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Bt ng thc
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CC PHNG PHP CHNG MINH

BT NG THC
Bt ng thc
PHNG PHP 1: S dng nh ngha v bin i

tng ng.
1.C s l thuyt:
Ta s dng mt s bin i s cp a bt ng thc cn phi chng minh
v mt bt ng thc mi m bt ng thc mi lun ng hoc c th chng
minh c ng.
2.Mt s v d minh ha
Ta c th bin i tng ng trc tip hoc t n ph ri bin i tng
ng
A.Bin i tng ng trc tip

VD1: Cho a,b,c>0.Cmr:
a
b
c
a2
b2
c2
b c c a a b b c2 c2 a 2 a2 b2
(1)
Gii
a2
a
b2
b
c2
c
)0
2
2
2
2
2
2
bc
ca
ab
b c
c a
a b
a 2 b a 2 c ab 2 ac 2 b 2 c b 2 a bc 2 ba 2 c 2 a c 2 b ca 2 cb 2
0
(b 2 c 2 )(b c)
(c 2 a 2 )(c a )
(a 2 b 2 )(a b )
ab(a b) ac(a c) bc(b c) ab(b a) ca (c a) cb(c b)
0
(b 2 c 2 )(b c)
(c 2 a 2 )(c a)
(a 2 b 2 )(a b)
(1) (
1
1
1
1
ab( a b ) 2
2
2
bc(b c) 2
2
2
2
2
(b c )(b c) ( c a )(c a )
(c a )(c a ) ( a b )(a b)
1
1
ca (c a ) 2
2
0 (2)
2
2
(a b )(a b ) (b c )(b c)
a b 0
Do a,b,c>0 nn nu a b th:
1
1
(b 2 c 2 )(b c) (c 2 a 2 )(c a ) 0
1
1
2
0
2
2
(b c )(b c) (c a )(c a )
ab(a b)
a b 0
Nu a b th:
1
1
(b 2 c 2 )(b c) (c 2 a 2 )(c a ) 0
1
1
ab(a b) 2
2
0
2
2
(b c )(b c) (c a )(c a )
1
1
ab(a b) 2
2
0
2
2
(b c )(b c) (c a )(c a )
Nh vy ta lun c:
Bt ng thc
Tng t:
1
1
bc(b c) 2
2
0
2
2
(c a )(c a ) (a b )(a b )
1
1
ca (c a ) 2
2
0
2
2
(a b )(a b ) (b c )(b c)
Cng v vi v ca cc bt ng thc trn (2) lun ng vi a,b,c>0
pcm.
VD2: Cho a, b, c 0;1.Cmr:
a
b
c
(1 a )(1 b )(1 c) 1
b c 1 c a 1 a b 1
Gii:
Do vai tr ca a,b,c nh nhau nn c th gi s:
0 a, b, c 1
a
a
a
(1)
b c 1 S a S c
b
b
b
(2)
c a 1 S b S c
1 c
Ta cm cho: (1 a)(1 b)(1 c)
(3)
a b 1
t S a b c 1
(1 c) (1 a)(1 b)
0
a b 1
(1 a b ab)( a b 1) 1
(1 c)
0
a b 1
a b 1 a 2 ab a ab b 2 b a 2 b ab 2 ab 1
(1 c)
0
a b 1
a 2 b ab 2 a 2 b 2 ab
0
a b 1
b(a 1)(a b)
(1 c)
0 .iu ny lun ng v a, b, c 0;1.
a b 1
(1 c)
T (1),(2),(3)
a
b
c
a
b
c
1 c
(1 a )(1 b)(1 c)
1
b c 1 c a 1 a b 1
S c S c S c S c
pcm.
VD3:
n
n1
Cho p(x) a0 x a1x ... an1x an c n nghim phn bit, n 2, n .

Chng t: (n 1)a1 2 2n 0 n 2 (1)
Gii
a
(1) (n 1) 1
a0
n
2 2 (2)
n0
Bt ng thc
Do a thc p(x) c n nghim phn bit nn theo nh l Viet ta c:

A : x1 x 2 ... x n
a1
a
v B : x1 x 2 x 2 x3 ... x n1 x n 2
a0
a0
n
n
n
n
Ta c: A xi x 2 i xi x j x 2 i 2B
i 1
i , j 1
i 1
i 1
2
i j
(2) (n 1) A 2 2nB (n 1)( x 2 i 2 B) 2nB (n 1) x 2 i 2B

i 1
i 1
n x 2 i x 2 i 2 B A 2
i 1
i 1
n x
i 1
n
xi .iu ny lun ng theo bt Bunhiacopski vi 2 b s
i 1
( x1 , x2 ,..., x n ) v (1,1,...,1) .Du bng khng xy ra v:
x1 x2
x
... n (cc nghim ca p(x) phn bit).

1
1
1
(1) lun ng pcm.
B.t n ph sau bin i tng ng

VD1: CMR: a, b, c ta c a 6 b 6 b 6 c 6 c 6 a 6 3a 4 b 4 c 4 2(a 3 b 3 c 3 )a 3 b 3 c 3 (1)
Gii
a 2b 2 b 2 c 2 c 2 a 2
a2 b2 c2
2
(
) (2)
bc ca ab
c4
a4
b4
c2
a2
b2
t x , y , z
.Ta c: xyz=1
ab
bc
ca
1
1
1
Khi (2) tr thnh: 2 2 2 3 2( x y z )
x
y
z
1 1
( ) 2 2( x 1)( y 1) ( xy 1) 2 0 (3)
x y
(1)
V xyz=1 nn tn ti 2 s nh hn hay bng 1 hoc 2 s ln hn hay bng 1

( x 1)( y 1) 0 (3) lun ng
Vy bt ng thc cho c chng minh.
VD2: CMR: (1 cos A)(1 cos B)(1 cos C ) cos A cos B cos C (1)
Gii
Ta lun c: cos A, cos B, cos C 1 (1 cos A)(1 cos B)(1 cos C ) 0
Nu ABC vung hoc t th cos A cos B cos C 0 .Khi (1) lun ng.
Nu ABC nhn cos A cos B cos C 0
Khi (1)
1 cos A 1 cos B 1 cos C

1 (2)
cos A
cos B
cos C
Bt ng thc
A
2
B
2
t x tan , y tan , z tan
C
2
2
1 x2 1 1 y
1 z2
1
1 y2
1 x2
1 z2 1
1 x2
1 y2
1 z2
1 x2
1 y2
1 z2
Ta c (1)
2x2 2y 2 2z 2
2x
2y
2z
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
xyz
1 x 1 y 1 z
1 x 1 y 1 z
tan A tan B tan C
A
B
C
tan tan
2
2
2
A
B
C
(3)
tan A tan B tan C cot cot cot
2
2
2
Mt khc: ABC lun c: tan A tan B tan C tan A tan B tan C
A
B
C
A
B
C
cot cot cot cot cot cot
2
2
2
2
2
2
A
B
C
T (3) tan A tan B tan C cot cot cot
2
2
2
A
B
C
(4)
tan A tan B tan C tan tan tan
2
2
2
x y
Ta c b sau: x, y : 0 x, y
tan x tan y 2 tan
2
2
ABC nhn 0 A, B, C .
2
A B
C
p dng b : tan A tan B 2 tan
2 cot
2
2
BC
A
tan B tan C 2 tan
2 cot
2
2
CA
B
tan C tan A 2 tan
2 cot
2
2
A
B
C
Cng v vi v ta c: 2(tan A tan B tan C ) 2(tan tan tan )
2
2
2
A
B
C
tan A tan B tan C tan tan tan (pcm)
2
2
2
tan
Vy bt ng thc cho c chng minh.
3.Bi tp p dng
Bi 1: Vi mi a,b cng du v m,n l cc s t nhin cng chn hoc cng l.
CMR:
a m b m a n b n a m n b m n
(1)
2
2
2
HD:
5
Bt ng thc
(1) (a n b n )(a m b m ) 0 lun ng do a,b cng du v m,n l cc s t nhin

cng chn hoc cng l.
Bi 2: Cho a,b,c l cc s thc tha mn: 0 a, b, c 1 .Cmr:
a 2 b 2 c 2 1 a 2 b b 2 c c 2 a (1)
HD: (1) a 2 (1 b) b 2 (1 c) c 2 (1 a) 1
M a 2 (1 b) b 2 (1 c) c 2 (1 a ) a (1 b) b(1 c) c(1 a )
a b c ab bc ca
(a 1)(b 1)(c 1) 1 abc 1
(do 0 a, b, c 1 )
Bi 3: Cho a,b >0.Cm: (a b)(a 2 b 2 )(a 3 b 3 ) 4(a 6 b 6 ) (1)
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
HD: (1) (1 )(1 ( ) 2 )(1 ( ) 3 ) 4(1 ( ) 6 )

b
khi (1 t )(1 t 2 )(1 t 3 ) 4(1 t 6 )
a
ba ba 2 ba ba 2
Bi 4: Cho
ab
ab
c
ab
ab
c
t t
1 1 1
a b c
Cmr: f (a, b, c) 4 max , ,

Bi 5: Cho a,b,c>0.Cm bt ng thc:
b2 c2 c 2 a2 a 2 b2
2( a b c )
a
b
c
HD: p dng vd1.A
PHNG PHP 2:S dng tam thc bc hai

1.C s l thuyt:
Xt f ( x) ax 2 bx c (a 0) , : b 2 4ac
Xut pht t ng nht thc
b

f ( x) a ( x ) 2 2 ta c cc kt qu sau:
2
a
4a
a 0
nh l 1: f ( x) 0 x
0
a 0
0
nh l 2: f ( x) 0 x
a 0
0
nh l 3: f ( x) 0 x
Bt ng thc
a 0
0
nh l 4: f ( x) 0 x
nh l 5: f ( x) 0 c nghim x1 x2 0
b
x1 x 2 a
Khi f ( x) a( x x1 )( x x 2 ) v
x x c
1 2 a
chng minh A B ta vit biu thc A B thnh tam thc bc hai theo mt
bin s no .Sau da vo cc nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai suy ra

iu phi chng minh.
2.Cc v d minh ha
VD1: Cho a,b,c l cc s thc tha mn: a 3 36 v abc 1
Cmr:
a2
b 2 c 2 ab bc ca
3
(1)
Gii
(1) (b c) 2 a(b c) 3bc
a2
0 (2)
3
1
a
T abc 1 bc .
a2
12 4a 2 12 a 2
0 (3) a 2

0
3
a
3
a
3
(do a 3 36 ). Theo nh v du tam thc bc hai (3) lun ng. (1) lun ng.
pcm.
1
a
Th vo (2) ta c: (b c) 2 a(b c) 3
VD2: Gi s A, B, C l 3 gc ca mt tam gic khng cn tai C.Bit rng phng

trnh : (sin A sin B) x 2 (sin C sin A) x sin B sin C 0 (1)
C ng mt nghim thc.Cmr: B 60 0
Gii
V ABC khng cn ti C nn A B sin A sin B .Vy (1) l pt bc hai.
Mt khc sin A sin B sin B sin C sin C sin A 0 nn (1) c 1 nghim x1 1
nghim kia l: x 2
c sin B sin C
a sin A sin B
V (1) c ng mt nghim thc nn x1 x 2

sin B sin C
1 sin A sin C 2 sin B
sin A sin B
AC
AC
B
B
AC
B
2 sin
cos
4 sin cos
cos
2 sin
2
2
2
2
2
2
B
B 1
B
0 2 sin 1 0 sin
30 0 B 60 0 pcm.
2
2 2
2
VD3: Cho ABC c di 3 cnh l a,b,c v din tch S.Khi ta c:

7
Bt ng thc
2
(2 x 1)a 2 ( 1)b 2 c 2 4 3S , x 0 (1)
x
Gii:
(1) 2a 2 x 2 a 2 x 2b 2 b 2 x c 2 x 4 3Sx, x 0
2a 2 x 2 ( a 2 b 2 c 2 4 3S ) x 2b 2 0 x 0 (2)
C (a 2 b 2 c 2 4 3S ) 2 (4 ab) 2
(a 2 b 2 c 2 4 3S 4ab)(a 2 b 2 c 2 4 3S 4ab)
Theo nh l csin: c 2 a 2 b 2 2ab cos C a 2 b 2 c 2 2ab cos C
Xt a 2 b 2 c 2 4 3S 2ab cos C 4 3S
1
2 ab cos C 4 3S ab sin C
2
2ab(cos C 3 sin C )
p dng Bunhiacopski ta c: (cos C 3 sin C ) 2 4

2 cos C 3 sin C 2
4ab 2ab(cos C 3 sin C ) 4ab
( a b c 4 3S 4ab)(a 2 b 2 c 2 4 3S 4ab) 0
0
Theo nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai (2) lun ng (1) c cm.
cos C sin C
Du = xy ra
tan C 3 C 120 0
1
3
VD4: Cho ABC c di 3 cnh l a,b,c.Cmr:
50abc 20a 3 15b 3 12c 3 20a(b 2 c 2 ) 15b(c 2 a 2 ) 12c(a 2 b 2 ) (1)
Nn
Gii:
Theo nh l hm s cos ta c: b 2 c 2 a 2 2bc cos A
c 2 a 2 b 2 2ac cos B
a 2 b 2 c 2 2ab cos C
(1) 50abc 40ab cos A 30abc cos B 24abc cos C

50 40 cos A 30 cos B 24 cos C
25 (8 cos A 6 cos B)5 24 cos C 25 0
5 2 (8 cos A 6 cos B )5 24 cos C 25 0 (2)
Coi 5 l n c: 64sos 2 A 96 cos A cos B 36 cos 2 B 96 cos( A B) 100
64 cos 2 A 96 cos A cos B 36 cos 2 B 96 cos A cos B 96 sin A sin B 100

100 64 sin 2 A 36 sin 2 B 96 sin A sin B 100
(8 sin A 6 sin B ) 2 0 (2) lun ng. (1) c cm.
sin A 3
Du bng xy ra khi 0
sin B 4
Bt ng thc
VD5: Cho a,b,c tha mn a 2 b 2 0 v x,y thay i tha mn ax by c (1)

CMR: x 2 y 2
c2
a2 b2
Gii
a 0
T gi thit a 2 b 2 0
b 0
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s: b 0
2
c ax
c ax
T (1) y
.Do x 2 y 2 x 2
b
b
1
2 (a 2 b 2 ) x 2 2acx c 2
b
t f ( x) (a 2 b 2 ) x 2 2acx c 2
ac
b2c2
)
a2 b2
a 2 b2
2 2
1 b c
c2
x2 y2 2 2
pcm.
b a b2 a2 b2
C a 2 b 2 0 f ( x) f (
VD6: Cho a 2 b 2 1 v c d 3 vi a, b, c
CMR: ac bd cd
96 2
4
Gii
t S ac bd cd
T c d 3 d 3 c .Nn S ac b(3 c ) c(3 c ) c 2 (a b 3)c 3b (*)
Xt tam thc f ( x) Ax 2 Bx C
B
4 AC B 2
)
2A
4A
2
12b (a b 3)
(a b) 2 6(a b) 11
(*) S
S
4
4
2
2
2
2
t t a b t (a b) 2(a b ) 2
Nu A 0 th f ( x) f (
2 t 2
Trn 2 ; 2 hm f (t ) t 2 6t 11 tng f (t ) f ( 2 ) 9 6 2
Do S
96 2
pcm.
4
3.Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Vi n l s nguyn dng cho 2n s bt k: a1 , a 2 ,..., a n , b1 , b2 ,..., bn .
n
i 1
i 1
i 1
Cmr: ( ai 2 )( bi 2 ) ( ai bi ) 2 .Du bng xy ra khi no?

(Bt ng thc Bunhiacopski)
Bt ng thc
HD: Xt f ( x) (ai x bi ) 2 0 x
i 1
n
i 1
i 1
i 1
Vit li: f ( x) ( ai 2 )x 2 2( ai bi ) x bi 2 0 x
Theo nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai 0 . pcm.
Bi 2: Cho ABC .Cmr x ta u c:
x2
cos A x(cos B cos C ) (1)
2
HD: (1) x 2 2(cos B cos C ) x 2(1 cos A) 0 x
BC
BC
A
Cm: ' 4 cos 2
cos 2
4 sin 2 0
2
2
2
Bi 3: Cmr nu b,c,d l 3 s thc tha mn d c b ,th vi mi s thc a ta
c bt ng thc: (a b c d ) 2 8(ac bd ) (1)
1
HD
a (1) v bt ng thc bc 2 n a v chng minh cho ' 0
Bi 4: Cho a,b,c l 3 s dng tha mn:
a 2b 2 b 2 c 2 c 2 a 2
1 4
(a b 4 c 4 )
2
Cmr c th dng c mt tam gic c di 3 cnh l a,b,c.

x y z 4
xy yz zx 4
Bi 5: Cho x,y,z l 3 nghim ca h:

Cmr: 0 x, y, z
(1)
8
3
HD:
y z 4 x
y z 4 x
2
yz 4 x( y z )
yz x 4 x 4
y,z l hai nghim ca phng trnh: X 2 ( x 4) X x 2 4 x 4 0 (2)
Do x,y,z tn ti nn (2) c nghim 0
1
1
1
x2 y2 z 2
Bi 6: Cmr : cos A cos B cos C
(1) vi x, y, z 0
x
y
z
2 xyz
(1)
HD:
a (1) v bt phng trnh bc hai vi n l x v chng minh cho 0
Bi 7: Cho a,b,c l di 3 cnh ca 1 tam gic.Cmr nu ax by cz 0 th
ayz bzx cxy 0
Bi 8: Cho ABC vi 3 cnh a,b,c v 3 ng cao ha , hb , hc vi p
abc
2
ta c:
p 2 (1 2 ) 2
2
a (a 2ha ) b(b 2 hb ) c(c 2hc ) a (b c) b(c a ) c(a b)
ca
a b a 2ha b 2hb
c 2hc
bc
10
Bt ng thc
PHNG PHP 3: S dng cc bt ng thc c

in
A.Bt ng thc Cauchy
1.C s l thuyt:
Vi n s khng m a1 , a 2 ,..., a n ta lun c:
n
a1 a 2 ...a n
a1 a 2 ... a n
.Du bt ng thc xy ra khi a1 a 2 ... a n
n
2.Cc v d minh ha
3
4
a, T 3 a 3b 3 b 3c 3 c 3a 3
VD1. Cho a,b,c>0 v a b c .CMR:

b, S 3 a 7b 3 b 7c 3 c 7a 33 2
Gii
a, p dng bt ng thc csi cho cc s dng a+3b,1,1:
a 3b 1 1
3
b
3c 1 1
Tng t: 3 b 3c
3
c
3
a
1
1
3
c 3a
3
Ta c:
a 3b
Cng cc v bt ng thc trn ta c:

4( a b c) 6
3
3 v a b c theo gi thit.
3
4
1
Du bng xy ra a b c
4
T 3 a 3b 3 b 3c 3 c 3a
b, p dng bt ng thc csi cho cc s dng a+7b,2,2

a 7b 2 2
3
b
7c 2 2
b 7c 3 4
3
c
7
a
22
c 7a 3 4
3
Ta c: 3 a 7b 3 4
Tng t:
Cng cc v bt ng thc trn ta c:

8( a b c ) 12
3
6 (v a b c )
3
4
6
1
S 3 a 7b 3 b 7c 3 c 7a 3 33 2 .Du bng xy ra a b c
4
4
a
b
c
3
VD2: Cho a,b,c l 3 s dng.Cmr
bc ca ab 2
( 3 a 7b 3 b 7c 3 c 7 a ) 3 4
Gii
t S
a
b
c
a
b
c
Ta c: S 3
1
1
1
bc ca ab
bc
ca
ab
11
Bt ng thc
S 3
S 3 ( a b c)(
abc abc abc
bc
ca
ab
1
1
1
) (1)
bc ca ab
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy

Cho 3 s dng: a+b,b+c,c+a c: a b b c c a 33 (a b)(b c)(c a )
Cho 3 s dng
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
,
,
c:
33
ab bc ca
ab bc ca
(a b)(b c)(c a )
Nhn 2 v bt ng thc trn ta c:

2( S 3) ( a b b c c a )(
1
1
1
1
) 33 ( a b)(b c )(c a ) 33
ab bc ca
( a b )(b c)(c a )
9
3
S
pcm.
2
2
Du bng xy ra a b c .
S 3
VD3: Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s: f ( x) x 2
2
trn khong 0;
x3
Gii:
x2 x2 x2 1
1
1
x3
5
3 3 55 ( x 2 ) 3 ( ) 2 5
3
3
3 x
3
2
x
27
2
x
1
Du = xy ra
3 x5 3
3
x
min f ( x)
5
Vy
=
khi x 5 3
0; 5 27
Vi x 0 ta c: f ( x)
a
b
b
c
c
a
VD4: cho a,b,c>0.Cmr: 3 ( c)( a)( b) 1 3 abc (1)

Gii:
a
b
b
c
c
a
2
a a
c
Ta c VT(1)= ( b ca)( b)
c b
a
ab ac
bc
1
a2
b 2 c 2 abc
c
b
a
ab
ac
bc
p dng bt cauchy cho
0,
0, 0 v a 2 0, b 2 0, c 2 0
c
b
a
ab ac bc
33 abc v a 2 b 2 c 2 33 a 2 b 2 c 2
c
b
a
(1) ( c)( a)( b) (1 3 abc ) 3 (2)
VT 1 33 abc 33 (abc) 2 abc VT (1 3 abc ) 3 .pcm
Du bng xy ra khi a=b=c.

