
2.9, pthh29.m. Hai oan ma c them vao gom: oan nhap ieu kien bien
Neuman, va oan kh ieu kien bien loai nay.
pthh210.m
% chuong trinh thi du 2.10, f=4pi^2(x^2+y^2)sin(2pi xy), g=2pi x cos(2p x)
% T.A. Ngoc
% update: 5/10/2009
% bien - mo ta
% nx ....... so nut tren truc x
% ny ....... so nut tren truc y
% fcond .... dieu kien Neumann
% dcond .... dieu kien Dirichlet
% chuong trinh goi cac function: stiff29 (mtdc phan tu), load210
% (vtt phan tu), ffunc210 (ham f), gfunc210 (dk bien)
clear all
100
% TIEN XU LY
nx=20;
ny=20;
ne=2*(nx-1)*(ny-1);
nn=nx*ny;
for j=1:ny
for i=1:nx
nut=(j-1)*nx+i;
coord(nut,1)=(i-1)/(nx-1);
coord(nut,2)=(j-1)/(ny-1);
end
end
for j=1:ny-1
for i=1:nx-1
e1=2*(j-1)*(nx-1)+i;
e2=(2*j-1)*(nx-1)+i;
la(e1,1)=(j-1)*nx+i;
la(e1,2)=(j-1)*nx+i+1;
la(e1,3)=j*nx+i;
la(e2,1)=j*nx+i+1;
la(e2,2)=j*nx+i;
la(e2,3)=(j-1)*nx+i+1;
end
end
% dieu kien bien Neumann
% canh 1 (ben trai)
fn=0; % counter dem so canh cho dieu kien Neumann
for j=1:ny-1
fn=fn+1;
fcond(fn,1)=j*nx;
fcond(fn,2)=(j+1)*nx;
fcond(fn,3)=gfunc28(coord(fcond(fn,1),2));
end
% canh 2 (ben tren)
for j=1:nx-1
fn=fn+1;
fcond(fn,1)=nn-j+1;
fcond(fn,2)=nn-j;

end
% dieu kien bien Dirichlet
dn=0; % counter dem so nut cho dieu kien Dirichlet
for n=1:nn
if coord(n,1)==0.0|coord(n,2)==0.0
dn=dn+1;
dcond(dn,1)=n;
dcond(dn,2)=0;
end
end
% XU LY
gk=zeros(nn);
gp=zeros(nn,1);
for e=1:ne
i=la(e,1);
j=la(e,2);
k=la(e,3);
x1=coord(i,1);
y1=coord(i,2);
x2=coord(j,1);
y2=coord(j,2);
x3=coord(k,1);
y3=coord(k,2);
ke=stiff27(x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3);
% lap ghep
gk(i,k)=gk(i,k)+ke(1,3);
gk(j,k)=gk(j,k)+ke(2,3);
gk(k,i)=gk(k,i)+ke(3,1);
gk(k,j)=gk(k,j)+ke(3,2);
gk(k,k)=gk(k,k)+ke(3,3);
% vecto tai phan tu
pe=load28(x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3);
% lap ghep
gp(i)=gp(i)+pe(1);
gp(j)=gp(j)+pe(2);
101
102
gp(k)=gp(k)+pe(3);
end;
% khu dieu kien bien Neumann
for nc=1:size(fcond,1)
i=fcond(nc,1);
j=fcond(nc,2);
x1=coord(i,1);
y1=coord(i,2);
x2=coord(j,1);
y2=coord(j,2);
lij=sqrt((x2-x1)^2+(y2-y1)^2);
gp(i)=gp(i)+lij*(2*fcond(nc,3)+fcond(nc,4))/6;
gp(j)=gp(j)+lij*(fcond(nc,3)+2*fcond(nc,4))/6;
end
% khu dieu kien bien Dirichlet
for j=1:nn
end
for j=1:nn
end
end
q=inv(gk)*gp;
% HAU XU LY
% nghiem chinh xac sin(2pi xy)
ucx=sin(2*pi*coord(:,1).*coord(:,2));
disp(sprintf(%s%e,sai so cuc dai: , max(abs(q-ucx))));
% ve do thi chuyen dich
x=0:1/(nx-1):1;
y=0:1/(ny-1):1;
for j=1:nx
for i=1:ny
z(i,j)=q((i-1)*nx+j);
z1(i,j)=ucx((i-1)*nx+j);
end
end
subplot(1,2,1)
Hnh 2.18: o th nghiem xap x va nghiem chnh xac (th du 2.10).

surf(x,y,z);
subplot(1,2,2)
surf(x,y,z1);
Cac function c goi, khong ke stiff29.m:
load210.m
function pe=load210(x_1,y_1,x_2,y_2,x_3,y_3)
% ham tra ve vecto tai phan tu (thi du 2.7)
J=abs((x_2-x_1)*(y_3-y_1)-(x_3-x_1)*(y_2-y_1)); % jacobian
f_1=ffunc210(x_1,y_1);
f_2=ffunc210(x_2,y_2);
f_3=ffunc210(x_3,y_3);
pe=J*[2*f_1+f_2+f_3; f_1+2*f_2+f_3; f_1+f_2+2*f_3]/24;
ffunc210.m
function v=ffunc210(x,y)
v=4*pi^2*(x^2+y^2)*sin(2*pi*x*y);
gfunc210.m
function v=gfunc210(x)
v=2*pi*x*cos(2*pi*x);
103
104
2.4 Mot bai toan phu thuoc thi gian

Muc nay trnh bay phng phap phan t hu han ap dung cho bai toan khong
dng. Xet bai toan bien-gia tr au: Tm ham u(x, t) thoa phng trnh
ut = auxx + f,
0 < x < 1, 0 < t < T,
(2.112)
u(1, t) = h1 (t),
(2.113)
cung vi cac ieu kien bien

u(0, t) = h0(t),
t>0
va ieu kien au
u(x, 0) = g(x),
(2.114)
0 < x < 1.
ay, a la hang so dng, f(x, t), h0 (t), h1 (t), g(x) la cac ham cho trc.
2.4.1
Phat bieu bien phan na yeu (semi-weak)
Xem t nh la tham so. a vao khong gian ham V = H01 (0, 1). Vi v V
bat ky, nhan hai ve phng trnh (2.112) vi v roi tch phan t 0 en 1. Dung
tch phan tng phan ta c:
d
dt
1
0
u(t)vdx =
ux vxdx +
0
fvdx.
(2.115)
ay, ky hieu u(t) ch anh xa t (0, T ) vao H 1 (0, 1).
2.4.2
Ri rac theo bien khong gian - PTHH
Phan hoach [0, 1] thanh cac PTHH bang li cac nut {x i }:

0 = x1 < x2 < < xnn = 1,
(e)
(e)
Tren moi phan t [x1 , x2 ] xap x nghiem can tm di dang

(e)
(e)
(e)
(e)
(e)
uh = u1 (t)N1 (x) + u2 (t)N2 (x) = [N (e)]{u(e) }.
(2.116)
2.4. MOT BAI TOAN PHU THUOC THI GIAN
105
(e)
(e)
(e)
Thay uh vao phng trnh bien phan phat bieu cho phan t [x1 , x2 ],
d
dt
(e)
x2
(e)
x1
(e)
(e)
(e)
(e)
u(t)vdx = ux (x2 , t)v(x2 ) ux(x1 , t)v(x1 )

|
{z
}
SHB: so hang lien quan ti ieu kien bien
(e)
x2
(e)
ux vxdx +
x1
fvdx,
(2.117)
Chu y, vi v = u,
Z
(e)
x2
(e) T
u(t)udx = {u }
(e)
x1
(e)
x2
(e)
x1
[N (e)]T [N (e) ]dx{u(e)}
= {u(e) }T [M (e) ]{u(e)},

Z
(e)
x2
(e)
x1
(e) T
uxuxdx = {u }
(e)
x2
d
d
[N (e) ]T [N (e) ]dx{u(e)}
dx
dx
(e)
x1
= {u(e) }T [K (e)]{u(e) },
Z
(e)
x2
(e)
x1
(e) T
fudx = {u }
(e)
x2
(e)
x1
f[N (e) ]T dx
= {u(e) }T {p(e) },
phng trnh (2.117) thanh
{u(e)}([M (e)]{u (e) } + [K (e)]{u(e)} {p(e) }) = [SHB].
ay, [M (e) ], [K (e)], {p(e) } lan lt la ma tran khoi lng, o cng va vect
tai phan t.
Bang thu tuc lap ghep ta c:
{u}([M]{u}
+ [K]{u} {p}) = 0,
[M], [K], {p} lan lt la ma tran khoi lng, o cng va vect tai toan cuc.
106
V u la "tuy y" nen phng trnh PTHH:

[M]{u}
+ [K]{u} {p} = 0
hay
(2.118)
{u}
= [M]1 ([K]{u} + {p}).
Kh ieu kien bien
Cac ieu kien bien (2.113) cho:
u1 (t) = h1 (t),
(2.119)
unn (t) = h2(t).
at [A] = [M]1[K], {b} = [M]1 {p}, phng trnh vi phan (2.118) c viet
lai:
{u}
= [A]{u} + {b}
hay dang tng minh
h 1
u 2
..
.
u
nn1

h2
= A11h1 + A12u2 + + A1,nn1 unn1 + A1,nn h2 + b1

= A21h1 + A22u2 + + A2,nn1 unn1 + A2,nn h2 + b2
= Ann1,1 h1 + Ann1,2 u2 + + Ann1,nn1 unn1 + Ann1,nn h2 + bnn1
= Ann,1 h1 + Ann,2 u2 + + Ann,nn1 unn1 + Ann,nn h2 + bnn
e khong lam thay oi cau truc, ta thay phng trnh au va phng trnh
cuoi bang
u 1 = h 1 , u nn = h 2,
ong thi nhom cac so hang a biet lai. He phng trnh vi phan tren thanh:
u 1
u 2
..
.
u nn1
u nn
= 0u1 + 0u2 + + 0unn1 + 0unn

= 0u1 + A22u2 + + A2,nn1 unn1 + 0unn
+h 1
+b2
+A21h1 + A2,nn h2
= 0u1 + Ann1,2 u2 + + Ann1,nn1 unn1 + 0unn +bnn1

+Ann1,1 h1 + Ann1,nn h2
= 0u1 + 0u2 + + 0unn1 + 0unn
+h 2
107
Dang ma tran:
(2.120)
{u}
= [A]{u}
+ {b},
trong o:
0
0
..
.
0
A22
..
.
[A] =
0 Ann1,2
0
0
{b} =
0
b2
..
.
bnn1
0
A2,nn1
..
.
Ann1,nn1
0
0
0
..
.
0
0
h 1
A21h1 + A2,nn h2
..
.
Ann1,1 h1 + Ann1,nn h2
h 2
Bai toan Cauchy cho he phng trnh vi phan

ieu kien au (2.114) cho:
ui (0) = g(xi ),
i = 1, 2, . . . , nn.
(2.121)
ay cung la ieu kien au cua he phng trnh vi phan. Phng trnh vi

phan vect (2.120) cung vi ieu kien au (bai toan Cauchy):
{u}
= [A]{u}
+ {b},
{u}(0) = {g}.
2.4.3
(2.122)
(2.123)
Ri rac theo bien thi gian - Thuat toan Euler
Bai toan Cauchy c giai bang thuat toan Euler. a vao li cac nut thi
gian cach eu h
0 = t1 < t2 < < tnt = T,
ta co thuat toan lap:
{u(1)} = {g},
(n)} + {b(n)}),
{u(n+1) } = {u(n)} + d([A]{u
(2.124)
(2.125)
108
trong o {u(n)} la gia tr xap x cua {u(t n)} va
{b(n) } =
2.4.4
0
b2 (tn )
..
.
bnn1 (tn )
h 1 (tn )
A21h1 (tn ) + A2,nn h2 (tn )
..
.
Ann1,1 h1 (tn ) + Ann1,nn h2 (tn )
h 2 (tn )
Chng trnh va ket qua so
Chng trnh c viet cho trng hp: a = 1, f(x, t) = et (x2 x + 2),

h0 (t) = h1 (t) 0, g(x) = x(1 x). Nghiem chnh xac: ucx = x(1 x)et.
% chuong trinh giai phuong trinh nhiet
% u_t=u_xx+exp(-t)*(x^2-x+2)
0<x<1, 0<t<T
% dieu kien dau: u(x,0)=x*(1-x)
% dieu kien bien: u(0,t)=u(1,t)=0
% nghiem chinh xac: u_cx=exp(-t)*(x-x^2)
% T.A. Ngoc
% update: 11/11/2011
% bien - mo ta
% nt ....... tong so nut thoi gian
% me ....... ma tran khoi luong phan tu
% gm ....... ma tran khoi luong toan cuc
% U ........ vecto chuyen dich nut toan cuc
clear all
% TIEN XU LY
% tham so
T=1; % khoang thoi gian khao sat
% roi rac khong gian - PTHH
nn=10;

ne=nn-1;
coord=0:1/ne:1;
for e=1:ne
la(e,:)=[e,e+1];
end
% roi rac thoi gian
nt=500;
d=T/(nt-1);
t=0:d:T;
% XU LY
gm=zeros(nn,nn);
gk=zeros(nn,nn);
gp=zeros(nn,1);
U=zeros(nn,nt);
gp=zeros(nn,1);
% tinh ma tran khoi luong, do cung va vecto tai toan cuc
for e=1:ne
gi=la(e,:); % thu tu toan cuc
x1=coord(gi(1));
x2=coord(gi(2));
% ma tran khoi luong
me=(x2-x1)/6*[2 1; 1 2];
ke=1/(x2-x1)*[1 -1; -1 1];
% vecto tai
pe=(x2-x1)/12*[3*x1^2+2*x1*x2-4*x1+x2^2-2*x2+12; ...
x1^2+2*x1*x2-2*x1+3*x2^2-4*x2+12];
% lap ghep
gk(gi,gi)=gk(gi,gi)+ke;
gm(gi,gi)=gm(gi,gi)+me;
gp(gi)=gp(gi)+pe;
end
invgm=inv(gm);
A=-invgm*gk;
b=invgm*gp;
% khu dieu kien bien
A(1,:)=0.0;
A(nn,:)=0.0;
A(:,1)=0.0;
A(:,nn)=0.0;
b(1)=0.0;
109
Bai tap chng 2
110
b(nn)=0.0;
% thuat toan Euler
for i=1:nn
U(:,1)=transpose(coord-coord.^2);
end
for it=2:nt
U(:,it)=U(:,it-1)+d*(A*U(:,it-1)+exp(-t(it-1))*b);
end
% HAU XU LY
tt=t(1:20:nt);
UU=U(:,1:20:nt);
surf(coord,tt,UU);
xlabel(x);
ylabel(t);
zlabel(u_h);
title(Nghiem xap xi u_h)
Hnh 2.19 la o th nghiem xap x.
Chu thch: Viec chon li khong va thi gian can thoa eu kien on nh
t
C,
x
trong o C la hang so phu thuoc bai toan.
Trong phan "Hau x ly", cac lenh:
tt=t(1:20:nt);
UU=U(:,1:20:nt);
nham giam bt so iem ve tren truc t.
Bai tap chng 2

2.1. Trong he toa o , khoi t dien vi cac nh (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0),
(0, 0, 1) c chon lam phan t tham chieu. Hay thiet lap phep bien oi
affine bien phan t tham chieu nay thanh khoi t dien bat ky trong he
toa o xyz.
2.2. Xay dng va ve o th cac ham dang cho PTHH 1-chieu vi cac trng
hp:
Bai tap chng 2
111
Hnh 2.19: o th nghiem xap x.

a) ba nut (quadratic);
b) bon nut (cubic).
H.D. a) Goi x1 , x2 la hai nut noi suy bien, x3 la nut noi suy ben trong. e
xac nh ham dang ta dung script file:
hd1D3N.m
% xay dung ham dang cho PTHH 1-D, 3 nut
clear all
syms x x1 x2 x3 a1 a2 a3
% da thuc co so
p=[1 x x^2];
% cac he so
a=[a1; a2; a3];
% da thuc xap xi
uh=p*a
syms u1 u2 u3
% ma tran gia tri da thuc co so tai cac nut
PP(1,:)=subs(p,x,x1);
% gia tri nut
u=[u1;u2;u3];
Bai tap chng 2
112
% tinh cac he so
aa=inv(PP)*u;
% xac dinh cac ham dang
kq=simplify(subs(uh,a,aa))
Ket qua:
N1 =
(x x3)(x x2)
,
(x1 x2)(x3 + x1 )
N2 =
(x x3)(x1 + x)
,
(x1 x2)(x3 + x2 )
N3 =
(x x2)(x1 + x)
.
(x3 + x2)(x3 + x1 )
2.3. Xay dng cac ham dang cho PTHH tam giac 2-chieu vi cac trng hp:
a) sau nut;
b) chn nut.
2.4. Xay dng cac ham dang cho PTHH t dien 3-chieu bon nut.
2.5. Tm ng suat phan bo trong thanh tru oi xng truc co tiet dien thay
oi nh hnh ve, b ngam chat mot au, au con lai b keo bi lc doc truc
p. Thanh dai 20cm. Tiet dien b ngam co ban knh r1 = 2.5cm, tiet dien
au con lai co ban knh r2 = 1cm. Cho E = 2 106 kg/cm2 , p = 1kg.
Hnh 2.20: Thanh co tiet dien thay oi (bai tap 2.5).

H.D. Chia (xap x) thanh tru thanh cac PTHH co tiet dien khong oi.
2.6. Giai bai toan trong th du 2.8 vi d lieu: g = 0, h = 1, f(x) = sin x.
Dung phan t hu han 3-nut.
Bai tap chng 2
113
2.7. Xet bai toan bien

d4 u
= f, 0 < x < 1,
dx40
u(0) = u (0) = u(1) = u0 (1) = 0.
(2.126)
ay u bieu dien, chang han, o vong cua mot dam b ngam di tac dung
cua lc ngang mat o f (hnh 2.21).
Hnh 2.21: Dam b ngam di tac dung cua lc phan bo.

a) Trong c hoc bai toan dam nay thng c phat bieu nh sau:
M = u00, 0 < x < 1,
M 00 = f, 0 < x < 1,
u(0) = u0(0) = u(1) = u0 (1) = 0.
(2.127)
(2.128)
(2.129)
M la ai lng g trong c hoc? Cac phng trnh (2.127) - (2.129) co y ngha

c hoc g?
b) Chng to bai toan bien phan cua (2.126) co the phat bieu: tm u
H02 (0, 1) sao cho
(u00, v 00) = (f, v) v H02 (0, 1).
(2.130)
[Trng hp tong quat, R n la tap m b chan vi bien chnh quy, H02()

la khong gian cac ham v L2 (), co ao ham en cap hai thuoc L 2 () va
v = v/n = 0 tren . Khong gian nay la khong gian Hilbert vi tch vo
hng xac nh bi:
< v, w >=
vwd +
XZ
||2
D vD wd,
trong o = (1, . . . , n ), || = 1 + . . . + n , D = ||/x1 1 x1 n .]
Bai tap chng 2
114
c) Ap dung PTHH giai bai toan bien phan (2.130).
H.D. c) Dung noi suy Hermite. Ham dang:
syms x x1 x2
p=[1 x x^2 x^3];
pp=sym(zeros(4));
pp(1,:)=subs(p,x,x1);
pp(2,:)=subs(diff(p),x,x1);
pp(3,:)=subs(p,x,x2);
pp(4,:)=subs(diff(p),x,x2);
H=simplify(p*inv(pp));
H1 (x) =
2x3 3(x1 + x2 )x2 + 6x1 x2x + x22 (x2 3x1 )

,
(x1 x2 )3
H2 (x) =
x3 (x1 + 2x2 )x2 + x2(x2 + 2x1 )x x22 x1

,
(x1 x2 )2
H3 (x) =
2x3 3(x1 + x2)x2 + 6x1 x2 x + x21 (x1 3x1 )

,
(x1 x2)3
H2 (x) =
x3 (x1 + 2x2 )x2 + x1(x1 + 2x2 )x x21 x2

.
(x1 x2 )2
Ma tran o cng phan t:

B=simplify(diff(H,2));
ke=simplify(int(transpose(B)*B,x,x1,x2));
[k](e)
12/h3
6/h2 12/h3 6/h2
6/h2
4/h
6/h2
2/h
=
3
2
3
12/h 6/h +12/h 6/h2 ,
6/h2
2/h
6/h2
4/h
trong o h = x2 x1.
Vect tai phan t (trng hp f(x) = f (const):
Bai tap chng 2
115
syms f
pe=simplify(f*int(transpose(H),x,x1,x2))
{p}(e)
h/2
h2 /12
=f
h/2
h2/12
Trong bai tap nay ta dung noi suy Hermite nen tai moi nut co 2 bac t
do: gia tr ham va gia tr ao ham tai nut. Moi dong cua ma tran lap ghep
(ng vi mot phan t) v the se co dang:
LA(e,:)=
cot 1
b.t.d.
th nhat
cua nut 1
cot 2
b.t.d.
th hai
cua nut 1
cot 3
b.t.d.
th nhat
cua nut 2
cot 4
b.t.d.
th hai
cua nut 2
e m rong pham vi ap dung chng trnh a vao bien ndof, dof (so
bac t do cua nut, so bac t do toan cuc).
1
Nghiem chnh xac u(x) = 24
fx2 (x 1)2 .
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
chuong trinh cho bai tap 2.7

bien - mo ta
nn ....... tong so nut
ndof ..... bac tu do nut (=2)
dof ...... bac tu do (nn*ndof)
ne ....... tong so phan tu
coord .... vecto toa do cac nut
la ....... ma tran lap ghep
gi ....... bac tu do toan cuc cua phan tu
dcond .... dieu kien Dirichlet
ke ....... ma tran do cung phan tu
pe ....... vecto tai phan tu
gk ....... ma tran do cung toan cuc
gp ....... vecto tai toan cuc
q ........ vecto chuyen dich nut toan cuc (ca dao ham)
d ........ vecto chuyen dich tai cac nut
116
clear all
% TIEN XU LY
f=1;
ndof=2;
ne=10;
nn=ne+1;
dof=ndof*nn;
coord=0:1/ne:1;
% ma tran lap ghep
for e=1:ne
for k=1:ndof
la(e,k)=(e-1)*ndof+k; % nut thu nhat
la(e,k+ndof)=ndof*e+k; % nut thu hai
end
end
% dieu kien bien
dcond=[1 0; 2 0; 2*nn-1 0; 2*nn 0];
% XU LY
gk=zeros(dof);
gp=zeros(dof,1);
for e=1:ne
x1=coord(e);
x2=coord(e+1);
gi=la(e,:); % bac tu do toan cuc cua phan tu e
ke=mtdc_dam(x1,x2);
% vector tai phan tu
pe=vtt(x1,x2);
% lap ghep
gk(gi,gi)=gk(gi,gi)+ke;
gp(gi)=gp(gi)+f*pe;
end;
% khu dieu kien Dirichlet
gp=gp-dcond(i,2)*gk(:,dcond(i,1));
gk(dcond(i,1),:)=0.0;
gk(:,dcond(i,1))=0.0;
end
Bai tap chng 2
Bai tap chng 2
117
q=inv(gk)*gp;
% HAU XU LY
% rut trich chuyen dich tai cac nut
for i=1:nn
d(i)=q(2*(i-1)+1);
end
disp(sprintf(\n %s,
% nghiem chinh xac
ucx=f*coord.^2.*(1-coord).^2/24;
% xuat chuyen dich
disp(sprintf(%s,nut
uxx
ucx))
for i=1:nn
disp(sprintf(%d\t\t%f\t%f\t%f,i,d(i),ucx(i)))
end
disp(sprintf(%s%e,sai so cuc dai: , max(abs(d-ucx))))
plot(coord,d)
nut
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
sai so
uxx
ucx
0.000000
0.000000
0.000338
0.000338
0.001067
0.001067
0.001837
0.001838
0.002400
0.002400
0.002604
0.002604
0.002400
0.002400
0.001837
0.001838
0.001067
0.001067
0.000337
0.000337
0.000000
0.000000
cuc dai: 1.084202e-017
2.8. Cho la tap m b chan trong R2 vi bien . Xet bai toan bien:
4 u + 1
u
u
+ 2
+ u = f,
x
y
u = 0,
trong ,
(2.131)
tren ,
(2.132)
trong o > 0, i la cac hang so cho trc. ay la mot th du cua bai toan
oi lu - khuech tan (convection - diffusion problem); so hang Laplace tng
Bai tap chng 2
118
Hnh 2.22: Chuyen dch (bai tap 2.7).

ng s khuech tan vi he so khuech tan , cac ao ham cap mot tng ng
s oi lu theo hng = (1, 2).
a) Gia s = 1, || va phai, thiet lap bai toan bien phan tng ng.
b) Ap dung PTHH giai bai toan bien phan.
2.9. Cho la tap m b chan trong R2 vi bien . Xet bai toan bien:
42 u = f,
u =
trong ,
u
= 0,
n
tren ,
(2.133)
(2.134)
ay la bai toan uon tam mong vi bien ngam di tac dung cua tai trong
ngang f.
a) Thiet lap bai toan bien phan.
b) Giai bai toan bien phan bang PTHH.
Chng 3
Phan t hu han trong ly thuyet
an hoi
PTHH ban au xuat hien nh la mot phng phap tnh trong c hoc ket cau
-- phng phap lc. Xet ket cau dan phang gom ba thanh lien ket khp vi
nhau tai cac nut 1, 2, 3 (hnh 3.1). Bang cach "ly tng hoa" ta xem cac thanh
ch chu keo nen doc truc cua chung, gia s cac lc va chuyen dch co lien
quan en ba nut va ke. Goi (u 1 , v1), (u2, v2), (u3, v3) la chuyen dch cua cac
nut 1, 2, 3 va (X1 , Y1 ), (X2 , Y2 ), (X3 , Y3 ) la cac lc at tai nut tng ng. e
tm moi lien he gia lc va chuyen dch tai cac nut, ta gia thiet cac thanh la
an hoi tuyen tnh, theo o, lc t le vi chuyen dch.
Hnh 3.1: Dan phang

Gia s ta can tm he lc tac dung len dan gay ra do chuyen dch u1 6= 0
vi cac chuyen dch con lai bang khong. Hien nhien, lc X1 la can thiet e
u1 ton tai, hn na no t le vi u1 , va ta co the viet
xx
X1 = K11
u1
119
120 CHNG 3. PHAN T HU HAN TRONG LY THUYET AN HOI

xx
ay K11
la hang so t le, y ngha cac ch so se c lam ro sau nay. Do lien
ket khp, noi chung, Y1 cung ton tai (ieu nay co the dan en v1 6= 0 !), ta
viet
yx
Y1 = K11
u1 .
Di tac dung cua cac lc X1 , Y1 tai cac nut 2 va 3 se chu cac lc tng ng
e he can bang. Ta viet
xx
X2 = K21
u1 ,
xx
X3 = K31
u1 ,
yx
Y2 = K21
u1
yx
Y3 = K31 u1 .
Lap luan tng t vi cac nut ta cung co cac ket qua tng t. Tom lai, dch
chuyen ui (tai nut i) se "sinh" lc Xj vi he so t le Kjixx va lc Yj vi he so
t le Kjiyx (tai nut j). Ap dung ieu kien can bang lc (nguyen ly D'Alambert)
ta co he phng trnh

X1
X2
=
Y2
Y3
xx
K11
yx
K11
xx
K21
yx
K21
xx
K31
yx
K31
xy
K11
yy
K11
xy
K21
yy
K21
xy
K31
yy
K31
xx
K12
yx
K12
xx
K22
yx
K22
xx
K32
yx
K32
xy
K12
yy
K12
xy
K22
yy
K22
xy
K32
yy
K32
xx
K13
yx
K13
xx
K23
yx
K23
xx
K33
yx
K33
xy
K13
yy
K13
xy
K23
yy
K23
xy
K33
yy
K33
u1
v1
u2
v2
u3
v3
ay cung chnh la phng trnh PTHH.

Theo cach xay dng ay ta thay ve phai cua moi phng trnh la bieu
thc cua lc at tai nut tng ng tren phng tng ng. Th du, ve phai
cua phng trnh th nhat la bieu thc xac nh lc at tai nut 1 tren phng
x, ve phai cua phng trnh th hai la bieu thc xac nh lc at tai nut 1
tren phng y.
Mot cach tiep can khac xay dng phng trnh PTHH cho cac bai toan
c hoc ket cau la phng phap nang lng. Nh a biet, c s ly luan cua
c hoc ket cau la ly thuyet an hoi. e cung cap mot cai nhn tong quat ve
cach tiep can nang lng, di ay, cac van e c trnh bay trong khung
canh cua ly thuyet an hoi. Trc het, ta on lai mot so ket qua cua ly thuyet
an hoi.
3.1 Tom tat ve ly thuyet an hoi

Vat the c cau thanh bi cac iem vat chat phan bo lien tuc (mo hnh
moi trng lien tuc). Di tac dung cua lc vat the b bien dang (thay oi
3.1. TOM TAT VE LY THUYET AN HOI
121
hnh dang, kch thc).

Xet vat the B chiem mien R3 (thay oi theo thi gian). Goi M B
la iem bat ky.
Trng chuyen dch. Gia s trc khi b bien dang v tr cua M la
(
x, y, z), sau bien dang M v tr (x, y, z). Vect chuyen dch u = (ux , uy , uz )
cua M:
ui = xi xi
i = x, y, z.
(3.1)
Anh xa (x, y, z) 7 u goi la trng chuyen dch cua vat the. Trng chuyen
dch co the xem la ham vect theo cac bien Lagrange x, y, z, t hay bien Euler
x, y, z, t.
Trng bien dang. e mo ta bien dang trong lan can iem M, xet
iem vat chat N B vo cung gan M. Gia s trc bien dang M va N
co vect ban knh lan lt la r va r + dr. Sau bien dang
cac v tr P va Q
chung en v tr P va Q, chuyen dch tng ng cua chung bang u va u + du.
Chuyen dch N gom hai thanh phan: u va du (hnh 3.2). Thanh phan th
nhat bang ung chuyen dch cua M (chuyen ong tnh tien) nen khong the
hien s bien dang, ai lng ac trng cho bien dang cha ng trong thanh
phan th hai,
Hnh 3.2: Bien dang trong lan can iem M.

dux = ux,x dx + ux,y dy + ux,z dz
duy = uy,x dx + uy,y dy + uy,z dz
duz = uz,x dx + uz,y dy + uz,z dz
122
CHNG 3. PHAN T HU HAN TRONG LY THUYET AN HOI
hay di dang vect
dux
ux,x ux,y ux,z
dx
duy = uy,x uy,y uy,z dy
duz
uz,x uz,y uz,z
dz
du = T dr.
Phan tch T thanh tong hai ma tran oi xng va phan oi xng. Do thanh
phan phan oi xng ac trng cho chuyen ong quay nen bien dang c
ac trng bi thanh phan con lai,
ux,x
1
E = [ij ] = 2 (uy,x + ux,y )

1
(uz,x + ux,z )
2
1
(ux,y
2
+ uy,x )
uy,y
+ uy,z )
1
(uz,y
2
1
(ux,z
2
1
(uy,z
2
+ uz,x )
+ uz,y )
(3.2)
uz,z
Ma tran [ij ] goi la tenx bien dang. T tren ta co lien he gia cac thanh
phan tenx bien dang vi chuyen dch (phng trnh Cauchy)
1
ij = (ui,j + uj,i).
2
(3.3)
Neu cho trc sau thanh phan tenx bien dang, e xac dnh ba thanh phan
chuyen dch, th cac thanh phan tenx bien dang phai thoa cac phng trnh
tng thch bien dang:
mq,np + np,mq nq,mp mp,nq = 0,
(3.4)
vi (mnpq) = xyxy, xzxz, yzyz, xyxz, yxyz, zxzy.