VD5: Cho a, b, c 0 , a b c 3 .
CMR:
a
b
c
1
1
1
2
2
2
1 a 1 b 1 c
1 a
1 b
1 c
12
(1)
Bt ng thc
Gii
a
b
c
a
b
c
111 (
)
2
2
2
1 a 1 b 1 c
1 a
1 b
1 c
a
b
c
a
b
c
3 (2)
2
2
2
1 a 1 b 1 c
1 a
1 b
1 c
a
a
1
a.1 1 a 1
Xt

2
1 a 1
a 1 2
4
1 a
a
a
b
b
1 b 1
c
c
1 c 1
Tng t

2
2
1
b
2
4
1
c
2
4
1 b
1 c
a
b
c
a
b
c
3 3 abc
Vy

2
2
2
1 a 1 b 1 c 2 4
4
1 a
1 b
1 c
(1)
a
b
c
a
b
c
3 3 3
3 (do a+b+c=3)
2
2
2
1 a 1 b 1 c 2 4 4
1 a
1 b
1 c
Du bng xy ra khi a=b=c=1

VD6: Cho a,b,c>0.
Cmr:
a 8bc
b 8ac
c 8ab
Gii
4
Ta c: (a 3 b 3 c 3 ) 2 (a 3 ) 2 (a 3 b 3 c 3 a 3 )(a 3 b 3 c 3 a 3 )
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
2
3
(a b c a )(b c ) 8a bc
4
3
4
3
4
3
2
3
(a b c ) 2 8a bc (a 3 ) 2
2
(a 3 b 3 c 3 ) 2 a 3 (bc a 2 )
4
a
a 2 8bc
a3
4
3
4
3
a b c
4
3
Tng t:
b 2 8ac
b3
4
a3 b3 c3
4
c
c 2 8ab
a
Vy T
a 8bc
b
2
b 8ac
1.
c 8ab
Du bng xy ra khi a=b=c

VD7: Cho n s dng a1 , a 2 ,..., a n .
Cmr:
1
1
1
n2
...
a1 a 2
a n a1 a 2 ... a n
Gii
p dng bt ng thc cauchy cho n s dng
Ta c: a1 a2 ... an n n a1a 2 ...an 0
13
c3
4
a3 b3 c3
Bt ng thc
1
1
1
...
a1 a 2
an
0
a1 a 2 ...a n
1
1
1
(a1 a 2 ... a n )(
... ) n 2
a1 a 2
an
1
1
1
n2
.
...
a1 a 2
a n a1 a 2 ... a n
Du bng xy ra khi a1 a 2 ... a n

VD8: Cho x,y,z>0.Cmr:
x y z x yz

3 xyz
y z x
Gii
p dng cauchy cho 3 s dng c:
x x z
x x z
3x
33
y y x
y y x 3 xyz
y y z
y yz
3y
33
3
z z x
z z x
zzx
z z x
z z x
3z
33
x x y
x x y 3 xxy
x y z
3( x y z )
3( )
3 xyz
y z x
Nhn xt: Ta c th thm bt iu kin bi tan trn c bi ton mi

x y z
x yz
y z x
x y z
1
Bi ton 2: Cho x,y,z>0 v x+y+z=1.Cmr:
3
y z x
xyz
Bi ton 1: Cho x,y,z>0 v xyz=1.Cmr:
x
y
y
z
z
x
Bi ton 3: Chng minh x, y, z 0 c: (1 )(1 )(1 ) 2
x yz
3
xyz
3.K thut Cauchy ngc du:

y l mt trong nhng k thut kho lo,mi m v n tng nht ca bt
ng thc cauchy.Ta hy xt cc v d sau:
VD1: Cho x,y,z>0 v x+y+z=3.Cmr:
1
1
1
3
2
2
2
2
1 x
1 y
1 z
Gii
Ta khng th s dng trc tip bt ng thc cauchy v du i chiu:
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2x 2 y 2z
1 x
1 y
1 z
1
1
1 3
M
2 x 2 y 2z 2
Tuy nhin ta c th s dng bt ng thc cauchy theo cch sau:

1
x2
1 x2
1 x2
14
Bt ng thc
V 1 x 2 2 x
x2
x2 x
x2
x
1
x
1 .Vy
1
2
2
2
2x
2
2
2
1 x
1 x
1 x
Tng t ta c:
1
1
1
x y z
3 3
3( ) 3
2
2
2
2 2 2
2 2
1 x
1 y
1 z
Du = xy ra khi x=y=z=1.
VD2: Cmr mi s dng c tng bng 4 th
S
a 1
1
c 1
d 1
2
2
2
4
2
b 1 b 1 c 1 d 1
Gii
Lm tng t v d trn:
a 1
(a 1)b 2
b 2 (a 1)
ab b
a 1
2
2
2b
2
b 1
b 1
ab b
bc c
cd d
da d
Tng t suy ra: S a 1
b 1
c 1
d 1
2
2
2
2
ab bc cd da a b c d
S (a b c d ) 4
2
( ab bc cd da ) a b c d
S 4
2
a b c d ( ab bc cd da)
4
S 4
2
Du bng xy ra khi a=b=c=d=1.
4.Bi tp ngh:
Bi 1:Cho a, b 0 .Cmr: (a b) 3 4(a 3 b 3 )
Bi 2:Cmr x, y, z , a, b, c ta c:
ax by cz ( a 2 b 2 c 2 )( x 2 y 2 z 2 )
3
( a b c)( x y z )
2
Bi3: Cho a,b,c dng tha mn: 4(a b c) 3abc

1
1
1 3
3 3
3
8
a
b
c
1
1
1 3
HD: T gi thit
ab bc ca 4
Cmr:
p dng b t cauchy cho 3 s dng:
1
1 1
3
3
3
8 2ab
a
b
1
1 1
3
3
3
8 2bc
b
c
1
1 1
3
3
3
8 2ca
c
a
C ng v vi v pcm.
a, b, c 0
Chng minh rng:
a b c 1
Bi 4: Cho
15
ab bc ca 6
Bt ng thc
2
3
3
( a b)
(a b )
2
2 3
2 2
a, b, c 0 .Cm: a 1 b 1 c 1 3
Bi 5: Cho
b2 1 c2 1 a2 1
abc 3
HD: a b
HD: S dng k thut cauchy ngc du:

a 1
(a 1)b 2
b 2 (a 1)
ab b
a 1
2
2
2b
2
b 1
b 1
Bi 6: Cho a,b,c>0 v a+b+c=1.Cmr:

1
1
1
(1 )(1 )(1 ) 64
a
b
c
a 1 a a b c 44 a 2 bc
a
a
a
Bi 7: Tm GTLN ca hm s: f ( x) x 3 (2 x) 5 trn on 0;2
1
a
HD: 1
HD: Vit f ( x)
33 5 3
( x) (2 x) 5
3
5 3
p dng bt cauchy cho 8 s khng m:3 s bng
5
x ,5 s bng 2-x.
3
Bi 8: Cmr: nu n s dng a1 , a 2 ,..., a n tha mn

1
1
1
1
...
n 1 th phi c: a1a 2 ...an
1 a1 1 a2
1 an
(n 1) n
Bi 9: Cho n s a i 0 c tng a1 a 2 ... a n 1

phi chng bt ng thc sau y lun ng: (
1
1
1
1)( 1)...( 1) (n 1) n
a1
a2
an
B/Bt ng thc bunhiacopski:

1.C s l thuyt:
Vi 2 b n s (a1 , a 2 ,..., a n ) v (b1 , b2 ,..., bn ) ta lun c:
2
( a1b1 a 2 b2 ... a n bn ) 2 ( a1 a 2 ... a n )(b1 b2 ... bn ) (1)
Du ng thc xy ra khi (a1 , a2 ,..., an ) v (b1 , b2 ,..., bn ) l 2 b s t l.

Tc l:
a1 a 2
a
b
b
b
... n hoc 1 2 ... n

b1 b2
bn
a1 a 2
an
Gii
Nu a12 a 2 2 ... a n 2 0 hoc b1 2 b2 2 ... bn 2 0 th (1) hin nhin ng.
Do vy ch cn xt trng hp: a12 a 2 2 ... a n 2 0 v b1 2 b2 2 ... bn 2 0
Ta c x R : a12 x 2 2a1b1 x b1 2 (a1 x b1 ) 2 0
2
a 2 x 2 2a 2 b2 x b2 ( a 2 x b2 ) 2 0
a n x 2 2a n bn x bn ( a n x bn ) 2 0
Cng v vi v cc bt ng thc trn ta c:
16
Bt ng thc
( a1 a 2 ... a n ) x 2 ( a1b1 a 2 b2 ... a n bn ) x b1 b2 ... bn 0
Tam thc b c hai v tri khng m vi mi x nn 0

2
( a1b1 a 2 b2 ... a n bn ) 2 ( a1 a 2 ... a n )(b1 b2 ... bn ) 0

( a1b1 a 2 b2 ... a n bn ) 2 ( a1 a 2 ... a n )(b1 b2 ... bn )
Du bng xy ra khi x0 sao cho:

a1 x0 b0 a1 x0 b1 ... a n x 0 bn
a
a1 a 2
... n
b1 b2
bn
2.Cc h qu:
HQ1: Vi 2 dy s (a1 , a2 ,..., an ) v (b1 , b2 ,..., bn ) , bi 0, i 1,2,..., n
2
a1
a2
an
(a1 a 2 ... a n ) 2
...
b1
b2
bn
b1 b2 ... bn
HQ2: Vi 2 dy s (a1 , a2 ,..., an ) v (b1 , b2 ,..., bn ) , bi 0, i 1,2,..., n

Ta c: (a1 a 2 ... a n ) 2 n(a12 a 2 2 ... a n 2 )
Bt ng thc bunhiacopski thng c p dng chng minh bt ng thc
ng vi cc s thc v thng c dng sau:
a, f ( x) g ( x) c vi f ( x), g ( x) 0, f ( x) g ( x) A
b, f 2 ( x) g 2 ( x)
c
vi af ( x) bg ( x) c
a b2
2
c, af ( x) bg ( x) a 2 b 2 k vi f 2 ( x) g 2 ( x) k 2 (k 0)
d, h 2 ( x) f ( x) g ( x )
, a cos x b sin x a 2 b 2
e, a cos 2 x b sin x cos x c sin 2 x d m
f,
a cos x b sin x cos x c

M
m cos x n sin x p
g, f ( x) M
3.Mt s v d:
VD1: Cho phng trnh x 4 ax 3 bx 2 ax 1 0 (1) trong a, b R
4
5
Bit (1) c t nht 1 nghim thc.Cmr: a 2 b 2 .Du bng xy ra khi no?

Gii
Gi s (1) c 1 nghim thc x0 .Ta c: x 0 4 ax0 3 bx0 2 ax0 1 0 (2)
x0 0
T (2) ( x 0 2
t y0 x0
1
x0
) a ( x0
1
) b 0 (3)
x0
1
.T (3) y0 2 2 ay 0 b 0 ( y 0 2 2) 2 (ay0 b) 2
x0
17
Bt ng thc
p dng bunhiacopski cho 2 b s (a,b) v ( y0 ,1)

2
( ay 0 b ) 2 ( a 2 b 2 )( y 0 1)
2
( y 0 2) 2 ( a 2 b 2 )( y 0 1)
2
a2 b2
( y 0 2) 2
2
y0 1
Mt khc: y0 2 ( x0
1 2
2
) 4 .t y0 4 t , t 0
x0
(t 2) 2
9
4
9
9
t 1
t
t5
t5 5
t5 5
4
9t
4
9
4
t
t (1
)
5
(t 5)5 5
5t 25
5
4
Do : a 2 b 2
5
Du bng xy ra khi t=0 y0 2 4 x 0 1
4
2 2
4
Vi x0 1 a , b
, a b2
5
5
5
4
2 2
4
Vi x 0 1 a , b
, a b2
5
5
5
a2 b2
VD2: x, y, z 0 ,Cmr:
x2 1
y 2 1 z 2 1 6( x y z )
Gii:
Gi s h qu 2 vi 2 dy s ( x, y, z ) v (1,1,1) c:
x2 1
y 2 1 z 2 1 ( x y z) 2 32
p dng bt ng thc cauchy vi 2 s dng ( x y z ) 2 v 32 ta c:
x2 1
y 2 1 z 2 1 6( x y z )
Du ng thc xy ra khi x=y=z=1.

VD3: Trong ABC chng minh:
ha
hb
hb
hc
hc
ha
1
r
Gii
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
( )2 ( )2
r
ha hb hc
Ta c S aha bhb chc
1
1
1
1
2p 1

(a b c)
ha hb hc 2S
2 pr r
h
h
h 1
1
( ) 2 ( c2 b2 a2 )
r
ha
hc
hb r
h
h
h
1
c2 b2 a2 .Du bng xy ra khi ha hb hc
r
ha
hc
hb
18
Bt ng thc
VD4: Gi s x, y, z 1 v
1 1 1
2.
x y z
Cmr: x y z x 1 y 1 z 1
Gii
T
1 1 1
x 1 y 1 z 1
2
1
x y z
x
y
z
p dng bt Bunhiacopski cho ( x , y , z ) v (
x 1
y 1
x
y
x 1 y 1 z 1
Ta c: ( x 1 y 1 z 1) 2 ( x y z )(
)
x
y
z
z 1
z
y 1 z 1 (pcm)
3
Du bng xy ra khi x y z
2
VD5: Cho ABC cnh a,b,c. im M trong ABC .Gi khong cch t M ti
x y z x 1
BC,CA,AB ln lt l :x,y,z.
Cmr:
a2 b2 c2
(R bn knh ng trn ngoi tip ABC )
2R
x y z
Gii
abc
a 2 b 2 c 2 (a 2 b 2 c 2 )(ax by cz )
4R
2R
abc
Lun c: a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ca
( a 2 b 2 c 2 )(ax by cz ) ( ab bc ca)( ax by cz )
1 1 1
( )(ax by cz )
abc
abc
a b c
Ta c: ax by cz 2S
p dng bt bunhiacopski:
( x y z ) 2 ( ax
1
a
by
1
b
cz
1 1 1
) 2 ( ax by cz )( )
a b c
c
a2 b2 c2
a 2 b2 c2
x y z
2R
2R
a b c
Du bng xy ra khi
ABC u, M l trng tm.
x y z
( x y z )2
VD6: Cho 2 s dng x,y thay i sao cho: 0 x y a b trong a,b l 2 s

cho trc.
Cmr: S
x2
(a x) 2
a2
.Du bng xy ra khi no?

x y a b ( x y) a b
Gii
p dng bt Bunhiacopski cho 4 s ta c:
(
x
x y
x y
(a x) a b ( x y )
a b ( x y)
( x a x) 2 (a b)(
) 2 ( x y a b x y )(
x2
(a x) 2
)
x y ab x y
19
x2
(a x) 2
)
x y abx y
Bt ng thc
x2
(a x) 2
a2
x y ab x y ab
x
ax
Du bng xy ra
: x y
: abx y
x y
abx y
x
ax
x y ab x y
x(a b x y ) (a x )( x y )
ax by
VD7: Xc nh iu kin cn v vi cc h s thc r1 , r2 ,..., rn sao cho

2
2
2
x1 x 2 ... x n ( r1 x1 r2 x 2 ... rn x n ) 2 ng dy x1 , x 2 ,..., x n R
Gii
iu kin cn:
Chn ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) (r1 , r2 ,..., rn ) r1 2 r2 2 ... rn 2 1 (*)
iu cn :
Dy (ri ) tha mn iu kin (*) theo bunhiacopski
2
( r1 x1 r2 x 2 ... rn x n ) 2 ( r1 r2 ... rn )( x1 x 2 ... x n )
( r1 r2 ... rn )( x1 x2 ... x n ) ( x1 x 2 ... x n )
( do r1 2 r2 2 ... rn 2 1 )
2
( x1 x 2 ... x n ) ( r1 x1 r2 x 2 ... rn x n ) 2
Kt lun iu kin cn v l: r12 r2 2 ... rn 2 1
4.Bt ng thc Bunhiacopski m rng

Cho cc s a1 , a2 , a3 , b1 , b2 , b3 , c1 , c 2 , c3 0.
Cmr: (a1b1c1 a 2 b2 c 2 a 3b3 c3 ) 3 (a13 b13 c13 )(a 2 3 b2 3 c 2 3 )(a3 3 b3 3 c3 3 ) (1)
Gii
p dng bt cauchy cho 3 s dng ta c:
a1
3
3
3
a1 a 2 a 3
b1
3
3
3
b1 b2 b3
c1
3
3
3
c1 c 2 c3
3a1b1c1
a1 a 2 a3
33
b1 b2 b3
Tng t c bt cho 3 s dng c t s l: a 2 , b2 , c 2 v a 3 , b3 , c3

Cng v vi v ca 3 bt ng thc trn ta c:
3(a1b1c1 a 2 b2 c 2 a 3b3 c3 )
3
(a1 a 2 a 3 )(b1 b2 b3 )(c1 c 2 c3 )

3
( a1b1c1 a 2 b2 c 2 a 3b3 c3 ) 3 ( a1 a 2 a 3 )(b1 b2 b3 )(c1 c2 c3 )
pcm.
Lu : vi cch lm tng t ta c trng hp tng qut:
Cho m b s, mi b gm n s khng m: (ai , bi ,..., k i ), i 1,2,..., m
20
33
c1 c2 c3
Bt ng thc
Th th:
m
( a1a 2 ...a m b1b2 ...bm ... k1k 2 ...k m ) m ( a1 b1 ... k1 )(a 2 b2 ... k 2 )...(a m bm ... k m
5.Bi tp ngh:
Bi 1: Cho x, y, z 0 v x y z 1
x
y
z
3
x 1 y 1 z 1 4
1 (a b)(1 ab) 1
Bi 2: Cmr a, b u c:
2 (1 a 2 )(1 b 2 ) 2
Cmr:
HD: Bin i tng ng p dng bunhicopski cho 4 s: 2a ,1 a 2 ,1 b 2 ,2b

Bi 3: a,b,c l 3 s dng cho trc cn x,y,z l 3 s dng thay i lun tha
a b c
1 vi mi s nguyn dng n,hy tm gi tr nh nht
x y z
ca tng: S n x n y n z n (n 1,2,..., n)
mn iu kin:
Bi 4: Cho x,y,z>0 cmr: s nguyn dng n v m ta u c:

xn yn z n
m m x n m y n m z n m
m
y
z
x
C.Bt ng thc Chebyshev

1. C s l thuyt:
Cho 2 dy n s (a1 , a 2 ,..., a n ) v (b1 , b2 ,..., bn )
a, Nu c 2 dy u cng tng hoc cng gim,tc l:
a1 a 2 ... a n
a a ... a n
hoc 1 2
b1 b2 ... bn
b1 b2 ... bn
hoc
Th ta c:
a1b1 a 2 b2 ... a n bn a1 a 2 ... a n b1 b2 ... bn
n
n
n
b, Nu 1 dy tng dy kia gim,tc l:

a a ... a
a a ... a
n
n
hoc 1 2
hoc 1 2
b
...
b
b
...
b
2
n
2
n
1
1
Th ta c:
a1b1 a 2 b2 ... a n bn a1 a 2 ... a n b1 b2 ... bn
n
n
n
Chng minh
Ta chng minh cho trng hp 2 dy cng tng
a1 a 2 ... a n
ch s i sao cho: a1 a 2 ... ai a a ni 1 ... a n
n
Ly b sao cho b1 b2 ... bi b bni 1 ... bn
Gi a
Cng n bt ng thc li ta c:
n
0 a k bk a bk b a k nab
k 1
k 1
k 1
(4) (v na ak ; nb bk )
k 1
21
k 1
Bt ng thc
Vy (4) tng ng :
a k bk a bk nab nab 0
k 1
k 1
a k bk a bk
k 1
k 1
a a 2 ... a n b1 b2 ... bn
a1b1 a 2 b2 ... a n bn 1
n
n
n
a b a 2 b2 ... a n bn a1 a 2 ... a n b1 b2 ... bn
1 1
n
n
n
Du = ch xy ra khi c: (a k a )(bk b ) 0
Nu (a1 , a 2 ,..., a n ) khng phi l dy s dng th a1 a a n nn ta c:

(a1 a )(b1 b ) 0
b1 bn b
(a n a )(bn b) 0
(b1 , b2 ,..., bn ) l dy s dng.Ngc li ta c iu phi chng minh.
H qu:
Nu a1 , a 2 ,..., a n l cc s thc dng c tng bng n th
a1
n 1
a2
n 1
... a n
n 1
a1 a 2 ... a n
2.Cc v d
VD1: a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin a 2 b 2 c 2 1 .Cm:
a3
b3
c3
1
bc ca ab 2
a2
b2
c2
3
b,
bc ca ab
2
a,
Gii
a, V a,b,c c vai tr nh nhau.Gi s a b c a 2 b 2 c 2
a
b
c
bc ca ab
p dng bt Chebyshev cho 2 dy s n iu gim (a 2 , b 2 , c 2 )

v (
a
b
a
,
,
)
bc ca bc
1 a3
b3
c3
1 a
b
c 1 2
(
) (
) (a b 2 c 2 )
3 bc ca ab
3 bc ca ab 3
a3
b3
c3
1 a
b
c
(
) (
) v a 2 b 2 c 2 1
bc ca ab
3 bc ca ab
a
b
c
3
M
(bt ng thc Nesbnit)

bc ca ab 2
a3
b3
c3
13 1
1
Vy
.Du bng xy ra khi a b c

bc ca ab 3 2 2
3
b,Tng t
VD2: M rng bi ton vd1:
Cho a1 , a 2 ,..., a n l cc s dng tha mn iu kin:
2
a1 a 2 ... a n 1
22
Bt ng thc
a1
a2
an
1
a,
...
a 2 a 3 ... a n a 3 a 4 ... a n a1
a1 a 2 ... a n 1 n 1
Cmr:
b,
a1
a2
an
n
...
a 2 a 3 ... a n a 3 a 4 ... a n a1
a1 a 2 ... a n 1 n 1
Gii
a, p dng Chebyshev cho 2 dy n iu gim
a1
a2
an
,
,...,
)
a 2 a 3 ... a n a 3 a 4 ... a n a1
a1 a 2 ... a n 1
a1
an
1
VT (
...
)
n a 2 a 3 ... a n
a1 a 2 ... a n 1
an
a1
a2
n
Cm cho
...
a 2 a3 ... an a3 a 4 ... an a1
a1 a 2 ... an 1 n 1
2
( a1 , a 2 ,..., a n ) v (
pcm.
b, Lm tng t
3.K thut tch Chebyshev

VD1: Cho cc s thc dng a,b,c,d tha mn iu kin
abcd
CMR:
1 1 1 1

a b c d
2( a b c d ) a 2 3 b 2 3 c 2 3 d 2 3
Gii
Ta tr tng ng tng s hng ca 2 v: 2a a 2 3
Khi (1)
3( a 2 1)
2a a 2 3
3(b 2 1)
2b b 2 3
3(c 2 1)
2c c 2 3
3(a 1)
2a a 2 3
3( d 2 1)
2d d 2 3
Khng th p dng bt ng thc chebyshev ngay c v c t s v mu s u

l hm n iu tng
1 1 1 1
a b c d
2
2
2
a 1 b 1 c 1 d 2 1
(1)
0
a
b
c
d
a 2 1
b2 1
c2 1
d 2 1
a
b
c
d
0 (2)
3
3
3
3
2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2
a
b
c
d
x2 1
1
Xt hm:
f ( x)
, x 0 v g ( x)
x
3
2 1 2
x
Ta thy f(x),g(x) l cc hm n iu tng trn R
Tuy nhin t gi thit a b c d
Ta c th p dng chebyshev cho bt ng thc
23
Bt ng thc
(2)
VT 1 a 2 1 b 2 1 c 2 1 d 2 1 1
(
). .
4
4 a
b
c
d
4
2 1
3
3
3
3
2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2
2
a
b
c
d
VT 0
Du bng xy ra khi a=b=c=d=1

VD2: Cho a,b,c 0 tha mn iu kin a+b+c=3
CMR:
1
1
1
2
2
1
c ab b ca a bc
2
Gii
1
1
1
1 3 c2 3 c
c(1 c)
2
2
2
c a b 3 c 3 c 3 3(c c 3) 3(c 2 c 3)
c(1 c)
b(1 b)
a (1 a )
(1)
0
2
2
3(c c 3) 3(b b 3) 3(a 2 a 3)
Ta thy
c(c 1)
b(b 1)
a (a 1)
0
2
2
3(c c 3) 3(b b 3) 3(a 2 a 3)
c 1
b 1
a 1
0
3
3
3
c 1
b 1
a 1
c
b
a
V vai tr ca a,b,c nh nhau ta gi s a b c a 1 b 1 c 1
Mt khc a+b+c=3 nn ab, bc, ca 3
1
1
1
3
3
3
a 1
b 1
c 1
a
b
c
p dng Chebyshev cho 2 dy trn ta c

(2)
1
1
1
VT (a 1 b 1 c 1) (
3
3
3
VT 0
1
3
a 1
a
1
3
b 1
b
1
3
c 1
c
pcm.
4.Bi tp ngh
Bi1: Cm a, b, c 0 ta c: a 2 8bc b 2 8ca c 2 8ab 3(a b c)
HD: 3a a 2 8bc
8( a 2 bc)(b c)
(3a a 2 8bc )(b c)
Sau p dng Chebyshev vi tng cc t s bng khng

Bi 2: Cho cc s thc dng a,b,c,d c tng bng 4.
Cmr:
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
11 a
11 b
11 c
11 d
24
Bt ng thc
HD:
1
1
1
a 1
(a 1)
2
12 12
11 a
11 a 2
Bi 3: Cho n s ai 0, i 1,2,..., n .Cmr mi s t nhin m ta c:

m
a1 a 2 ... a n
a a 2 ... a n m
( 1
)
n
n
Bi 4: Chng minh bt ng thc Nesbnit 3 bin bng cch s dng bt ng

Chebyshev.
Sng to bt ng thc
Phng php1:
T bi ton gc thm bt iu kin pht trin thnh bi ton mi
VD1: Xt bi ton sau:
a2 b2 c2
a b c, a, b, c 0 (1)
b
c
a
Gii
p dng bt ng thc Csi cho 2 s dng c:
Tng t:
a2
a2
b 2a
2a b
b
b
b2
2b c
c
c2
2c a
a
Cng 3 v bt trn ta c:
a2 b2 c2
a b c, a, b, c 0 .
b
c
a
Du bng xy ra khi a=b=c.

Pht trin bi ton:
2
Vd1.1: a, b, c 0 v a b c 1 .Tm gi tr nh nht ca: T

Vd1.2: Cho a, b, c 0 .Cmr:
a2 b2 c
b
c
a
a3 b3 c3
abc
b
c
a
a3 b3 c3
a2 b2 c2
b
c
a
Vd1.3:
*Tng qut ha ca v d 1.2

a, Cho n s nguyn dng a1 , a 2 ,..., a n .Cmr:
2
a1
a
a
a
2 ... n 1 n a1 a 2 ... a n
a2
a3
an
a1
b, Cho a, b, c 0 v n nguyn dng.Cm:
a n 1 b n1 c n1
n n abc
bn
c
a
25
Bt ng thc
Vd1.4: Khi qut ha bt ng thc vd1,vd1.2,vd1.3,vd1.5

Cho n,m l cc s nguyn dng , a, b, c 0 .
Cmr:
a n m b m n c m n
n n am bm c m
n
b
c
a
Gii
p dng bt ng thc csi cho n+m s dng ta c:
a mn
a m n
a mn m m n
m
m
mn (
...
...
(
m
n
)
) (b )
n
n
b
b
bn
n
ma m n
nb m (m n) a m (1)
bn
mb m n
Tng t ta c:
nc m (m n)b m (2)
cn
mc m n
na m (m n)c m
n
a
(3)
Cng cc v ca (1),(2),(3) ta c:
a n m b m n c m n
n n a m b m c m .Du bng xy ra khi a=b=c.
bn
c
a
VD2: Cho cc s dng a,b,c c abc=1.Cmr: a 3 b 3 c 3 a b c

Gii
p dng Cauchy cho 3 s dng,ta c: a 3 1 1 3a
b 3 1 1 3b
c 3 1 1 3c
a 3 b 3 c 3 3(a b c) 6
p dng bt ng thc csi cho 3 s dng a,b,c: a b c 33 abc 3

2 (a b c ) 6
a 3 b3 c3 a b c
Du ng thc xy ra khi a=b=c.

Vd2.1: Cho a,b,c>0 v abc=1.
a3 b3 c3
abc
abc
N 3
a b3 c3
Tm gi tr nh nht ca M
Tm gi tr ln nht ca:
Vd2.2: Cho cc s thc x,y,z c x+y+z=1.Cmr:

8x 8 y 8z 2x 2 y 2z
Vd2.3: Cho a1 , a 2 ,..., a n 0 v a1 a2 ... an 1
Cmr: a13 a 2 3 ... a n 3 a1 a 2 ... a n

Vd2.4: Cho a,b,c>0 v abc=1
Cmr: a 4 b 4 c 4 a b c
a 3 b3 c3 a 2 b2 c 2
Vd2.5: Cho a,b,c>0, n nguyn dng ty . abc=1

26
Bt ng thc
Cmr: a n b n c n a b c
Vd2.6: Cho a,b,c>0, abc=1, n>m l s nguyn dng.
Cmr: a n b n c n a m b m c m
VD3: Cho x,y,z>0.Cmr:
x y z x yz

3 xyz
y z x
Gii
p dng Cauchy cho 3 s dng c:
x x z
x x z
3x
33
y y x
y y x 3 xyz
y y z
y yz
3y
33
3
z z x
z z x
zzx
z z x
z z x
3z
33
3
x x y
xx y
xxy
x y z
3( x y z )
3( )
3 xyz
y z x
Nhn xt: Ta c th thm bt iu kin bi tan trn c bi ton mi

x y z
x yz
y z x
x y z
1
V d 3.2: Cho x,y,z>0 v x+y+z=1.Cmr:
y z x 3 xyz
V d 3.1: Cho x,y,z>0 v xyz=1.Cmr:
x
y
y
z
z
x
V d 3.3: Chng minh x, y, z 0 c: (1 )(1 )(1 ) 2
x y z
3
xyz
PHNG PHP 4: Phng php nh gi qua cc i

lng trung gian
1.C s l thuyt
nh gi A B ta nh gi A C ri chng minh C B
Thng thng ta nh gi tng s hng ca mt v sau ng gi c v
v so snh vi v kia
Trong mt bt ng thc nu vai tr cc bin l bnh ng nh nhau,chng
ta c th s dng phng php ng gi tng nhm s hng chng minh
Gi s A B C A0 B0 C0
A B A0 B0
: Chn v chng minh
C C0
A B A0 B0
C2 : Chn v chng minh B C B0 C0

C A C A
0
0
27
Bt ng thc
A B 2 A0
C3 : Chn v chng minh B C 2 B0

C A 2C
0
Tng t cho chng minh : ABC A0 B0C0
2.Phng php
Sau y chng ti a ra 2 phng php nh gi qua cc i lng trung
gian
1)Biu thc trung gian tm c thng qua tnh cht c bn ca

bt ng thc
VD1: Chng minh bt ng thc sau
3 8 15
n2 1
2 n 2, (n 2)
4 9 16
n
Gii:
8 15
n2 1
2
9 16
n
1
1
1
1
A 1 1 1 1 2
4
9
16
n
3
4
t A
1
1 1 1
A n 1 2
n
4 9 16
1 1 1
1
Khi : A n 2 n 1 2 n 2
n
4 8 16
1 1 1
1
Suy ra: 2 1
4 9 16
n
Tht vy
1
1
1
1
2
2
1 .2
2
1
1
1 1

2
3
2 .3 2 3
1
1
1
1
n2
n 1 .n n 1 n
1
1
1
1
2 ... 2 1 1, n 2
2
n
2
3
n
VD2:Chng minh
28
Bt ng thc
1
1.2008
1
2.2007
1
k (2008 k 1)
1
2008.1
2.
2008
2009
Li gii:
a; b 0; a b
Trc ht ta c: 1
2
1
ab a b
p dng (1) cho 2008 ln ta c

1
2
2
1.2008 1 2008 2009

1
2
2
2.2007 2 2007 2009
1
k (2008 k 1)
VT 2.
2
2
k 2008 k 1 2009
2008
2009
Ch :Vi n nguyn dng ta c

1
1
1
1
n

2.
n 1
1.n
2.( n 1)
k (n k 1)
n.1
a1 1
VD3: Cho dy s a1; a2 ; ; an tha mn
1
an an 1 a
n 1
CMR: a12 2(n 1) an a12 3(n 1)

p dng chng minh: 110 a1000 a 2008 133
Gii
a2 2 (a1
1 2
1
) a12 2 2
a1
a1
a12 2 a2 2 a12 3
a2 2 2 a3 2 a2 2 3
an 12 2 an 2 an 12 3
a12 a2 2 an 12 2(n 1) a2 2 a3 2 an 2 a12 a2 2 an 12 3(n 1)
a12 2(n 1) an 2 a12 3(n 1) (dpcm)
AD ln lt vi n=1000 v n=2008 ta c:
29
Bt ng thc
47 1 2.999 a1000 1 3.999 55

63 1 2.2007 a2008 1 3.2007 78
110 a1000 a2008 133
2)S dng BT Cauchy

VD1: Cho 3 s a;b;c dng tha mn a+b+c=1
CMR: ab bc ca
18abc
2 abc
Gii:
AD BT Cauchy ta c
1 1 1
a b b c a c
abbcac
(a b c)( ) 3 3 6 6
9
a b c
b a c b c a
bacbca
1 1 1
9
a b c
18abc 1babc
ab bc ca 9abc
, a, b, c 0
2
2 abc
VD2: Cho a,b,c,d>0 tha mn :

1
1
1
1
3 (1)
1 a 1 b 1 c 1 d
CMR:
abcd
1
81
Gii
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 a
1 b
1 c
1 d
cs
1
b
c
d
bcd
33
1 a 1 b 1 c 1 d
(1 b)(1 c)(1 d )
(1)
1
acd
33
1 b
(1 a )(1 c)(1 d )
Tng t
1
abd
33
1 c
(1 a )(1 b)(1 d )
1
abc
33
1 d
(1 a )(1 b )(1 c)
Nhn tng v bn bt ng thc trn ta c
30
Bt ng thc
1
abcd
81
(1 a )(1 b)(1 c)(1 d )
(1 a )(1 b )(1 c)(1 d )
1
abcd
81
*M rng VD2
Cho n s nguyn dng xi (i 1, n ) tha mn:
CMR x1 x2 xn
1
1
1

n 1
1 x1 1 x2
1 xn
1
(n 1)n
Gii
Thy vy:
p dng gi thit:
x
x
x
1
2 3 ... n
1 x1 1 x2 1 x3
1 xn
x2
x
x
, 3 ,..., n ta c:
1 x 2 1 x3
1 xn
x2
x
x
x2 x3 ...x n
3 ... n ( n 1) n1
1 x2 1 x3
1 xn
(1 x 2 )(1 x3 )...(1 x n )
t A (1 x1 )(1 x2 )...(1 x n )
B x1 x 2 ...x n
Ta c:
B(1 x1 )
1
(n 1)n 1
1 x1
Ax1
Tng t:
B (1 x 2 )
1
( n 1) n 1
1 x2
Ax 2
B(1 x n )
1
(n 1)n1
1 xn
Axn
Nhn tng v n bt ng thc cng chiu,cng dng ta c:

1
B
1
( n 1) n
B
pcm.
A
A
(n 2) n
a
b
c
d
VD3: Cho a, b, c 0,1.CMR: S
3
bcd 1 acd 1 abd 1 abc 1
Gii
abc 1 abcd 1
bcd 1 abcd 1
v a, b, c 0,1 nn
cda 1 abcd 1
dab 1 abcd 1
31
Bt ng thc
bcd abcd
cda abcd
du bng (1) xy ra
dab abcd
abc abcd
abcd
3
abcd 1
V a, b, c 0,1 nn (a 1)(1 b) 0 a b 1 ab
(c 1)(1 d ) 0 c d 1 cd
(ab 1)(1 cd ) 0 ab cd 1 abcd
chng minh S 3 ta a v chng minh
a b c d 2 ab cd 3 abcd
a b c d 3 abcd
2
1
abcd 1
abcd 1
abcd 1
3
bcd abcd
cda abcd
dab abcd
abc abcd
Du bng xy ra
(a 1)(1 b) 0
(c 1)(1 d ) 0
(ab 1)(1 cd ) 0
abcd 0
trong 4 s a,b,c,d c 3 s bng 1,mt s bng 0

n 1 1
1
1
V d 4: Chng minh rng: n1
2 2 ... 2
2
1
2
n
Li gii:
1
1
1
1
1
1
2 ... 2 2
...
2
2.3
(n 1)n
1
2
n
1
1 1
1
1
1 ...
2 3
n n 1
Ta c
3
1

2 n 1
n 1
n
2
n 1
n 1
n 1
n 1
(n 1)n 1
n
1 1 ... 1
2 n1 n 1
2
2
Mt khc
n 1
n 1
n 1
2
Vy ta c pcm.
*M rng:
Nu a1 , a 2 ,..., a n 0,1 ta c bt ng thc sau:
32
Bt ng thc
an
a1
a2
...
n 1
a 2 a3 ...a n 1 a3 a 4 ..a n a1 1
a1 a2 ...a n1 1
Vi
3.Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: CMR: 1
1
1
1 5
3 ... 3
3
4
2
3
n
HD:
1
1
1 1
1 1 1
2
1
(

)
3
(n 1)n(n 1) 2 (n 1)n n(n 1) 2 n 1 n n 1
n
Bi 2: Cho a,b,c,d l cc s dng.

Cmr:
2a b c 2b c d 2c d a 2 d a b
6
abc
bcd
cd a
d ab
(1)
HD:
a
b
c
d
2
abc bcd cd a d ab
a
a
a
p dng:
abcd abc ac
b
b
b
abcd abc ac
c
c
c
abcd abc ac
d
d
d
abcd abc ac
(1) 1
Bi 4: Nu cc s t nhin a,b,c tha mn iu kin: a n b n c n

Th ta c: min( a, b) n, n 0
HD:
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s: a b
V a n b n c n b n (a, b, c 0)
cn bn c b c b 1
c n (b 1) n b n nb n 1 ... nb 1
c n b n nb n1
a n b n b n nb n 1 a n nb n1 na n 1 (a b)
a n min( a, b) n, n 0
Bi 5: Cho a, b, c 1,2 , a b c 0 .Cmr: a 2 b 2 c 2 6

HD:
a 1,2 a 2 a 2 .
Tng t: b 2 b 2 v c 2 c 2 a 2 b 2 c 2 6
Tng qut: a1 , a 2 ,..., a n 1,2 v a1 a 2 ... a n 0
Chng minh: a12 a 2 2 ... a n 2 2n
Bi 6: Cho a, b, c 1 .Cmr:
1
1
1
3
(1)
ab a 1 bc b 1 ca c 1 2 abc
33
Bt ng thc
HD:
1 1
4

, x, y 0
x y x y
1
1
4
Ta c:
ab a 1 bc b 1 ab bc a b 2
p dng:
1
1
4
ca c 1 2 abc abc ac c 3
1
1
1
1
4
4
ab a 1 bc b 1 ca c 1 2 abc ab bc a b 2 abc ca c 3
16
abc ab bc ca a b c 8
16
4
cm (1) ta phi cm:
abc ab bc ca a b c 8 2 abc
4(2 abc) abc ab bc ca a b c 8
3abc (ab bc ca a b c) 3 0
ab(c 1) bc(a 1) ca(b 1) a 1 b 1 c 1 0
(ab 1)(a 1) (bc 1)(a 1) (ca 1)(b 1) 0 lun ng
Bi 7:
Cho a, b, c 0,1.CMR:
a, 3 a 3b 2 b 3 c 2 c 3 a 2 2(a 3 b 3 c 3 ) (1)
b, 2( x 3 y 3 z 3 ) ( x 2 y y 2 z z 2 x) 3 vi x, y, z 0,1 (2)
HD:
3 a 3 b 2 b 3 c 2 c 3 a 2 2 (a 3 b 3 c 3 )
2( a 3 b 3 c 3 ) a 3 b 2 b 3 c 2 c 3 a 2 3
Ta c: (1 a 3 )(1 b 2 ) 0a, b 0,1
1 b 2 a 3 a 3b 2 0 1 b 2 a 3 a 3 b 2
Tng t: 1 c 2 b 3 b 3 c 2
1 a 2 c 3 c3a 2
a 3 b 3 c 3 (a 3b 2 b 3 c 2 c 3 a 2 ) 3 (a 2 b 2 c 2 )
2 (a 3 b 3 c 3 ) a 3 b 2 b 3 c 2 c 3 a 2 ( a 3 b 3 c 3 ) ( a 2 b 2 c 2 ) 3
Ta cn chng minh: a 3 b 3 c 3 (a 2 b 2 c 2 ) 3 3
a 3 b 3 c 3 ( a 2 b 2 c 2 ) 0, a , b, c 0,1 pcm.
b, Tng t
Tng qut: a, b, c 0,1 , n 1
i, 3 a n b n1 b n c n 1 c n b n 1 2(a n b n c n )
ii, n (a13 a 2 2 a 2 3 a 3 2 ... a n13 a n 2 a n 3 a1 2 ) 2(a13 a 2 3 ... a n 3 )
iii, n a1 n a 2 n1 a 2 n a3 n 1 ... a n 2 n a n1 n1 a n 1 n a n n 1 a n n a1 n1 2(a1 n a 2 n ... a n n )
Bi 8: Cho a,b,c>0 v ab bc ca abc
34
Bt ng thc
CMR:
b 2 2a 2
c 2 2b 2
a 2 2c 2
3 (1)
ab
bc
ca
HD:
b 2 2a 2
b 2 2a 2
ab
a 2b 2
1
1
1
t x , y , z
a
b
c
1
2
2
2
a
b
x 2 2 y 2 y 2 2 z 2 z 2 2x 2 3
1 1 1 ab bc ca

1 x y z 1
a b c
abc
x y z 1
Ta c: 2
x 2 y 2 y 2 2 z 2 z 2 2 x 2 3
1
1
1
1
Bi 9: a,b,c>0.Cmr: 3 3
3
3
3
3
a b abc b c abc c a abc abc
(1)
HD:
a 3 b 3 abc (a b)(a 2 b 2 ab) abc (a b)ab abc ab(a b c)
Bi 10: Cho a,b,c>0.