Trng ng suat. Khi vat b bien dang ben trong vat xuat hien lc
chong lai s bien dang goi la ng suat. ng suat tai mot iem c xac nh
bi mot ma tran oi xng,
xx xy xz
S = [ij ] = yx yy yz ,
zx zy zz
goi la tenx ng suat.
(3.5)
3.1. TOM TAT VE LY THUYET AN HOI
123
Hnh 3.3: Cac thanh phan ng suat.

Lc tac dung len mot mat i qua mot iem M B co vect phap tuyen
n = (nx , ny , nz ) c xac nh bi
hay
Tn = S n
(3.6)
ti = ij nj .
nh luat Hooke suy rong. Trong ly thuyet an hoi tuyen tnh (bien
dang nho), tenx ng suat va bien dang lien he vi nhau qua nh luat Hooke,
ij = Cijmn mn ,
(3.7)
trong o Cijmn la tenx cac he so an hoi hang bon. Neu vat the la ong
chat, ang hng th
ij = ij + 2ij ,
(3.8)
trong o , la cac hang so Lame phu thuoc vat lieu, = u k,k .

Phng trnh chuyen ong cua vat the bien dang cung c suy ra t
nh luat th hai cua Newton, phng trnh ong lng,
ji,j + fi =
ui ,
(3.9)
trong o fi la lc the tch tac dung len B.
3.1.1
Bai toan bien cua ly thuyet an hoi (dang manh)
Xet vat the an hoi B, chiem mien vi bien , chu bien dang di tac
dung cua lc ngoai. Bo qua anh hng cua lc quan tnh
u i , phng trnh
ong lng la phng trnh can bang:
ji,j + fi = 0.
(3.10)

Nghiem cua (3.10) phai thoa cac ieu kien bien. Tren phan bien u chuyen
dch c cho trc:
(3.11)
ui = ui .
Phan bien con lai t chu tai trong (lc mat), t i = ji nj :
(3.12)
ji nj = ti
Phng phap phan t hu han c xay dng t phat bieu yeu hoac
phat bieu bien phan cua bai toan.
3.1.2
Cach phat bieu yeu
a vao tap hp cac trng chuyen dch kha d

U = {(u1 , u2, u3) | ui H 1 (), ui = ui tren u }
(3.13)
va khong gian cac trng chuyen dch ao

W = {(w1, w2 , w3) | wi H 1 (), wi = 0 tren u }
(3.14)
Goi wi la trng chuyen dch ao bat ky, tch vo hng he phng trnh
can bang vi wi , lay tch phan tren , ta c:
Z
(3.15)
(ji,j + fi )wid = 0.
V ji,j wi = (ji wi ),j ji wi,j nen (ap dung cong thc Gauss-Ostrogradski)
Z
ji,j wi d =
(ji nj )wi d
ji wi,j d =
ti wi d
ji wi,j d.
Thay vao (3.15) ta thu c phat bieu yeu cua bai toan bien
Z
vi moi wi .
ji wi,j d =
fi wi d +
ti wi d,
t
(3.16)
3.2. PHAN TCH KET CAU DAN KHONG GIAN
125
Phng trnh (3.16) la noi dung cua nguyen ly cong ao cho vat the an
hoi trang thai can bang. Neu at bai toan theo chuyen dch, dung cac he
thc (3.8), phng trnh (3.16) thanh
Z
3.1.3
[uk,k ji + (uj,i + ui,j )]wi,j d =
fi wi d +
tiwi d,
(3.17)
Cach phat bieu bien phan
Ngoai dang yeu, phng phap phan t hu han con co the xay dng tren c
s dang bien phan cua mo hnh toan hoc.
a vao phiem ham
1
I=
2
ij ij d
fi ui d
tiui d
(3.18)
goi la the nang toan phan cua vat the. T phng trnh nguyen ly cong ao
ta co the chng minh:
nh ly 3.1 (The nang cc tieu). Trong tat ca cac chuyen dch kha d thoa man
ieu kien bien hnh hoc, th chuyen dch thc tng ng vi the nang cc tieu.
Phng phap phan t hu han c ap dung cho phng trnh Euler
(ieu kien cc tr) cua the nang toan phan.
3.2 Phan tch ket cau dan khong gian

PTHH c ap dung rong rai trong c hoc ket cau. Ket cau dan khong gian
la mot th du ien hnh. Dan la ket cau gom cac thanh an hoi khp noi vi
nhau. Vi ket cau nay cac thanh ch b keo hoac nen doc truc.
3.2.1
Phan t thanh
Phan t tham chieu cua phan t thanh chieu dai ` la oan r = [0, `] tren
truc . Chuyen dch doc truc c xap x bi cac a thc bac nhat:
q = [1 ]
a1
a2
(3.19)
Hnh 3.4: Phan t dan tham chieu (trai), phan t dan trong khong gian (phai).
Goi q1, q2 la chuyen v tai hai nut au cuoi (dau gach ben tren bieu thc
ch th bieu thc c viet trong khong gian tham chieu), t gia thiet xap x
nut ta suy ra:
1() N
2 ()]
q = [N
q1
q2
[
= [N]
q],
(3.20)
trong o
[
q] =
q1
q2
(3.21)
la vect chuyen dch phan t tham chieu,

1 () = ` , N
2() =
N
`
`
(3.22)
la cac ham dang.

Chuyen v la doc truc nen tenx bien dang ch co thanh phan = :
d
q
1
=
= [1 1]
d
`
q1
q2
= [B][
q],
(3.23)
127
trong o
1
[B] = [1 1].
`
Theo nh luat Hooke, ng suat ch co thanh phan
=

(3.24)
= E = [D][B][
q],
trong o [D] = E la moun cua phan t ang xet.

Phep bien oi phan t tham chieu thanh phan t thc
Gia s phan t dan khong gian (e) la thanh tiet dien A(e), chieu dai L(e) ,
(e)
vi hai iem au cuoi (co th t toan cuc la i va j) la x i
(e)
(e)
(e)
= (xi , yi , zi )
va xj = (xj , yj , zj ).
(e)
(e)
(e)
(e)
Phep bien oi (e) : r (e) c xac nh bi:
(e)
(e)
(xj xi )
(e)
(e)
x = () = xi +
L(e)
(e)
(e)
(yj yi )
(e)
(e)
y = () = yi +
L(e)
(e)
(e)
z = (e) () = z (e) + (zj zi )

i
L(e)
hay di dang vect
x = (e)() = xi +
(e)
(xj xi ), [0, L(e) ].

(e)
L
(e)
(e)
(e)
(3.25)
(e)
(e)
Quan he ngc (dung (xj xi )2 + (yj yi )2 + (zj zi )2 = L(e) )

(e)
(e)
(e)
(e)
(e)
(e)
(e)
(e)
(e)
(x(e) xi )(xj xi ) + (y (e) yi )(yj yi ) + (z (e) zi )(zj zi )

=
L(e)
128
CHNG 3. PHAN T HU HAN TRONG LY THUYET AN HOI
hay di dang vect

"
trong o
(e)
xj
(e)
xi
L(e)
(e)
yj
(e)
yi
L(e)
(e)
zj
(e)
zi
L(e)
(e)
x(e) xi
(e)
(e)
y yi
(e)
z (e) zi
(3.26)
= [ij ij ij ](x xi)T ,
(e)
(e)
(e)
(e)
(e)
(e)
xj xi
yj yi
zj zi
ij =
,
=
,
=
.
ij
ij
L(e)
L(e)
L(e)
(3.27)
T (3.25), (3.26) ta rut ra

x =
(xj xi ),
L(e)
(3.28)
(3.29)
= [ij ij ij ]xT ;
ngha la mot chuyen dch x trong he toa o khong gian xyz tng ng vi
chuyen dch trong he toa o tham chieu . Nh vay, cac chuyen dch nut
q1 va q2 tng ng vi cac chuyen dch (khong gian) tai nut i va j,
(e)
(e)
(e)
(e)
[qi ] = [qi,1 qi,2 qi,3 ]T ,
(e)
(e)
(e)
(e)
[qj ] = [qj,1 qj,2 qj,3 ]T ;
theo cong thc

(e)
q1 = [ij ij ij ][qi ],
(3.30)
(e)
q2 = [ij ij ij ][qj ]
(chu y moi chuyen dch nut co ba thanh phan v vay bac t do tai moi nut
la 3).
Ta co the viet (3.30) di dang vect

q1
q2
ij ij ij 0
0 0
0
0 0 ij ij ij
[
q ] = [(e) ][q (e)],
"
(e)
[qi ]
(e)
[qj ]
#
(3.31)
129
trong o
[q (e)] =
"
(e)
[qi ]
(e)
[qj ]
h
iT
(e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e)
= qi,1 qi,2 qi,3 qj,1 qj,2 qj,3
(3.32)
goi la vect chuyen dch phan t,
(e)
[ ] =
ij ij ij 0
0 0
0
0 0 ij ij ij
(3.33)
goi la ma tran bien oi cua (e).

V vect chuyen dch phan t co sau thanh phan nen bac t do cua
phan t dan khong gian la 6.
Thay vao (3.23) va (3.24) ta c bien dang va ng suat trong toa o
toan cuc:
(e) = [B][(e)][q (e)],
(e) = [D][B][(e)][q (e)].
(3.34)
(3.35)
Ky hieu
h
iT
(e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e)
[p(e) ] = pi,1 pi,2 pi,3 pj,1 pj,2 pj,3
(3.36)
la vect vi cac thanh phan la lc theo cac hng x, y, z at tai cac nut au
cuoi, goi la vect tai phan t.
Bieu thc the nang cua phan t (e) :
(e)
1
=
2
(e)
(e)T (e)d(e) [q (e)]T [p(e)]
A(e)L(e) (e) T (e) T T

[q ] ([ ] [B] [D][B][(e)])[q (e)] [q (e)]T [p(e) ]
2
1 (e) T (e) (e)

[q ] [k ][q ] [q (e)]T [p(e) ],
2
(3.37)

trong o:
[k(e) ] =
A(e) E (e)
L(e)
2ij
ij ij
ij ij
2ij
2
ij ij
ij
ij ij ij ij
2
ij ij
ij ij
ij
ij ij
2
ij ij ij ij ij
2ij
2
ij ij
ij
ij ij
ij ij
2
ij ij ij ij
ij
ij ij
ij ij
2
ij
ij ij
ij ij
2
ij
ij ij
ij ij
ij ij
2
ij
ij ij
ij ij
2
ij
(3.38)
goi la ma tran o cng phan t.

Cac bc thc hien phng phap phan t hu han cho ket cau dan
khong gian, cung nh cac bai toan cua ly thuyet an hoi, tng t nh trong
th du trc ay. Lu o cua chng trnh tnh toan phan t hu han c
cho tren hnh 3.5.
Hnh 3.5: Lu o chng trnh tnh toan phan t hu han.
3.2.2
131
Ap dung
Xet ket cau dan phang nh hnh 3.6. So lieu cua bai toan c cho tren bang
sau:
Phan t Tiet dien
e
A(e) (cm2)
1
2, 0
2
2, 0
3
1, 0
4
1, 0
Chieu dai
Moun Y
(e)
(e)
L
(cm) E (kg/cm2 )
50 2
2 106
2 106
50 2
100 2, 5
2 106
100 2
2 106
Hnh 3.6: Bai toan.

D lieu nhap Do ket cau la phang nen cac ket qua trnh bay trong muc trc
bt i mot chieu lien quan en cao o (thanh phan tren truc z). Cong thc
ma tran o cng phan t
[k (e)] =
A(e) E (e)
L(e)
2ij
ij ij
2ij ij ij
ij ij
ij2 ij ij
ij2
2ij ij ij
2ij
ij ij
ij ij
ij2
ij ij
ij2
va ma tran bien oi
(e)
[ ] =
ij ij 0
0
0
0 ij ij

trong o
(e)
(e)
(e)
(e)
xj xi
yj yi
ij =
, ij =
.
(e)
L
L(e)
Thong tin ve phep phan hoach c cho bi cac bien nhap nn -- so
nut, ne -- so phan t va cac mang:
COORD cha toa o cac nut, moi dong cho mot nut, cot 1 la hoanh o,
cot 2 la tung o. Th du, neu (xi,yi) la toa o nut th i th COORD(i,1)=xi,
COORD(i,2)=yi.
LA la ma tran lap ghep, cha th t toan cuc cua hai nut au cuoi trong
cac phan t, moi dong cho mot phan t, cot 1 la th t nut au, cot 2 la th
t nut cuoi. Th du, neu i, j lan lt la nut au va cuoi cua phan t th e th
LA(e,1)=i, LA(e,2)=j.
Cac tham so ve dien tch tiet dien, moun an hoi cua cac phan t c
lu tr trong mang PARA. Moi dong cua mang nay ng vi mot phan t, cot
1 la dien tch tiet dien, cot 2 chieu dai, cot 3 la moun Young cua phan t.
e tien a vao cac chuyen dch va lc cho trc ta dung mang DCOND
(chuyen dch), va FCOND (lc). Moi mang gom 3 cot, moi dong cua mang
ng vi mot nut cho trc chuyen dch (hay lc). Cot 1 la th t toan cuc cua
nut, cot 2 va 3 tng ng la thanh phan hoanh o va tung o cua chuyen dch
(hay lc) tai nut. Th du, neu nut au tien c cho trc lc co th t toan
cuc la k va cac thanh phan cua lc cho trc bang f1, f2 th FCOND(1,1)=k,
FCOND(1,2)=f1, FCOND(1,3)=f2.
Ngoai ra, do so bac t do tai moi nut la 2 nen so bac t do cua toan
he la 2*nn. Moi nut se lien he vi hai dong va hai cot cua ma tran o cng
toan cuc, cung vay vi hai dong cua vect tai toan cuc. Lien he gia nut th
i (th t toan cuc) vi hai bac t do nay la 2*i-1 va 2*i. Cach a vao cac
ieu kien co khac so vi cac bai toan trc ay (xem dan2d.m) do ac iem
nay. Moi ieu kien c a vao se lam thay oi hai dong, hai cot cua ma
tran o cng toan cuc cung nh vect tai toan cuc. Tham khao chi tiet thc
hien trong chng trnh dan2d.m (phu luc) phan tch ket cau dan phang.
Ket qua tnh toan
Tien x ly
D lieu
nn=4; ne=4; dof=8 (bac t do cua he).
COORD=[0 0; 100 0; 50 50; 200 100].
LA=[1 3; 3 2; 3 4; 2 4].

PARA=[2 50*sqrt(2) 2*106; 2 50*sqrt(2) 2*106; 1 100*sqrt(2.5) 2*106 ;
1 100*sqrt(2) 2*106].
DCOND=[1 0.0 0.0; 2 0.0 0.0].
FCOND=[4 0.0 -1000].
X ly
Khi tao ma tran o cng va vect tai
0
0
K=
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
0
P=
0 .
0
Lap theo phan t. Phan t 1
2.8284
2.8284 2.8284 2.8284
2.8284
2.8284 2.8284 2.8284
;
[k (1)] = 104
2.8284 2.8284
2.8284
2.8284
2.8284 2.8284
2.8284
2.8284
lap ghep
[K] = 104
2.8284
2.8284 0 0 2.8284 2.8284 0 0
2.8284
2.8284 0 0 2.8284 2.8284 0 0
0
0 0 0
0
0 0 0
0
0 0 0
0
0 0 0
.
2.8284 2.8284 0 0
2.8284
2.8284 0 0
2.8284 2.8284 0 0
2.8284
2.8284 0 0
0
0 0 0
0
0 0 0
0
0 0 0
0
0 0 0
Phan t 2
2.8284 2.8284 2.8284

2.8284
2.8284
2.8284
2.8284 2.8284
;
[k (2)] = 104
2.8284
2.8284
2.8284 2.8284
2.8284 2.8284 2.8284
2.8284
133

lap ghep
4
[K] = 10
2.8284
2.8284
0
0 2.8284 2.8284 0 0
2.8284
2.8284
0
0 2.8284 2.8284 0 0
0
0
2.8284 2.8284 2.8284
2.8284 0 0
0
0 2.8284
2.8284
2.8284 2.8284 0 0
.
2.8284 2.8284 2.8284
2.8284
5.6569
0 0 0
2.8284 2.8284
2.8284 2.8284
0
5.6569 0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 0
Phan t 3
1.1384
0.3795 1.1384 0.3795
0.3795
0.1265 0.3795 0.1265
;
[k (3)] = 104
1.1384 0.3795
1.1384
0.3795
0.3795 0.1265
0.3795
0.1265
lap ghep
4
[K] = 10
2.8284
2.8284
0
0 2.8284 2.8284
0
0
2.8284
2.8284
0
0 2.8284 2.8284
0
0
0
0
2.8284 2.8284 2.8284
2.8284
0
0
0
0 2.8284
2.8284
2.8284 2.8284
0
0
.
2.8284 2.8284 2.8284
2.8284
6.7953
0.3795 1.1384 0.3795
2.8284 2.8284
2.8284 2.8284
0.3795
5.7833 0.3795 0.1265
0
0
0
0 1.1384 0.3795
1.1384
0.3795
0
0
0
0 0.3795 0.1265
0.3795
0.1265
Phan t 4
7.0711
7.0711 7.0711 7.0711
7.0711
7.0711 7.0711 7.0711
;
[k (4)] = 103
7.0711 7.0711
7.0711
7.0711
7.0711 7.0711
7.0711
7.0711
135
lap ghep
4
[K] = 10
2.8284
2.8284
0
0
2.8284
2.8284
0
0
0
0
3.5355 2.1213
0
0 2.1213
3.5355
2.8284 2.8284 2.8284
2.8284
2.8284 2.8284
2.8284 2.8284
0
0 0.7071 0.7071
0
0 0.7071 0.7071
2.8284
2.8284
2.8284
2.8284
6.7953
0.3795
1.1384
0.3795
2.8284
2.8284
2.8284
2.8284
0.3795
5.7833
0.3795
0.1265
0
0
0.7071
0.7071
1.1384
0.3795
1.8455
1.0866
0
0
0.7071
0.7071
0.3795
0.1265
1.0866
0.8336
Vect tai
[P ] = [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000]T .
Kh ieu kien cot yeu, ma tran o cng thanh
4
[K] = 10
0.0001
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0.0001
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0.0001
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0.0001
0
0
0
0
;
0
0
0
0
6.7953
0.3795 1.1384 0.3795
0
0
0
0
0.3795
5.7833 0.3795 0.1265
0
0
0
0 1.1384 0.3795
1.8455
1.0866
0
0
0
0 0.3795 0.1265
1.0866
0.8336
vect tai khong oi.

Ta co q1 = q2 = q3 = q4 = 0. Giai he phng trnh
6.7953q5 + 0.3795q6 1.1384q7 0.3795q8
0.3795q5 + 5.7833q6 0.3795q7 0.1265q8
1.1384q5 0.3795q6 + 1.8455q7 + 1.0866q8
0.3795q5 0.1265q6 + 1.0866q7 + 0.8336q8
=
=
=
=
0,
0,
0,
0.1
ta c cac chuyen dch con lai:

q5 = 0.0265, q6 = 0.0088, q7 = 0.3479, q8 = 0.5600.
Hau x ly
Bai tap chng 3
136
Tnh ng suat cua cac phan t
[] = 103 [1.4142 1.4142 1.9799 2.1213].
Bai tap chng 3

3.1. Trong cac tnh toan ky thuat, tenx bien dang, ng suat thng c
viet di dang vect. Cu the:
= [xx, yy , zz , yz , zx , xy ]T
= [xx, yy , zz , yz , zx , xy ]T
trong o ij = 2ij , (i 6= j), hay n gian:
= [s1 , s2, s3 , s4, s5 , s6]T
= [e1, e2, e3 , e4, e5, e6]T .
Tenx cac he so an hoi C c viet di dang ma tran:
C=
C1111
C2211
C3311
C2311
C1311
C1211
C1122
C2222
C3322
C2322
C1322
C1222
C1133
C2233
C3333
C2333
C1333
C1233
C1123
C2223
C3323
C2323
C1323
C1223
C1113
C2213
C3313
C2313
C1313
C1213
C1112
C2212
C3312
C2312
C1312
C1212
hay
C =
C11
C21
C31
C41
C51
C61
C12
C22
C32
C42
C52
C62
C13
C23
C33
C43
C53
C63
C14
C24
C34
C44
C54
C64
C15
C25
C35
C45
C55
C65
C16
C26
C36
C46
C56
C66
Khi o, nh luat Hooke: = C (nhan ma tran).

a) Hay xac nh ma tran C cho vat the an hoi ong chat ang hng.
b) Viet cac phng trnh (3.16), (3.17) va cong thc (3.18) di dang ma
tran.
Bai tap chng 3
137
Hnh 3.7: Bai tap 2.2

3.2. Tnh ng suat trong cac thanh cua dan phang nh hnh 3.7. Biet AE =
106 kg, h = 100 cm, P = 10 kg.
3.3. Phng trnh vi phan cho o vong w(x) cua dam (beam), co tiet dien
khong oi va oi xng truc, chu uon trong mat phang xz co dang:
EI
d4 w
=M
dx4
trong o E la moun Young, I la momen quan tnh oi vi truc y.