Cmr: a m n b m n c m n a m b n b m c n c m a n
Gii
ma m n b m n m n m n m m n n
( a ) (b ) a m b n
mn
mb m n c m n
mc m n a m n
Tng t:
b m c n v
cman
mn
mn
(m n)(a m n b m n c m n )
a mb n b m c n c m a n
mn
Theo bt ng thc cauchy:
a m n b m n c m n a m b n b m c n c m a n
a 5 b5 c5
Bi 11: Cho a,b,c>0.Cmr: 2 2 2 a 3 b 3 c 3
b
c
a
HD
a5
b5
c5
2
3
2
3
ab
2a
,
bc
2b
,
ca 2 2c 3
2
2
2
b
c
a
V a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ca
Cng v vi v cc bt ng thc trn ta c pcm

a 5 b5 c 5
a 3 b3 c 3
bc ca ab
a5
a3
a5
a3 a3
a3
HD: 3 ab 2
3 2ab
ab
2a 2
b
b
b
b
b
b
5
3
a
a
3 2ab
2a 2
b
b
Bi 12: Cho a,b,c>0.CM:
35
Bt ng thc
Bi 13: Cho a,b,c>0.Cmr: a b c 2(
a2
b2
c2
)
bc ca ab
HD
a
abc
bc
ac
ab
bc
ac
ab
a2
b2
c2
VT 2 (
)(2a 2b 2c) pcm

bc ca ab
Bi 14: Cho a,b,c>0 v a 2 b 2 c 2 1

1
a
1
b
1
c
Cmr: ( ) (a b c) 2 3
HD:
1
4 3
a
2 3a 2
a
3
Tng qut: mi cp s dng a,b v b s dng xk vi tng:
Xt ( 3 x 1) 2 (2 3 x 3) 0, x suy ra
n
xk 1 ta u c: a(
k 1
k 1
n
1
) ( x k ) ( a b) n
xk
k 1
Bi 15: Cho a,b,c>0 v
a b c 1 .Cmr:
1 a 1 b 1 c
b a b
2( )
1 a 1 b 1 c
a b c
HD:
1 a 1 b 1 c
2a
2b
2c
a b c
2( )
1 a 1 b 1 c
1 a 1 b 1 c
b c a
1
1
1
1
1
1
2a (
) 2b(
) 2c (
)3
c 1 a
a 1 b
b 1 a
Ta c:
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
a(
) b(
) c(
)
c bc
a ca
b ab
2
ab
bc
ca
3
c (b c ) a (c a ) b ( a b ) 2
Bi 16:
Cho u1 , u 2 ,..., u n l dy s nguyn dng tng thc s:
Cmr:
u 2 u1
u1
u3 u2
u2
...
u n u n 1
u n1
u1 u n
un
Gii
C 2 kh nng xy ra:
36
1 1
1
1
.. 2
2
2 3
n 1 n
Bt ng thc
+ Nu u n n 2 khi
Tht vy: (1)
u i u i 1
ui
u i u i 1
, i 2,3,.., n (1)
ui
ui ui 1 ui u i 1
u i u i 1 (u i u i 1 ) 2
(u i u i 1 )(1 u i u i 1 ) 0
Do ui 1 u i , ui l s nguyn dng i 1,2,.., n ui ui 1 1 (1) ng.

Ta thy ui u i 1 l 1 s nguyn dng nn t (1) ta c:
u i u i 1
ui
u i u i 1 1
1
...
ui
u
u
i i
ui ui 1
R rng:
1
1
1
1
1
1
...
...
(2)
u
u
u i 1 1 u i 1 2
u i 1 u i
i i
ui ui 1
Cng tng v ca n-1 bt ng thc dng (2) ta c

VT
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
...
... ...
... (3)
u 1 u1 2
u2 u2 1 u 2 2
u3
u 1 1 u n 1 2
u
1
n
n
u 2 u1
u3 u 2
u n u n 1
Nhn xt: u1 1 ... u 2 u 2 1 ... u 3 ... u n 1 1 ... u n l mt dy cc s t

nhin tng dn gm u n u1 s.Do u n u1 u n n 2
1 1
1
1 1
1
1
1 ... 2
2
2
2 3
2 3
n
n 1 n
2, Trong cc s u1 , u 2 ,..., u n c s ln hn n
Vy t (3) suy ra VT ...
nu u i n 2 th
u i u i 1
ui
Nh vy mi phn s dng
y <
ui
ui
1
ui
u i u i 1
ui
1
n
m mu s ui n 2 th theo trn phn thc
1
n
Do cc phn s c dng nh vy (r rng s phn s y ti a l n-1) c tng

n 1
1 1
1
1 .Tng cn li theo phn trc < ... 2
n
2 3
n
1 1
1
1
VT 1 ... 2
2
2 3
n 1 n
<
(3).
Nhn xt: u1 1 ... u 2 u 2 1
PHNG PHP 5: Phng php phn chng
37
Bt ng thc
1.C s l thuyt: Mun chng minh bt ng thc
A B ng ta gi s
A B sai ngha l A B ng.Bng lp lun chnh xc ta suy ra mu thun.
2.Mt s v d minh ha:

x 3 y 9
VD1: CMR h
3 x y 6
v nghim.
Gii
x 3 y 9
Gi s h cho c nghim ( x0 , y 0 ) .Khi 0 0
(1)
3 x0 y 0 6 (2)
3 x 0
x0 0
T (1) x 0 y 0 0 (3 x0 ) y 0 0 .Kt hp vi (2) suy ra 0
y0 0
y0 0
p dng bt ng thc csi cho 4 s dng x 0 , x0 , x0 , y 0
Ta c:
3 x0 y 0 x0 x0 x0 y 0 4 4 x0 y 0
6 4 3 .V l.
Vy iu gi s l sai pcm.
6 44 9
VD2:Cho a,b,c,d>0.Cmr 3 bt ng thc sau khng th cng ng:

a b c d ; ( a b)(c d ) ab cd ; (a b)cd (c d )ab
Gii
Gi s c 3 bt ng thc trn cng ng.Tc l:
A cd ab 0
B ab cd (a b)(c d ) ab cd ac ad bc bd 0
C (c d )ab (a b)cd abc bcd acd bcd 0
Xt a thc: f ( x) ( x a)( x b)( x c)( x d )
Ta thy f(x) lun c 2 nghim dng l a,b (*)

Mt khc:
f ( x) x 4 ( c d a b) x 3 (cd ab ac ad bc bd ) x 2 ( abc bcd acd bcd ) x abcd
x 4 Ax 3 Bx 2 Cx abcd .
T : f(x) l a thc vi cc h s dng (do A,B,C>0 va a,b,c,d>0)

nn f(x) khng th c nghim dng c. Mu thun vi (*).
Vy iu gi s sai. pcm.
ax 2 by c y
VD3: Cho h bt phng trnh: ay 2 bz c z vi a 0 v (b 1) 2 4ac 0

2
az bx c x
Chng minh rng h cho v nghim.

Gii:
38
Bt ng thc
ax0 2 by0 c y 0
Gi s h cho c nghim ( x 0 , y 0 , z0 ) ay0 2 bz 0 c z 0

2
az 0 bx0 c x0
2
2
2
ax0 (b 1) x0 c ay 0 (b 1) y 0 c az 0 (b 1) z 0 c 0 (*)
Xt tam thc bc hai: f (t ) aX 2 (b 1) X c (a 0)

C (b 1) 2 4ac 0 (theo gi thit)
Theo nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai af (t ) 0, t
af ( x 0 ) 0
af ( y 0 0 (**)
af ( z ) 0
0
T (*) f ( x 0 ) f ( y0 ) f ( z 0 ) 0 .iu ny mu thun vi (**)
VD4: Cho f ( x) x n a n1 x n1 a n 2 x n 2 ... a1 x a 0 .
Trong ai 1, i 0,1,2,..., n 1 .Gi s a thc c n nghim.Cm n 3
Gii
Gi s phn chng: n 3 (*)
Gi n nghim ca a thc f(x) l: x1 , x 2 ,..., x n
Ta vit f ( x) ( x x1 )( x x 2 )...( x x n )
x n ( x1 x 2 ... x n ) x n1 ( x1 x2 x2 x3 ... x n1 xn ) x n 2 .... x1 x 2 ...xn
a n 1 ( x1 x 2 ... xn ) x1 x2 ... xn 1
a n 2 x1 x 2 x 2 x3 ... xn 1 x n 1
n
Ta c:
2
i
i 1
( xi ) 2 2 xi x j 1 2a vi a 1
i 1
Nu a=1 th
i , j 1
i j
2
i
1 2 1 0 .V l
i 1
Nu a=-1 th
2
i
1 2 3 (1)
i 1
Mt khc x1 x2 ...xn a0 0 (v a 0 1 0 ) xi 0, i 1,2,..., n

V xi , i 1,2,..., n l nghim ca f(x) nn:
n
n 1
n 2
n
xi a n 1 xi a n 2 xi ... a1 xi a 0 0 .Chia 2 v cho xi ta c:
1 a n 1
1
1
1
1
a n 2 2 ... a 0 n 0
, i 1,2,..., n l nghim ca a thc:
xi
xi
xi
xi
g ( x) a 0 x n a1 x n 1 ... a n1 x 1
Lp lun tng t nh trn ta c:
39
Bt ng thc
a
1
1
1
...
2 1
x1 x 2 x 2 x3
xn 1 x n
a0
a
1
1
1
1
1
1
... ) 1 1
...
1
x1 x 2
xn
a0
x1 x 2
xn
x
i 1
(2)
T (1) v (2)
3 ( x i )(
i 1
i 1
1
)n 2
2
xi
n 3 .Mu thun vi (*)
VD5: Chng minh rng h phng trnh sau v nghim:
x 2 xy y 2 25
2
2
y yz z 49
2
2
z zx x 121
x, y , z 0
Gii:
x0 2 x0 y 0 y 0 2 25 (1)
2
2
y y 0 z 0 z 0 49 (2)
Gi s h cho c nghim ( x 0 , y 0 , z0 ) 02
2
z 0 z 0 x 0 x0 121 (3)
x0 , y 0 , z 0 0
T (1) 25 x0 2 x0 y 0 y 0 2 ( x0 y 0 ) 2 x 0 y 0 5 (do x 0 , y 0 0 )
Tng t t (2) y0 z 0 7
(3) z 0 x0 11
y
2
Ta c 25 x 2 xy y 2 ( x ) 2
3y 2
y
(x ) 2
4
2
0 x
y
5
2
y
7
2
0 x y z 12 .Tng t 0 x y z 18
0 x y z 16
Tm li 0 x y z 12
x y 5
0 x 7
y z 7
Ta c h:
0 z 5
z
11
0 y 1
0 x y z 12
Tng t t (2) 0 z
Suy ra: 121 x 2 xz z 2 7 2 5 2 7.5 109 .V l.Vy iu gi s l sai

pcm.
40
Bt ng thc
VD5: Cho a,b,c,d tha mn ab 2(b c d ) c(a b) .Chng minh trong 3 bt

phng trnh di y t nht mt bt phng trnh c nghim:
x 2 ax b 0, x 2 bx c 0, x 2 cx d 0
Gii
Gi s c 3 bt phng trnh trn u v nghim.Tc l:
x 2 ax b 0 (1)
2
x bx c 0 (2) x
2
x cx d 0 (3)
a 2 4b 0
Theo nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai ta c: b 2 4c 0

c 2 4d 0
a 2 b 2 c 2 4(b c d ) 0
T ab 2(b c d ) c(a b) 2(b c d ) c(a b) ab
T ta c: a 2 b 2 c 2 2c(a b) 2ab 0
( a b) 2 c 2 2c( a b) 0 ( a b c) 2 0 . V l
b 2 4ac Vy iu gi s l sai. pcm
3.Bi tp p dng
x3 y 9
v nghim.
3 x y 6
Bi 1: Cmr h
HD:
x 3 y 9
Gi s h cho c nghim ( x0 , y 0 ) .Khi 0 0
(1)
3 x0 y 0 6 (2)
3 x 0
x 0
T (1) x 0 y 0 0 (3x0 ) y 0 0 .Kt hp vi (2) suy ra 0

0
y
0
0
y0 0
p dng bt ng thc csi cho 4 s dng x 0 , x0 , x0 , y 0
Ta c:
3 x0 y 0 x0 x0 x0 y 0 4 4 x0 y 0
64 3.
a b c 0
Bi 2: Cho a,b,c tha mn: ab bc ca 0 .Cm: a,b,c>0
abc 0
6 44 9
Bi 3: Cmr trong 3 bt ng thc sau c t nht mt bt ng thc ng:

2( a 2 b 2 ) (b c) 2 ,2(b 2 c 2 ) (c a ) 2 ,2(c 2 a 2 ) ( a b) 2
Bi 4: Cho a,b,c >0 v abc=1.Cmr a b c 3
41
Bt ng thc
abc 0
Bi 5: Cho a, b, c 0 tha mn ab bc ca 0 .Cmr: a,b,c<0

1
1
1

0
ab bc ca
Bi 6: Cho a+b+c>0.Cmr trong 3 bt ng thc sau c mt bt ng thc ng:

a 3 abc 1, b 3 abc 1, c 3 abc 1
PHNG PHP 6: Phng php hnh hc

I. Phng php vecto
Mt s bt ng thc c th c chng minh bng cc tnh cht ca vecto.
Trong mt phng oxy cho 2 vecto a ( a 1 , a 2 ); b ( b1 , b 2 ) th ta c:
)
a a12 a22

)
a b (a1 b1 , a 2 b2 )
)
ab a1b1 a2 b2

)
ab a b cos(a, b ) ab a b
2
(a ) 2 a

ab a b
u1 (a1 , b1 ); u 2 (a 2 , b2 )....u n (an , bn ) th c :
Chng minh rng:
V d 1:
x 2 x 7 x 2 x 1 13
HD:
2
2
1 2 3 3
1
3
VT ( x )
x
2
2
2
t:

1 3 3
;
u x ,
2
2

u v (1, 2 3 )
1
3
v x,
2
2
Ta c:

u v u v x2 x 7 x2 x 1 13
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi: u v v cng hng
42
ui
i 1
i 1
Bt ng thc
1
3 3
2 2 x1
1
4
3
x
2
2
Cho x,y,z>0 v x y z 1. Cmr:
x
V d 2:
x2
HD:
1
1
1
y2 2 z2 2 82
2
x
y
z
1
1
a (x, ); b ( y, );
x
y
Xet
1
c ( z, )
z
Ta c:

a b c ab c
1 1 1
1
1
1
x 2 y 2 2 z 2 2 ( x y z ) 2
x
y
z
x y z
2
1 1 1
VT 81( x y z ) 80( x y z ) 2
x y z
2
cos i
V d 3:
1 1 1
2.9( x y z ) 80( x y z ) 2
z y z
2.9.9 80 82
y
z
x
1 1 1
y
z
x
1
x, y , z 0 x y z
Du = xy ra
3
x y z 1
x y z
Chng minh rng:
a , b , c R c : abc ( a b c ) a 4 b 4 c 4
HD:
(a) a 2bc ab2 c abc2 a 4 b 4 c 4

Xt :
43
(a)
Bt ng thc
u (ab, bc, ca) ; v (ca, ab, bc)
u a 2b 2 b 2 c 2 a 2 c 2 ; v c 2 a 2 a 2 b 2 b 2 c 2 u

Do u v u v u v u v abc(a b c) a 2b2 b 2c 2 c 2 a 2 (1)
Xt (1):
u1 (a 2 , b 2 , c 2 ); v1 (b 2 , c 2 , a 2 )

u1v1 u1 v1 a 2 b 2 b 2 c 2 c 2 a 2 a 4 b 4 c 4
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta c pcm
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi a=b=c.
V d 4: Cho ABC . Cmr:
A
bc cos A ca cos B ab cos C
abc
e1
2
Gii
AB
e1
AB
BC
e2
BC
e3
CA
e3
CA
e1 e2 e3 1
Ta c:
( a e2
b e 3 c e1 ) 2 0

a b c 2( ab e 2 e 3 bc e 3 e 1
a b c - 2( ab cosC
ab cos C

ca e 1 e 2 ) 0
bc cosA
bc cos A
e2
ca cos B
ca cosB) 0
abc
2
V d 5: Cho ABC v xyz>0. Chng minh rng:
HD:
1
1
1
x2 y2 z2
cos A cos B cos C
x
y
z
2 xyz
Gi O l tm ng trn ni tip ABC
M, N, P ln lt l hnh chiu ca O ln BC, CA, AB.

OM=ON=OP=r
A
P
N
44
C
M
(pcmd)
Bt ng thc
O
B
( xOM yON z OP) 2 0

(x 2 y 2 z 2 )r 2 2 xy.OM .ON 2 yz.ON .OP 2 zx.OP.OM 0
( x 2 y 2 z 2 )r 2 2r 2 [ xy cos C yz cos A zx cos B] 0
1
xy cos C yz cos A zx cos B ( x 2 y 2 z 2 )
2
2
1
1
1
x y2 z2
cos A cos B cos C
x
y
z
2 xyz
Ta c:
Du = xy ra xOM yON z OP 0
V d 6:
cho: x 2 y 2 1. Cmr:
3 x 2 2 xy 3 y 2 2
HD:
Xt:
u ( 3 , 1);

uv u v
v ( x 2 y 2 , 2 xy ) . Ta c:
3 ( x 2 y 2 ) 2 xy 2( x 2 y 2 )
3 x 2 2 xy 3 y 2 2
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi u v v cng hng
3 1
x2 y2
x
2
2 xy
x 2 y 2 1
3 3
y
4
V d 7: Gii h phng trnh:
Gii:
Ta c:
1999
2000
xi 1 1999
1999
i 1
1999
2000
1 xi 1999

1999
i 1
Xt ui ( 1 xi , 1 xi ) ; i 1, 1999
45
Bt ng thc
1999
1999
i 1
i 1
1999
1999
1999 2 ( 1 xi ) 2 ( 1 xi ) 2
i 1
i 1
1999 2 2.1999.2000
(v l)
Vy h phng trnh v nghim.
Bi tp ngh:
Bi 1: Cho 2x-y=2. Cmr:
x 2 ( y 1) 2 x 2 ( y 3) 2 2 5
Bi 2: Cho 4 s dng phn bit a, b, c, d. Chng minh rng ta c:

( a x ) 2 b 2 (c x ) 2 d 2 ( a c ) 2 ( b d ) 2
Bi 3. Cmr:
(a b)(1 ab)
1
2
2
(1 a )(1 b ) 2
Bi 4: Cho t din ABCD vung nh A. Cmr vi mi im M ta c:

3MA MB MC MD AB AC AD
Bi 5: Cmr:
4 cos 2 x. cos 2 y sin 2 ( x y ) 4 sin 2 x. sin 2 y sin 2 ( x y ) 2
Bi 6: Cho ABC , chng minh rng:

cos A cos B cos C
3
2
II. Dng hnh hc chng minh bt ng thc

Mt s nh l tnh cht c bn trong hnh hc thng dng trong chng
minh bt ng thc hnh hc
1)
nh l hm cosin trong ABC c 3 cnh a, b, c
a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc cos A
b 2 c 2 a 2 2ca cos B
c 2 a 2 b 2 2ab cos C
2)
Cng thc din tch

1
1
1
aha bhb chc
2
2
2
1
1
1
bc sin A ca sin B ab sin C
2
2
2
pr
abc
4R
3) Vi 3 im A,B,C trong mt phng th:
46
AB AC BC
Bt ng thc
4)
Cho H l hnh kn c din tch S. C H i (i 1, n ) l cc hnh kn c din tch

S i trong hnh H tha mn 2 hnh bt k c phn trong giao vi nhau bng rng ta
c S1 S 2 ... S n S
V d 1:
Cho a, b, c tha mn:
0ca
c( c a ) c(b c) ab
v 0 c b . Cmr:
Dng hnh v ABC c cc cnh
Gii:
AB a ;
AC b
BC a c b c
ng cao AH c
Ta c:
S ABH S AHC S ABC
ac
bc
1
1
1
c(a c)
c(b c)
ab sin A
2
2
2
c(a c) c(b c) ab
Du = xy ra sin A 1 A
2
V d 2:
Cho a, b, c [0,2] chng minh:
a(2 b) b(2 c) c(2 a) 4
Gii:
Xt ABC u c cnh bng 2.
Ly M, N, P ln lt trn cc cnh:
Ab, BC, CA sao cho BM=a, Cn=b, Ap=c
Khi :
a
B
C
N
S AMP S BMN S CPN S ABC

1
1
1
1
AM.AP.sin A BM.BN.sin B CN.CP.sin C AB.BC.sin

2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
a(2 b)
b(2 c)
c(2 a)
.4
4
4
4
4
a(2 b) b(2 c) c(2 a) 4
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi c 1 s bng 2, mt s bng 0 v 1 s ty

[0,2]
V d 3:
Cho x, y, z ty . Cmr:
x 2 xy y 2 x 2 xz z 2 y 2 yz z 2
Gii:
47
(1)
Bt ng thc
2
y 3
(1) x
2 2
z 3
y x
2 2
3
y z 3
z
y
z
2
2 2 2
Trong mt phng oxy xt:

2
y 3
AB x
2 2
2
3
y z 3
BC
y
z
2
2 2 2
2
z 3
CA x
z
2 2
Ta c : AB AC BC
( pcm)
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi A, B, C thng hang v A gia B v

C. xy yz zx 0
V d 4:
Cho a, b, c, d [0,1] chng minh rng:
a2006 b2006 c2006 d 2006 2 a2006b b2006c c2006d d 2006a

Gii:
Vi
a, b, c, d [0,1]
a 2006b 2006 b2006c 2006 c 2006d 2006 d 2006a 2006 a 2006b b2006c c2006d d 2006a
v a2006, b2006, c 2006, d 2006 [0,1]
Xt hnh vung ABCD c di cc cnh bng 1.
Ly M, N, P, Q ln lt trn AB, BC, CD, DA sao cho: M
A
BM a 2006 ; CN b 2006
DP c 2006 ;
Khi
AQ d 2006
N
Q
S BMN SCNP S DPQ S AQM S ABCD
1 2006
a (1 b2006 ) b 2006(1 c 2006) c 2006(1 d 2006 ) d 2006(1 a 2006 ) 1
2
a 2006 b2006 c 2006 d 2006 2 a 2006b 2006 b2006c 2006 c 2006d 2006 d 2006a 2006
2 a 2006b b 2006c c 2006d d 2006a
Du = xy ra khi v ch khio c 2 s bng 0 v 2 s bng 1.

Tng qut: Cho a, b, c, d [0,1] chng minh n 1 th:
48
Bt ng thc
a bn c n d n 2 a nb b nc c n d d n a
V d 5:
x 2 6 x 34 x 2 6 x 10 4
B
Cmr:
HD:
( x 3) 2 25 ( x 3) 2 1 4
(1)
x 3 Vt 4
(1)
x 3
)
x 3 . Ta dng ABC vung ti A v c:
AB x 3 ; AC 5; D AC ; AD 1;
VT BC BD CD 4
x 6 x 34 x 6 x 10 4
C
D
V d 6:
Cho a,b,c >0. CMR:
a 2 2 ab b 2 b 2 3bc c 2 a 2
2 3 ac c 2
HD:
Dng cc on OA, OB, OC sao cho
OA=a; OB=b; OC=c tha mn:
???????????
Ta c:
cos 75 0 cos(45 0 30 0 )
1 3 1
2 2
2 3
2
p dng nh l cosin trong OAB; OBC; OAC Ta c:

AB a 2 b 2 2 ab
BC b 2 c 2 3bc
CA c 2 a 2 2 3 ac
m
AB BC AC pcm
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi A, B, C thng hang theo th t .

Khi :
A
S OAB S OBC S OAC
ab 2 bc 1
ac 2 3
ac sin 75 0
4
4 2
4
ac 2 3
b
a 2 c
B
c
49
C
Bt ng thc
V d 7:
CM vi 0 x
th sinx<x
2
HD:
V ng trn n v.
Gi x l s o cung AC th sinx=AB
AB<AC(ng vung gc ngn hn ng xin)
Hnh trn l hnh n v,
do x l s o cung AC cng
l s o di cung AC.
Ta bit AB<AC< di cung AC=x nn sinx<x.
V d 8:
CMR:
( a 2 b 2 )(c 2 d 2 ) ( ac bd ) y2
Q(c,d)
HD:
Trn mt phng oxy ly P(a,b); Q(c,d)
Gi l gc gia OP v OQ th
OP 2 a 2 b 2
2
OQ c d
P(a,b)
PQ 2 OP 2 OQ 2 2.OP.OQ. cos
M : PQ 2 (a c) 2 (b d ) 2
O
OP 2 OQ 2 PQ 2 a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 [(a c) 2 (b d ) 2 ]
cos
2.OP.OQ
2 a2 b2 c2 d 2
ac bd
(a 2 b 2 )(c 2 d 2 )
cos 1 (ac bd ) 2 (a 2 b 2 )(c 2 d 2 )
Du = xy ra cos 1
a b
c d
V d 9:
Cho n s thc a1;;an. CMR:
n
i 1
a i2 (1 a i 1 ) 2
n 2
2
vi ai+1=a1
A6
HD:
TH1: Xt n chn
Xy dng cc on
A1A2=A2A3==AnAn+1=An+1An+2=1
Trn AiAi+1 (i=1,,n+1) ly Bi
A4
A5
B4
A2
B2
50B1
A1
Bt ng thc
sao cho BiAi+1=ai

Trn An+1An+2 ly B n+1
sao cho Bn+1An+2=a n+1=a1
Khi :
Bi nm di v bn tri Ai+1; ai>0
Bi nm trn v bn phi Ai+1; ai<0
(hnh bn 0<a1;a2<1;a3>1;a4<0)
Theo cch xc nh ta c:
Bi 1 Ai 1 1 ai 1
Bi Bi1 Bi Ai21 Bi 1 Ai2 a i2 (1 a i 1 ) 2
T v tri ca bddt cho l di ca ng gp khc B1B2;;BnBn+1

Do n chn nn B1C A2 A3 A4 A5 ... An An 1
n
2
CBn1 A1 A2 A3 A4 ... An1 An
Vy tam gic vung B1CBn+1 c: B1 Bn 1
n
2
n 2
2
di ng gp khc ni B1;; Bn+1 khng nh hn B1Bn+1 (pcm)

TH2: n l
t an+1=a1 ; an+2=a2 ;; a2n=a n
p dng TH1 ta c:
2n
a i2 (1 a i 1 ) 2
i 1
Hay 2( ai2 (1 ai1 ) 2 )
2n 2
vi a2n+1=a1
2
2n 2
pcm
2
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi Bi(i=1,,n+1)

a1 a 3 ... a n1 a
a 2 a 4 ... a n 1 a
a a ... a
1
2
n
(n 2k)
vi k l s nguyn
(n 2k 1)
ty .
Bi tp ngh:
Bi 1:
Cho a, b, c, d [0, 1] Cmr:

a (1 b) b(1 c) c(1 d ) d (1 a ) 2
HD: Xt hnh vung ABCD cnh 1. Trn Ab, BC, CD, DA ln lt ly M, N,

P, Q sao cho BM=a; CN=b; DP=c; AQ=d
Th: S AMQ S BNC S CNP S DPQ S ABCD
Bi 2:
cho a, b, c tha mn: a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 5 Cmr:
5 a 2b 5 c 2 d 5 ac bd
51
3 20
2
(1)
Bt ng thc
HD:
(a 1) 2 (b 2) 2
(c 1) 2 (d 2) 2
(a c) 2 (b d ) 2 3 30
2
2
2
2
(1)
MP NP MN 3 15
Chu vi MNP 3 15
Vi M(a,b); N(c,d) P(1, 2) cng thuc (0, 5 )

Bi 3: CMR:
n 2 1 n 2 2 ... n 2 (n 1) 2
n 2
4
n 2
HD: V ng trn n v (O,1)

Chia OB thnh n phn bng nhau OB1 B1 B2 ... Bn1 Bn
Dng (n-1) hnh ch nht t B1; B2; ; Bn c cnh bng
1
n
C cnh Bi Bi'
S l tng din tch ca (n-1) hnh ch nht th S< SqutAOB=
Bi 4: Cho x, y, z ty Cmr
x 2 xy y 2 x 2 xz z 2
y 2 yz z 2
HD: Xt
A( x
Do
y 3
3
3
y z
;
z );
B(0;
y
z ); C ( ;0)
2 2
2
2
2 2
AB AC BC pcm
Bi 5: Cho x+2y+3z=2. Chng minh rng

1 x 2 2 1 y 2 3 1 z 2 2 10
HD:
Xt A(1, x); B(3, x+2y); C(6, x+2y+3z) th iu phi chng minh tng
ng vi OA AB BC OC
III. Dng biu din min nghim cminh bt ng

thc
V d 1:
(a 1) 2 (b 1) 2 1
2
c d 2 36 12(c d )
( 2 1) 6 (a c) 2 (b d ) 2 ( 2 1) 6
Cho a, b, c, d tha mn:
HD:
(a 1) 2 (b 1) 2 1
(*)
(c 6) 2 (d 6) 2 36
Xt M(a, b) thuc ng trn O1(1, 1) bn knh R1=1

N(c, d) thuc ng trn O2(6, 6) bn knh R2=6
52
N2
(*)
CMR:
Bt ng thc
(pcm) ( 2 1) 3 (a c) 2 (b d ) 2 ( 2 1) 3
5 2 7 MN 5 2 7
Ta c O; O1 ; O2 thng hng v O1O2 5 2
Ni O; O1 ; O2 ct (O1 ) ln lt ti M1; M2 v ct (O 2 ) ln lt tai N 1; N2
M 2 N 1 MN O1O2 R1 R2
O1O2 R1 R2 MN O1O2 R1 R2
(1)
( 2)
5 2 7 MN 5 2 7
Du = xy ra
2 2
a b
)bdt (1) M M 2 ; N N 1
2
c d 6 3 2
2 2
a b
)bdt (2) M M 1 ; N N 2
2
c d 6 3 2
V d 2:
2 x y 2
Cho x, y R tha mn: x 3 y 9
x 0; y 0
35
x 2 y 2 4 x 8 y 59
2
(*) . CMR:
(1)
HD:
Trn mt phng oxy ly A(1, 0); B(0, 2); C(0, 3); D(9, 0); O1(2, 4)
Tp hp im M(x, y) tha mn (*) l t gic ABCD
y
O1
4
D
C
53
D
Bt ng thc
5
( x 2) 2 ( y 4) 2 79
2
10
O1 M 79
2
(1)
O1 M O1 H vi O1 H CD O1 M
10
2
3 5
2 2
O1 M O1 D 79. C " " M O M (9,0)
Du = xy ra M H M ,
V d 3:
Cmr:
17 cos 2 2 cos 3 cos 2 4 cos 6 2 11
HD:
Trn mt phng oxy ly im:
M 0 ( 2 ,0); M 1 ( 2 ,2); N ' (2 2 ,1 cos )
N (2 2 ,3); M ( 2 ,1 cos )
0 1 cos 2
M chy trn on thng M0M1
54
(*)
Bt ng thc
N
M1
2
1 cos
N
M
M0
2 2
(*) 17 (1 cos ) 2 2 (2 cos ) 2 2 2 11

NN ' 2 cos
(1)
17 (1 cos ) 2 2 (2 cos ) 2 2 2 11
OM MN ON 17
OM MN maxOM 0 M 0 N ; OM 1 M 1 N MAX
11; 6 3 2 11
PCM
(1) M ON M 1 M 0 cos
1
2
(2) M M 0 cos 1
Bi tp ngh
Bi 1: Cho:
a 2 b 2 2a 2b 1 0
2
c d 2 17 6(c d )
CMR:
4 2 2 (a c) 2 (b d ) 2 4 2 2
2
HD:
(*)
(a 1) (b 1) 1
(*)
(c 3) 2 (d 3) 2 1
M(a, b) thuc ng trn tm I(-1, -1) bn knh r=1

N(c, d) thuc ng trn tam J(3, 3) bn knh R=1
(1) 4 2 2 MN 4 2 2
Bi 2:
Cho a 2 b 2 2a 4b 1 (*) CMR:

1 2 2 a b 1 2 2
55
(1)
Bt ng thc
HD:
(*) (a 1) 2 (b 2) 2 4
M(a, b) thuc ng trn tm I(1, -2) bn knh r=2 v xt ng thng

y=a+b.
2 y x 8 0
x y 2 0
y 2x 4 0
Bi 3: Cho
16
x 2 y 2 20
5
cmr:
PHNG PHP 7: Phng php lng gic

I)
C s l thuyt

1) Nu x 1 th t x=cos , 0, hoc x=sin ,

,
2
2
2
2
2) Nu x R hoc trong bt ng thc c cha R x th t
x R cos , 0,
x R sin , ,
2 2
1
3
3) Nu x 1 th t x
, 0, ,
cos
2
2
4) Nu x R >0 hoc bi ton c cha biu thc x 2 R 2 th t
R
3
x cos , 0, 2 , 2
R
x sin , 0,
x R cos
( R 0), 0,2
y R sin
5) Nu x 2 y 2 R 2 ( R 0) th t
x a R cos
, 0,2
y b R sin
6) Nu x a 2 y b 2 R 2 R 0 th t
x Ra cos
x2 y 2
2 R 2 a, b, R 0 th t
, 0,2
2
a
b
y Rb sin
2
2
x Ra cos
x y
2
8) Nu
0,2

R a, b, R 0 th t
a b
y Rb sin
7) Nu
9) Nu
10)
x Ra cos
x2 y 2
2 1a, b 0 th t
0 R 1, 0,2
2
a
b
y Rb sin
Nu trong bi ton xut hin biu thc x2+R2 th t

x R tan , ,
2 2
56
Bt ng thc
Nu trong bi ton xut hin biu thc (ax)2+b2 (a,b>0) t t
11)
x
b

tan , ,
a
2 2
12)
Nu trong bi ton ch xut hin x khng rng buc iu kin th ta

,
2 2
cng c khi t x tan ,

13)
Nu trong bi ton xut hin mt hay nhiu biu thc dng

a b a b 2a 1 a 2 2a 3a a 3
,
,
,
,
,
... th t
1 ab 1 ab 1 a 2 1 a 2 1 a 2 1 3a 2

a tan , b tan , , ,
2 2
14)
Nu bi ton c gi thit a+b+c= abc th t

a tan , b tan , c tan , , , , k, k
2 2
II) Cc v d
V d 1:
Chng minh rng
1 x
2 5
x9 1x 0,1
LG:
9
Theo l thuyt ta t x cos , 0, VT sin 5 cos 2 sin 2 cos 2 1
T ta c PCM.
V d 2:
Cho
x 2 y 2 a 2 , a 0.CMR
T x 2 x 2 a 2 8 y 8 8a 2 y 2 a 4 a 7
LG:
x a cos
vi 0,2
y a sin
Do x2 + y2=a2 nn c th t
T a cos 2 a 2 cos 2 2 8a 4 sin 4 8a 4 sin 2 a 4
Khi
a 7 cos . cos 2 1 8 sin 2 cos 2
Do
a 7 cos 2 cos 2 1 8 sin 2 sin 2 1 1
cos 1, cos 2 1, 1 8 sin 2 cos 2 1

T a 7 pcm
V d 3:
57
Bt ng thc
Chng minh rng: Vi mi x 1;1 ta lun c:

a) 4 x 3 3x 1
b) 8 x 4 8 x 2 1 1
LG:
b) Theo l thuyt: t
x cos , 0; 4 x 3 3 x 4 cos 3 3 cos cos 3 1
4 x 3 3x 1
pcm
c) Tong t:
V d 4: Cho ab 0. CMR :
a 2 a 4b
2 22
a 4b 2
2
2 2 2
LG: t

a 2b tan , ,
2 2
2
a 2 a 4b
tan 2 tan 2
a 2 4b 2
1 tan 2
4tan 1 cos 2 2 sin 2 21 cos 2
2sin 2 cos 2 2
2 2 sin 2 2 2 2 2; 2 2 2
4
pcm.
V d 5:
Chng minh rng:
a 1 b 2 b 1 a 2 3 ab
1 a 1 b 2, a, b 1;1
2
LG: t
58
Bt ng thc
a cos
b cos
, 0;
1 a 1 b
a 1 b 2 b 1 a 2 3 ab
cos sin cos sin 3 cos cos sin sin

sin 3 cos
2 cos 2;2
6
pcm.
V d 6:
Chng minh rng:
1 a b 1 ab 1
2 1 a2 1 b2
2
LG: t
a tan
b tan

, ,
2 2
a b 1 ab tan tan 1 tan tan cos 2 cos 2
1 a2 1 b2
sin
cos cos sin sin cos cos

cos cos
sin cos
1
1 1
sin 2 2 ;
2
2 2
pcm.
1
4
V d 7 : CMR :
a b 1 a b 1
1 a 1 b 4
2
LG: t
59
Bt ng thc
a tan
b tan
a b 1 a b tan tan 1 tan tan

1 a 1 b
1 tan 1 tan
sin cos sin cos cos cos

, ;
2 2
cos cos 4 .
sin 2 sin 2
cos . cos 4
sin sin cos cos
1
1 1
sin 2 2 cos2 2 ;
4
4 4
pcm.
V d 8:
CMR :
x y
yz
2001 x 2 . 2001 y 2
2001 y 2 . 2001 z 2
zx
2001 z 2 . 2001 x 2
x, y, z R
LG: t
x 2001 tan
y 2001 tan
z 2001 tan

, , ;
2 2
x y
2001 x
2001 y
2001
1
2001
cos . cos tan tan

sin
Tng t ta c:
yz
2
2001 y . 2001 x
zx
1
2001
sin
sin
2001
Bt ng cn chng minh sin sin sin
2
2001 z . 2001 x
*
sin sin sin cos cos sin
sin cos cos sin
Ta c
sin sin
* ng
pcm.
60
Bt ng thc
V d 9:
Chng minh rng:
n
2 n 1 x n 1 x x 1, n , n 2
LG:
V x 1 nn t x cos 2 , 0;
n 1 x n 1 x n 2 sin 2 n 2 cos 2
2
2
n 2 sin n cos n n 2 sin 2 cos 2 n 2
T ta c pcm.
V d 10:
Cho 36x 2 + 16y2 = 9. CMR:
15
25
y 2x 5
4
4
LG: t
1
x 2 cos
y 3 sin
4
3
1
sin cos 5 3 sin 4 cos 5
4
4
m 5 3 sin 4 cos 5
y 2x 5
15 25
y 2x 5 ;
4 4
pcm.
V d 11:
Cho x, y l hai s thc tha mn 3x + 4y = 5
Chng minh rng: x 2 y 2 1
LG:
3
5
4
5
Theo gi thit ta c 3x + 4y = 5 x y 1
61
Bt ng thc
3
5 cos
3 4
Do 1 nn ta t
0; 2
5 5
4 sin
5
x cos y sin 1
2
x
2
x y
cos
x
Do 2 2
x y
x y
2
sin x
1
2
x y2
y

1
x2 y2

cos
2
x y2
0; 2 :
y
sin
2
x y2
1
cos cos sin sin
2
x y2
cos
1
2
x y
1 x2 y2 1
Vy ta c PCM.
Tng qut: Cho x, y l 2 s thc tha mn ax + by = c trong
a 2 b 2 c 2
. Chng minh rng x 2 y 2 1
a, b, c 0
2. Bi tp SGT:
Bi 1:
Cho x 1 . CMR T x2 x 2 18x 4 8 x 2 1 1
LG:
t x=cos
62
Bt ng thc
T cos 2 cos 2 1 8 cos 4 8 cos 2 1
cos . cos 2 .1 2 sin
cos .cos 2 . 1 8 cos 2 . sin 2

2
cos . cos 2 . cos 4

Do cos 1, cos 2 1, cos 4 1
T cos . cos 2 . cos 4 1
pcm.
Bi 2:
Cho x 2 4 y 2 6 x 16 y.CMR 3x 8 y 18
LG:
Ta c:
x 2 4 y 2 6 x 16 y
2
x 3 2 y 4 25
2
x 3
2y 4

1
5
5
t
x 3 5. cos
5
y 2 2 sin
0; 2
3 x 8 y 18 3 3 5 cos 8 2 sin 18
2
9 15. cos 16 20 sin 18

15. cos 20 sin 25
*
2
Theo B Bunhiakowski 3 cos 4 sin 3 2 4 2 cos 2 sin 2 25
3 cos 4 sin 5
* lun ng
Do 3 x 8 y 18 pcm
3. cos 4 sin 5
Bi 3: Cho x, y > 0. Khi : T
xy 2
2 x
4x2 y 2
LG:
t
63
1
16
Bt ng thc
x cos
y 2 sin
T

0;
2
cos .4 sin 2
2 cos
16
cos .4 1 cos 2
16
2 cos 23
4 cos 2 4 sin 2
cos 1 cos
16 cos cos 2 32 cos 2 2 cos 1

2
2cos 1
33 cos 2 63 cos 32 0
* lun ng do 632 4.33.32 255 0

T 16 pcm
3. Bi tp ngh:
Bi 1: Cho cc s x, y, z tha mn:
0 x, y, z 1
xy yz zx 1
a ) CMR :
2x
2y
2z
2x
2y
2z
.
.
2
2
2
2
2
1 x
1 y
1 z
1 x 1 y 1 z2
b) CMR :
x
y
z
3 3
2
2
2
2
1 x
1 y
1 z
Bi 2: Cho a, b, c, d l cc s tha mn
a c. 1 d 2 v b d . 1 c 2
CMR :
a b 1
Bi 3: Cho
1 x .sin 2 x. cos
2
f x
CM :
1 x2
f x 1 , x R
Bi 4: Bit x2 + y2 > 0 v a, b R . CM:

a2 b2
2axy b x 2 y 2
a2 b2
2
2
x y
Bi 5: Chng minh rng vi mi a v n l s nguyn (n 2 ) ta c

n
(1 a 2 ) n 2a 1 a 2
1 a
n
2 n
64
Bt ng thc
Bi 6: Cho dy s (an) vi a1 = 1, a2 = 3 v an+2 = 2an+1- a n + 2, n 1

a) CMR vi mi n c m an.an+1 = am
b) Cho mi I gi i l gc nhn cot i ai . Chng minh bt ng thc
n
Theo bt ng thc cauchy cho n-1 s dng:

x2
x
x
, 3 ,..., n ta c:
1 x 2 1 x3
1 xn
x2
x
x
x2 x3 ...x n
3 ... n (n 1)n1
1 x2 1 x3
1 xn
(1 x 2 )(1 x3 )...(1 x n )
t A (1 x1 )(1 x2 )...(1 x n )
B x1 x 2 ...x n
Ta c:
B (1 x1 )
1
( n 1) n 1
1 x1
Ax1
Tng t:
B(1 x 2 )
1
(n 1)n 1
1 x2
Ax 2
B(1 x n )
1
(n 1)n1
1 xn
Axn
Nhn tng v n bt ng thc cng chiu,cng dng ta c:

1
B
1
( n 1) n
B
pcm.
A
A
(n 2) n
PHNG PHP 8: Phng php qui np ton hc:

1.C s l thuyt:
B1: Bc c s: kim tra bt ng thc vi n n0
B2: Bc qui np: gi s bt ng thc ng vi n k n0 ta phi chng minh bt
ng thc ng vi n=k+1
B3: Kt lun
2.Mt s v d minh ha
VD1: Chng minh bt ng thc: 2 n 2n 1 (1) vi n 3
Gii
+ Vi n=3 th (1) lun ng
+ Gi s (1) ng vi n=k tc 2 k 2k 1
Ta phi chng minh bt ng thc ng vi n=k+1 tc l: 2 k 1 2(k 1) 1
Tht vy:
Ta c: 2 k 2k 1
V k 3 2 k 2
Cng 2 v bt ng thc trn ta c:
65
Bt ng thc
2 k 2 k 2k 3 2 k 1 2(k 1) 1 pcm.
Vy bt ng thc ng vi n 3
VD2: Cmr: vi n 0 ta c bt ng thc:
1
1
1
...
1 (1)
n 1 n 2
3n 1
Gii
1 1 1 13

1 lun ng
2 3 4 12
1
1
1
+Gi s bt ng thc ng vi n k 1 .Tc l:
...
1
k 1 k 2
3k 1
Ta phi chng minh bt ng thc ng vi n k 1.
1
1
1
Tc l:
...
1
k 2 k 3
3( k 1) 1
1
1
1
t S k
...
k 1 k 2
3k 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
Xt S (k 1) S (k )
3k 4 3k 3 3k 2 k 1 3k 2 3k 4 3( k 1)
1
1
4
2
1 1
4
p dng bt ng thc:
a b ab
3k 2 3k 4 6k 6 3(k 1)
S ( k 1) S ( k ) 0, k 1 hay S ( k 1) S (k ) 1 (theo gi thit qui np)
pcm.
Vy bt ng thc ng vi k 1
VD3: Cho 0 x1 x 2 ... xn .
+n=1 bt ng thc c dng:
Cmr:
x1 x 2
x
x
x
x
x
x
... n 1 n 2 3 ... n 1
x 2 x3
xn
x1 x1 x 2
x n1 xn
Gii
x1 x 2 x 2 x1
lun ng
x 2 x1 x1 x 2
x
x
x
x
x
x
+n=3 bt ng thc c dng 1 2 3 2 3 1
x 2 x3 x1 x1 x2 x3
x
x
x
x
x
x
1 2 3 2 3 1 0
x 2 x3 x1 x1 x 2 x3
( x3 x 2 )( x2 x1 )( x1 x3 )
0 .lun ng
x1 x2 x3
+n=2 bt ng thc c dng:
+Gi s bt ng thc ng vi n=k-1

tc l:
x1 x 2
x
x
x
x
x
x
... k 2 k 1 2 3 ... k 1 1 (1)

x 2 x3
xk 1
x1
x1 x 2
x k 2 xk 1
Ta phi chng minh bt ng thc ng vi n=k

tc l:
x
x
x
x
x1 x 2
x
x
... k 1 k 2 3 ... k 1
x2 x3
xk
x1 x1 x 2
x k 1 x k
66
Bt ng thc
Do bt ng vi n =3 nn ta c:
x1
x
x
x
x
x
k 1 k k 1 k 1 (2)
x k 1
xk
x1
x1
x k 1 x k
cng v vi v ca bt (1) v (2) ta c bt ng vi n =k

vy bt ng vi n 2
VD4: Chng minh rng
a1b1
ab
ab
(a1 a 2 ... a n )(b1 b2 ... bn )
2 2 ... n n
a1 b1 a 2 b2
a n bn (a1 a 2 ... a n ) (b1 b2 ... bn )
a i , bi l nhng s dng.
Gii
a1b1
a .b
1 1 lun ng
a1 b1 a1 b1
ab
ab
(a a )(b b )
+i=2 bt ng thc c dng 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
(*)
a1 b1 a2 b2 (a1 a2 ) (b1 b2 )
+i=1 bt ng thc c dng
a1b1
ab
2 2 )(a1 b1 ) (a 2 b2 ) (a1 a 2 )(b1 b2 )
a1 b1 a 2 b2
a b
a b2
a1b1 a 2 b2 1 1 a1b1 2
a 2 b2 a1b1 a 2 b1 b2 a1 a 2 b2
a 2 b2
a1 b1
a b
a b2
a 2 b2 1 1 a1b1 2
a 2 b1 b2 a1
a 2 b2
a1 b1
a 2 b2 (a1 b1 ) 2 a1b1 (a2 b2 ) 2 (a 2 b1 a1b2 )(a1 b1 )(a 2 b2 )

( a1b2 a 2 b1 ) 2 0 . (*) Lun ng
+ Gi s bt ng thc ng vi n k 2
ab
ab
ab
(a a ... a k )(b1 b2 ... bk )
tc l: 1 1 2 2 ... k k 1 2
a1 b1 a 2 b2
a k bk (a1 a 2 ... a k ) (b1 b2 ... bk )
Ta phi chng minh bt ng thc ng n=k+1 tc

a b
a b
(a a2 ... ak a k 1 )(b1 b2 ... bk bk 1 )
a1b1
ab
Th
2 2 ... k k k 1 k 1 1
a1 b1 a2 b2
a k bk ak 1 bk 1 (a1 a 2 ... a k ak 1 ) (b1 b2 ...bk bk 1 )
t vy:
VT
(a1 ... a k )(b1 ... bk )

a b
(a1 ... a k a k 1 )(b1 ... bk bk 1 )
k 1 k 1
(a1 ... a k ) (b1 ... bk ) a k 1 bk 1 (a1 ... a k a k 1 ) (b1 ... bk bk 1 )
pcm.
Vy bt ng thc ng vi n
VD5: Cmr vi mi s thc x>0 v mi s t nhin n ta c bt ng thc sau:
x n x n 2 ...
1
x
n 2
1
n 1
xn
Gii
1
x
+n=1 bt ng thc c dng x 2 lun ng(*)

+n=2 bt ng thc c dng x 2 1
1
3 lun ng(**)
x2
67
Bt ng thc
+ Gi s bt ng thc ng vi n=k ngha l

x k x k 2 ....
1
x
k 2
1
k 1 (1)
xk
Ta chng minh bt ng thc ng n=k+2 tc l

1
1
k 2 k 3 (***)
k
x
x
1
tht vy ta c x k 2 k 2 2 (2)
x
x k 2 x k ....
cng v vi v ca (1) v (2) ta c (***)

t (*) v (***) c bt ng vi s l
t (**) v (***) c bt ng vi s chn
Vy bt ng vi n
Quy np kiu cauchy

Cm: x1 x 2 ... x n n n x1 .x 2 ...x n
+Quy np hng ln trn
xut pht : u 2 v 2 2uv , u, v
x1 x 2
x1 .x 2 , x1 , x 2 0
2
x x x x
p dng cho 2 s 1 2 , 3 4 ta c:
2
2
x
x
x1 x 2
4
3
x x 2 x3 x 4
2
2
1
.
x1 x 2 x 3 x 4 4 x1 x 2 x3 x 4
2
2
2
Tng t ta cm bt ng vi n =2,4,8, 2 n
+Quy np hng xung di

Ta cm bt ng vi n tc :
x1 x 2 ... x n n n x1 .x 2 ...x n
Th ng vi n-1 tc
x1 x 2 ... x n 1 (n 1) x1. ...x n 1
x1 x 2 ... x n 1
1
x x 2 ... x n1 1n
n 1
VT=
( x1 x 2 ...x n 1 ) n ( 1
)
n
n 1
1
x x ... x n 1
x x 2 ... x n 1 1n
Hay 1 2
( x1 x 2 ...x n1 ) n1 ( 1
)
n 1
n 1
x x ... x n1
Rt gn ta c: 1 2
n 1 x1 x 2 ...x nn 1
n 1
x1 x 2 ... x n 1
T kt qu chng minh qui np hng ln xung ta thu c php chng minh

qui np ca nh l.
3.Bi tp p dng
Bi 1: cmr 2 n1 (a n b n ) (a b) n , a b 0, a b, n 1
68
Bt ng thc
HD
+n=k ta c: 2 k 1 (a k b k ) (a b) k
+Cm vi n=k+1 VP (a b) k (a b) 2 k 1 (a k b k )(a b) 2 k (a k 1 b k 1 )
(a b)(a k b k ) 0 lun ng.
Bi 2: a,b>0.cmr: (n 1)a n b n na n 1b
Bi 3: chng minh rng mi s nguyn n 2 v x 1 th bt ng thc sau lun
ng:
(1 x) n (1 x) n 2 n
Bi 4: chng minh rng x : 0 x sin nx n sin x, n 0

HD
+n=k c sin kx k sin x
+n=k+1 VT sin( k 1) x sin kx cos x cos kx sin x
sin kx cos x cos kx sin x sin kx sin x
k sin x sin x ( k 1) sin x VP
Bi 5: Cho x1 x2 ... x n .cmr:

5
( x1 x 2 ... xn )( x1 x 2 ... x n ) 2( x1 x 2 ... x n ) 2
Bi 6: Chng minh bt ng thc:

2
( a1 a 2 ... a k ) 2 k ( a1 a 2 ... a k ), k 1, a i
HD
Vi n=k+1 tc
(
a1 a 2 ... a k 1 2
1
)
k 1
(k 1) 2
1
(k 1) 2
2
2
2 a2
a
k
1
a 2 ... a k 1
a ... a k 1 2
2
k2( 2
)
a1 2ka1
k
k
2
... a k 1
a .. a k 1 2
2
ka1 k ( 2
)
k
k
2
2
2
a 2 ... a k 1
2
2
2
a1 k (a 2 ... a k 1 ) ka1 k
VP
k
n
Bi 7: Bt Bernuli: Cmr x 1, x 0, n 2 : (1 x) nx
()k 1
HD
Vi n=k+1 VT (1 k ) k 1 (1 kx)( x 1) 1 (k 1) x kx 2 1 (k 1) x VP
Bi 8: Bt Cauchy Bunhiacopski:
2
( x1 x 2 ... x n )( y1 ... y n ) ( x1 y1 ... xn y n ) 2
HD
Vi n=k+1 VT ( x1 2 ... x k 1 2 )( y1 2 ... y k 1 2 )
2
( x1 ... x k )( y1 ... y k ) ( x1 ... x k ) y k 1 ( y1 ... y k ) x k 1 x k 1 y k 1

2
( x1 y1 ... x k y k ) 2 ( x1 y k 1 y1 x k 1 ) ... ( x k y k 1 y k x k 1 ) x k 1 y k 1
69
Bt ng thc
( x1 y1 ... x k y k ) 2 2 x k 1 y k 1 ( x1 y1 ... x k y k ) x k 1 y k 1 VT
Bi 9: Bt Chebyshev: xi , y i gm 2 n s.Cmr:
x1 ... x n y1 ... y n x1 y1 ... x n y n
(1)
n
n
n
HD
An x1 x 2 ... x n
Bn y1 y 2 ... y n
C n x1 y1 ... x n y n
Dn nC n An Bn
Khi (1) Dn 0, n 1,2,3...

D on:
Dn Dn 1 ( x n x n 1 )( y n y n 1 ) ( x n x n 2 )( y n y n 2 ) ... ( x n x1 )( y n y1 ) (*)
Ta thy (*)ng vi n=2,3

Gi s (*)ng vi n=k ta chng minh (*)ng vi n=k+1
Dk 1 (k 1)C k 1 Ak 1 Bk 1 (k 1)(C n x n 1 y n1 ) ( Ak x n 1 )( Bk y n 1 )
( kC k Ak B k ) (C k B k x k 1 ) kx k 1 y k 1 Ak y k 1
C k B k .x k 1 x1 y1 x 2 y 2 ... x k y k y1 x k 1 y 2 x k 1 ... y k x k 1
y1 ( x1 x k 1 ) ... y k ( x k x k 1 )
kx k 1 y k 1 Ak y k 1 kx k 1 y k 1 x1 y k 1 x 2 y k 1 ... x k y k 1
y1 ( x k x1 ) ... y k ( x k 1 x k )
Dk 1 Dk ( y k 1 y1 )( x k 1 x1 ) .... ( y k 1 y k )( x k 1 x k )
(*)ng vi n 2
Dn Dn 1 0, n 1 (theo gi thit) pcm.

1
Bi 10: cho n s khng m x1 , x 2 ,..., x n tha mn x1 x 2 ... x n
2
1
Cmr: (1 x n )(1 x n1 )...(1 x2 )(1 x1 )
2
HD
Vi n=k+1 VT (1 x k 1 )(1 x k )...(1 x1 ) (1 x k 1 x k x k 1 x k )(1 x k 1 )...(1 x1 )
(1 x k 1 x k )(1 x k 1 )...(1 x1 )
1
2
PHNG PHP 9: S dng hm n iu

I. C s l thuyt:
1) nh l:
Cho hm s y=f(x) xc nh v lin tc trn khong (a,b) v c o hm
f(x) lin tc trn (a,b). Khi :
- Nu f(x)<0 x (a,b) th f(x) nghch bin trn (a,b).
- Nu f(x)>0 x (a,b) th f(x) ng bin trn (a,b.
Vic chng minh A B c a v vic xt hm A-B qua vic kho st
tnh n iu ca hm t c iu phi chng minh.
70
Bt ng thc
2) Mt s lu :
Cho hm s y=f(x) n iu trn (a,b)
u v f (u ) f (v) nu f(x) ng bin.
u v f (u ) f (v) nu f(x) nghch bin.
max f ( x) f ( x) x (a, b)
( a ,b )
min f ( x) f ( x) x (a, b)
( a,b)
Nu f(x) nghch bin trn v lim f ( x) a th f(x)>a
x
Nu f(x) ng bin trn v lim f ( x ) b th f(x)<b

x
II. Mt s dng bi tp thng gp:

1)
2)
3)
4)
Xt trc tip hm A,B hoc A-B; B-A

Xt hm c trng.
Coi 1 i s l bin cc i s cn li c xem nh tham s
t n ph a v 1 hm mi
III. V d (Gii mt s bi tp trong SGT)

Bi 1/134:
Cho a1,a2,a3,p1,p2,p3 l cc s dng tha mn a1+a2+a3=1.
Chng minh rng:
p1a1 p 2a 2 p 3a3 a1 p1 a 2 p 2 a 3 p 3
Gii:
(1)
p1a1 p2a2 p3a3 a1 p1 a2 p2 a3 p3 0
V vai tr p1,p2,p3 nh nhau nn ta c th gi s: 0 p 3 p 2 p1

Do a1,a2,a3 l cc s dng v a1+a2+a3=1 nn ta c 0< a1,a2,a3, a1+a2, <1
a
a
a
Xt hm f ( p1 ) p1 1 p2 2 p3 3 a1 p1 a2 p2 a3 p3
C
f ' ( p1 ) a1 p1a 1 p2a p3a a1
1
f ' ' ( p1 ) a1 (a1 1) p1a1 2 p 2a2 p3a3 0
Vy f(p1) l hm nghch bin nn f ' ( p1 ) f ' (0) a1 0 p1 0

Do f(p 1) l hm nghch bin m 0 p3 p 2 p1 nn: f ( p1 ) f ( p 2 )
M f ( p 2 ) p 2a a p 3a (a1 a 2 ) p 2 a 3 p 3 : g ( p 2 )
1
g ' ( p 2 ) ( a1 a 2 ) p 2a1 a2 1 p 3a3 ( a1 a 2 )

g ' ( p 2 ) ( a1 a 2 )( a1 a 2 1) p 2a1 a2 2 p3a3 0
Vy g(p2) l hm nghch bin g ' ( p 2 ) g ' (0) (a1 a 2 ) 0

Do c g(p2) l hm nghch bin
g ( p 2 ) g ( p 3 ) p3a1 a2 a3 (a1 a 2 a 3 ) p 3 0
Vy ta c ddpcm. Du = xy ra khi v ch khi 0<p1=p2=p3

Bi 2: Cho 0 a; b; c 1 . Chng minh rng
71
Bt ng thc
a
b
c
1
(1)
bc 2 ac 2 ab 2
a
b
c
1
b)
1
(2)
bc 1 ac 1 ab 1
1 abc
Gii: V vai tr a,b,c nh nhau nn gi s: 0 a b c 1 .
(*)
0 ab ac bc 1
(**)
0 abc 1
abc
a) T (1) ta c: VT (1)
: f (a)
ab 2
b
1
f ' ( a)
(a b c)
2
ab 2
(ab 2)
a)
1
(2 b 2 c 2 ) 0
2
(ab 2)
do b 2 , c 2 1
f(a) ng bin vy: f ( a ) f (b)
2b c
: g (b)
b2 2
4 2b 2 2bc
0 g(b) ng bin
(b 2 2) 2
3c
g (b) g (c) 2
1
c 2
g ' (b )
Nh vy ta c iu pcm. Du = xy ra khi v ch khi: a=b=c=1.

b) Tng t trn.
Bi 7/135: Cho 0 a, b, c, d 1 . Chng minh rng:
a
b
c
2
bc 1 ac 1 ab 1
a
b
c
d
1
1
bcd 2 cda 2 dab 2 abc 2
1 abcd
a)
b)
HD:
a) c suy ra t bi 2b) trn.
b) Lm tng t bi 2 vi gi s tng qut: 0 a b c d 1 ta c cc nh
0 abc bad cda bcd 1
0 abcd abc 1
gi:
Tng qut ha cho dng bi tp ny:

Cho a1,a2,a3,an (0,1) . Chng minh rng:
n
i 1
ai
n
a j ( n 2)
1 j i
1
n
1 ai
i 1
V. Bi tp ngh phn theo cc dng

Dng 1: Xt hm trc tip:
72
Bt ng thc
Bi 1:
HD:
2
cos x tan x 2 x
Cho x (0, ) Chng minh rng:

Xt y sin x tan x 2 x
C y' cos x
x ( 0, )
2
1
2
cos 2 x
V x (0, ) 0 cos x 1 0 cos 2 x cos x

cos i
1
1
2
cos
x
2
22 0
cos x 2 x
cos 2 x
y ng bin y y (0)
y ' cos x
Bi 2: Dng bi c lng cho cc hm sinx, cosx, lnx, e

Bng cch chuyn v v xt hm trc tip ta c cc bt ng thc:
x3
x3 x5
a) Cho x 0. Cmr: x sin x x
3!
3! 5!
TQ : Cho x 0,k . Cmr:
x-
x3 x5 x 7
x4k1
x 4 k 3
x3 x5 x 7
x 4k 3
x 4k 5
...
sin x x ...
3! 5! 7!
(4h 1)! (4k 3)!
3! 5! 7!
(4k 3)! (4k 5)!
x2
x2 x4
b) Cho x 0.Cmr:
1 cosx 1
2!
2! 4!
TQ : CHo x 0, k . Cmr:
x2 x 4 x6
x 4k
x 4 k 2
x 2 x 4 x6
x 4k 2
x 4k4
- ...
cosx 1 - - ...
2! 4! 6!
(4k)! (4k 2)!
2! 4! 6!
(4k 2)! (4k 4)!
T y ta c th thay k bi nhng gi tr c th c cc bt ng thc p.
Tng t vi cc hm cn li.
1
Dng 2: Xt hm c trng:
Bi 1: Cho x>0. Chng minh rng:
1 x 1
1
) (1 ) x
(1)
x 1
x
1
1
HD: (1) ( x 1) ln(1
) x ln(1 )
x 1
x
1
Xt hm f (t ) t ln(1 ) t (0,)
t
1
1
f ' (t ) ln(1 )
t t 1
1
f ' ' (t )
0
t (t 1) 2
f ' (t ) nghch bin trn (0,+ )
(1
73
Bt ng thc
1
t
M lim f ' (t ) lim [ln(1 )

t
t
1
]0
t 1
Nn f ' (t ) 0 t 0
f(t) ng bin trn (0,+ )
f(x)<f(x+1) pcm.
Bi 2:
Cho n , n>2. Chng minh rng:

n n (n 2) n 2 (n 1) 2( n 1)
(1)
HD:
(1) n ln n (n 1) ln( n 1) (n 1) ln( n 1) (n 2) ln( n 2)
xt
f (t ) t ln t (t 1) ln(t 1)
T bi ny thay cho n cc gi tr c th ta s c cc bi ton loi so

snh cc s m khng dng my tnh.
VD: 20082008 20062006 2007 4014
Cho ABC . Chng minh rng:
Bi 3:
(1 sin A)(1 sin B )(1 sin C ) e
3 3
(1)
HD:
(1) ln(1 sin A) ln(1 sin B) ln(1 sin C)
Xt f (t ) ln(1 t ) t
f ' (t )
t
0
1 t
3 3
2
t0
t 0
f(t) nghch bin trn (0,1) f (t ) f (0) 0 ln(1 t ) t t (0,1)
Vy
ln(1 sin A) ln(1 sin B) ln(1 sin C ) sin A sin B sin C
2
ln( 2008 cos x) 2007 cos x
ln( 2008 cot x) 2009 cot x

2007 t
Xt
f (t )
t (0,1)
ln( 2008 t )
Bi 4:Cho x (0, ) chng minh rng:
HD:
Bi 5:
Cho x>0. Chng minh rng:
ex ex 2ln(x 1 x2 )
HD:
Bi 6:
HD:
xt f (t) et ln(t 1 t 2 )
Chng minh rng:
4 tan 90 tan 50 3 tan 6 0 tan100
tan t
Xt f (t )
t (0, )
4
74
3 3
2
Bt ng thc
Cho x 2 . Chng minh rng
Bi 7:
( x 1) cos
HD:
x cos 1
x 1
x
t [ 2,)
t

f ' (t ) cos sin 1

t t
t
f ' ' (t ) 3 cos 0

t
t
f ' (t ) nghch bin trn [2,)