Hay th thiet lap phan t hu han cho dam va tnh ma tran o cng
phan t tng ng.
138
Bai tap chng 3
Phu luc A
Cau phng Gauss
A.1 Cau phng 1-chieu
T cong thc cau phng
Z
f()d =
n
X
wif(i ) + E,
(A.1)
i=1
Phep cau phng Gauss 1-chieu c thiet lap bang cach chon cac iem cau
phng i va cac trong lng w i tng ng sao cho sai so E = 0 khi f(x) = xd
vi bac d ln nhat co the. Th du, trng hp n = 2, cong thc (A.1) la
Z
f()d =
1
2
X
wif(i ) + E.
i=1
Thay f(x) = 1 (a thc bac 0):

2 = |11 = w1 + w2 .
Thay f(x) = x (a thc bac 1):
1
1 2
0 = = w11 + w2 2 .
2 1
139
PHU LUC A. CAU PHNG GAUSS
140
Thay f(x) = x2 (a thc bac 2):
1
2
1 3
= = w1 12 + w2 22 .
3
3 1
Thay f(x) = x3 (a thc bac 3):
1
1 4
0 = = w1 13 + w2 23 .
4 1
Giai ra ta c: 12 = 1/ 3, w1 = w2 = 1. Vay, cong thc cau phng Gauss

2 iem:
Z
1
1
f()d f(1/ 3) + f(1/ 3).
Bang cac iem cau phng va trong lng vi n = 1 : 6

n
i
wi
1 0.00000 00000 00000 2.00000 00000 00000
2 0.57735 02691 89626 1.00000 00000 00000
3 0.00000 00000 00000 0.88888 88888 88889
0.77459 66692 41483
0.55555 55555 55556
4 0.33998 10435 84856
0.65214 51548 62546
0.86113 63115 94053
0.34785 48451 37654
5 0.00000 00000 00000 0.56888 88888 88889
0.53864 93101 05683 0.47862 86704 99366
0.90617 98459 38664 0.23692 68850 56189
6 0.23861 91860 83197
0.46791 39345 72691
0.66120 93864 66265
0.36076 15730 48139
0.93246 95142 03152
0.17132 44923 79170
Khi phai tnh tch phan tren oan [a, b], ta dung phep oi bien:
x=
ba
a+b
+
2
2
e chuyen khoang lay tch phan ve oan [1, 1].
(A.2)
A.2. CAU PHNG 2-CHIEU
141
A.2 Cau phng 2-chieu

oi vi trng hp 2-chieu, oi vi ham f(, ) xac nh tren hnh vuong
[1, 1] [1, 1], dung tch phan lap roi cau phng Gauss cho trng hp
1-chieu:
Z
1
1
1
1
f(, )dd
n
X
wi f(i , )d =
1 i=1
n
X
wi
i=1
f(i , )d
1
Cuoi cung ta c:
Z
f(, )dd
n
X
wi wj f(i , j ).
i,j=1
A.3 Lap trnh Matlab

function [point,weight]=gaussqd1(n)
% Muc dich
% xac dinh diem cau phuong va trong luong
% cua quy tac cau phuong Gauss 1-chieu
% Cu phap:
% [point,weight]=gaussqd1(n)
% Mo ta bien:
% n - so diem cau phuong
% point - vecto chua cac diem cau phuong
% weight - vecto chua cac trong luong
%
% khoi tao
%
point=zeros(n,1);
weight=zeros(n,1);
%
% diem cau phuong va trong luong tuong ung
%
if n==1 % quy tac 1 diem
point(1)=0.0;
(A.3)
142
weight(1)=2.0;
elseif n==2 % quy tac 2 diem
point(1)=0.577350269189626;
point(2)=-point1(1);
weight(1)=1.0;
weight(2)=weight1(1);
point(1)=-0.774596669241483;
point(2)=0.0
weight(1)=0.555555555555556;
weight(2)=0.888888888888889;
point(1)=-0.861136311594053;
point(2)=-0.339981043584856;
weight(1)=0.347854845137454;
weight(2)=0.652145154862546;
point(1)=-0.906179845938664;
point(2)=-0.538469310105683;
point(3)=0.0;
weight(1)=0.236926885056189;
weight(2)=0.478628670499366;
weight(3)=0.568888888888889;
end
end
function [point,weight]=gaussqd2(nx,ny)
% Muc dich
% xac dinh diem cau phuong va trong luong
% cua quy tac cau phuong Gauss 2-chieu
% Cu phap:
% [point,weight]=gaussqd2(nx,ny)
A.3. LAP TRNH MATLAB

% Mo ta bien:
% nx - so diem cau phuong tren truc x
% ny - so diem cau phuong tren truc y
% point - vecto chua cac diem cau phuong
% weight - vecto chua cac trong luong
%
% xac dinh gia tri lon nhat cua nx, ny
%
if nx > ny
n=nx;
point=zeros(n,1);
else
n=ny;
end
%
% khoi tao
%
point=zeros(n,2);
weight=zeros(n,2);
%
% diem cau phuong va trong luong tuong ung
%
[pointx,weightx]=gaussqd1(nx);
[pointy,weighty]=gaussqd1(ny);
%
for intx=1:nx
point(intx,1)=pointx(intx);
weight(intx,2)=weightx(intx);
end
%
for inty=1:ny
point(inty,2)=pointy(inty);
weight(inty,2)=weighty(inty);
end
end
143
144
Phu luc B
Bieu dien ang tham so
B.1
Gii thieu
Phan t tam giac tuyen tnh la phan t ang tham so. Cac phng trnh cha
khoa:

1 1 1 1
1
x
= x1 x2 x3 2
,

y
y1 y2 y3
3
(B.1)
ux = ux1N1e + ux2N2e + ux3N3e = ux11 + ux22 + ux3 3

uy = uy1 N1e + uy2 N2e + uy3 N3e = uy1 1 + uy2 2 + uy3 3
hay

ux
uy
ux1 ux2 ux3

uy1 uy2 uy3
(e)

N1
(e)
N2
(e)
N3
(B.2)
Ban luan: Toa o trong tam (toa o tam giac), ( 1 , 2 , 3), xac nh hnh hoc
phan t (B.1). Khai trien cua chuyen dch bi cac ham dang (B.2) tr thanh
khai trien theo toa o trong tam. Hien nhien hnh hoc va chuyen dch khong
c oi x nh nhau. Neu ta tien hanh phan t cap cao hn nhng van gi
cac canh thang, ch co khai trien cua chuyen dch c lam "mn" trong khi
nh ngha hnh hoc van gi nguyen. Cac phan t xay dng theo cach nay
goi la sieu tham so (superparametric).
145
PHU LUC B. BIEU DIEN ANG THAM SO
146
B.2
ang hoa hnh hoc va chuyen dch
Noi (B.2) vao (B.1)
y
=
uy
1
1
1
x1 x2 x3
y1 y2 y3
ux1 ux2 ux3
uy1 uy2 uy3
2
.
(B.3)
Dang nay nhan manh rang hnh hoc va chuyen dch c bieu dien tham so
bang cung mot cach.
Y tng cha khoa la phai dung cac ham dang e bieu dien ca hnh hoc
lan cac an ham cua bai toan (trong c hoc ket cau la chuyen dch). Phan t
hu han nh vay goi la phan t ang tham so (isoparametric element, viet tat
iso-P element). Tnh chat nay co the tong quat hoa cho cac phan t tuy y.
Di s tong quat hoa nay, toa o t nhien, xuat hien nh tham so xac nh
cac ham dang. Cac ham dang noi ket hnh hoc vi chuyen dch.
B.3
Cong thc ang tham so tong quat

Quan he hnh hoc:
1=
n
X
Nie ,
i=1
x=
n
X
xiNie ,
y=
i=1
n
X
yi Nie .
(B.4)
i=1
Noi suy chuyen dch:
ux =
n
X
i=1
uxiNie ,
uy =
n
X
i=1
uyi Nie .
(B.5)
B.4. PHAN T TAM GIAC
147
Hai he phng trnh tren co the to hp lai di dang ma tran:
x

y
=
ux
uy
1
1
x1 x2
y1 y2
ux1 ux2
uy1 uy2
ux
=
uy
1
1
x1 x2
y1 y2
ux1 ux2
uy1 uy2
h1 h2
T1 T2
... 1
. . . xn
. . . yn
. . . uxn
. . . uyn
N1e
N2e
..
.
(B.6)
e
Nn
Ba phng trnh au trong (B.6) bieu dien nh ngha hnh hoc, hai phng
trnh cuoi la khai trien chuyen dch. Chu y rang cac dong phu them c
them vao ma tran bieu dien neu co nhieu bien hn c noi suy bang cung
ham dang. Chang han, gia s rang ca o day h va trng nhiet o T c
noi suy t n gia tr nut:
... 1
. . . xn
. . . yn
. . . uxn
. . . uyn
. . . hn
. . . Tn
N1e
N2e
..
.
(B.7)
e
Nn
Chu y, vect cot cac ham dang khong oi.
B.4
Phan t tam giac
e minh hoa viec dung khai niem ang tham so, ta xet cac phan t ang
tham so ac biet 2D. Chung c tach thanh tam giac va t giac v toa o t
nhien c dung khac nhau.
148
Hnh 2.1: Tam giac tuyen tnh 3-nut.
B.4.1
Tam giac tuyen tnh
Bieu dien ang tham so:
x

y
=
uy
1
1
1
x1 x2 x3
y1 y2 y3
ux1 ux2 ux3
uy1 uy2 uy3
N1e
Ne
2e .
N3
(B.8)
Cac ham dang n gian la toa o tam giac

N1e = 1 ,
N2e = 2 ,
N3e = 3 .
(B.9)
Tam giac tuyen tnh la phan t tam giac duy nhat sieu tham so va ang tham
so.
B.4.2
Tam giac toan phng
Hnh 2.2: Tam giac toan phng 6-nut: (a) sieu tham so, canh thang; (b) ang
tham so.
B.5. PHAN T T GIAC
149

x
y
=
uy
1
1
1
1
1
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5
y1 y2 y3 y4 y5
ux1 ux2 ux3 ux4 ux5
uy1 uy2 uy3 uy4 uy5
x6
y6
ux6
uy6
N1e
N2e
N3e
N4e
N5e
N6e
(B.10)
N1e = 1 (21 1), N2e = 2 (22 1), N3e = 3 (23 1)

N4e = 41 2 , N5e = 42 3 , N6e = 43 1 .
(B.11)
Cac ham dang:
Phan t co the co canh cong xac nh bi cac nut gia 4, 5, 6.
B.5
B.5.1
Phan t t giac
Toa o t giac va anh xa ang tham so
Hnh 2.3: Toa o t giac.

Toa o t nhien cho phan t tam giac la toa o tam giac 1 , 2, 3 . Toa
o t nhien cho t giac la va , xem hnh 2.3, cho ca t giac canh thang va
canh cong. Chung c goi la toa o t giac.
150
Hnh 2.4: T giac song tuyen tnh 4-nut.
B.5.2
T giac song tuyen tnh
x

y
=
uy
1
1
1
1
x1 x2 x3 x4
y1 y2 y3 y4
ux1 ux2 ux3 ux4
uy1 uy2 uy3 uy4
N1
Ne
2
Ne .
3e
N4
(B.12)
Cac ham dang:
1
N1e = (1 )(1 ),
4
1
N2e = (1 + )(1 ),
4
1
N3e = (1 + )(1 + ),
4
1
N4e = (1 )(1 + ).
4
(B.13)
Cac ham nay thay oi tuyen tnh doc theo cac ng toa o = const va
= const, nhng khong la cac a thc tuyen tnh nh trong trng hp cua
tam giac 3-nut.
B.5. PHAN T T GIAC
151
Hnh 2.5: T giac cap cao: (a) t giac song toan phng 9-nut; (b) t giac
8-nut.
B.5.3
T giac song toan phng
T giac 9-nut tren hnh 2.5 (a) c xac nh bi
x

y
=
uy
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8
y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 y6 y7 y8
ux1 ux2 ux3 ux4 ux5 ux6 ux7 ux8
uy1 uy2 uy3 uy4 uy5 uy6 uy7 uy8
Cac ham dang:

1
N1e = (1 )(1 ),
4
1
N5e = (1 2 )(1 ),
2
x9
y9
ux9
uy9
N1e
N2e
N3e
N4e
N5e
N6e
N7e
N8e
N9e
.(B.14)
1
N2e = (1 + )(1 ), . . .
4
1
N6e = (1 + )(1 2), . . .
2
N9e = (1 2 )(1 2 ).
(B.15)
Cac ham nay thay oi toan phng doc theo cac ng toa o = const va
= const. Ham dang lien ket vi nut tam goi la ham bot (bubble function).
152
Phu luc C
Cac nha toan hoc
Walter Ritz (1878-1909) sinh Switzerland, con trai cua hoa s Raphael Ritz.
Ong theo hoc tai Zurich, Switzerland, va Gottingen, Germany, o ong nhan
hoc v tien s vao nam 1902. Sau o, ong lam viec tai Leyden, Paris, va
T
ubingen. Nam 1908, ong tr lai Gottingen va mat ot ngot o.
Boris Grigorievich Galerkin (1871-1945) la ky s ngi Nga, tot nghiep Hoc
vien Ky thuat Petersburg. Ong giang day tai nhieu ai hoc vung St. Petersburg, gom ai hoc Tong hp Leningrad, o ong tr thanh trng khoa
khoa ky thuat ket cau. Ong ong gop vao nhieu van e kho, chang han o
cong cua tam mong. Li giai xap x cua ong cho cac phng trnh vi phan
ngay nay c dung e giai nhieu bai toan c hoc ap dung.
Georgii Ivanovich Petrov sinh nam 1912 tai Pinega (vung Arkkangel'sk), ni
cha me ong b lu ay. Ngay sau thang 10 nam 1917 gia nh ong tr ve que
cha tnh Ivanovo, tai ay, nam 16 tuoi ong i lam xng det. Nam 1930
ong thc hien c c m cua mnh la vao ai hoc Tong hp Moscow. Nam
1935 ong tot nghiep khoa c hoc thuy kh, ni ma sau nay ong lam trng
khoa thay the vien s V.V. Golubev qua i. Khi con la sinh vien nam th
t, Petrov a bat au hoat ong khoa hoc tai Vien nghien cu ong lc thuy
kh trung ng (TsAGI). S gap g, hoc tap, trao oi vi cac nha khoa hoc gia
(V.P. Vetchinkin, V.B. Golubev, L.S. Leibenzon, va A.I. Nekrasov), tre (nh
M.B. Keldysh, N.E. Kochin, M.A. Lavrentev, L.I. Sedov, L.N. Sretenskii, . . . )
vien nay giup ong nhanh chong tr thanh nha khoa hoc xuat sac. Thi gian
nay nganh hang khong Nga khuech trng manh me va Georgii Ivanovich b
cuon hut vao cac bai toan ly thuyet cung nh ng dung cua hoat ong nay.
Trong nhng nam trc chien tranh thanh tu khoa hoc xuat sac cua Petrov
la tong quat hoa va chnh xac hoa toan hoc kha nang ap dung phng phap
Bubnov-Galerkin vao cac he khong bao toan ma cac gia tr rieng cua chung
khong co cac tnh chat cc tr. Ong a i au ap dung phng phap nay e
153
154
PHU LUC C. CAC NHA TOAN HOC
nghien cu tnh on nh cua cac dong chay nht khong nen c. Phng
phap nay, goi la phng phap Galerkin-Petrov, la mot trong cac phng phap
hieu qua va ha hen trong ly thuyet on nh kh ong va cac bai toan quan
trong khac cua c hoc, vat ly, thien van.
Sergei Lvovich Sobolev (1908-1989) la nha toan hoc Lien xo chuyen ve giai
tch toan hoc va phng trnh ao ham rieng. Ong sinh tai St. Petersburg, va
chet Moscow.
Henri Leon Lebesgue (1875-1941) la nha toan hoc ngi Phap noi tieng vi ly
thuyet tch phan mang ten ong.
Stefan Banach (1892-1945) la nha toan hoc ngi Ba lan song tai vung at
b Lien xo chiem ong. Ong c xem la mot trong so cac nha toan hoc
co anh hng quan trong en s phat trien toan hoc trong the ky 20. Tuy
ch la mot ngi t hoc toan, nhng Banach a sang lap giai tch ham hien
ai. Cac khai niem toan hoc mang ten ong: nghch ly Banach-Tarski, nh
ly HahnBanach theorem, nh ly Banach-Steinhaus, tro chi Banach-Mazur,
va khong gian Banach.
Otto Ludwig Holder (1859-1937) la nha toan hoc ngi c. Ong tng theo
hoc vi Leopold Kronecker, Karl Weierstra, va Ernst Kummer. Cac khai
niem va ket qua mang ten ong: bat ang thc H
older, ieu kien H
older, nh
ly Jordan-H
older, va nh ly H
older.
Augustin-Louis Cauchy (1789-1857) sinh vao thi ky chnh bien trong lch s
nc Phap. Augustin-Louis Cauchy c danh e khi au mot cuoc cach
mang cua rieng ong - trong toan hoc. Vi nhieu ong gop nen tang, nhng
ac biet vi nhng no lc cua ong trong viec lam ro s kho hieu cua toan
hoc va khong ngng oi hoi cac nh ngha phu hp va chng minh chat
che cac nh ly, Cauchy thng c goi la "cha e cua giai tch hien ai".
Mot ngi viet nhieu, Cauchy viet khoang 800 bai bao ve thien van hoc,
vat ly hoc va toan hoc. Ong la ngi phat trien khai niem hoi tu cua chuoi
va ly thuyet ham mot bien phc. Cung mot tr tue luon luon rong m on
nhan va tm toi trong khoa hoc va toan hoc lai hep hoi va mu quang trong
cac lanh vc khac. Trc tnh va ngao man, Cauchy soi noi ve chnh tr va
cac van e ton giao. Ong gi nguyen cac quan iem ve cac van e nay lam
nhieu cong s ghet bo.
Karl Hermann Amandus Schwarz (1843-1921) la nha toan hoc ngi c noi
tieng nh cac cong trnh ve giai tch phc. Ong sinh ra Hermsdorf, Silesia
(thuoc Ba lan) va qua i tai Berlin. Ong ci Marie Kummer con gai cua nha
toan hoc Ernst Eduard Kummer. Ho co vi nhau 6 ngi con. Schwarz ban
au hoc hoa nhng Kummer and Weierstra thuyet phuc ong chuyen sang
hoc toan. Ong chuyen ve ly thuyet ham, hnh hoc vi phan va phep tnh bien
phan. Cac nha toan hoc noi tieng Lipot Fejer, Paul Koebe va Ernst Zermelo
155
la hoc tro ong.
Hermann Minkowski (1864-1909) la toan hoc c goc Litva. Ong la ngi
sang tao va phat trien hnh hoc cac so va a dung cac phng phap hnh hoc
e giai cac bai toan kho trong ly thuyet so, vat ly toan, va ly thuyet tng
oi.
Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) la ngi co tr nh phi thng va kha nang tap
trung ky la, Euler quan tam ve moi th; ong la nha than hoc, vat ly hoc,
thien van hoc, ngon ng hoc, sinh ly hoc, nghien cu kinh ien, va trc
het la nha toan hoc. Euler c xem la mot th du ve v than ch thc cua
thi ai. Ve toan hoc ong co nhng ong gop ton tai ben vng cho ai so,
lng giac, hnh hoc giai tch, phep tnh vi tch phan, phep tnh bien phan,
phng trnh vi phan, bien phc, ly thuyet so va topo (v tng hoc). Khoi
lng o so cac cong trnh ve toan cua ong hau nh khong b anh hng bi
s quay ray cua 13 a con hay viec ong b mu hoan toan trong 17 nam cuoi
i. Euler viet tren 700 bai ba
o va 32 cuon sach ve toan va la cha e cua
nhieu ky hie
Pu (nh e, va i = 1) va cac ky hieu van con dung hien nay
(nh f(x), , sin x va cos x). Euler sinh tai Basel, Switzerland, ngay 15 thang
T nam 1707, va chet ot ngot St. Petersburg ngay 18 thang Chn nam 1783,
khi ang chau n hoang Nga Catherine v ai.
Joseph-Louis Lagrange (1736-1813) la mot nha toan hoc va thien van hoc, sinh
ra tai Turin, Piedmont, mot phan i song Pho va mot phan Phap. Ong
co nhieu ong gop co y ngha cho tat ca cac lnh vc cua giai tch, ly thuyet
so, c hoc co ien va c hoc thien the. Ong c chon cat tai Pantheon va
ten ong c khac ghi tren thap Eiffel.
Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (1902-1984) la mot nha vat ly ly thuyet ngi Anh
co nhng ong gop c ban cho s phat trien ban au cua c hoc lng t
va ien ong lc hoc lng t. Trong so nhng kham pha khac, ong a xay
dng phng trnh Dirac, trong o mo ta hanh vi cua cac fermion, va d
oan s ton tai cua phan vat chat. Nam 1933, cung vi Erwin Schrodinger,
ong nhan giai Nobel ve vat ly nh cac kham pha ve cac dang san sinh mi
cua ly thuyet nguyen t.
156
PHU LUC C. CAC NHA TOAN HOC
Tai lieu tham khao