Li c: lim f ' (t ) lim [cos sin 1] 0

t
t
t t
t
Vy f(t)>0 t [2,)
xt f (t ) t cos t ,
f(t) ng bin trn [2,) f ( x 1) f ( x) ( x 1) cos
( x 1) x cos x
x 1
x
. Chng minh:
2
a sin a b sin b 2 (cos a cos b )
Bi 8:
Cho 0 a, b
HD:
Xt t sin t 2 cost
t (0, )
2
Cho 0<x,y<1 v x y chng minh:
Bi 9:
1
y
x
(ln
ln
)4
y x 1 y
1 x
HD:
Xt 2 trng hp: 0<x<y<1 v 0<y<x<1. u quy v xt hm:
t
4t
1 t
Cho 0 y x, a; b 0 . Chng minh rng:
f (t ) ln
Bi 10:
a
HD:
bx
a
y
by
(*)
* y ln a x b x x ln a y b y
ln a x b x
ln a y b y
x
y
t
t
ln a b
Xt f (t )
t
v x y 0
75
Bt ng thc
f ' (t )
1
a t ln a b t ln b
t
t
ln
a
t2
t at bt
ln a b b ln a b a
t a b
a t b t ln a t b t t a t ln a b t ln b
t 2 at bt
at
ln a t b t ln b t
t
at
bt
t
a ln t
b
ln
a bt
a t b t
at
at
V a, b 0 a t a t b t t t 1 ln t t 0
a b
a b
t
b
Tng t: ln t t 0
a b
Vy: f ' (t ) 0 f (t ) nghch bin.
f ( x) f ( y )
1
2
t
t a bt
Thay cho x,y,a,b nhng gi tr c th ta c cc bi ton so snh cc s

V d: cho a,b>0 chng minh rng:
1
1
ln( a 2007 b 2007 )
ln( a 2008 b 2008 )
2007
2008
Cho ABC nhn chng minh rng:
Bi 11.
(tan A) tan A (tan B) tan B (tanC) tan C ( 3)3
HD:
(1)
V ABC nhn nn tanA,tanB,tanC>0
(1) log 3 (tanAtanA tanBtanB tanCtanC ) log 3 ( 3)3 3

tanAlog 3 tanA tanBlog 3 tanB tanClog 3 tanC 3 3
Xt
f (t ) t log
t (1 ln 3 )
t
ln 3
t ln t
ln 3
76
t (1 ln 3 )
ln 3
Bt ng thc
f ' (t )
ln t ln 3
ln 3
f ' (t ) 0 t 3
f (t ) f ( 3 )
3
ln 3
tan A log
tan A
tan B log
tan B
tan C log
tan C
t log
(1 ln 3 ) tan A
ln 3
(1 ln 3 ) tan B
ln 3
(1 ln 3 ) tan C
ln 3
(1 ln 3 )t
ln 3
3
ln 3
t log
(1 ln 3 )t
ln 3
3
ln 3
3
ln 3
3
ln 3
3
ln 3
1 ln 3
3 3
(tan A tan b tan C )
S
ln 3
ln 3
M
1 ln 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 (pcm)
tan A tan B tan C tan A tan B tan C 3 3 S
ln 3
ln 3
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi ABC u.
Bi 12: Cho ABC chng minh rng:

(1 sin A)(1 sin B)(1 sin C ) e
3 3
2
(1)
HD:
(1) ln(1 sin A) ln(1 sin B) ln(1 sin C )
Xt
f (t ) ln(1 t ) t
3 3
2
t (0,1)
Dng 3: Xt hm theo 1 i s, cc i s cn li c xem

nh cc tham s:
Phng php ny thng dng khi cc i s trong bt ng thc c vai tr
nh nhau, v cc iu kin kp tng i cht.
Bi 1 (BT Schur):
Chng minh rng a, b, c 0 ta c:
a 3 b 3 c 3 3abc ab( a b) bc(b c) ac( a c)
Gii:
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta c th gi s: a b c 0
Xt hm s: f (a) a 3 b 3 c 3 3abc ab(a b) bc(b c) ca(c a)
f ' (a ) 3a 2 3bc 2 ab b 2 c 2 2ac : g (a )
g ' (a ) 6a 2b 2c 0
77
Bt ng thc
g(a) n iu tng
g (a) g (b) c(b c) 0 f ' (a ) 0
f(a) l hm ng bin
f (a ) f (b) c 3 b 2 c 2bc 2
c 2 (c b) bc(b c) (b c)(cb c 2 ) 0
Vy c ddpcm.
Bi 2: Chng minh rng s thc dng a,b,c v s t 0 ta c:
as
bs
cs
at
bt
ct
bs c s c s a s a s b s bt c t ct a t at bt
HD: Xt hm s:
f ( x)
ax
bx
cx
bx c x c x ax a x bx
f ' ( x) a x b x (a x b x )(ln a ln b)
sym
2c x a x b x
0
(b x c x ) 2 (a x c x ) 2
Vy f(x) ng bin trn [0,) f ( s ) f (t ) pcm

Thay cho s, t cc gi tr c th ta s c cc bi ton p
V d nh:
Cho s=2 v t=1 ta c:
a2
b2
c2
a
b
c
2
2
2
2
2
2
b c c a a b b c c a a b
Cho s=3, t=2 ta c:

a3
b3
c3
a2
b2
c2
b3 c3 c3 a3 a3 b3 b2 c2 c2 a2 a2 b2
Bi 3:
HD:
Cho x>0, t>0 chng minh rng:

(1 t )(1 x t ) e x
Xt f (t ) e x (1 t )(1 x t )
Xt f ' (t ) e x (1 t )
f(t)=0 e x 1 t x ln(1 t )
f ( x) f ln 1 t
x 0
f ( x) (1 t ) (1 t )1 ln 1 t t
(1 t)t - ln 1 t
Xt (t ) t ln(1 t )
' (t ) 1
1
t
0
1 t 1 t
(t ) ng bin trn khong 0,

(t ) (0) 0
Vy: f ( x) 0 x 0; t 0
Ba 4: Cho x,y,z khng m v tha mn: x+y+z=1. Chng minh rng
78
Bt ng thc
1 1
1 1 1 1 7
xyz x y z 1
z x y x 27
y z
(1)
HD:
x y z x y z x y z
7
(1) xyz
2
x
y
z
27.
1 1 1
7
7
xyz 2
xy yz zx 2 xyz
27
x y z
27
x( y z ) yz (1 2 x)
7
7
x(1 x) yz (1 2 x )
27
27
V
2
(1 2 x x 2 )(1 2 x)
yz
1 x
1 x
2
yz
VT
x
(
1
x
)
(
1
2
x
)
f ( x)
4
2
2
2
1
Do vai tr x,y,z nh nhau nn gi s x minx, y, z x
3
3 2 1
1
1
1
7
C f ' ( x)
x x 0 x (0, ] f(x) ng bin trn ( 0, ] f ( x ) f ( )
2
2
3
3
3
27
Dng 4: t n ph a v hm mi:
Bi 1:
HD:
Bi 2:
Cho x y 0 chng minh rng:

x y
x y
(1)
2
ln x ln y
x
x
1
1
y
y
(1)
x
2
ln
y
x
x
x
( 1) ln 2 2 0
y
y
y
Xt: f (t ) (t 1) ln t 2t 2
t (1,)
Cho a, b > 0. Chng minh rng:

( a 1) ln( a 1) e b ( a 1)(b 1)
HD:
Xt hm qua bin trung gian:
b
t u a 1 0, v e 0 ta c:
79
Bt ng thc
u ln u v u (ln v 1)
u (ln u ln v ) u v
v
ln u ln v 1
u
u
v
ln 1
v
u
1
u
ln t 1 0
t 0
t
v
1
Xt hm s: f (t ) ln t 1 vi t > 0
t
1 1 t 1
f ' (t ) 2 2
t t
t
f ' (t ) 0 t 1
T bng bin thin f (t ) f (1) 0

pcm.
Bi 3:
Cho x 0,1. Chng minh rng:
(*)
2(u v) x 2 x u x v x
HD:
(*) 2(u v) x 2u 2v
x
u v 2u 2v u v
x
Do vai tr u, v nh nhau, gi s u v 0 .
C:
2u u v (u v)
2 v u v (u v )
u v 2v (u v)
Xt hm f ( x) t x t u v x
C f ' (t ) xt x 1 xt u v x 1
x t x 1 t u v
x 0
f ' (t ) 0
x 1
x 1
Vai tr u, v nh nhau, gi s u v
u v 2v
uv 0
t t u v
V x 0,1 x 1 0 t x 1 t u v x 1
x t x 1 (t u v) x 1 0
Vy: f(x) ng bin trn 0, , x 0,1

M: 0 2v u v
80
Bt ng thc
f ( 2 v ) f (u v )
(2v) x 2v u v u v u v u v
x
2v u v u v 2u
(pcm)
Bi 4: Cho x 0; 0 . Chng minh rng:

ln(1
(2 x )
)
x
2 x( x )
(1)
HD:
1
1
)
0
x
2 x x
1
ln(1 )
0
x
2x x
1
1
1
1
t
Xt f (t ) ln(1 t ) t
ln(1 t ) t
; t 0
1
2
2 1 t
x
1
t
1
1
1
t 2 1
f ' (t )

0
1 t 2 (1 t ) 2 (1 t ) 2
f(t) nghch bin trn (0,)
1
t
M lim f (t ) lim ln(1 t ) t
0 f (t ) 0t 0
(pcm )
t 0
t 0
2
t 1
(1) ln(1
IV. Nhn xt:

Vic kho st tnh n iu ca hm s mang tnh thut ton kh n gin hn
vic s dng cc phng php khc trong chng minh bt ng thc, c bit l
vic s dng cc bt ng thc c in ta thng gp kh khn trong vic chn
im ri. V vy ng dng tnh n iu hm s dung d hn vi cc bi ton co
nhiu iu kin ca i s. iu ny c minh ha trong chng minh bt ng
thc lng gic trong tam gic.
Bi 1:Cho ABC Cmr:
a)
sin
A
B
C
sin sin
2
2
2
1
A
sin
2
1
B
sin
2
1
C
sin
2
15
2
HD:
p dng bt ng thc Cosi c bn ta c:
1
Xt hm
A
B
C
A
B
C
sin
sin
sin sin sin
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
A
B
C
sin sin sin cos A cos B cos C 1
2
2
2
2
9
3
f (t ) t ;
t (1, ]
t
2
sin
81
Bt ng thc
*)
b) sin
A
B
C
sin sin
2
2
2
A
B
C
sin 2
sin 2
2
2
2
1
4
HD: p dng bt ng thc Cosi
4
A
A
sin 2
sin
2
2
sin 2
27
2
Tng t cho cc gc B,C

p dng bt ng thc Cosi c bn
4
sin
C
2
sin
B
2
Xt hm f (t ) t
4
sin
C
2
1
t
36
A
B
C
sin sin sin
2
2
2
3 3
t (0,
]
2
Cc bi tng t:
a) cos
b)
A
B
C 7 3
cos cos
2
2
2
2
1
sin A sin B sin C
d)
e)
f)
13
6
A
B
C
sin sin
2
2
2
1
1
1
3 3 8
sin A sin B sin C
2
2
2
3
sin A sin B sin C
1
1
1
15
cos A cos B cos C
(ABC nhon)
cos A cos B cos C 2
1
1
1
27
cos A cos B cos C
2
2
2
2
cos A cos B cos C
A
B
C
1
1
1
7 3
cos cos cos
A
B
C
2
2
2
2
cos
cos
cos
2
2
2
sin
c)
...
Bi 2: Cho ABC c C maxA, B, C
2
7 3
sin C
3

3
HD: V ABC c C maxA, B, C nn C [ , ) sin C [ ,1)
2
3 2
2
2
1
VT 2 sin C cos( A B)
2(sin C
)
sin C
sin C
1
3
Xt f (t ) t
t [ ,1)
t
2
Bi tng t: Cho ABC c C minA, B, C
Chng minh rng:
sin 2 A sin 2 B
82
Bt ng thc
Chng minh: sin A sin B
HD:
Bi 4:
7 3
3
C
2
2
A
B
C
Cho ABC c maxA, B, C
cminh tan tan tan 4 3
3
2
2
2
2
A
A
1
Gi s A maxA, B, C
tan [
)
3
6 4 4
2
3,1
B
C
A
Ta c tan tan 2 tan( )
2
2
4 4
A
A
2 tan 2 2 tan 2
A
B
C
A
A
4
4
tan tan tan tan 2 tan( )
A
2
2
2
2
4 4
1 tan 2
4
2
2t 2t 2
1
Xt f (t )
t [ ,1)
2
1 t
3
Cho ABC chng minh rng:
A
B
C
A
B
C
a)
(sin sin sin ) 2 cos 2 cos 2 cos 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
b)
(cos A cos B cos C ) sin A sin B sin C
cos
Bi 3:
HD:
A
B
C
A
B
B
C
A
B
A
B
C
sin 2 sin 2 2 sin sin 2 sin sin 2 sin sin cos 2 cos 2 cos 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
A
B
B
C
A
C
2 sin sin 2 sin sin 2 sin sin cos A cos B cos C
2
2
2
2
2
2
A
B
B
C
C
A
A
B
C
2 sin sin 2 sin sin 2 sin sin 1 4 sin sin sin
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
B
C
A
A
B
C
2 sin sin (1 2 sin ) 2 sin (sin sin ) 1 0
2
2
2
2
2
2
V vai tr A,B,C nh nhau nn gi s: A minA, B, C 0 A

3
A
1
sin (0, ]
2
2
B
C
BC
A
Ta c 2 sin sin 1 cos
; 1 2 sin 0
2
2
2
2
B
C
A
BC
A
2 sin sin (1 2 sin ) (1 cos
)(1 2 sin )
2
2
2
2
2
B
C
BC
V sin sin 2 sin
2
2
4
A
B
C
A
BC
2 sin (sin sin ) 4 sin sin
2
2
2
2
4
BC
BC
A
BC
VT (1 cos
)(1 2 cos
) 4 sin sin
1
2
2
2
4
a ) sin 2
83
Bt ng thc
BC
. Do
4
A
BC
BC
A
1
1 2
sin cos
1 2 sin 2
1 2t 2 v sin (0, ] t [ ,
]
2
2
4
2
2
2 2
Ta c: f (t ) (1 1 2t 2 )(1 2 4t 2 ) 4t (1 2t 2 ) 1 8t 4 8t 3 2t 2 4t 1
t t sin
f ' (t ) 32t 3 24t 2 4t 4

1
t 2
3
2
2
f ' (t ) 0 8t 6t t 1 0 (2t 1)(4t t 1) 0
1 17
t
8
1
2
1 17
f (t ) max f ( ); f ( ); f (
) 0
2
8
2
VT 0
B C
1
cos
2
Du = xy ra cos B C 1
B C
4
3
B C
1
sin
4
2
B C
2
sin
4
2
Vy ABC u.
b) Gii tng t trn.

T cc bt ng thc lng gic ny ta c th c c cc bt ng thc
i s nh vic thay cc hm lng gic bi cc n i s vi cc iu kin
tng ng.
PHNG PHP 10:
Chng minh bt ng
thc nh nh l Lagrang
Hm f lin tc trn a, b v c o hm trn (a,b) th c a,b :
f (b ) f (a )
hay (b a ) f ' (c) f (b) f (a )
ba
ba
ba
VD1: Hm y=tanx 0 a b .cmr:
tan b tan a
2
2
cos a
cos 2 b
Ta c: y=tanx tha mn iu kin ca nh l Lagrang c (a, b) sao cho
f ' (c )
84
Bt ng thc
1
(b a ) tan b tan a
cos 2 c
cos c cos a
1
1
V c (a, b) (0, )
(b a ) tan b tan a
(b a )
2
2
cos a
cos 2 b
cos c cos b
ba
ba
VD2: Hm y=lnx.0<a<b.Cmr:
ln b ln a
b
a
VD3: Hm y t : x 1, 1. Vi 1 t x : f ' ( x)( x 1) t 1
f ' (c)(b a ) f (b) f ( a )
f ' (t ) t 1
.1 1 ( x 1) x 1 x 1 ( x 1)
( x 1) x 1 .pcm
VD4: y x b , x 0 .Xt hm f (t ) t b trn 0, x

c (0, x) : f ' (c)( x 0) f ( x) f (0)
1
( x 0) x b b
2 t b
1
x
x xb b
2 xb
2 b
PHNG PHP 11:Mt s

A.Bt ng thc tch phn
phng php khc
1.Mt s tnh cht quan trng:

Gi s f(x),g(x) lin tc trn a; b .Khi :
b
1.1 Nu f ( x) 0, x a; b th
f ( x)dx 0
a
1.2 Nu f ( x) g ( x), x a; b th
f ( x)dx g ( x)dx
a
1.3 Nu m f ( x) M , x a; b th (b a)m f ( x)dx (b a)M

a
1.4 Tn ti c a; b sao cho f (c)
1
f ( x) dx
b a a
b
1.5 Mi f(x) xc nh trn a; b c
f ( x)dx f ( x) dx
a
1.6 Bt ng thc Bunhiacopski:

b
( f ( x) g ( x)dx) 2 f 2 ( x)dx g 2 ( x)dx

a
Chng minh
b
Ta lun c: (tf ( x) g ( x)) 2 dx 0, t

a
t 2 f 2 ( x)dx 2t f ( x) g ( x)dx g 2 ( x)dx 0, t

a
85
Bt ng thc
Theo nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai ta c:

b
' ( f ( x) g ( x)dx) 2 f 2 ( x)dx g 2 ( x)dx 0 ( f ( x) g ( x)dx) 2 f 2 ( x)dx g 2 ( x)dx

a
pcm.
2. Mt s v d:
VD1: Chng minh bt ng thc:
1 m 2x
m 2 m 3
x
e
dx
,m
2 0
m2 m3
Gii
Xt hm f ( x) e 2 x 2( x 2 x) , x 0
Ta c: f ' ( x) 2(e 2 x 2 x 1) 0, x 0
f(x) ng bin trn 0; . f ( x) f (0) 1 0 e 2 x 2( x 2 x), x 0
1 m 2x
1 m
m 3 m 2
2
m
2
,m
x
e
dx
x
2
(
x
x
)
dx
x
(
x
x
)
0
2 0
2 0
m3 m2
T ta c:
pcm.
VD2: Chng minh bt ng thc: x tan n xdx

0
1 n 2
( ) ,n
n2 4
Gii
Ta c: x 0; ta lun c: 0 x tan x
Nn x n1 x tan n x vi x 0;
x tan
4
n
xdx x n1 dx
0
1 n2
( ) , n * pcm.
n2 4
VD3:
Cho b a 0 v cho hm s f lin tc trn a; tha mn iu kin:
t
f 2 ( x) dx x 2 dx, t a .Cmr:
a
f ( x) dx xdx
a
Gii
t
p dng bt ng thc bunhiacopski ta c: ( xf ( x)dx) 2 x 2 dx f 2 ( x)dx, t a

a
Theo gi thit
f
a
t
2
( x)dx x 2 dx, t a ( xf ( x)dx) 2 ( x 2 dx) 2 , t a

a
86
Bt ng thc
xf ( x)dx x
dx, t a
Do : xx f ( x)dx 0, t a
a
Xt hm s: F(t) xx - f(x)dx
a
Ta c: F (a) 0, F (t ) 0 khi t a v F ' (t ) t (t f (t ))

b
1
1
Do : x f ( x)dx x( x f ( x))dx F ' ( x)dx
x
x
a
a
a
b
1
1
F (b )
F ( x)
F ( x) ba 2 F ( x) dx
2 dx 0
x
b
a x
a x
b
Vy nn ( x f ( x ))dx 0, b a hay xdx f ( x)dx, b a

a
pcm.
VD4: Cho f(x) l hm s c o hm lin tc trn 0;1 v f (1) f (0) 1 .Cmr

1
( f
'
( x)) 2 dx 1
Gii
p dng bt ng thc bunhiacopski vi cp s: f ' ( x) v g ( x) 1
1
Ta c: ( f ' ( x)dx) 2 ( f ' ( x)) 2 dx dx ( f ' ( x)) 2 dx

0
Theo cng thc Newton-Leibnitz th:
'
( x)dx f ( x)10 f (1) f (0) 1
T ta c: ( f ' ( x)) 2 dx 1 pcm.

0
VD5: Cho hm s lin tc f: 0,1 1,1 .Cmr:

1
1 f 2 ( x)dx 1 ( f ( x)dx) 2
0
Gii
p dng bt ng thc bunhiacopski cho cc cp hm s:
h( x) 1 f 2 ( x) v g ( x) 1 trn 0,1 ta c:
1
( 1 f 2 ( x)dx) 2 (1 f 2 ( x))dx dx
0
1 f 2 ( x)dx 1 f 2 ( x)dx
0
Tip tc p dng bt ng thc bunhiacopski cho cc cp s:

H ( x) f ( x), G ( x) 1 trn 0,1
87
Bt ng thc
1
2
Ta c: ( f ( x)dx) f ( x)dx dx 1 ( f ( x)dx) 1 f 2 ( x)dx

0
Vy
1 f 2 ( x) dx 1 ( f ( x)dx) 2 pcm.
0
3.Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Chng minh bt ng thc:
n
n
1
5
(
(cos x) km n sin x) dx ,1 m , n *
2 0 k 1
4
1
HD: vi 1 m ta c: (cos x) km cos 2 x 1 sin 2 x, x 0, , n * (1)
n
Du bng xy ra x 0
5
1
5
1
(sin x ) 2 , x 0, , n * (2)
4
2
4
n
1
Du bng xy ra sin x
2
n
5
5
T (1) v (2) suy ra (cos x) km sin x
(cos x ) km n sin x n
4
4
k 1
*
Bi 2: Cho x 0 v n .Cmr:
x2 x3
xn
ex 1 x
...
2! 3!
n!
1 sin 2 x sin x
Bi 3: Cho I n t 2 sin n tdt.