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Analysis, New York: John Wiley (2000).
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to the FEM and Adaptive Error Analysis for Engineering Students, Elsevier,
Butterworth, Heinemann, 2005.
[3] ang nh Ang, Trnh Anh Ngoc, Ngo Thanh Phong, Nhap mon c hoc,
NXB ai hoc Quoc gia TP HCM, 2003.
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[5] Becker E.B., Carey G.F., Oden J.T., Finite elements - An introduction, Vol. 1,
Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1981.
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Element Methods, Third Edition, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC,
2008.
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nghiep, Ha noi, 1979.
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(1971).
[9] Dhatt G., Touzot G., Une presentation de la methode des elements finis, Maloine S.A. Editeur, Paris, 1984.
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[11] Hou-Cheng-Huang, Static and Dynamic Analyses of Plates and Shells
157
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
158
[12] Hughes T.J.R., The finite element method - Linear static and dynamic finite
element analysis, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1987.
[13] Oden, J.T., Finite Elements of Nonlinear Continua, New York: McGraw-Hill
(1972).
[14] Rao S.S., The finite element method in engineering, Pergamon Press, 1989.
v
[15] Pavel Soln, Karel Segeth, Ivo Dolezel, Higher-Order Finite Element Methods,
CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC, 2004.
v
[16] Strang G., Fix G.J., An analysis of the finite element method, Prentice-Hall,
Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1973.
[17] Zhu, J.Z. and Zienkiewicz, O.C., Superconvergence Recovery Techniques and
AP osteriori Error Estimators, Int. J.N um. Meth. Eng., 30,p p. 1321-1339
(1990).
[18] Zienkiewicz O.C., Cheung Y.K., The finite element method in structural and
continuum mechanics, McGraw-Hill, London, 1967.
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Chichester: John Wiley (1983).
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and Adaptive Finite Element Refinement, Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng.,
101, pp. 207-224 (1992).
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Posteriori Error Estimates. Part 2: Error Estimates and Adaptivity, Int. J.Num.
Meth. Eng., 33,p p. 1365-1382 (1992).
Muc luc
Bang ky hieu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 Gii
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Bai
thieu
Dan nhap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Phep tnh bien phan . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cac phng phap so . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.1
Phng phap Ritz . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.2
Phng phap d so co trong . . . . .
1.3.3
Phng phap bnh phng toi thieu
1.3.4
Phng phap ong v . . . . . . . . .
Ap dung cua phng phap PTHH . . . . . .
1.4.1
Tong quan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.2
Mot so bai toan c hoc va vat ly . .
Cac van e toan hoc lien quan . . . . . . .
Khong gian Sobolev . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.1
Khong gian Lebesgue . . . . . . . . .
1.6.2
ao ham suy rong (ao ham yeu) .
1.6.3
Khong gian Sobolev . . . . . . . . . .
tap chng 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2 Ly thuyet c ban
2.1 PTHH nh la phng phap xap x ham . . . . .
2.1.1
Phep phan hoach PTHH . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.2
Cac loai phan t hu han . . . . . . . . .
2.1.3
Phan t tham chieu . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.4
Xap x ham tren phan t hu han . . . .
2.1.5
ao ham va tch phan theo toa o tham
159
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iii
1
1
2
4
4
5
6
7
11
11
12
14
18
18
18
19
21
27
27
27
28
29
39
44
MUC LUC
160
2.2
Cac bc thiet lap mo hnh PTHH . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.2.1
Phan tch ng suat cua thanh nhieu nac . . . .
2.2.2 Lap trnh tnh toan PTHH . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.3 Mot cach tiep can khac . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 Ap dung PTHH cho cac bai toan bien . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.1
Bai toan 1-chieu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.2 Bai toan 2-chieu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4 Mot bai toan phu thuoc thi gian . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.1
Phat bieu bien phan na yeu (semi-weak) . . .
2.4.2 Ri rac theo bien khong gian - PTHH . . . . .
2.4.3 Ri rac theo bien thi gian - Thuat toan Euler
2.4.4 Chng trnh va ket qua so . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bai tap chng 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 Phan t hu han trong ly thuyet an hoi
3.1 Tom tat ve ly thuyet an hoi . . . . . . . .
3.1.1
Bai toan bien cua ly thuyet an hoi
3.1.2
Cach phat bieu yeu . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.3
Cach phat bieu bien phan . . . . . .
3.2 Phan tch ket cau dan khong gian . . . . .
3.2.1
Phan t thanh . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.2 Ap dung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bai tap chng 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(dang
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48
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58
63
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104
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107
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119
120
123
124
125
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125
131
136
A Cau
A.1
A.2
A.3
phng Gauss
139
Cau phng 1-chieu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Cau phng 2-chieu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Lap trnh Matlab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
B Bieu
B.1
B.2
B.3
B.4
dien ang tham so

Gii thieu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ang hoa hnh hoc va chuyen dch .
Cong thc ang tham so tong quat . .
Phan t tam giac . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.4.1 Tam giac tuyen tnh . . . . . .
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145
145
146
146
147
148
MUC LUC
B.5
B.4.2
Phan
B.5.1
B.5.2
B.5.3
161
Tam giac toan phng . . . . . . . . . . . .
t t giac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Toa o t giac va anh xa ang tham so .
T giac song tuyen tnh . . . . . . . . . . .
T giac song toan phng . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . 151
C Cac nha toan hoc

153
Tai lieu tham khao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Muc luc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Phuong Phap Phan Tu Huu Han

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Bai giang

PHNG PHAP PHAN T HU HAN

CHNG 1. GII THIEU

1.2 Phep tnh bien phan

1.2. PHEP TNH BIEN PHAN

Th du 1.1. Phiem ham nang lng cua dam chu uon:

CHNG 1. GII THIEU

Phep tnh bien phan

1.3 Cac phng phap so

Phng phap Ritz

1.3. CAC PHNG PHAP SO

Phng phap Ritz tm nghiem xap x di dang tong hu han

trong o i , i = 0, 1, . . . , N, la cac ham chon trc; cac he so c j , goi la he so

ieu kien can e I(c1, c2, . . . , cN ) at cc tr la cac ao ham rieng cua

Phng phap d so co trong

CHNG 1. GII THIEU

ngoai ra ham u (nghiem) con thoa cac ieu kien bien.

i (x, y)E(x, y, cj )dxdy = 0,

Phng phap bnh phng toi thieu

1.3. CAC PHNG PHAP SO

Phng phap ong v

va cac ieu kien bien

trong o f(x) la ham va g, h la cac hang so cho trc.

CHNG 1. GII THIEU

S = {s|s H 1 (0, 1), s(1) = g} la tap hp cac ham th (tng t nh tap

Tren V a vao dang song tuyen tnh (oi xng) a : V V R,

va dang tuyen tnh l : V R

Trong trng hp g 6= 0, V la khong gian vect con S th khong.

1.3. CAC PHNG PHAP SO

f(x)j (x)dx + hj (0)

00(x)0j (x)dx (1.22)

CHNG 1. GII THIEU

vi moi v V c goi la bai toan bien phan tuyen tnh.

kvk2 a(v, v) Mkvk2 kvk kvk M kvk,

1.4. AP DUNG CUA PHNG PHAP PTHH

ngha la bai toan bien phan (1.25) co nghiem.

1.4 Ap dung cua phng phap PTHH

Hnh 1.1: S o giai mot bai toan khoa hoc va ky thuat.

CHNG 1. GII THIEU

Mot so bai toan c hoc va vat ly

Mot so bai toan c hoc va vat ly se c dung en trong giao trnh.

b) Neu qua trnh dng ta co phng trnh Poisson

1.4. AP DUNG CUA PHNG PHAP PTHH

c) Neu qua trnh dng va q = 0 ta co phng trnh Laplace.

2. Dong chay 1-chieu

va phng trnh (1.31) thanh

3. Thanh chieu dai L chu tai doc truc

CHNG 1. GII THIEU

1.5 Cac van e toan hoc lien quan

. Bai toan bien phan va s ton tai nghiem yeu

V = {v H 1 (0, 1) : v(0) = 0},

a vao khong gian ham

1.5. CAC VAN E TOAN HOC LIEN QUAN

nghiem u cua (1.36)-(1.37) c ac trng bi

Vay, (f (u00), v) = 0 vi moi v V C 1 ([0, 1]) sao cho v(1) = 0. at

CHNG 1. GII THIEU

Bay gi nh ngha chuan nang lng cua v V la

ay la chuan tng ng vi chuan trong H 1 (0, 1). nh ly di ay ch ra

Chng minh. Vi v S bat ky

Neu ku uS kE 6= 0 th ku uS kE ku vkE . Neu ku us kE = 0 bat ang

Vay nh ly c chng minh.

1.5. CAC VAN E TOAN HOC LIEN QUAN

tren [0, 1] vi w(0) = w0 (1) = 0.

Nh tch phan tng phan, ta c

vi be. Ap dung (1.48) ta c