1
Cmr:
2
2 n 3 1
In ( )n (
)
n3
B.S dng phng php khai trin nh thc Niuton

1.Cng thc:
n
(a b ) n C nk a n k b k
k 0
Nhn xt:cc s hng cch u hai u th bng nhau
2.Mt s v d minh ha
VD1:
Chng minh rng: 19992002 20002002 20012002
Gii
Ta c: 19992002 20002002 2.20002002 (1)
Mt khc:
2001 2002
1 2002 2002 k
1
1
2002
0
1
)
(1
)
C 2002
C 2002
C 2002
1
2
k
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
k 1
20012002 2.2000 2002 (2)
T (1) v (2) 19992002 2000 2002 20012002 (pcm)
(
88
Bt ng thc
VD2:
Chng minh rng:
C n1 2C n2 ... nC nn
n!, n , n 3
n
Gii
Ta c: (1 x) n C n0 C n1 x C n2 x 2 ... C nn x n
Ly o hm hai v ta c: n(1 x) n1 C n1 2C n2 x ... nCnn n n1
Thay x=1 ta c: n 2 n1 C n1 2C n2 ... nC nn
n 1
Vi n 3 ta c: n! 2.3.4...n 2.
2...
2 2
( n 1)
T :
1
n
2
n
n
n
C 2C ... nC
n!, n , n 3 (pcm)
n
VD3:
1
m
1
n
Chng minh rng: (1 ) m (1 ) n , m, n , m n 1

Gii
1
n
1
n
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
n 1
2 (1 ) (1 )(1 ) ... (1 )(1
)
2!
n 3!
n
n
n!
n
n
Theo cng thc nh thc Newton: (1 ) n 1 C n1 C n2
1
1
... C nn n
2
n
n
Tng t ta c:
1 n1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
n
) 2 (1
) (1
)(1
) ...
(1
)(1
)
n 1
2!
n 1 3!
n 1
n 1
( n 1)!
n 1
n 1
1 n1
1
T (1
) (1 ) n
n 1
n
1
1
1
(1 ) n l dy tng ngt (1 ) m (1 ) n , m, n , m n 1 (pcm)

n 1
m
n
(1
VD4
Chng minh rng: C n1 2 C n2 3 C n3 ... n C nn 2 n n 3 , n * (1)
Gii
Theo Bunhiacopski: C n1 2 C n2 ... n Cnn 12 2 2 ... n 2 C n1 C n2 ... C nn
n( n 1)(2n 1)
2
2
2
1 2 ... n
Ta c:
6
C 1 C 2 ... C n 2 n 1
n
n
n
VT (1)
(2 n 1)n(n 1)(2 n 1)
6
cm (1) ta chng minh cho:
(2 n 1)n (n 1)(2n 1)
2 n1 n 3
6
3.2 n n 3 (n 1)(2n 1)(2 n 1) (*)
Tht vy: vi n 3 n 2 3n n 2 3n 1
3n 2 2n 2 3n 1 (n 1)(2n 1)
89
Bt ng thc
3.2 n n 3 2 n (n 1)(2n 1) (n 1)(2n 1)(2 n 1)

3.2 n n 3 ( n 1)( 2n 1)( 2 n 1) (*) c cm
1
2
1
3
VD5: Chng minh: 1 C n1 Cn2 ...
1
2 n1
C nn
, n *
n 1
n 1
Gii:
Xt (1 x) n C n0 C n1 x C n2 x 2 ... C nn x n
Ly tch phn 2 v t 0 n 1 ta c:
1
n
0
1
n n
(1 x) dx Cn dx C n xdx ... C n x dx
0
n 1
2 1
1
1
1
C n0 C n1 C n2 ...
C nn
1 n
2
3
n 1
n 1
1
1
1
2 1 2 n 1
C nn
(pcm)
1 C n1 C n2 ...
2
3
n 1
n 1
n 1
3.Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Cmr: C n2 2C n3 ... (n 1)C nn (n 2).2 n 1 , n \ 0,1
HD:
Xt f ( x) (1 x ) n C n0 Cn1 x C n2 x 2 ... C nn x n
Ta c: f (1) 2 n C n0 C n1 ... C nn
f ' (1) n 2 n 1 C n1 2C n2 ... nC nn
f ' (1) f (1) n 2 n1 2 n C n0 C n2 2C n3 ... ( n 1)C nn

C n2 2C n3 ... (n 1)C nn 1 (n 2).2 n1 (n 2).2 n1 , n \ 0,1 (pcm)
1
3
1
5
Bi 2: Cmr: C n0 C n1 C n2 ...
0
2n
2
2n
4
2n
Bi 3: Cmr: C .C .C ...C
2n
2n
(1) n n
Cn
2n 1
4n
2(n 1)
3n 1
4n 4n 1
2
n 1
, n *
2n
2n
HD: Khai trin: 2 2 n C 2kn 4 n v 0 (1 1) 2n (1) k C nk

k 0
k 0
4
C 20n C 22n C 24n ... C 22nn (n 1)n 1 C 20n C 22n ...C 22nn (bt ng thc Cauchy)
2
MT S NG DNG CA BT NG THC
I. ng dng trong vic tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht:
Phn ny c cc nhm khc trnh by thnh 1 chuyn ring c th v
chi tit nn y ch xin a ra 1 v d mang tnh cht minh ha cho phng
php:
V d: Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc sau vi a,b,c>0
1
1
1
4( a b c )
1 2ab 1 2bc 1 2ca

9
90
Bt ng thc
Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cosi c bn ta c:
1
1
1
9
1 2ab 1 2bc 1 2ca 3 2(ab bc ca)

C (a b c) 2 a 2 b 2 c 2 2ab 2bc 2ca
M
2(a 2 b 2 c 2 ) (a 2 b 2 ) (b 2 c 2 ) (c 2 a 2 ) 2ab 2bc 2ca
(a b c) 2 3(ab bc ca )
2( a b c ) 2
3
2( a b c ) 2 1
3 2(ab bc ca) 3
(9 2 ( a b c ) 2 )
3
3
9
27
3 2(ab bc ca) 9 2(a b c) 2

1
1
1
4(a b c)
27
4( a b c )
Vy
2
1 2ab 1 2bc 1 2ca
9
9
9 2(a b c)
27
4t
Xt f (t )
t0
2
9
9 2t
108t
4
f ' (t )
2 2
9
(9 2t )
2(ab bc ca)
f ' (t ) 0
108t
4
4t 4 36t 2 243t 81 0
2 2
9
(9 2t )
(t 3)(4t 3 12t 2 74t 27) 0

t 3
3
2
4t 12t 74t 27 0
Xt g (t ) 4t 3 12t 2 74t 27
t 0
g ' (t ) 12t 24t 74 0
t 0
Vy g(t) ng bin trn (0,)
pt g(t)=0 c khng qu 1 nghim trn (0,)

1
M g g (1) 0 v g(t) lien tc trn [0, 1] nn g(t) c 1 nghim
3
trong (0, 1)
Vy g(t)=0 c duy nht 1 nghim t=a v nghim ny nm trong (0, 1)
BBT:
t
f(t)
a
0
3
0
91
Bt ng thc
f(t)
7
3
7
3
1
1
1
4(a b c) 7
1 2ab 1 2bc 1 2ca

9
3
t a b c 3
Du = xy ra
a b c 1
a b c 0
7
Vy gi tr nh nht ca biu thc bng xy ra tai a=b=c=1.
3
T bng bin thin ta c
f (t )
II. ng dng trong vic gii cc phng trnh, h phng trnh, bt
phng trnh, h bt phng trnh:

Thng minh ha qua phng php nh gi.
Cng ging nh phn trn, phn ny c nhm lm v phng trnh bt
phng trnh, h phng trnh lm chi tit, y nn y ch a vo v d
mang tnh tng trng cho phng php.
V d 1: Gii phng trnh:
sin x
cos x
HD:
t sin x cosx 1 t 2
sin x
sin x
2 sin x
sin x
Xt f (t ) 2 t 2
sin x
sin x
1 t 2
f ' (t ) 2 t ln 2
t [0.1]
cos x
2t 2
1 t 2
t (0,1)
2t
2 1 t2
ln 2.2
1 t 2
2t
2 1t
f ' (t ) 0
t
1t2
2y
g(y)
; y (0,1)
y
(*)
2 y y. ln 2 2 y 2 y ( y ln 2 1)
g ' ( y)
0
y2
y2
g(y) nghch bin trn (0, 1)
92
y (0,1)
Bt ng thc
g (t ) g ( 1 t 2 ) t 1 t 2 t
2
2
v t (0,1)
Bng bin thin

t
f(t)
f(t)
2 2
V f(t) xc nh ti t=0; t=1 nn c f (t ) 3
sin x
cos x
sin x
cos x
t [0,1]
sin x 0
PT c nghim khi v ch khi sin x 0 sin x 0 x k
sin x 1
Vy pt c nghim x k
(k Z )
(k Z )
III. ng dng trong vic tnh gii hn ca hm s, biu thc phc
tp:
Minh ha qua phng php dng nguyn l kp.
Sn lim( 2 3 2)( 2 5 2)...( 2 2n1 2)
Bi 1:
Tnh: lim
n
n
HD:
0 ( 2 3 2)( 2 5 2)...( 2 2n1 2) ( 2 1)n
Ta c
( 2 1) n 0 . Nn theo nguyn l kp ta c:
M lim
n
lim S n 0
n
Tnh:
Bi 2:
limSn lim(
n
HD:
1
2
n
2
... 2 )
n 1 n 2
n n
2
Ta c:
1
1
2
n
1
2
2
... 2
(1 2 ... n) 2
n n n 1 n 2
n n
n 1
n(n 1)
n(n 1)
Sn
2
2( n n)
2(n 2 1)
n(n 1)
n(n 1) 1
lim
lim
. Nn theo nguyn l kp ta c
M
n 2(n 2 n)
n 2(n 2 1)
2
(1 2 ... n)
lim S n
n
1
2
93
Bt ng thc
HD:
lim(n n 1) n
Tnh:
Bi 3:
Ta c
n
n
l 1 dy n iu gim v gii hn ca n bng 1
n2
Tht vy ta chng minh: n n n1 n 1 ; n 2

1
t
Xt f (t ) t t y
1
1
1 lnt 1 1 lnt
1 lnt
ln y lnt y' 2 2 2 y' t t 2 0
t
y
t t
t
t
t 3
n
n1
Vy y l hm nghch bin f (n) f (n 1) n n 1
n
n 1
Mt khc lim
n
1
( n n 1) n ( ) n
n
2
Tht vy ta chng minh bng quy np:
Ta li c
+ vi n=1 th 0
1
lun ng
2
1
2
k
k
+ Gi s pcm ng n n=k tc l ( k k 1) ( )
Ta
( k 1 k 1 1) k 1
chng
minh
cng
ng
vi
n=k+1
2 k 1
Ta c k k k 1 k 1 k k 1 k 1 k 1 1
Vy ( k 1 k 1 1) k 1 (k k 1) k (k 1 k 1 1)
Ta chng minh
(*)
Xt
k 1
k 1
k 1 1
1
2
(*)
3
3
k 1 k 1
2
2
3
f (k )
2
1 k 1
( k 1 1)
2k
k 1
3

2
k 1
k 1 0
k 1
k 1
k
k 1
3
3
f ' (k ) (k 1) 1 f ' ' (k ) k (k 1) 0
2
2
3
f(k) l hm ng bin f ' ( k ) f ' (1) .2 1 0
2
2
3
f(k) l hm ng bin f (k ) f (1) 2 0
2
1
2
Nh vy ta c: (n n 1) n ( ) n
94
tc
l:
Bt ng thc
1
0
Mt khc: lim
n 2

v lim(n n 1) 0
n
1
( n 1) ( n 1) nn
2
n
Do
theo
nguyn
kp
ta
lim ( n n 1) n 0
n
Tnh
Bi 6:
lim S n lim (
n
1
n2 1
1
n2 2
...
1
n2 n 1
HD:
p dng bt ng thc:
n 1
n2 n 1
M lim
n
n 1
2
Sn
n n 1
lim
n 1
n2 1
n 1
n2 1
1 , nn theo nguyn l kp ta
Sn 1
c lim
n
Bi 7:
Tnh:
lim S n lim n 2 sin 2
n
n 2008
n 2008
cos 2
n 1
n 1
HD
2008
2008
2 n2008
n2008
2 n
2 n
cos
2sin
cos
Ta c: 2sin
2
n 1
n 1
n 1
n 1
2
2008
2008
2008
n 2008
2 n
2 n
2 n
2 sin
cos
sin
cos
1
n 1
n 1
n 1
n 1
Vy 1 Sn n 2 . M lim n 2 1 nn theo nguyn l kp ta c lim S n 1
2
Bi 8*:
Tnh
lim Sn lim(n 1 n cosn)

n
1
2nn sin n
HD:
Ta c: n+1+cosn=1+n(1+cosn)
Vi
1 cos n 1 0 1 cos n 2
1 1 n(1 cos n) 1 2n
1 (1 n(1 cos n))
1
2 n n sin n
1
2 n n sin n
(1 2n)
(*) Ta chng minh lim(1 2n) 2n n sin n 1

n
95
Bt ng thc
1
2nn sin n
1
n
(1 2n)
Tht vy ta c 1 (1 2n)
V 1 sinn 1 n n sinn n n 2n nsin n 3n
1
1
;
3n 2n n sin n
(1 2 n)
1
2 n n sin n
1
1
2n n sin n n
(1 2 n) 2 n n sin n (1 2 n) n
1
1 (1 2n ) 2 n n sin n (1 2 n) n
1
n
lim n (1 2 n ) 1 lim (1 2 n )
n
Sn 1
Vy theo nguyn l kp ta c lim
n
Bi 9: Tnh:
n
lim S n lim
n

k 1
k
1
2
n
HD:
t
k
k
1 x
;
k
1
,
n
n2
n2
, x 0
p dng bt ng thc Cosi ta c:

1 x 1
x
1
2
2
1
1
2
x
1 2
1 x
1
1
1 x
1 x
2 x
1
1 x
x
x
1
1 x 1
2 x
2
x
x
1 x 1
2 x
2
k
Thay k=1, 2,, 2 ri cng v ta c:
n
1 x (1 x ).1
k
n2
n
n k
k
k 1 2 n
k
n2
k 1
k 1
2 2
n
n
Ta li c:
96
1
2 n n sin n
Bt ng thc
2n
k 1
k
n2
1
2
n
n ( n 1)
2 ... 2
2
2n
2n
2n
4n 2
n
n( n 1)
2
n)
k 2(2n
n
k
2n
k 1 2 n k
k 1
2
n
n(n 1)
n(n 1)
Sn
2
2(2n n)
4n 2
n(n 1)
1
n(n 1) 1
M c:
lim
v lim
. Nn theo nguyn l kp ta c:
2
n 2 ( 2 n n )
n
4
4
4n 2
1
lim S n
n
4
n
k2
S n lim 3 1 3 1
Bi 10 : Tnh lim
n
n
n
k 1
k 1
HD: Cch gii hon ton tng t bi 9
( 2 n x 1) n x 2
Bi 11: Cho x 1. CMR : lim
n
HD:
+) pcm hin nhin ng vi x=1.
+) Xt vi x>1. Ta c:
0 ( n x 1) 2
2n x 1
x 2 2n x 1
x2
( 2 n x 1) n ( n x 2 ) n x 2
Mt khc:
2
1
(2 x 1) x n
n
x2
x
n
x 2 1 2 1 1
n
x 2
p dng bt ng thc Bernoulli

n
*)
*)
1
1
1 n n 2 1 1 n n n 2 1
x
x
( n x 1) 2
(2 n x 1) n x 2 1 n
n
x2
x (1 n x - 1) n 1 n( n x 1) n( n x 1)
( n x 1) 2
x2
( n x 1) 2 x 2
n
n
n
n2
n x
x2
x2
n
2
n
(
2
x
1
)
x
1
Vy
n
2
n x
x2
M lim x 2 1
n
2
n
n x
97
x2
Bt ng thc
Theo nguyn l kp ta c pcm

Bi 12: Tnh:
1
2
n
lim S n lim ln 1 2 1 2 ...1 2
n
n
n n n
HD:
Ta c:
1
2
n
S n ln1 2 ln1 2 ... ln1 2

n
n
n
S dng bt ng thc :
x2
x
ln(1 x) x
2
Ta c:
1
1
2
n
2n
2
22
n2
2n 4
.....
x 0
ln 1 2
n
ln 1 2
n

n2

n2
n
n2
n
n
ln 1 2
2
4
n
2n
n
n2
Cng v cc bt ng thc trn ta c:

1 2
n 1
22
n2
1 2
n
S n 2 2 ... 2
...
...
2
2
2
4
4
4
n n
n 2n 2n
2n
n n
n
1 2
n n(n 1) n 1
...
2n
n2 n 2
n2
2n 2
2
2
1
2
n
1 n(n 1)(2n 1) (n 1)(2n 1)
4 ... 4 4
4
6
2n 2n
2n
2n
12n3
n 1 (n 1)(2n 1)
n 1
Sn
3
2n
2n
12n
n 1 1
n 1 (n 1)(2n 1) 1
Do : lim
; lim
n 2n
n
2
12n3
2n
2
1
Sn
Nn theo nguyn l kp ta c: lim
n
2
M
98

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Bt ng thc

CC PHNG PHP CHNG MINH

PHNG PHP 1: S dng nh ngha v bin i

A.Bin i tng ng trc tip

VD2: Cho a, b, c 0;1.Cmr:

Cho p(x) a0 x a1x ... an1x an c n nghim phn bit, n 2, n .

Do a thc p(x) c n nghim phn bit nn theo nh l Viet ta c:

(2) (n 1) A 2 2nB (n 1)( x 2 i 2 B) 2nB (n 1) x 2 i 2B

... n (cc nghim ca p(x) phn bit).

(1) lun ng pcm.

B.t n ph sau bin i tng ng

V xyz=1 nn tn ti 2 s nh hn hay bng 1 hoc 2 s ln hn hay bng 1

1 cos A 1 cos B 1 cos C

t x tan , y tan , z tan

tan A tan B tan C

Vy bt ng thc cho c chng minh.

(1) (a n b n )(a m b m ) 0 lun ng do a,b cng du v m,n l cc s t nhin

HD: (1) (1 )(1 ( ) 2 )(1 ( ) 3 ) 4(1 ( ) 6 )

Cmr: f (a, b, c) 4 max , ,

HD: p dng vd1.A

PHNG PHP 2:S dng tam thc bc hai

bin s no .Sau da vo cc nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai suy ra

VD2: Gi s A, B, C l 3 gc ca mt tam gic khng cn tai C.Bit rng phng

V (1) c ng mt nghim thc nn x1 x 2

VD3: Cho ABC c di 3 cnh l a,b,c v din tch S.Khi ta c:

p dng Bunhiacopski ta c: (cos C 3 sin C ) 2 4

(1) 50abc 40ab cos A 30abc cos B 24abc cos C

64 cos 2 A 96 cos A cos B 36 cos 2 B 96 cos A cos B 96 sin A sin B 100

VD5: Cho a,b,c tha mn a 2 b 2 0 v x,y thay i tha mn ax by c (1)

Cmr: ( ai 2 )( bi 2 ) ( ai bi ) 2 .Du bng xy ra khi no?

Cmr c th dng c mt tam gic c di 3 cnh l a,b,c.

Bi 5: Cho x,y,z l 3 nghim ca h:

Bi 8: Cho ABC vi 3 cnh a,b,c v 3 ng cao ha , hb , hc vi p

a (a 2ha ) b(b 2 hb ) c(c 2hc ) a (b c) b(c a ) c(a b)

PHNG PHP 3: S dng cc bt ng thc c

VD1. Cho a,b,c>0 v a b c .CMR:

Cng cc v bt ng thc trn ta c:

b, p dng bt ng thc csi cho cc s dng a+7b,2,2

Cng cc v bt ng thc trn ta c:

abc abc abc

p dng bt ng thc Cauchy

Nhn 2 v bt ng thc trn ta c:

VD4: cho a,b,c>0.Cmr: 3 ( c)( a)( b) 1 3 abc (1)

(1) ( c)( a)( b) (1 3 abc ) 3 (2)

VT 1 33 abc 33 (abc) 2 abc VT (1 3 abc ) 3 .pcm

Du bng xy ra khi a=b=c.

Du bng xy ra khi a=b=c=1

Du bng xy ra khi a=b=c

Du bng xy ra khi a1 a 2 ... a n

Nhn xt: Ta c th thm bt iu kin bi tan trn c bi ton mi

Bi ton 1: Cho x,y,z>0 v xyz=1.Cmr:

Bi ton 3: Chng minh x, y, z 0 c: (1 )(1 )(1 ) 2

3.K thut Cauchy ngc du:

Tuy nhin ta c th s dng bt ng thc cauchy theo cch sau:

Du bng xy ra khi a=b=c=d=1.

Bi3: Cho a,b,c dng tha mn: 4(a b c) 3abc

p dng b t cauchy cho 3 s dng:

HD: S dng k thut cauchy ngc du:

Bi 6: Cho a,b,c>0 v a+b+c=1.Cmr:

p dng bt cauchy cho 8 s khng m:3 s bng

Bi 8: Cmr: nu n s dng a1 , a 2 ,..., a n tha mn

Bi 9: Cho n s a i 0 c tng a1 a 2 ... a n 1

B/Bt ng thc bunhiacopski: