I HC THI NGUYN

TRNG I HC NNG LM

PGS.TS. NGUYN DUY HOAN (Ch bin)

THS . PHNG C HON - TS . NG NHT THNG

GIO TRNH
K THUT NUI ONG MT

NH XUT BN NNG NGHIP

H NI - 2008

LI NI U
p ng yu cu ca thc tin sn xut ti cc tnh min ni pha Bc,
Trng i hc Nng Lm Thi Nguyn chnh thc a mn hc "K thut
nui ong mt" vo chng trnh ging dy cho sinh vin cc ngnh: Chn nui,
Chn nui - Th y v t nm 2002 a vo ging dy cho ngnh Lm nghip v
S phm k thut Nng nghip.
Sau 5 nm t chc ging dy cho sinh vin, tp th ging vin ca B mn
Ong v ng vt qu him nhiu ln b sung, chnh sa tng bc hon
thin tp bi ging. n nay tp bi ging: "K thut nui ong mt" tng
i hon chnh, c cc chuyn gia v cc th h sinh vin nh gi tt.
gip cho sinh vin c c b ti liu chun v mn hc, chng ti mnh dn
xy dng gio trnh: "K thut nui ong mt" vi s ng gp ca cc tc gi
sau: PGS. TS Nguyn Duy Hoan ch bin v trc tip vit cc chng: Bi m
u, chng 1, chng 5 v chng 7.
Thc s Phng c Hon vit cc chng: Chng 2, chng 3, v
chng 4.
Tin s Ng Nht Thng vit chng 6.
Tp th tc gi xin chn thnh cm n cc ging vin khoa Chn nui Th
y Trng i hc Nng Lm Thi Nguyn, cc chuyn gia ca Vin nghin cu
Ong thuc Cng ty Ong Trung ng b nhiu cng sc, ng gp nhng
kin qu bu gip chng ti hon thin cun gio trnh ny.
Do kinh nghim cn hn ch, mt khc l ln u tin xut bn nn cun
gio trnh khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. Tp th tc gi rt mong nhn
c kin ng gp ca cc ng nghip v cc th h sinh vin ln xut
bn sau c hon thin hn.
Chng ti xin chn thnh cm n!
Tp th tc gi

LI NI U ........................................................................................................................... 1
Bi m u CON ONG V LI CH CA NGH NUI ONG............................................. 6
Chng 1: NGUN GC, PHN LOI V HNH THI CU TO C TH CA ONG
MT ........................................................................................................................................... 9
1. NGUN GC CA ONG ..................................................................................................... 9
2. V TR PHN LOI.............................................................................................................. 9
3. CC LOI ONG MT CH YU: .................................................................................... 10
3.1. Ong hoa (Apisfzorea) .................................................................................................... 10
3.2. Ong Khoi hay ong gc ko (Apis dorsata)................................................................... 11
3.3. Ong ni a hay ong Chu (Apis cerana) ..................................................................13
3.4. Ong chu u hay ong ngoi (Apis mellifer) ................................................................. 14
3.5. Ong khng ngi t (Apidac; Meliponiac) ................................................................... 15
4. HNH THI CU TO C TH....................................................................................... 16
4.1. Hnh thi cu to ngoi.................................................................................................. 16
4.1.1. Phn u ong.......................................................................................................... 16
4.1.2. Phn ngc............................................................................................................... 17
4.1.3. Phn bng ong........................................................................................................ 17
4.2. Cu to trong ................................................................................................................. 18
4.2.1. H tiu ho ............................................................................................................. 18
4.2.2. C quan h hp ...................................................................................................... 18
4.2.3. C quan tun hon ................................................................................................. 18
4.2.4. H thn kinh ........................................................................................................... 19
4.2.5. C quan sinh dc ca ong ...................................................................................... 19
Chng 2: SINH HC ONG MT ........................................................................................ 21
1. CU TRC T ONG ..........................................................................................................21
1.1. Cu trc t v s sp xp bnh t.................................................................................. 21
1.2. S gi ho ca bnh t v hot ng xy bnh t mi .................................................. 23
1.3. S iu ho nhit , m trong n ong ................................................................... 24
2. T CHC X HI CA N ONG MT ....................................................................... 25
2.1. n ong l mt "n v x hi" .....................................................................................25
2.2. Cc thnh vin ca n ong........................................................................................... 26
2.2.1. Ong cha ................................................................................................................ 26
2.2.2. Ong c .................................................................................................................. 30
2.2.3. Ong th ................................................................................................................... 31
Chng 3: NGUN MT PHN V CNG TC CHM SC QUN L N ONG .... 36
1. NGUN MT PHN .......................................................................................................... 36
1.1. Vai tr ca cy ngun mt phn i vi ngh nui ong............................................... 36
1.2. S tit mt v cc yu t nh hng n s tit mt ca hoa........................................ 37
1 .2.1. S tit mt hoa....................................................................................................... 37
1. 2.2. Nhng yu t nh hng n s tit mt............................................................... 37
1.3. Lch n hoa ca cy ngun mt phn ............................................................................ 38
2. MT S DNG C NUI ONG ....................................................................................... 39
2.1. Thng ong...................................................................................................................... 39
2.1.1. Cc loi thng ong truyn thng () .................................................................... 39
2.1.2. Thng ong ci tin .................................................................................................. 41
2.1.3. Mt s dng thng ong chuyn dng khc ............................................................. 43
2.2. Cc dng c nui ong khc ........................................................................................... 44
2.2.1. Dng c to cha.................................................................................................... 44
2.2.2. Dng c qun l ong............................................................................................... 44
2

2.2.3. Dng c gn chn tng........................................................................................... 44

2.3. Dng c khai thc mt ................................................................................................... 44
3. CCH LA CHN A IM V SP T CC N ONG...................................... 46
3.1. La chn a im t tri ong...................................................................................... 46
3.2. Sp t cc n ong trong tri ....................................................................................... 46
3.3. Xc nh mt n ong trong 1 vng ......................................................................... 47
4. K THUT QUN L N ONG THEO THI V ....................................................... 47
4.1. ngha ca cng tc qun l n ong theo thi v ...................................................... 47
4.2. Cng tc qun l n ong theo thi v cc tnh pha Bc .......................................... 48
4.2.2. K thut qun l n ong trong v h - thu ............................................................ 49
4.2.3. K thut qun l n ong trong v thu - ng........................................................ 50
4.2.4. K thut qun l ong trong v ng - xun ........................................................... 50
Chng 4: K THUT NUI ONG....................................................................................... 52
1. NUI ONG C TRUYN................................................................................................... 52
1.1. Cc hnh thc nui ong c truyn.................................................................................. 52
1.1.1. Sn ong ................................................................................................................... 52
1.1.2. Nui ong trong hc cy, hc .............................................................................. 52
1.1.3. Nui ong trong thng vung, trong c bnh t c nh .................................... 53
1.1.4. Nui ong trong , thng c thanh x .................................................................... 54
1.2. Cc phng php bt ong v nui ................................................................................. 54
1.2.1. Hnh ong ................................................................................................................ 55
1.2.2. Bt ong trinh st (ong soi )................................................................................. 55
1.2.3. Bt ong trong hc cy, hc ................................................................................ 55
1.2.4. Bt ong di c, ong chia n, bc bay ..................................................................... 56
1.3. Sang thng ong .............................................................................................................. 56
2. NUI ONG CI TIN........................................................................................................ 57
2.1. Ngun ging ong ........................................................................................................... 57
2.1.1. Mua n ong trong ............................................................................................ 57
2.1.2. Mua ong t nhng n nui trong thng ci tin.............................................. 58
2.2. Kim tra n ong ........................................................................................................... 58
2.2.1. Mc ch ................................................................................................................. 58
2.2.2. Nguyn tc v yu cu kim tra n ong................................................................ 58
2.2.3. Phng php kim tra ............................................................................................ 59
2.3. Cho ong xy bnh t mi .............................................................................................. 60
2.3.1. Mc ch ................................................................................................................. 60
2.3.2. Cc phng php cho xy ...................................................................................... 61
2.4. Cho ong n b sung v ung nc ................................................................................ 62
2.4.1. S cn thit phi cho ong n thm ......................................................................... 62
2.4.3. Cho ong ung nc ................................................................................................ 63
2.5. Ong chia n t nhin v cch phng chng................................................................. 63
2.5 .1 . Cc nhn t thc y ong chia n ...................................................................... 64
2.5.2. Nhn bit ong chia n t nhin ............................................................................ 64
2.5.3. Hin tng chia n ............................................................................................... 64
2.5.4. Bin php phng chng v x l ong chia n....................................................... 65
2.6. Ong bc bay v cch phng chng................................................................................ 66
2.6.1. Tc hi .................................................................................................................... 66
2.6.2. Nguyn nhn ........................................................................................................... 66
2.6.3. Nhn bit ong bc bay ............................................................................................ 66
2.6.4. Phng chng ong bc bay ...................................................................................... 67
2.6.5. X l ong bc bay ................................................................................................... 68
2.7. Ong cp mt v bin php phng chng ..................................................................... 68
2.7.1. Hin tng v tc hi ............................................................................................. 68
3

2.7.2. Nguyn nhn gy tnh trng ong cp mt ............................................................ 69

2.7.3. Bin php phng trnh ong n cp mt ............................................................... 70
2.8. Ong th trng v bin php x l .............................................................................71
2.8.1. Hin tng v tc hi ............................................................................................. 71
2.8.2. Nguyn nhn ........................................................................................................... 72
2.8.3. phng v x l ong th trng ....................................................................... 72
2.9. Chng nng, chng rt cho n ong .............................................................................. 73
2.9.1. Chng nng ............................................................................................................ 73
2.9.2. Chng rt cho ong .................................................................................................. 74
2.10. Nhp ong ..................................................................................................................... 75
2.10.1. Nhng trng hp phi nhp n ong v nguyn tc nhp ong.......................... 75
2.10.2. Cc phng php nhp n ong .......................................................................... 75
2.11. Di chuyn n ong....................................................................................................... 77
2.11.1. Mc ch di chuyn n ong................................................................................. 77
2.11.2. Mt s hnh thc nui ong khng c nh ............................................................ 78
2.11.3. Nhng vic cn lm khi vn chuyn n ong ....................................................... 78
Chng 5: CNG TC GING ONG ................................................................................... 81
1. C IM CA VIC CHN LC GING ONG ......................................................... 81
2. MT S PHNG PHP CHN LC GING ............................................................. 82
2.1. Chn lc i tr ............................................................................................................. 82
2.2. Chn lc c th .............................................................................................................. 83
3. LAI GING ......................................................................................................................... 83
4. TO CHA.......................................................................................................................... 84
4.1. Nhng yu t nh hng n cht lng ong cha....................................................... 84
4.2. Phng php to cha n gin .................................................................................... 85
4.3. To cha bng phng php di trng ............................................................................ 87
4.4. Gii thiu cha v .m cha .......................................................................................... 91
5. NHN N ......................................................................................................................... 94
5.1. Cc phng php chia n nhn to.............................................................................. 94
5.2. S ng cc n chia t nhin....................................................................................... 96
Chng 6: SU BNH V CH HI CA ONG MT..................................................... 97
1. BNH THI U TRNG CHU U (Europeanfoulbrood) ........................................... 97
2. BNH THI U TRNG TI (Sacbrood) ..................................................................... 100
3. BNH A CHY (Nosema)............................................................................................... 102
4. HI CHNG NG C.................................................................................................. 103
4.1. Ng c thuc ho hc ................................................................................................ 103
4.2. Ng c thc vt c mt phn c ............................................................................. 104
5. CC K SINH CA ONG ................................................................................................ 105
5.1. Ve k sinh hay ch ln (Varroajcobsoni)................................................................... 105
5.2. Ve k sinh hay ch nh (Tropilaelaps clareae) ............................................................105
5.3. Ve Neocypholaelaps indica Evans ..............................................................................105
6. CC CN TRNG HI ONG .......................................................................................... 105
6.1. Su n sp (su ph bnh t) ....................................................................................... 105
6.2. Kin ............................................................................................................................. 107
6.3. Ong b v .................................................................................................................... 107
6.4. Chun chun................................................................................................................ 109
6.5. Ngi u lu................................................................................................................. 109
6.6. Rui k sinh (Senotainia sp)........................................................................................ 109
7. MT S CH HI KHC ............................................................................................. 110
7.1. Chim n ong ................................................................................................................ 110
7.2. Cc, nhi...................................................................................................................... 110
7.3. Mt s k th hi ong khc.......................................................................................... 111
4

Chng 7: THU SN PHM ............................................................................................... 111

1 MT ONG V PHNG PHP THU HOCH.............................................................. 111
1.1. Thnh phn v tc dng ca mt ong ..........................................................................111
1.2. Phng php khai thc mt ong ..................................................................................114
1.3. X l mt sau khi thu.............................................................................................. 116
1.4. Sn xut mt bnh t ................................................................................................... 117
2. SP ONG V PHNG PHP THU HOCH .............................................................. 117
2.1. Thnh phn v tc dng ca sp ong...........................................................................117
2.2. K thut khai thc sp .................................................................................................118
2.3. Bo qun sp ong v tng chn ................................................................................... 119
3. SA CHA V PHNG PHP KHAI THC............................................................. 119
3.1. Thnh phn v tc dng ca sa cha ......................................................................... 119
3.2. Phng php khai thc sa cha ................................................................................. 120
Ph lc 1: DANH MC CC CY NGUN MT - PHN VIT NAM ...................... 122
TI LIU THAM KHO...................................................................................................... 128

Bi m u
CON ONG V LI CH CA NGH NUI ONG
T xa xa, con ong v con ngi l nhng ngi bn thn thit ca
nhau. Con ong mt c mt khp mi ni trn tri t, nhng ni c thm thc
vt phong ph v a dng, trm hoa ua n. C th ni ni no c mt ca con
ong th . biu hin ca s tr ph, lm n pht t. Nu khng c nhng con
ong nh b, cn c lm vic t sng sm tinh m n ti, th lm sao chng ta c
th c thng thc hng v ca nhng git mt thm tho, ngt ngo:
Ong mt cho chng ta nhiu sn phm qu nh mt ong; phn hoa, sa
cha, sp ong, keo ong:.. y l nhng sn phm sinh hc c o, c gi tr
dinh dng rt cao dng bi dng sc kho cho con ngi, c bit tt cho
cc c gi v cc chu nh. Bn cnh dng lm thc phm dinh dng th cc
sn phm trn cn c mt trong cc bi thuc y hc c truyn c gi tr cha
bnh cao, l cc nguyn liu ch bin cc m phm cao cp v nhiu sn
phm ca cc ngnh cng nghip khc. Thc t t mt n ong ni a (Apis
cerana) trong mt nm, tu theo cch nui, c th cho t 2 n 40kg mt ong,
0,2 - 0,3 kg sa cha v cc sn phm khc. Hin nay trn th gii ang c xu
hng s dng cc thc phm t nhin thay th cho cc sn phm cng nghip,
chnh v vy nhu cu ca con ngi v cc sn phm ong cng c tng ln
ng k.
Ngoi vic cung cp cc sn phm qu k trn th con ong cn c vai tr
ht sc quan trng l gp phn lm tng nng sut cho nhiu loi cy trng. Do
trong qu trnh i thu lm mt - phn, con ong trc tip th phn cho hoa.
Theo s tnh ton ca cc nh khoa hc , Niu- di- ln v M th nng sut v
phm cht ca cy trng ti cc vng nui ong mt tng 10 - 15 ln so vi cc
vng khng nui ong mt.
Ngh nui ong i hi k thut ch khng i hi v sc lc, lao ng nui
ong nh nhng ph hp cho nhiu la tui v gii. Do vy ph n, ngi gi, tr
em, ngi tn tt u c th tham gia nui ong c. Nh vy ngh nui ong
cng gp phn gii quyt thm c nhiu vic lm cho ngi gi, tr em, ngi
ngh hu, mt sc hoc sinh vin mi ra trng cha c vic lm.
Nui ong khng i hi phi c in tch t ai ring, n khng bc lt ti
nguyn thin nhin, khng i hi nhiu din tch t nh cc ngnh ngh khc
m ngi nui ong c th tn dng c cc din tch nh nh gc h, mi hin,
ban cng nh hoc ngay di gc cy n qu trong vn nh... t cc ,
thng ong.
6

Vn u t ban u cho nui ong khng ln, ch yu l mua ging v mt

s thc n. Cn nhng vt liu khc, r tin nh thng nui ong, dng c thu
mt, khung cu... th c th tn dng g, tre khai thc ti ch, chi ph thp, thu
hi vn nhanh. Nui ong kch thch trng cy gy rng nn cn gp phn bo v
thin nhin, mi trng v n nh cuc sng cho ng bo dn tc min ni.
Trn t nc chng ta, hu nh ni no cng nui c ong. Vng trung
du v min ni l qu hng ca loi ong ni a (Apis cerana), y l nhng
vng c ngun hoa t nhin phong ph v a dng. Hin nay ang c nhng
chng trnh - d n pht trin vng trng cy n qu tp trung, cc chng
trnh trng rng... y l c s thun li chng ta pht trin con ong ni.
Trong cc ging ong c nui trong cc gia nh th ging ong ni a th hin
nhiu u th v chng c din phn b rng ri, kh nng tm kim thc n tt,
thch nghi vi ngun hoa phn b ri rc khng tp trung, thch nghi tt vi iu
kin ngoi cnh mi vng. Do vy ong ni rt thch hp vi kiu nui gia nh
c nh hoc di chuyn t, vn u t ban u khng ng k, thu hi vn nhanh.
Nhiu gia nh nh c cc sn phm ca ong m cuc sng c m bo, c
tch lu lm nh v sm sa cc tin nghi sinh hot y .

Hin nay cc thnh tu khoa hc k thut nui ong trong v ngoi nc

7

c tch lu v pht trin mnh, ngi dn c th vn dng pht trin ngh

nui ong t nng sut v hiu qu kinh t cao.

Cc sn phm t ong

Chng 1
NGUN GC, PHN LOI V
HNH THI CU TO C TH CA ONG MT
1. NGUN GC CA ONG
Ong c ngun gc t ngnh ng vt chn t, tn khoa hc l
Arthropoda, chn t c ngun gc t giun t (Annelides} xut pht t lp giun
nhiu t (Polychaeta).
Trong lch s pht trin ca sinh gii th ng vt c hai hng
tin ho l ng vt khng xng sng v ng vt c xng sng. Trong
ng vt khng c xng sng th pht trin nht l ngnh chn t, trong c
loi ong. Ong bt ngun t ngnh chn t, chn t bt ngun t lp giun nhiu
t. Qu trnh chuyn ho t giun nhiu t sang ngnh chn t l mt qu trnh
phc tp ho v mt cu to.
Tng Cuticul
=>V kitin (b xng ngoi)
Biu b m c
=> b c.
Chi bn
=> Chi phn t
Mch mu lng
=> Tim
C quan th gic pht trin phc tp. Cc t trc tp hp
thnh u, t gia thnh ngc, t phn sau chuyn thnh phn bng. Bn cnh
xut hin thm mt s c quan mi: ng kh, ng Malpighi...
2. V TR PHN LOI
Trong th gii ng vt, ong mt thuc ngnh chn t
(Arthropoda) hay lp 6 chn (Hecxapoda); phn ngnh c ng kh (Tracheata).
Lp cn trng (Insecta)
B cnh mng (Hymenoptera)
H ong mt (Aptsdae)
Ging ong mt (Apis)
Trn th gii hin nay c 7 loi ong cho mt, trong Vit
Nam c 4 loi chnh.
+ Ong chu u (ong ngoi): Apis mellifera. (A. mellifera)
+ Ong Ni a (ong chu ): Apis cerana. (A. cerana)
+ Ong Khoi (ong gc ko): Apis dorsata. (A. dorsata)
+ Ong Hoa (ong mui): Apisflorea. (A.florea)
9

Trong 4 loi ong mt trn th ch c 2 loi A.cerana v A.mellifera l c gi

tr kinh t cao, ang c nui rng ri. Cn 2 loi A.dorsata v A. f1orea l 2
loi ong sinh, cha c nghin cu v thun ho, mi dng mc khai
thc t nhin.
Trong mi loi li phn chia thnh cc phn loi khc nhau nh: i vi ong
chu u (A.mellifera) c cc phn loi: Ong , ong Trung - Nga, ong Cacpat,
ong Crain, ong vng Capcaz; i vi ong A.cerana c: A.cerana cerana,
A.cerana indica, A.cerana japonica ... Mi phn loi li c nhiu dng sinh
thi - sinh hc hnh thnh t lu i di tc ng ca cc yu t ngoi cnh
khc nhau v ct c im thch nghi vi iu kin sng khc nhau. iu ny
dn n cc c im c ngha kinh t i vi con ngi cng khc nhau v c
ngha rt.to ln trong cng tc ging ong v chng bo v v duy tr c tnh
a dng sinh hc thng qua cc h gen qu him tn ti trong t nhin.
3. CC LOI ONG MT CH YU:
3.1. Ong hoa (Apisfzorea)
y l loi ong c kch thc nh nht trong cc ging Apis, phn b ch
yu cc vng c kh hu m p chu . nc ta ong Apis florea c hai
phn loi l ong hoa v ong hoa en.

- Ong hoa (Apis florea) c c tnh xy mt bnh t trn cnh cy nh l

ra ngoi khng kh, pha trn phn cha mt phnh ra bm vo cnh cy, cn
phn di l l u trng r xung. Bnh t c qun ph bng 3 - 4 lp ong
th. Vo ma chia n s c l t ong c v vi m cha pha di. Ong hoa
c th chia thnh vi n bay ra t mt n ng qun. Ong A. florea rt d
10

bc bay khi gp thi tit khng thun li thc n thiu v k th tn cng mnh.
Lng mt d tr ca loi ong ny t hn cc loi ong khc, khong t 0,7 l,2kg mt nn t c gi tr kinh t. Trn thc t, mt s vng ngi ta khai thc
mt ong A. jiorea bng cch ct ring phn mt ly, cn phn nhng v u
trng buc tr li n ong. Do vy c th thu hoch mt 2 - 3 ln t 1 t. Ong A.
jiorea c nhiu cc tnh trung du v min ni pha Bc nh H Giang, Cao
Bng, Bc Kn, Sn La... v cc tnh min Nam nh Long An, ng Thp, Kin
Giang... - Ong hoa en (Apis andreniformis): Ong ny c c im hnh thi, tp
tnh sinh hc v phn b tng t ong hoa , nhng chng c kch thc c th
nh hn mt ht, phn lng bng c mu en, cn ong A. florea c mu hung
, ong hoa en c c tnh d hn so vi ong hoa .

Ong hoa en (Apis andreniformis)

Nhn chung ong hoa c kch thc c th nh, ong cha di khong 13mm,
ong th 7 - 8 mm, ong c 13mm, vi ht ca ong th di 3,44mm. Lng mt
d tr ca ong hoa en khng ng k, nn gi tr kinh t ca ong ny l rt
thp, t c ngi nui quan tm.
3.2. Ong Khoi hay ong gc ko (Apis dorsata)
Ong A.dorsata cn c tn gi l ong khng l v chng c kch thc ln
nht trong cc ging ong mt, ong th di 18mm, ong c 16mm, ong cha ch
di hn ong th mt cht, bng ong th c mu nu vng v chiu di vi ht l
6,68mm.
11

Ong Khoi - Apis dorsata

Ong Khoi c c tnh xy 1 bnh t ngoi khng kh trn cnh cy hoc
di cc vch . Kch thc bnh t kh ln, di khong 0,5 - 2m, rng 0,5 0,7m. Pha trn bnh t l ni d tr mt, tip theo l ni cha phn v u trng
v nhng L ong c khng nm vng ging nh ong A.cerana m nm ri
rc xen ln l ong th. Bn ngoi bnh t c cc lp ong th bm vo, chng c
th t iu ho nhit dao ng 27 - 370C ong A.dorsata thu hoch mt rt
chm ch, d tr mt bnh qun l 5kg/n

Ma chia n ca chng trng vi ma chia n ca ong ni A.cerana, trc

ma chia n chng xy 300 - 400 l ong c v 5 - 10 m cha di bnh t.
Thi gian pht trin t trng n trng thnh ca ong th l 16 - 20 ngy, ong
cha 13 - 13,5 ngy, ong c 20 - 23,5 ngy. Vo ma chia n th t mt n
c th chng t chia ra vi n bay i.
Ong A.dorsata ni ting l hung d v chng c bn nng bo v t rt tt,
c ti 80 - 90% ong th u ngoi bo v, khi b k th n cng chng bay ra
12

hng trm con cng mt lc lao vo k th v ui k th xa vi trm mt.

nc ta, ong Khoi phn b cc tnh min ni pha Bc, cc tnh Min
Trung, Ty Nguyn v c bit chng c nhiu cc tnh pha Nam, ni c rng
Trm ngp nc. Vic khai thc mt ong Khoi l rt kh v chng qu hung d,
ngi ta dng khi, la ui ong hoc tiu dit c n ong ly mt. Ngi
dn cc tnh ni trn c mt hnh thc khai thc ong A.dorsata rt c o, c
mt khng hai trn th gii. l gc ko cho ong v lm t khai thc mt,
bnh qun mi ngi gc t 50 - 60 ko, thu c 250kg mt/nm.
Bn cnh ong Khoi; th tnh Ho Bnh, Sn La ca Vit Nam ngi ta
thy mt loi ong c cu to v tp tnh ging ong Khoi l ong (Apis
laboriosa) chng thng xy t trn cc vch , kch thc c th to hn ong
Khoi, phn lng bng ong th c mu en v sc trng.
3.3. Ong ni a hay ong Chu (Apis cerana)
y l cc loi ong c nui hng nghn nm cc nc chu . Trong
t nhin chng phn b rt rng ri, chnh v phm vi phn b rng nh vy nn
ong A.cerana khc nhau nhiu v kch thc c th, l t, lng mt d tr v
mt s c tnh khc
Ong A.cerana c c tnh xy mt vi bnh t song song vi nhau v vung
gc vi mt t, chng xy t nhng ni kn o nh trong hc cy, hc ...
Do c im ny m ngi dn chu nui ong trong cc hc tng, , hp
vung rng.
Vit Nam, ong A.cerana cng c ngi dn nui t hng nghn nm
nay, ch yu l nui trong cc . n nay nc ta cng nh mt s nc trn
th gii chuyn loi ong ny sang nui trong thng c cu di ng, do m
nng sut mt tng ln ng k. Hin nay Vit Nam c khong 1 80.000 n ong
ni trong c hn 50% tng s n c nui trong cc thng hin i. Nng
sut mt t trung bnh khong t 10 - 15 kg/ n/nm.

13

3.4. Ong chu u hay ong ngoi (Apis mellifer)

Ong Apis mellifera c nng sut mt cao v cho nhiu loi sn phm,
chng c ti 24 phn loi. Do vy chng c nui rng ri khp cc Chu lc
Ong chu u c c tnh xy t ging nh ong A.cerana, nhng do kch
thc c th ln, s qun ng do vy t ca chng phi rng, l t to hn l t
ong A.cerana, lng mt d tr ln t 25 - 30kg/n, ong t bc bay v chng
i hi ngun hoa tp trung. Loi ong ny tng i hin.
Vo u nhng nm 1960 Vit Nam chng ta nhp 200 n ong (Apis
mellifera lifustica) t Hng Kng, i Loan. Qua hn 4 thp k chng t ra
thch nghi tt vi iu kin kh hu v ngun hoa Vit Nam. c bit l
vng Nam B v Ty Nguyn l ni c ngun hoa tp trung (cao su, c ph,
bng trng...) do nng sut mt rt cao, bnh qun t 30kg/n nm. Hin
nay nc ta c khong 360.000 n ong , cho sn lng khong 16.000 tn
mt, chim 70% tng sn lng mt ca c nc v chim 100% lng mt xut
khu. Tuy nhin nui ong phi i hi k thut chm sc - nui dng cao,
u t ln v phi c nhng ngun hoa tp trung.

14

3.5. Ong khng ngi t (Apidac; Meliponiac)

Ngoi cc loi ong mt Apis ra, nc ta cn c mt s loi ong cho mt
l ong khng c ngi t, do ngi t b thoi ho, khng c kh nng tn
cng k th. Tuy nhin chng bo v t bng cch chui vo tai, mt, mi cc k
th tn cng.
Ong Meliponiac c nhiu c tnh ging nh cc loi ong Apis khc nh
cng c s phn chia cp ong, xy t trong hc cy, hc nhng ong khng
ngi t c cu trc t khc ong mt. T ong Meliponiac c dng hnh ng, cc
bnh t thng nm ngang nui u trng, u trng c ong y mt phn ri vt np li, 2 u bnh t l cc bnh sp cha mt v phn.
Vit Nam, ong khng ngi t cn c tn l ong mui, ong v, chng
phn b khp t nc nh Lai Chu, Sn La v cc tnh min Nam nh Cn
Th, Tin Giang, Sng B... Nng sut mt ca loi ny tuy khng cao nhng
mt ca n rt qu, dng cha bnh v cng ging nh cc loi ong mt
khc, ong Meliponiac c vai tr quan trng trong vic th phn cho cy trng v
cc cy t nhin.

15

Ong khng ngi t Stingless bees

4. HNH THI CU TO C TH
4.1. Hnh thi cu to ngoi
- C th ong chia lm 3 phn r rt: u, ngc v phn bng, cc phn ny
c ni vi nhau bng cc khp ng.
- C 1 i ru.
- C 3 i chn v 2 i cnh.
- Bn ngoi c lp v kinh gm nhiu tm ni vi nhau to ln b xng
ngoi.
- Trong mt t c 3 cp ong: Ong cha kch thc ln nht, cnh ngn, bng
di, c mu nu en; ong th c mu nu nht hoc vng, c mt khoanh vng;
ong c c mu en, cnh di, bng ngn.
4.1.1. Phn u ong
u ong c cu to hnh hp c bao bc bi lp v kitin, u c tch
bit vi phn ngc. Pha trc hnh tam gic c mt kp to mu en, u c
ph bi 1 lp lng mn, mt kp ong c ln, gia 2 mt kp l trn, di trn
gi l hc mi, gia trn c 3 mt n l 3 chm en xp hnh tam gic,
gia i mt kp l 1 i ru (anten), y l mt c quan cm gic rt nhy bn,
ong dng ru phn bit mi v trong - ngoi t v xc nh dao ng sng
16

trong khng gian, ru ong c c 13 t, ong th c 12 t.

Phn ph ming ca ong xp xung quanh ming thch ng vi chc nng
nghin - ht. Phn ming c hm trn, hm di, mi di, 2 tm mi trong
dnh li vi nhau ko di thnh li, trn li c nhiu lng t c tc dng lim
cc thc n lng. Cc phn ph ming c xu hng ko di thnh vi lun
su vo hoa ht mt, ong th c li di v nhiu lng hn li ong c v ong
cha.
4.1.2. Phn ngc
Phn ngc ca ong gm 3 t: t trc, t gia v t sau.
trn cnh c cc gn dc v gn ngang c ph mt lp lng mn, b
trc ca cnh sau c mc mc vo b sau ca cnh trc to mt bng
cho 2 cnh khi bay. Khi ong v cnh th n s lm cho mt bng ny b thay i,
khi nghing cnh ong to ra mt lc ln pha sau y ong v pha trc. Ong
cng v cnh nhanh th nghing cnh cng ln, lc cng ln, ong bay cng
nhanh, ong bay c l nh mt h c trc tip gn lin vi cnh, h c c tnh
co gin nng cnh hoc h cnh xung, c cng kho th ong bay cng nhanh,
c th t tc 50 Km/gi.
Mi t ngc c mt i chn, mi chn gm cc t: t hng, t chuyn,
i, ng, bn chn, cui t bn chn c 2 vut nhn v 1 tm m gia. Mi
mt i chn c cu to ring ph hp vi vic thu lm phn v mt.
4.1.3. Phn bng ong
Bng ong mt khng c phn ph, gm 6 t v ni vi phn ngc qua t
chuyn tip ring bng ong c c 7 t. Cc t bng c ni vi nhau bng
cc mng kitin mng do vy ong c th thay i c th tch bng, ong th
t bng s 2 v 3 c cc l th bn cnh, 4 t bng cui mi t c 1 i
tuyn sp. gia t bng 5 v 6 c tuyn Naxonop (Tn nh bc hc Nga tm
ra), tuyn ny tit ra hng v c trng ca mi n ong. Ring ong cha,
tuyn Naxonop rt pht trin v tit ra cc feromol c trng iu khin mi
hot ng ca n.
phn cui bng ong th c c quan t v l ngi t, ong c khng c
ngi. y l b phn rt phc tp, b phn chnh l kim dn thng vi tuyn c
trong xoang bng, khi ong th t ngi thng b t ra khi bng v ong th s
b cht. Vic ong th t c ngha sinh hc l: Bo v t v lm cho i th
au do vn c cc hch thn kinh d ngi b t ra khi c th, bn cnh
chng tit ra feromol bo ng cc ong th khc cng tn cng k th.
17

4.2. Cu to trong
4.2.1. H tiu ho
Ong mt thuc vo cc cn .trng dinh dng chuyn ho, c quan tiu ho
ca ong cn l ni d tr tm thi mt hoa khi thu nhn v vn chuyn v t. C
quan tiu ho bao gm: Ming, hu, thc qun, diu, rut trc v rut sau.
Tuyn tiu ho gm c 4 i:
- i tuyn tit sa.
- i tuyn tit cht lm t li.
- i tuyn tit men tiu ho.
- i tuyn tit cht luyn mt.
Phn diu mt c dng hnh qu l, l ni d tr mt, c tnh co gin, diu c
th cha c 0,7 gam mt.
Rut l b phn rt quan trng, mi qu trnh tiu ho v hp thu cht inh
dng u din ra y. Thc n c a vo c th qua ming, qu trnh tiu
ho hp thu xy ra rut, cc cht cn b c tp trung phn rut sau v
c thi ra ngoi qua hu mn.
4.2.2. C quan h hp
C quan h hp ca ong gm cc l th, h thng ng kh phn nhiu nhnh,
cc ti kh v h thng mao qun trao i kh vi cc t bo, cc m trong c
th. Cc l th nm hai bn c th, c 3 i l th nm phn ngc v 6 i l
th nm phn bng. Ring bng ong c c 8 i l th. Trn b mt l th c
cc lng nh c tc dng ngn cn bi bn i vo c quan h hp.
Tip lin l th l ti kh, khng kh c gi li y ri theo cc ng kh
qun i khp c th qua cc mao mch n cc t bo. Kh ra qua cc l th nh
s co bp ca xoang bng. Khc vi nhiu ng vt khc, khi lng CO2 trong
mi trng tng th ong vn hot ng bnh thng. Khi ong hot ng mnh
hoc nhit mi trng cao th n ong iu ho bng cch thot hi nc ra
ngoi qua cc ng kh qun, lc ny ong khng h hp c th dn ti cht ngt
do cc ng kh qun tch y hi nc.
4.2.3. C quan tun hon
H thng tun hon ca ong l h thng tun hon h. Tim gm 5 ngn, 2
bn sn ca mi ngn tim c cc ca mu t ngoi vo. C ca ngn tim
pht trin mnh, khi co bp mu c dn v pha trc i khp c th. Mu
ca ong gm 2 phn: Mu v bch tuyt. Mu ong khng c mu.
Trong vng tun hon, mu bt u i t phn bng theo cc ng tun hon
18

qua tim ln u v li chy ngc li. C nh vy vng tun hon ca ong din
ra lin tc. Trn ng i, mu vn chuyn cc cht dinh dng n cc c quan
v cc t bo. Mu ong khng lm nhim v vn chuyn oxy. Mu i c l
nh s co bp ca tim. bnh thng tim ong co bp 60 - 70 ln/pht, khi bay t
140 ln/pht.
4.2.4. H thn kinh
C quan thn kinh ca ong mt pht trin rt cao, n m bo mi lin h
thng xuyn hot ng ca n ong vi mi trng bn ngoi, ng thi iu
khin mi hot ng thng nht trong c th ong. C quan thn kinh c chia
lm 3 phn: Thn kinh trung ng, thn kinh ngoi bin v thn kinh thc vt
tnh.
+ Thn kinh trung ng gm cc hch thn kinh u, ngc v phn bng.
+ Thn kinh ngoi bin gm cc dy thn kinh xut pht t cc hch thn
kinh ti cc t bo cm gic v cc u mt thn kinh vn ng trong c.
+ Thn kinh thc vt tnh: i ti cc c quan iu khin mi hot sinh l
bnh thng ca c quan , cc hot ng ca ong thc hin c l nh cc
phn x: Phn x ca ong bao gm: Phn x n gin v phn x phc tp.
+ Phn x n gin: L nhng phn ng din ra trong c th khng c s
tham gia ca thn kinh trung ng.
+ Phn x phc tp, gm 2 loi:
Phn x khng iu kin: C sn trong c th v di truyn qua cc th h.
Tp hp nhiu phn x khng iu kin thnh bn nng ca ong.
- Phn x c iu kin: c tip thu trong qu trnh sng, nhng phn x
ny c th thnh lp v mt i nu khng c duy tr.
4.2.5. C quan sinh dc ca ong
Cng nh nhiu ng vt khc th con ong cng thuc nhm phn tnh ngha
l c con c v con ci ring bit.
C quan sinh dc ong cha: Gm 2 bung trng, hnh qu l, mi bung
trng c nhiu ng trng nm song song vi nhau, c khong t 110 - 230 ng.
Mi bung trng c 1 ng dn trng ring vo 1 ng dn chung, pha trn
ng dn trng chung l ti d tr tinh hnh cu, tip theo l m o v cn
trng.
C quan sinh dc ong th cng nh ca ong cha v mt cu to, nhng
bung trng ong th pht trin khng ng u, c dng di. S lng ng trng
t khong 1 - 12 ng. Mc d c quan sinh dc hot ng bnh thng song
khng bao gi ong th tr trng hp mt cha lu di.
19

C quan sinh dc ca ong c gm 1 i dch hon, ng dn tinh, tuyn ph

v b phn giao phi. Dch hon nm phn trc bng c dng hnh ht u
mu vng, trong dch hon c nhiu ng sinh tinh ngon ngho, ng dn tinh m
rng thnh ti cha tinh khi giao phi vi ong cha b phn giao cu ca ong
c b t vo m o ca ong cha, v th ong c cht ngay sau khi lm xong
nhim v duy tr ni ging.

20

Chng 2
SINH HC ONG MT
c im sinh vt hc ca ong mt t lu thu ht c s ch ca nhiu
nh khoa hc, nh nghin cu v hot ng thc tin. Trong qu trnh nghin
cu v con ong th nhiu vn l th v mt sinh hc ca ong mt dn dn
c pht hin. Nhng kin thc v sinh hc ca ong mt to c s cho vic
hon thin cc quy trnh v bin php k thut ca ngh nui ong, gp phn lm
tng nng sut - cht lng v hiu qu kinh t ca ngh nui ong.
1. CU TRC T ONG
1.1. Cu trc t v s sp xp bnh t
T ong l ni bo v n ong khi k th v cc iu kin t nhin bt li
nh ma, nng, gi... Trong t nhin ong mt thng lm t trong cc hc cy,
hc hoc trong t mi di t.
Cng ging nh ong A.mellifera, t ca ong A.cerana gm c vi bnh t
xp song song vi nhau theo hng i vo ca ca t v vung gc vi mt t,
thng thng c khong 5 - 8 bnh t nh vy. Trn mt bnh t c phn chia
lm cc vng khc nhau r rt: vng mt, vng phn, vng u trng ong th,
vng u trng ong c v v tr m cha (hnh bn).

21

1 . Vng mt (pha trn cng)

2. Vng phn
3. Vng u trng ong th
4. Vng u trng ong c
5. V tr cc m cha (t nhin)
- Chiu dy bnh t ni cha mt l 25 - 30mm.
- Chiu dy ni nui u trng l 20 - 21mm.
- Khong cch gia 2 bnh t k nhau (cu) gi l "khong cch con ong" l
7,5mm.
- Khong cch t tm bnh t ny n tm bnh t lin k l 32mm (y l
khong i vi ong A.cerana min Bc). Cn min Nam l 28mm.
Gia cc bnh t c vch chung t ong xy l t v 2 hng, cc l t c
chung cnh chung y vi nhau. L t ong c hnh lc gic u. Cu to ca l
t nh vy lm cho bn ca t rt cao v l t c sc cha .ln nht, tit kim
c nguyn liu (sp). Bnh t thng c xy theo mt chiu hng theo li
ra vo ca ong, l t c xu hng hi nghing (chch ln pha trn). Trn bnh
t c nhiu loi t:
* L t ong th: Chim i a s (khong 5.000 l trn 1 bnh t), l c hnh
lc gic u nm gia bnh t, l cha trng, u trng, nhng ong th v cn
cha c thc n Kch thc l t dao ng trong khong 4,2 - 4,8mm.
* L t ong c: Thng nm pha di v hai bn gc bnh t, s
lng l t v ch xut hin vo ma chia n khi n ong pht trin mnh.
Ngoi tc dng l bi dc ong c ra th s l t ny cn dng cha thc n.
Kch thc l t ln hn l ong th, ng knh l t khong 5,1 - 5,4mm.
* L t c bit (m cha). y l l t ch chuyn bi dc ong cha, l
ny ch xut hin khi n ong chia n hoc thay th cha t nhin v mt cha,
m cha t nhin c xy pha di v 2 bn mp cnh bnh t, s lng 1 10 m v c hng vung gc vi mt t. Sau khi cha n, ong th thng ph
b ngay m cha, khi n ong mt cha t ngt th ong th s ci to l ong
22

th c sn u trng ong th (l - 3 ngy tui) thnh m cha cp to, nhng loi

m cha ny thng nm ngay trong vng l ong th v c hng khng vung
gc vi mt t.
L t c bit ny c hnh bp mng, ng knh trung bnh l 7,2 - 8mm.
* L t ng mt - phn: c y hnh lc gic u v pha trn cng ca
bnh t, ch yu cha mt v phn, nhng vo ma sinh sn th cng c th
ong cha trng vo
* L t qu (l chuyn tip): nm gia vng ong c v ong th hoc
nm xen vi l t ong th. L t loi ny ch c 3 hoc 5 cnh khng theo quy
lut nht nh, chng c dng cha mt - phn khi c ngun thc n di do.
* L t bn cnh: L nhng l na hnh 6 cnh, ch ni tip gia bnh t
vi khung cu, ngoi tc dng lm cho bnh t vng chc cn dng cha mt
khi ma hoa n r.
Trong ma sinh sn th c ti 314 s l t dng nui dng u trng, 1/4
s l t cha thc n, l t ong th vt np phng cn l vt np ong c li
ln thnh hnh nn v c mt l thng nh chnh gia chm nhn. Vic nghin
cu cu to t c ngha rt quan trng trong vic to ra cc thng nui ph hp
vi tng vng, tng loi ong.
1.2. S gi ho ca bnh t v hot ng xy bnh t mi
Bnh t mi xy, mm do c mu trng sng hoc mu vng ph thuc vo
mu phn hoa ong thu hoch, sau mt thi gian nui dng u trng mu bnh
t chuyn sang mu nu ri sang mu en do xc u trng, v nhng v cc cht
cn b khi u trng ho nhng thi ra. Lc ny vch bnh t hp li, bnh t tr
ln gin, cng v c mi hi. Theo Mikhailop (1927) th sau 17 - 21 th h ong
th ra i l t hp hn 5 - 6% v th tch v khi c 68 th h ong non ra i, do
l t hp u nn khi lng ong th gim i 18,8%.

Cu ong tiu chun

23

Khi cc bnh t en (gi ho) th ong cha khng thch trng do c mi

hi, su n sp d xm nhp. mt s n ong mnh th ong th s cn b cc
l c ri xy mi li, ong A.cerana rt km trong khu v sinh t do vy cc sp
vn y thng rt hp dn bn su c bnh t, nu nhiu su n sp th n
ong s bc bay. Do vy phi thng xuyn dn v sinh y t v cho ong xy
bnh t mi thay dn cc bnh t gi (nn thay 112 s bnh t trn n ong
trong mt nm).
Qu trnh xy bnh t mi do ong th non giai on 12 - 18 ngy tui m
nhim , lc ny tuyn sp ca ong th pht trin mnh. Vic tit sp xy bnh t
mi ph thuc vo tnh hnh n ong v ngun thc n trong t nhin. Ngi ta
c tnh rng sn xut c 0 5kg sp th ong phi tiu tn khong 4kg mt
ong.
Khi xy bnh t, ong th bm vo nhau thnh dy ong, chng dng mc
chn sau ly sp ra khi gng sp ca tuyn tit sp ri cho ln ming nhai,
nghin v trn vi nc bt. xy c 1 l t th phi cn n hng trm con
ong th. T cc dy ong ong th xy ln cc "li mo" ri xy rng ra thnh
bnh t mi. tit kim sp v gip ong xy bnh t nhanh th con ngi
to ra chn tng bng sp c in sn hnh khun cc l t t ong t xy ln.
Cn phi lu s dng chn tng c ng kch thc l t t nhin ca ong.
min Bc chn tng c ng knh l t ph hp l 4,6mm. Mt n ong mnh
trong vng 24 gi c th xy hon thin 1 bnh t mi.
1.3. S iu ho nhit , m trong n ong
Tt c cc loi ong mt u c kh nng to ra v duy tr nhit v m
trong t mt mc nht nh. C th 1 con ong ch c th thc hin mt s
hot ng trong phm vi-nhit cho php, nhng phn ng ho hc cn thit
c tin hnh, nhng c tp th n ong th c th to nn v duy tr nhit
trong t cao hn nhit khng kh bn ngoi.
Nhit thch hp nht cho u trng pht trin l trong khong 32 - 360,
nhit ny lun lun c n nh v duy tr. Nu nhit cao qu hoc thp
qu s lm gim sc sng hoc ko di thi gian pht dc ca ong. S iu ho
nhit do ong th m nhim, n ong cng ng th kh nng iu ho nhit
cng tt Khi nhit mi trng xung thp th n ong t thnh tng chm
m cho u trng, nhit cng thp th ong t cng dy v chng tiu th
nhiu mt ong to ra nng lng cn thit. Nh c kh nng t thnh chm
tng nhit ny nn ong A.cerana c th git cht nhng con ong b v xm
nhp vo n, mt con. ong b v b bao vy bi mt nhm ong th to thnh
24

.mt cc trn nhit trong cc ong ln ti 460C. Ong A.cerana ch chu c

nhit 00C, ong A.mellifera c th chu c nhit - 400C.
Khi nhit mi trng ln cao hn 360C, lm mt bnh t ong th tin
hnh qut thng gi, chng u ngoi ca t vy cnh to ra gi y vo t. Ong
qut c gi l nh s co bp ca nhng c bp bay ca chng. Khi ng qut
gi, nhng c bp bay vng ngc ca chng hot ng khin cnh c ng to
ra ting v v. Nu tri qu nng, ong th i ly nc v t t ln np vt hoc
treo cnh l t c u trng, chng qut gi cho nc bc hi lm mt bnh t
ng thi lm tng m trong n. Bng cch ny ong duy tr m trong t
lun lun khong t 65 - 80%, y l m thch hp cho s pht trin ca u
trng. Bi vy ngi nui ong phi nm c cc c im ny gip ong
chng nng, chng rt n ong tn thc n v pht trin tt.
2. T CHC X HI CA N ONG MT
2.1. n ong l mt "n v x hi"
T chc x hi ca ong mt l kt qu ca mt qu trnh lch s pht trin
lu di ca loi ong.
c nhiu nh khoa hc nghin cu v lch s pht trin t giai on s
khai n giai on c t chc cht ch, c tnh x hi cao nh ngy nay.
Thut ng "n ong" hoc "t ong" c th hiu theo nhiu cch. Theo Butlet
(1954) th n ong bao gm: ong trng thnh, trng, u trng, nhng cu
nhng v cu thc n d tr. Nhng theo Michenner (1974) th cc cu nhng
v cu thc n d tr khng c tnh vo n ong. Hin nay ngi ta vn quan
nim n ong l ton b nhng g c trong mt thng ong hoc ong.
T ong trong t nhin thng lm trong hc cy, hc nhng tin cho
vic chm sc - qun l v c hiu qu cao th ngi nui ong to ra ni
lm t thch hp cho ong di hnh thc cc trn hoc thng vung. M ngy
nay thng dng thng g trong c cu di ng gn tng chn.
Mt n ong Apis thng thng c 1 ong cha (lm nhim v sinh sn), c
bit c n c 2 cha, ong th c t 1.000 n 25.000 con, ong c c t vi
trm n vi nghn con xut hin theo ma, n ong A.mellifera thng ng
qun hn. C th c trng hp ngoi l l trong 1 thi gian tm thi no
trong n ong khng c u trng, trng v nhng nh: ma ng hoc ma hoa
khan him (thng 7- 9), cha mi cha giao phi hoc do k thut x l ca
ngi nui.
Khi ong cha b cht hoc ngi nui chuyn cha i th ong th s to ra
25

cha mi t u trng c th tinh, nu khng n ong s b li dn v tiu

tan, do ong th trng khng c th tinh v n ra ton ong c. Ong c ch
c mt trong t vo ma sinh sn nhng vng hoa n quanh nm th ong c
lc no cng c.
2.2. Cc thnh vin ca n ong
Ong mt c c tnh sng thnh x hi, mi n ong l mt n v sinh hc
hon chnh. C th ni mi n ong bnh thng :l mt gia .nh, gm c mt
ong cha (ong m), mt s ln ong th v mt s ong c ch xut hin theo
ma. Mi loi hnh c mt v tr sinh hc nht nh trong n nhng chng gn
b, nh hng ln nhau rt cht ch. Vic tm hiu k v tng thnh vin trong
n ong s gip chng ta gii p c nhiu iu b n .v con ong v t
gip cho ngi nui ong c nhng bin php nhm mc ch cui cng l nng
cao nng sut v hiu qu chn nui, k thut hp l i vi nhng n ong ca
mnh.
2.2.1. Ong cha
Ong cha l mt con ong ci pht trin hon chnh v l m ca c n ong.
Trong mt n ong thng thng ch c mt ong cha, ong cha pht trin t
trong c th tinh cho nn c th n mang mt b nhim sc th (2n = 32).
Ong cha thc s c coi l ong cha khi n ra cc cp ong v tr v mt
n ong, cn trong thi gian cha n ch l 1 con ong ci. Nhim v ch yu
ca ong cha l trng duy tr ni ging m bo s tn ti ca c n ong,
ong cha cn tit ra cc cht c bit gi l "cht cha" hay Feromol duy tr
"trt t x hi " trong 1 n ong.
C th ong cha ln, cnh ngn, bng thon di cn i bn trong cha 2
bung trng pht trin, lng - ngc rng, ton thn c mu en hoc nu en,
khi lng c th ln (cha t ong ni nng khong 150mg, cha ong ngoi
khong 200mg; ong cha ni nng 200mg, ong cha ngoi nng 250mg),
cha t c mt lp lng t mn ph khp c th. Khi lng c th ong cha lc
mi n t l thun vi s lng v chiu di ng trng. y l mt ch tiu quan
trng .nh gi cht lng ong cha mi n. Cc ging ong khc nhau th ch
tiu ny cng khc nhau.

26

Ong cha v ong th

Sau khi n t trng th tinh, u trng ong cha c ong th nui dng
lin tc v d tha bng mt loi thc n c bit (sa cha), u trng ln ln rt
nhanh v mm mng bung trng trong u trng cng pht trin rt mnh.
Cc nh khoa hc chng minh rng trong giai on u trng v nhng th
bung trng ong cha pht trin ti mc y v n nh. iu ny c ngha l
cht lng ong cha sau ny c tt hay khng th cng ph thuc vo thc n
nui dng u trng cha n khi ho nhng c tt hay khng. Thi gian pht
dc t trng n khi trng thnh ca ong cha l 16 ngy:
+ Giai on trng: 3 ngy
+ Giai on u trng: 5 ngy
+ Giai on nhng: 8 ngy
Ong cha mi n c th to, mp mp nhng sau 2 - 3 ngy ong cha b ong
th hn ch khu phn thc n c th gim bt khi lng, c th thon li
chun b cho nhng chuyn bay giao phi.
+ Khi ong cha n c 1 - 2 ngy c ong th rn luyn h c bng cch
rung lng, lc cnh, ui cho ong cha chy nhiu ln.
+ T 3 - 5 ngy ong cha tp bay nh hng ca t, mi ln bay 3 - 5 pht
vo lc 3 - 5 h chiu lc tri nng p, lng gi.
+ T 5 - 8 ngy ong cha bay i giao phi vi ong c, s ln bay t 1 - 3
ln, mi ln bay 20 - 25 pht vo bui chiu (14 - 15gi) lc tri nng p,
khng c gi. Ong cha bay giao phi vi khong 15 - 30 ong c trn khng
trung. Vic giao phi vi nhiu ong c m bo cho ong cha nhn c nhiu
tinh trng t nhiu ngun gc khc nhau, trnh c hin tng cn huyt, sau
27

nhng chuyn bay giao phi thnh cng, ong cha v t mang theo du hiu
giao phi l cui bng c mu trng nu hnh si. Tinh trng c d tr
trong ti tr tinh v dng dn cho n khi ong cha cht. Sau giao phi thnh
cng ong cha bt u , vic ra trng th tinh hay khng th tinh ph thuc
vo kch thc l t. Cc nghin cu ch ra rng kch thc l t c vai tr
trong vic iu tit ong cha ra trng th tinh (n ra ong th) hoc trng
khng th tinh (n ra ong c). Ong cha dng chn trc o ming l t.
Nu ming l t rng ong cha trng vo nhng khng c phn x m van
ti tinh, cn ming l t hp th phn x m van ti tinh c thc hin v trng
c th tinh.
Mt con ong cha ni a tt trong mt n ong mnh (6 - 7 cu v thc n
d tha) th ong cha t 300 - 400 trng trong 24 gi, cn nu cng l con
ong cha nhng c gii thiu vo 1 n 3 - 4 cu, thc n thiu th ong
cha ch 200 - 300 trng/24 gi.
Do vy vic thng xuyn nui nhng n ong mnh th tc tng n
cng nhanh.
Bn cnh nhim v duy tr ni ging th ong cha cn c nhim v duy tr s
n nh v pht trin ca c n ong do ong cha tit ra mt cht c bit gi l
"cht cha" m khoa hc gi l feromol. Mt con ong cha c th tit ra 30 loi
feromol khc nhau ph hp vi tng mc ch khc nhau.
V d nh:
- Feromol km hm s pht trin bung trng ong th.
- Feromol hp dn ong c n im "hi t giao phi.
- Feromol kch thch ong th tch lu thc n.
- Feromol ngn cn bn nng xy m cha ca ong th.
Trong thng ong, cht feromol tc ng theo 2 con ng:
+ Tc ng ln cc th quan chuyn ho nh khu gic, v gic.v.v...
+ Mt s xm nhp qua da, b mt ngoi c th, b mt c quan h hp hoc
thnh ng tiu ho v.v...
Khi ong cha cn sung sc, feromol tit ra nhiu, ong th khi chi chut cho
cha, mm cho cha n ng thi feromol c truyn t ong cha sang ong th
v ong th i li c st nhau, mi cha c to ra khp thng. chnh l tn
hiu bo cho c n nhn ra s c mt ca ong cha.
Ong cha cng gi th feromol cng gim
n ong mt cha th feromol khng cn na lc ny ong th s xy m
cha cp to.
Feromol hnh thnh ngay c khi u trng cha nm trong m cha v vy
28

mi c sc hp dn ong th bu n chm sc.

Tui th ca ong cha trung bnh l 3 nm, nhng cha trng tt v tit
nhiu feromol n nh n, tt nht l trong vng t 6 - 9 thng. Khi cha gi
sc gim, nhiu trng khng th tinh (n ra ong c) v feromol cng
gim, do vy cn phi thay cha hng nm.
Ngun gc ra i ca ong cha: Ong cha ra. i t 3 ngun gc l cha
chia n, cha thay th v cha cp to.
+ Cha chia n t nhin: trong iu kin ngoi cnh thi tit thun li
ngun thc n phong ph v iu kin ch quan: n ong mnh ti mc d tha
lc lng ong th lao ng, ong th qu ng, n ong cht tri, nng bc,
nhiu ong non.v.v... th n ong s c k hoch chia n. Chng xy t 3 - 30
m cha pha di v ra mp bnh t chia n (chia n l bn nng ca
ong nhm duy tr v pht trin ni ging). Cht lng cha trong trng hp ny
rt tt, o c qu trnh chun b trong iu kin ngoi cnh tt thi tit thun li
v ngun thc n trong t nhin phong ph.

+ Cha thay th. Trong trng hp ong cha b d tt, b qu hoc ong cha
qu gi yu, khng duy tr v m nhim tt c cng vic ca mnh na th
ong th s tin hnh xy t 1 - 3 m cha thay th t nhin cha c. Trong
trng hp ny cht lng ong cha cng tt v n ong ch ng bi dc ong
cha. Khi thay th, th cha c vn song song tn ti vi cha mi, ong cha
mi trng thnh (giao phi v trng) th ong th s loi thi ong cha c.
+ Cha cp to: Khi n ong mt cha t ngt, trong t vn cn trng v u
trng, ong th s khn cp chn nhng u trng ong th di 3 ngy tui
nui dng thnh cha, chng s ci ni rng nhng l t ra v bn y sa
cha vo bi dc thnh cha gi l cha cp to. Cha ra i trong hon cnh
29

ny cht lng km v n ong khng ch ng bi dc ong cha v c th gp

iu kin ngoi cnh bt li.
c im cc loi m cht
Cha chia n
Cha thay th
Cha cp to
Loi
S
3 30
1-3
2 - 25
Tui u
Cc tui khc
Tui xp x
Nhiu loi tui
V
tr
Pha di ra
Pha di ra
Trn b mt. di v
m
mp bnh t
mp bnh to
ra bnh t
Mu sc
Vng sng hoc
Nu hoc vng sng
Nu hoc nu
nu nht
sm
2.2.2. Ong c
Ong c l ong c sinh ra t trng khng th tinh (n = 16) chc nng ca
ong c l giao phi vi cha t nhm duy tr ni ging. Trong iu kin bnh
thng ong c ch c sinh ra t cc n ong mnh, c xu hng chia n.
Trong ma sinh sn chia n thy c hin tng to nhiu ong c l chuyn
bnh thng, l t ong c c ong th to mt cch ch ng trong ma chia
n t nhin, thng chng nm 2 bn gc pha di ca bnh t.

Ong c
Ong c c kch thc c th ln hn ong cha nhng bng ngn hn, c
th mu en, c nhiu lng di, cnh di, t bng cui bng v khng c ngi
t. Ong c khng c rng.
Thi gian pht dc ca ong c A. cerana t trng n trng thnh l 23
ngy, ong A. mellifera l 24 ngy, giai on trng: 3 ngy; giai on u trng: 6
ngy (3 ngy u u trng c ong th cho n "sa ong cha"; 3 ngy sau u
trng n hn hp mt v phn hoa)
Giai on nhng vt np l 14 ngy, ong A. mellifera l 24 ngy.
Khi mi n ra, c th ong c cn non yu, khng t ly c thc n m
30

phi nh ong th bn cho, sau 6 ngy chng t ly c thc n v tp bay.

T 10 - 20 ngy t khi n l thi k sung sc nht ca ong c, y l thi
im tt nht ong c giao phi vi cha t. Trong iu kin phi thay th
cha gp m khng kp sn sinh ong c th n ong s chm sc nui dng
nhng con "ong c lu" (ong c tn ti trong n qu la) mt cch tt nht
c th giao phi c, ong c 1 ln phng tinh c 0,035ml tinh dch v
cha trong 1,2 triu tinh trng.
* S thnh thc v giao phi ca ong c vi cha t
Nhiu nghin cu gn y cho thy rng: Vo ma cha t i giao phi th
c rt nhiu ong c trong cng khu vc c bn knh 5 - 8km bay n im "hi
t" giao phi. Khi cha t bay i giao phi, nh c feromol dn d m li ko
bn ong c cng i, ngay bn thn ong c cng tit ra feromol hp dn
nhau bay n mt vng gi l "vng hi t ong c" to ra mt "m my ong
c" trn khng trung c n hng nghn con. Khi cha t bay i rt nhiu ong
c bay theo ging nh ui sao chi bay sau ong cha nhng ch c khong 15
- 30 ong c kho nht c giao phi vi ong cha (iu ny m bo tnh
chn lc di truyn tt pht trin loi ong). Khi giao phi ong c s m ly
lng v bng ong cha giao phi, giao phi xong chng b t c quan giao
cu v tr ln t lit ri cht.
Khi ht ma giao phi v vo ma kh khn v thc n th ong c s b ong
th ui ra khi t, b mc cho ong c cht i v rt, v ngoi nhim v l
duy tr ni ging ra, ong c khng bit lm vic g c, ong c sng c
khong 1 nm
* Ngun gc ra i ca ong c
- Vo ma sinh sn chia n, n ong pht trin mnh c nhu cu chia n t
nhin th n ong s bi dc ong c.
Ong cha qu gi, tinh dch d tr ht cho nn khi ton trng khng th
tinh (N ra ong c, n = 16).
- n ong mt cha lu ngy, ong th ra trng khng th tinh v n ra
ton ong c ci.
2.2.3. Ong th
V bn cht, ong th cng l ong ci v n c n ra t trng th tinh,
nhng do trong giai on u trng chng ch c ong th nui bng "sa ong
cha" 3 ngy u vi s lng hn ch. Cn sau ch c nui bng hn hp
mt - phn hoa. Cho nn bung trng pht trin khng hon thin v chng
khng c kh nng giao phi vi ong c. C th ong th nh hn ong cha,
31

thn c mu nu en, bng nhn c nhng vch khoanh mu vng xen k v c

ngi t.
S pht dc ca ong: Cng nh cc cn trng khc trong b cnh mng th
ong mt thuc loi bin thi hon ton, vng i ca n chuyn qua 4 giai on:
trng, u trng, nhng v trng thnh.
Trng ong: C hnh dng hi cong, c u to nh khc nhau, u nh dnh
xung y l t sau pht trin thnh bng ong, trng ong di l,71mm v rng
0,406mm (Koenizer, 1992). Giai on trng ko di 3 ngy.
Ngy u tin trng t th ng (gn 900).
Ngy th 2 trng t th nghing (gn 450)
Ngy th 3 trng nm ngang v n thnh u trng.
Nhn vo t th ca trng ngi nui ong c th bit c tnh hnh ong
cha trong n cn hay mt thng qua quan st trng mt ngy tui.
- u trng ong: C hnh li lim, cng ln u trng c hnh vnh khuyn.
Trong 3 ngy u u trng ong th c n sa cha sau phi n lng ong
(mt + phn). Trong giai on ny lng thc n tiu tn rt ln, u trng c
ong th bn lin tc khong 1.000 - 1.300 ln/1ngy m, trong 5 ngy n ht
20g thc n do vy u trng ln rt nhanh. giai on ny ko di 5 ngy v qua 4
ln lt xc, n cui ngy th 5 ong th vt np u trng li. Sau khi vt np cc
c quan bn trong ca u trng chuyn ho rt mnh. Giai on u trng ko di
5 ngy.
- Nhng ong: Thuc loi nhng trn, u tin (thi k tin nhng 1 - 2 ngy)
nhng c mu trng sau bin thnh mu trng sa ri thnh mu hng nht.
giai on ny nhng nhn b ngoi ging nh u trng nhng bn trong lp da
ca nhng ang hnh thnh r dn cc chn, phn u v cc c quan bn trong,
qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin cc phn, cc c quan c din ra dn dn
trong l vt np, trc khi n ra khi l vt nhng lt xc ln na thnh ong
trng thnh. Giai on nhng ca ong th ko di 11 ngy.

Qu trnh pht trin t trng n khi ha nhng ca ong mt

32

Tm tt cc giai on pht dc ca ong MT (ngy)

Giai

on

Trng
u trng
Nhng
Tng thi
O
O
O
O
O
Ong
O
O

Ging ng ni ng ng ni ng ng ni ng ng ni
Ong cha
3
3
5
5
8
8
16
16
Ong c
3
3
6
6
14
15
23
24
Ong th
3
3
5
5
11
13
19
21

* Trc y ngi ta quan nim rng x hi loi ong c "s phn cng lao
ng" theo cng vic chuyn trch ring, ngha l mi con ong ch lm mt cng
vic duy nht nhng thc t khng phi nh vy. Cc nh khoa hc nghin
cu thc nghim v khm ph ra rng trong c cuc i mi con ong th u
phi nm tri cc cng vic trong n v nhng vic trong n m chng m
nhim trong mi giai on ph thuc vo mc thnh thc sinh l (ngha l c
s phn cng lao ng theo la tui).

S phn cng lao ng theo la tui ong th

Tui ong
th (ngy)

Mc thnh thc
ca c th

Cc cng vic trong t

Dn v sinh l t, nh bng l t ong

cha trng
Nui u trng ong th v ong c t 4 -5
Ong th n hn hp mt 3-5 ngy phn hoa, tuyn sa bt u ngy tui bng hn hp mt - phn
pht trin
Tit sa nui u trng ong th v ong
Tuyn sa pht trin
5-8 ngy
c
1 - 3 ngy tui, u trng ong cha v ong
mnh
th bt u bay nh hng t. tip
Tuyn sa teo, tuyn sp h ong
8-12
bt u pht trin, tuyn nc nhn v ch bin mt hoa thnh mt ong. Tit
ngy
nc bt nho trn phn hoa thnh lng
bt pht trin mnh
Tit sp xy t, vt np l mt chn, l u
Tuyn sp pht trin
12-18
trng chun b ho nhng. bt vft cc khe h
mnh, tuyn nc pht trin
ngy
thng v bo v t
y
ong i thu hoch mt - phn v ly nc
19-44
H c pht trin mnh
ngoi mi trng (ngoi t)
ngy
ong yu nn khng tham gia vo vic thu
45-60
Ong th chuyn sang giai
hoch m ch lm cc vic nh ly nc, qut
ngy
on lo ho (gi)
gi, bo v t v.v...
1-2 ngy

C th ong th non yu

33

Tuy nhin trong thc t khng phi lc no ong cng c s phn cng cht
ch nh vy n ch mang tnh tng i v cn ph thuc vo iu kin t nhin
thay i. V d: Vo thi v hoa n r n ong huy ng c nhng ong non cha
n tui hoc ong gi i thu hoch. Hoc n ong bc bay n ni khc th
chng phi huy ng c ong gi tit sp bng cch cho n tng khu phn, c
bit l phn hoa.

* Mt s hot ng ch yu ca n ong
+ Hot ng thu mt - phn:
V tr ca t c ong th nh hng t trc, khi n tui thu hoch (19
ngy tui tr i) ong th thc hin cc chuyn bay xa kim thc n (mt phn hoa). Vic thu hoch ny thc hin c nh s ch dn ca ong trinh st.
Ong trinh st bay i tm kim ngun thc n cn c vo mi thm, mu sc rc
r ca cc bng hoa. Khi pht hin ra ngun hoa, ong trinh st s bay v t
thng bo cho cc ong th khc thng qua cc iu ma ca ong trinh st.
Theo Lindauer (1957) v Atwat + Goyal (1971) th ong Apis cerana c cc
iu ma nh sau:
- Ma vng trn th ngun thc n cch t t 0,5 - 7m.
- Ma hnh li lim th ngun thc n cch t trn 8m.
- Ma hnh s 8 v chuyn ng lc l th ngun thc n xa trn 50m.
Nu ngun hoa xa th ong trinh st ma chm v lc l cng ln. Bnh
thng ong A.cerana bay kim thc n trong vng bn knh 1 - l,5m.
- Thu hoch mt: Theo s ch dn ca ong trinh st, ong th bay ti ngun
hoa dng vi ht mt vo diu cha mt. Khi mang mt v ong khng trc
tip mt vo l t m phi chuyn cho 2 - 3 ong th khc ri bay i chuyn
tip. Theo Park (1982) th i vi ong A.cerana, nu thi tit tt chng i trung
bnh 5 - 7 chuyn, mi chuyn 30 - 45 pht v thu c 30mg mt hoa. Nu
nhiu hoa n cng lc th ong thch ly mt loi hoa n tp trung c t l ng
cao hn. Ong A.cerana c khu gic thnh hn ong A.mellifera, do vy ngun
34

hoa n ri rc th ong A.cerana thu hoch hiu qu hn.

- Thu hoch phn: Quan st ong i lm v t, ta thy hai chn sau ca ong
th c nhng vin phn c mu sc khc nhau, mu ca vin phn ph thuc
vo loi hoa. V d: Phn ng, phn hoa b c mu vng ti. Phn hoa cng
cua c mu vng thm. Khi thu hoch phn ong dng vi v hm trn lim
hoc cn rch bao phn hoc ln mnh trn bao phn phn dnh vo cc lng
t trn c th. Sau chng dng 2 i chn trc chi phn ri chuyn xung
"gi phn" i chn sau. Tt c cc thao tc trn din ra rt nhanh v trn
khng trung. Theo Naim v Bisht (1979) th ong A.cerana ly c 8 - 9mg/1
chuyn, ong A.mellfera ly 12 - 30mg/chuyn. Thi gian ch yu l 8 - 11h
sng. Thi Nguyn ong A.cerana ly phn hoa cng cua ch yu t 16 - 18h.
Khi ly c phn mang v t ong th phi nh mt s ong th khc g phn ra
khi "gi" v i tip chuyn na. Bnh thng ong i t 6 - 47 chuyn trong 1
ngy tu theo iu kin thi tit v ngun hoa. Thi gian ly y "gi phn" t 6
- 10 pht, c khi ti 3h.
+ Hot ng ly nc: Ong th ly nc lm long mt, nho trn lng
ong v lm mt bnh t hoc lm tng m. khu vc nui u trng khi tri
kh hanh. Trong n ong khng c d tr nc m ch khi no cn chng mi i
ly. Vo thng 6 - 8 mt con ong c th i t 50 - 100 chuyn nc mt ngy.
Do vy vo nhng thng h hoc thi tit kh hanh cn phi to ngun nc
sch ngay gn thng ong hoc cho vo mng (nh cho ong n) ong khng
phi bay xa tit kim c nng lng.

35

Chng 3
NGUN MT PHN V CNG TC CHM SC
QUN L N ONG
1. NGUN MT PHN
1.1. Vai tr ca cy ngun mt phn i vi ngh nui ong
Thc n ch yu ca ong l mt hoa v phn hoa trong t nhin. Mt hoa
cung cp tt c cc nng lng cn thit cho ong, trong thnh phn ca mt hoa
c nhiu loi ng nh ng glucoza, fructoza, saccaroza... l ngun nng
lng c bn cn thit cho u trng v cho c n ong. Ong thng s dng v
nui u trng bng mt hoa mi ly v ng thi ch bin mt phn cn li
thnh mt ong. Phn hoa l ngun cung cp protein, cht bo, vitamin, mui
khong... cho u trng v ong non. Khi thiu phn, n ong khng nui u trng
v ngng xy t. Nu ni no c ngun hoa phong ph, cung cp mt - phn
quanh nm th ni n ong pht trin rt tt v cho nng sut cao. Ngc li,
nu ni no ngun hoa t, khng cung cp thc n cho ong th vic nui ong
s gp rt nhiu kh khn, nng sut mt thp. Bi vy, trong ngh nui ong cn
thit phi tm ra cc ngun hoa phong ph v nm c lch n hoa ca tng
vng c th di chuyn cc n ong ca mnh n ni th mi thu c hiu
qu kinh t cao. Tuy nhin tt c cc loi thc vt n hoa u cho mt hoc
phn. Cy n hoa cung cp mt v phn cng khng phi l c gi tr i vi
con ong nh nhau: c nhng cy n hoa ch cung cp mt, c cy li ch cho
phn hoc c cy cho c phn v mt. Do vy trong ngh nui ong, ngi ta
thng phn ra thnh tng nhm gi l cy ngun mt, cy ngun phn...
Cy ngun mt: l nhng cy m trn cc bng hoa ca n con ong ch ly
c mt. Trong nhm ny c nhng cy c nhiu hoa, hoa n cng mt t v
cho nhiu mt, c trng vi din tch ln, tp trung. Khi n ma hoa n, ong
ly mt v c nhiu mt d tr ngi nui ong khai thc c th c gi l
cy ngun mt chnh. V d: cy vi, nhn, cao su, bch n... cho rt nhiu mt
v tp trung. Bn cnh nhng cy cho mt nhiu v tp trung th c mt s
thc vt n hoa ch cung cp va mt cho ong pht trin ch khng c mt
d tr th c gi l cy ngun mt duy tr. V d: cam, chanh, mn, bi, b...
Cy ngun mt duy tr c vai tr quan trng n ong pht trin ng qun
trc v mt.
36

- Cy ngun phn: l nhng cy m ong thu c phn trn cc bng hoa

ca chng.
V d: ng, la, trinh n,. hoa hng... Cy ngun phn c vai tr quan trng
n ong sinh sn v khi con ong i thu lm phn, n v tnh gip cy th
phn to kh nng hnh thnh qu v ht, v vy nng sut cc loi thc vt, cy
trng tng ln rt cao. y l mi lin h hu c bn vng, l c s kinh t s
dng ong trong vic th phn cho cy trng nng nghip.
Cng nh cc nc vng nhit i khc th Vit Nam chng ta c thm thc
vt rt a dng, c nhiu loi cy n hoa cng vi cc vng cy n qu tp trung
vi nhiu chng loi khc nhau. y l c s tin pht trin ngh nui
ong. cc tnh ng bng min Bc nc ta c 4 v mt chnh: v Xun c hoa
vi thiu, hoa nhn, ay...; v H c bch n, vi thuc, si t...; v Thu c
hoa to, s, vt v v ng c hoa chn chim, c lo (cy ch ). Ring hoa
cng cua c rt nhiu trong t nhin v nhiu vng. y l cy c vai tr rt
quan trng v chng n hoa gn nh quanh nm, cung cp nhiu phn hoa v
mt t lng mt.
1.2. S tit mt v cc yu t nh hng n s tit mt ca hoa
1 .2.1. S tit mt hoa
Mt hoa l cht lng c ng c tit ra t tuyn mt ca thc vt, nhm
hp dn cn trng n th phn. Tuyn mt hoa thng thy trn cc i hoa,
cnh hoa, nh hoa c v nhu. Tuyn mt nm nng hay su c nh hng rt
ln n kh nng thu mt ca ong. Nhng chng ong c vi di th kh nng thu
mt s ln, v vy ong A.cerana thu mt hoa km hn ong A.mellifera.
Mt s thc vt c tuyn mt nm cc c quan dinh dng nh cung l,
thn l gi l mt l. Mt l thng c ong thu hoch t mt s cy nh keo
tai tng, sn, cao su, ay... Khi khng c mt hoa th ong mi ly mt l v mt
l c hng v km v cy tit hn mt hoa.
c ca mt hoa c nh hng ln n s thu hoch mt ca ong. Nu
mt c qu (>70%) ong kh ht mt vo diu, cn nu qu long th ong mt
nhiu nng lng vn chuyn v ch bin mt. Ong thch ly mt nhng
hoa c hm lng ng cao v n hoa tp trung. V d: nu hoa vi v nhn n
cng lc th ong s b vi ly nhn v hoa nhn c t l ng cao (50%) cn
hoa vi t l ng thp (23%).
1. 2.2. Nhng yu t nh hng n s tit mt
- nh hng ca nhit : tit c mt hoa cn nhit m p. Nhit
37

 thch hp l 20 : 250C. Nhit ti thiu l 100C. Mt s loi hoa nh bch

n, s, vt li tit mt nhit cao 35 - 380C. Hoa vi, nhn, ay tit mt vo
m, sng mt long ong t ly, khi c nng mt bc hi nc c li th ong i
lm nhiu hn.
- nh hng ca m : Phn ln thc vt tit mt nhiu khi m khng
kh > 60%. Tuy nhin mt s thc vt li tit mt khi m thp (hoa bch n).
Nhn chung m tng kh nng tit mt ca hoa nhng hm lng ng li
gim v ngc li.
- nh hng ca ma, gi: Ma ko di lm s quang hp ca cy gim do
thiu nh sng, ma to lm tri mt hoa, lm rng hoa v ong khng i lm
c. Trc u v mt m c ma th cy sinh trng tt v cho mt nhiu.
Khi tri c gi to th tuyn mt co li, tit mt t nhng mt c, ong i khai thc
kh khn v phi tn nhiu nng lng khi bay, nht l ngun mt ngc chiu
gi.
- nh hng ca nh sng mt tri: Cc loi thc vt rt cn nh sng
quang hp, do nh sng s xc tin qu trnh tit mt. V vy khi tri nhiu
my m, cy t tit mt, tri nng ong i lm tp np.
- nh hng ca t ai v ch canh tc: Nhn chung cy tit mt tt khi
c trng trn cc vng t ph nhiu, mu m v m. Cy c chm
bn th tit mt nhiu Tuy nhin mt s cy nh bch n, chn chim vn tit
mt tt khi t ai cn ci.
1.3. Lch n hoa ca cy ngun mt phn
Lch n hoa ca cc cy ngun mt - phn gip cho ngi nui ong bit
c a phng mnh c nhng cy g cung cp thc n cho ong, thi gian n
ra sao v di ca hoa n nh th no? t c cc bin php k thut
chm sc v qun l hp l nht nhm nng cao hiu qu kinh t.
c c lch n hoa chnh xc th ngi nui ong cn phi theo di t m
v c ghi chp cn thn. Qua s liu ghi chp nhiu nm c th d on gn
ng thi k n hoa ca mi loi cy.
Vit Nam hoa n quanh nm, v n gi v kia, do vy c c lch n hoa
th ngi nui ong ch cn di chuyn n vng khai thc.
Lch n hoa ca nhng cy ngun mt - phn Vit Nam (xem phn ph lc
l).

38

2. MT S DNG C NUI ONG

2.1. Thng ong
Thng ong c coi l "nh" ca ong, do vy mun cng vic nui ong c
d dng v hiu qu tt th cn phi c nhng thng ong tt. Mt thng ong tt
phi c kt ct ph hp vi cc iu kin v c im sinh hc ca con ong.
Trc y nhn dn ta hay s dng cc thng nui ong bng cc thn g rng
gia gi l ong.
2.1.1. Cc loi thng ong truyn thng ()
* Kiu nm
hnh tr, t nm ngang, ng knh khong t 30 - 40cm, di t 60 80cm Hai u c bt kn ch vi l nh cho ong ra vo.

thng lm bng thn cy g rng hoc cng c th an bng tre, my,

thm ch bng bn rm. Yu cu thnh phi dy t 2cm tr ln m bo
nhit trong . Ong bm vo thnh pha trn xy t.

Kiu nm
* Kiu ng
39

Tng t nh nm nhng ng, ong s bm vo np trn ca

xy t.

Kiu ng c thanh x

1 . X
ngang
2. Gi
x
3.

Khu

vc bnh t
4 L

Kiu c thanh x
Kiu ny np thng t lt vo trong cch mt x t 20 - 30mm. X
ngang lm bng tre hoc g ong bm vo xay t.
Chiu cao t 35 - 50cm.
40

ng knh trong t 35 - 40cm.

Nui kiu c thanh x rt tin li cho kim tra v thu hoch.
* Kiu thng vung hoc hnh ch nht c thanh x:
Kiu thng ny tng t nh ng c thanh x.
Chiu di:
50 - 60cm.
Chiu rng: 25 - 30cm.
Chiu cao:
25 - 30cm.
Hai u bt kn c l nh cho ong bay ra vo.

2.1.2. Thng ong ci tin

Thng nui ong c ci tin t cc ong nui c truyn, tri qua hng
nghn nm ngi nui ong khng ngng ci tin v tm cho ong cc mu "nh"
ph hp vi i sng t nhin ca loi ong. T pht minh ca Langstroth (M)
nm 1851 th ngh nui ong thc s chuyn sang mt giai on mi. l s
dng cc thng nui c cu di ng. Vit Nam p dng kiu thng nui
ny t nm 1960 vi kch c cu 42 x 22cm, y l kiu thng c cng nhn
l kiu thng nui ong ni c tiu chun ho v p dng thng nht trong c
nc.

* Yu cu ca thng ong
- Thng phi ph hp vi c im sinh vt hc ca loi ong ni: Thng ph
hp vi tnh t n, l cch t n theo hnh cu vi th n khng ln. V
41

vy cn sn xut thng c kch thc ph hp ( 10 cu) ong cha iu hnh

c c n v m bo s iu ho kh hu ca n ong.
Chiu di ca cu ong tiu chun l 42cm, chiu rng x trn ca cu cng
vi thc chn ng bng khong cch gia 2 tm bnh t trong t nhin l
3,2cm. Nu rng qu ong s xy li mo, gi m v chng rt km, ngc li
nu hp qu ong th s xy dnh 2 bnh t li, kh chm sc u trng, ong
khng ci rng phn cha mt v cu d b gy khi vn chuyn n ong.
Mt khc, do c im n ong ni thch lm t trong hc cy, hang do
vy thng ong phi kn, c ca s v ca ra vo thch hp, khng h ch hi
d xm nhp
- Thng phi thun li cho cng tc chm sc, qun l. Thng phi nh, ph
hp vi ngi Vit Nam v vi mi i tng lao ng. Thun li cho vic
kim tra n ong, d dng m, ng np v nhc cu ln, np v cu c th dng
chung cho c tri ong, iu ny rt cn thit trong vic iu chnh th n ong
(vin cu). Thun tin cho vic cho ong n, ung, chng nng - rt, lm v sinh
v thu sn phm.
Thng phi thun li cho vic di chuyn n ong, c ca s bt li st, bc
d nh nhng thun li cho vic nhp ghp n ong v x l bnh...
Gi thnh thng thp:
Phi chn cch sn xut n gin, tn dng nguyn liu a phng, d kim
v tit kim g. Ngi nui ong nn t sn xut v sa cha c cu ong,
thng ong. Chn loi g kh, khng b vnh, nt, nh, d thot hi nc. G tt
nht l g thng, c th dng g go, mt, m, xoan rng... ng thng v
cu.
* Thng ong ni tiu chun
Thng ong phi ng bng g tt, thnh thng (vn) dy t 1,2 - 2cm. Thng
c th c sn bng cc mu xanh, trng hoc vng ong d nhn ra t. v c
tc dng bo qun thng. Ngoi nguyn liu bng g thng ong c th c lm
.bng cc vt liu khc nh l da, thn da, ct p, gch... (dng nhng vng
him g .hoc g t).
Loi thng ong ph bin c dng hnh hp ch nht, gm c thn thng, np
thng v np chnh, bn trong c th t va 6 - 8 cu v mt vn ngn. Kch
thc c bn ca n nh sau:
Kch thc thng ong mt
Cc chi tit

42

Chiu di
Ong
Ong
i

chiu rng
Ong
Ong ni

Chiu
dy

Ghi ch

1 . Khung cu
- X trn
- X di
- Hi cu

48,3
44
22

42
36
22

3,0
1
2.8

2,8
1
2,8

1
1
1

2. Thnh thng
- Thnh bn
- Hi trc
- Hi sau

49
58-68
58-68

42,5
30-40
30-40

60
23
26

26
23
26

>2
>2
>2

54
54
58

47,0
47
34

60
5
5

38
5
5

2
2
2

44
48,3
48,3

38
42
42

22
2,5
1

22
2,5
1

1
1
0,7

58-68
58-68
5
58-68
ph b

30-40
30-40
5
30-40
ph b

5
5
2
2
3

5
5
1
2
3

>2
1
1
1
>2

3. Np thng
- Nc
- 2 thnh bn
- 2 u
4. Vn ngn
- Vn
- X trn
5. Thc ong
6. Cc chi tit
khc
- Sn ong
- Chn ca
- Ca t
- Gi cu
ai thng

Hai tai
cu di
1.7cm Di 3
l lun dy
thp
C ca
s
10x10

Chn thng ong nu nui c nh th nn gi b tng c xch chng

(chng mt cp). Cn nu nui ong di chuyn th thng ng cc t thng ong
ln. Chn thng ong cao 40 - 50cm v c h thng chng kin.
2.1.3. Mt s dng thng ong chuyn dng khc
- Thng giao phi: y l loi thng chuyn dng giao phi cho cha t
vo lc cn thay cha. Kch thc tng t thng nui bnh thng, tuy nhin
chiu rng thng nh hn (thng c 2 cu ong).
- Thng nui ong ghp: Ch dng vo thi v chuyn tip qua ng v v
ng, lc ny ong tha qun, ong cha t, do vy ngi ta chuyn vo dng
thng ny tng nhit m cho n ong.
- Thng di chuyn: Tng t thng nui ghp, chiu rng ca 2 dng thng
ny ln hn thng giao phi (4 - 5 cu) dng di chuyn n ong i khai thc
mt.
Thng k. Hin nay n ong ni mi ang th nghim. Thng k dng
khai thc mt, c t trn mt cc x cu (b thc chn) c lp li ngn
cch vi cc l cho php ong th chui ln ( ong cha khng chui ln c): Do
vy khi quay mt khng nh hng n trng v u trng.

43

2.2. Cc dng c nui ong khc

2.2.1. Dng c to cha
- Cu nui cha: Ging nh cu nui ong, c 2 -3 thang g gn chn sp.
Thang rng 1 - l,2cm; dy 0,8 - lcm v di 36cm. Thang c th lm bng tre,
tho di hoc ng inh vo 2 u hi cu.
Qun cha: Lm bng g thm nc, th mn, trn thn qun cha c vch
kch c lm khun chn.sp (0,8cm).
Kim i trng: Dng mc u trng a vo chn sp lm cha, kim di
trng lm bng nhm m bc hoc lm bng lng gia cm vt nhn. Sp ly t
sp li mo hoc sp vt np.
2.2.2. Dng c qun l ong
- Mng cho ong n: Kch thc mng: Di 36cm; rng 15cm; cao l,5cm.
Dng cho ong n xir vo thi v khan him hoa hoc dng cho ong ung
nc. Mng thng lm bng tn, nha hoc bng s, tre.
- Li che mt: Dng bo v ngi nui ong khi thao tc khng b ong
t.
Thng lm bng mn tuyn khu vo m hoc nn i u.
- Nn bt ong bc bay: Lm bng nn nh khu vi x hoc vi mng, dng
bt ong bc bay hoc ong chia n t nhin m khng cn bt ong cha.
- Lng nht cha: Lm bng dy thp cun nh l xo hoc ng na nh.
- Gng tay: C th khu bng vi hoc bng cao su (mua ngoi th trng).
2.2.3. Dng c gn chn tng
- M hn: Dng m hn bng ng, mi c x rnh vi dy thp ln su
vo chn tng. M hn thng c cn bng g.
- Gh gn tng: Lm bng g k chn tng khi hn vi dy thp vo chn
tng, gh t lt trong lng cu.
- Dy thp: 0,5 ly cng ln khung cu, dy thp c tc dng gip cho bnh t
gn chc vo khung cu.
- Thc c: Gi cho chn tng nm vo chnh gia x cu khi hn mp trn
ca chn tng vi mt di ca x cu trn.
2.3. Dng c khai thc mt
- Thng quay mt.
+ Thng quay mt li tm l ng c ly mt ra khi bnh t bng lc li tm
m khng lm hng bnh t. + Yu cu :
44

- Quay m nh, khng lm v bnh t.

- Khng b han g (lm bng tn).
- Tho lp vn chuyn d dng, gn nh.
+ Cu to:
- Phn v thng: C th lm bng nha, tn, nhm hoc INOX (khng lm
bng tn en). y v thng c vi mt chy ra, gia y v c vng bi
t trc quay

Thng quay mt
Phn rut thng: C trc quay gn vi cc khung trn bng thp khng g
khung cu khi quay. Thng thng c thng quay 2 cu v thng quay 3 cu.
Phn chuyn ng (quay): Gm c 2 vng bi gn vi trc quay, 2 bnh rng
dng mi kh n khp vi nhau v b phn tay quay.
Dao ct vt np: c lm bng thp mng dng ct vt np trn phn mt
ca bnh t khi quay mt.
Chi qut ong: Dng qut ong non khi quay mt, chi lm bng cht liu
mm qut
Dng c lc mt: Dng vi mn tuyn v go lc lc sp v u trng trong
khi quay mt.
Dng c cha mt: Sau khi quay xong mt ong c bo qun trong cc can
nha, chai, l thu tinh c y nt kn bo qun mt ong c lu di.

Thng ong v cc dng c khc

45

3. CCH LA CHN A IM V SP T CC N ONG

3.1. La chn a im t tri ong
- Trc ht a im nui ong cn phi nm ngay trung tm ngun mt phn ong tng chuyn bay v gim nng lng chi ph cho 1 chuyn bay.
Khong cch t im t ong n ngun hoa gii hn trong phm vi 500m.
Trong trng hp khng th tm c v tr gn ngun hoa th ong phi i lm
xa hn, hiu qu thp Tuy nhin khong cch ti a l 1200 m
- t xa cch cc tri ong khc trnh phn tn ngun hoa (mt
n/ngun hoa), trnh c hin tng cp thc n, dch bnh. c bit cch
xa tri ong (khong 5 km).
- im t ong phi xa cc khu vc nhim nh c s ho cht, sn xut
thuc tr su chung tri gia sc c quy m ln... t xa cc nh my sn xut
ng, ko v ong s bay vo cc khu sn xut, kho cha v s b cht nhiu.
- a im t phi cao ro, thong mt v ma h, m p v ma ng, tt
nht l t di bng cy rm mt, trnh b gi thi mnh, trnh hng ty v
hng gi ng Bc, khng b ngp lt vo ma ma.
- a im t tri ong phi xa cc l gch, l vi hoc bp khi v ong rt s
khi (khi ca cc l u l khi rt c gy cht nhiu ong th i lm dn ti
gim th n).
- Trnh xa cc ni n o nh trng hc, cc ng giao thng ni c nhiu
xe c i li, v c tnh ca con ong khng thch nhng ni m , c th gy phn
x bt li cho ong hoc gy chn ng ong d b t bc bay v khi thao tc k
thut s gp nhiu kh khn.

3.2. Sp t cc n ong trong tri

- Quy m n trong mi tri ong khng nn t qu 50 n trnh ln xn
trong qu trnh thao tc k thut. c bit trong giai on kh khn v thc n,
ngun mt - phn khng p ng cho s lng n qu ln, d ly lan bnh
tt. Gia cc im t ong cch nhau t nht l 500m (tu theo quy m n).
- Khong cch gia hai t ong trong 1 tri t nht l 2m, khng nn t qu
dy v cng khng nn t thng hng vi nhau. Tt nht nn t thnh tng
cm 3 - 4 thng quay ca t v cc hng khc nhau v ong A.cerana xc nh
v tr t rt km, li hay nh nhau nn vo nhm t s b n nh cht.
- Nn t thng ong di bng cy hoc gc cy trong vn nh, v ma
ng nn tn dng nhng vt chn gi ng bc t nhin, thnh ph c th tn
dng hin nh, ban cng nhng khng nn t qu cao (tng 4) ni c gi lng.
46

- Thng ong phi c k cao chng cc, nhi n ong v phi c h thng
chng kin. Ma h t cao, ma ng t thp trnh gi thi. Di mi t
phi quang ng sch s.
3.3. Xc nh mt n ong trong 1 vng
Trc khi la chn mt im t tri ong cn phi kho st s lng v din
tch cy ngun mt - phn. Thng thng ong A. cerana i lm trong bn knh
ti a l l,5km (ong A.meuifera l 2 km). Nh vy theo tnh ton cn phi kho
st khong 452 ha cho ong ni. D nui c nh hay di chuyn th tri ong cn
phi t gia vng kho st. Nu trong vng kho st c nhiu ngi nui th
rt kh trong vic chn v tnh ton, tt nht t xa nhau lkm.
C s ca vic tnh ton mt n ong c cc c quan nghin cu ong
tin hnh bng cch tnh lng mt trn 1 bng hoa, tnh hoa trn mt cy v
tnh s cy trn 1 ha. V d: nh vng to (Hng Yn) c th t 5.000 - 6.000
n ong vo v to n.
min Bc Vit Nam, do ngun hoa ri rc v vic m bo an ninh cha
cht ch (d mt cp) do vy vic hnh thnh 1 tri ong ln l rt kh, ch nn
t s lng n ong va phi th mi c hiu qu kinh t cao v d qun l.
Theo cc tc gi: Nguyn nh Chi, L Triu Tho v V nh Ngh (1978)
th i vi tng loi cy ta c th t s lng thng ong khc nhau:
Nhn to: mt 1 thng/2 cy, Bch n: mt 10 thng/1 ha, ay: mt
9 thng/1 ha.
4. K THUT QUN L N ONG THEO THI V
4.1. ngha ca cng tc qun l n ong theo thi v
nc ta do c kh hu nhit i vi 4 ma r rt, nhit m ca cc
ma khc nhau rt ln iu nh hng ng k n s pht trin v nng sut
sn phm ca ong mt. Mt khc cc loi hoa, ngun mt, phn cng rt a
dng, phong ph v mang tnh ma v. pht trin n ong c v s lng
cng nh cht lng i hi ngi nui ong phi c kin thc y v cc yu
t thi v tc ng nh th no i vi cc n
Cy ngun mt n hoa, tit mt v tung phn chu nh hng ca thi tit v
a hnh ca mi vng, ong mt li chu nh hng bi ngun thc n ng thi
chu nh hng trc tip ca nhng bin i v thi tit. Ni cch khc thi tit,
ngun hoa c tc ng ng thi v quyt nh s pht trin ca n ong.
Nc ta c cu to a hnh phc tp. Min Bc v min Nam c iu kin
kh hu khc nhau nn chng loi v s n hoa, tit mt ca cy ngun mt hai
47

min cng khc nhau. Ngay trong mt vng cng hnh thnh nhng khu vc tiu
kh hu c ngun hoa c trng, n ong sinh sng lu i c s thch
nghi hnh thnh nhng dng sinh thi.
Mc ch ca nui ong l thu sn phm v dng ong th phn cy trng.
Mun c hiu qu nui ong cao th phi tng nng sut sn phm v gim chi ph
trong chi ph ln nht l thc n nui ong. Mun vy ngi nui ong phi da
vo lch n hoa ca cy ngun mt v nhng thay i v kh hu, thi tit trong
mi nm xy dng quy trnh k thut qun l n ong cho mi vng cc thi
k khc nhau nhm t c mc ch cui cng l nng cao hiu qu chn nui.
Qun l ong theo thi v cn kt hp mt cch hi ho vic qun l n ong
trong nhng iu kin ngun hoa v thi tit c th nhng c s tc ng tch
cc ca ngi nui ong. Cn ch ng iu khin n ong trc khi c iu
kin thun li hoc kh khn, lc thun li th pht trin n ong, khi kh khn
th tp trung gi nhng n ong c cht lng v thc hin tt c nhng bin
php k thut mt cch an ton khi c iu kin thun li li nhn n ln.
Do iu kin ngun hoa, thi tit a hnh cc vng khc nhau nn min
Bc c th chia ra theo thi v qun l n ong.
4.2. Cng tc qun l n ong theo thi v cc tnh pha Bc
Min Bc nc ta chu nh hng ca kh hu gi ma nn chia thnh bn
ma r rt trong mt nm, cc ma do iu kin thi tit ngun hoa thay i nn
cng tc qun l n ong c th chia ra cc v nh sau:
Thi v
V xun h
V h thu
V thu - ng
V ng

Thi gian
vng ng bng v trung du
Min ni
T u thng 3 n u
Gia thng 3 - cui
u thng 7 n u thng 9
u thng 7 - cui thng
u thng 9 n gia thng
Cui thng 9 - cui
Gia thng 12 n cui
u thng 12 - gia

4.2.1. K thut qun l n ong trong v xun - h

* c im thi tit, ngun hoa
- Thi tit: V ny thi tit rt thun li cho pht trin n ong.
+ Nhit : T thng 3 tri bt u m dn, nhit trung bnh 19 0
20 C, ong i lm tt. T thng 4 - 6 nhit tng dn, trung bnh 23 - 340C rt
thch hp cho cha i giao phi.
+ m : V ny c ma phn ko di, m cao > 85%.
- Ngun hoa: y l v c nhiu ngun hoa nht, nhng cy ngun mt
chnh n hoa trong v ny l vi, nhn, bch n. Cy ngun phn cng rt
48

phong ph v c cht lng tt nh cam, qut, bi, ng, cng cua...

* K thut qun l:
- Khi phc n ong sau khi qua ng: Sau v ng, th n gim, cn phi
iu chnh th n, rt cu v sa cu. Cho n kch thch thc ong cha
nhanh v nhiu.
- Cho xy bnh t mi nhng n mnh.
- Thay cha: Thng 3 - 4 l nhng thng c ngun hoa v thi tit l tng
cho vic to cha v thay cha. V thi im ny nhit tng, thc n di do,
t ch hi... y l t thay cha ln 1 trong nm.
- Thu mt trong v: y l v thu mt ln nht trong nm v cc cy ngun
mt chnh vi din tch ln n hoa trong v xun - h ny. Bn cnh vic cho
xy bnh t mi cng vi k thut to, thay cha mi gp phn lm tng
nng sut mt.
phng v x l kp thi cc loi bnh, ch hi i vi cc n ong.
- Phng chng chia n t nhin v ch ng chia n. y l v nhn n
chnh trong nm.
Ch chng nng vo cui thng 6.
4.2.2. K thut qun l n ong trong v h - thu
* c im thi tit, ngun hoa:
- Thi tit: y l thi v kh khn nht i vi ngh nui ong, thi tit rt
bt li.
Thng 7 - 8 thng c ma to ko di cng vi cc cn bo gy thit hi to
ln cho cc n ong.
+ Nhit : Thng 7 - 8 l nhng thng nng nht trong nm, nhit
thng xuyn ln ti 34 - 350C, C ngy ln ti 37 - 380C, nng nng lm cho
n ong tiu hao nhiu nng lng iu ho nhit trong t.
+ m : Do ma nng tht thng cho nn m trong thi im ny giao
ng t
- Ngun hoa: H - thu l v rt khan him ngun hoa, cy ngun mt hu
nh khng c ngun phn rt t i ch cn c mt s t hoa cng cua v hoa
mi gi (h rau sam).
* K thut qun l:
iu chnh n ong ngay t u v: Loi cu, ghp n yu, hu n bnh,
gim khong cch gia cc.cu.
- Tch cc cho n b sung.
- Bt vt cc khe h thng, thu hp ca t, ng ca s, t kim tra vt
49

trnh ch hi v ong cp mt.

- t phn tn cc n ong c th tn dng cc ngun hoa l t v trnh
ong n cp (v khan him thc n).
- Tng cng chng nng cho cc n ong.
- Thng xuyn dit ong rng v cc ch hi khc (c bit l ong b v,
ong t, chun chun....).
4.2.3. K thut qun l n ong trong v thu - ng
* c im thi tit, ngun hoa
- Thi tit: T thng 9 tr i ma gim, thi tit kh hanh nhiu, nhit bt
u gim dn nhng cha lnh, thng 11 tuy c nhng ngy kh hanh, m
thp xong khng nh hng ln n n ong.
Ngun hoa: V thu - ng ngun hoa tng i phong ph (ch km xun h), cy ngun mt c to, c lo, chn chim, bc h. Ngun phn d tha, ch
yu l cng cua, ng, trinh n, c rc...
* K thut qun l:
- Khi phc n ong u v:
+ Cho n kch thch ong i lm khi ngun hoa bt u phong ph.
+ Cho n kch thch ong cha kho.
+ Kim tra n ong, iu chnh th n, la chn nhng n ong to ong
c v ong cha, loi cu xu nhng n tha qun, sa cu ong ci ni
(ct b phn bnh t khng c ong bm).
+ Nu c iu kin th di chuyn ong i thu mt hoa to (vng to Hi
Dng, Hng Yn). Hoa to n ko di khong 40 ngy (khong t cui thng 8
n u thng l0).
+ To ong c trong v bng cch gt 2 gc ca bnh t nhng n ong c
cha gi ong th ci ni l ong c khi cho ong cha . Khi ong c sp n
th tin hnh lm cha thay cha ln 2 hoc nhn n.
+ Chng kh hanh: Kh hanh c th lm ong bc bay v vy cn phi t
ong ni rm mt v ti nc trn mt t ti v tr t thng ong.
+ Chng rt vo cui v: Vo cui thng 10 n thng 11 c th c rt, do
vy cn phi gi m cho n ong pht trin qua v ng.
+ Thu mt v thu - ng: Do ngun hoa khng phong ph bng v xun - h
nn c th quay ta ch khng c quay ht v cn phi li d tr cho ong
chun b vt ng.
4.2.4. K thut qun l ong trong v ng - xun
* c im thi tit, ngun hoa
50

- Thi tit : y l ma rt, nhit trung bnh khong 150C (dao ng t 10

- 200C), vng ni nhit c th thp hn 100C. Cn ch cc t rt m
sau ng ch (22/12), tiu hn (6/1) v i hn (20/l).
- Ngun hoa: Cy ngun mt - phn gim hn, ch yu c cy phn xanh
(cy Cng sn, cy Ch ), Ch, Cng cua, Chn chim, Khoai lang...
* K thut qun l n ong v ng - xun
- Nn gi n ong mnh (4 - 5 cu), nhiu thc n d tr.
- Tch cc chng rt cho n ong.
- t kim tra n ong, tip tc loi cu xu ong ph dy qun, gim bt
khong cch gia cc cu, bt vt khe h thng, ng ca s...
- C th tin hnh nui ghp hoc ghp cc n nh (l - 2 cu) li vi nhau.
- Cho ong n y mt - phn vi t l c hn 2 ng : 1 nc.
- Phng bnh cho n ong.

51

Chng 4
K THUT NUI ONG

1. NUI ONG C TRUYN

1.1. Cc hnh thc nui ong c truyn
1.1.1. Sn ong
Trong t nhin ong A.cerana lm t trong hc cy, hc , i khi c t
mi di t. Ngi sn ong vo rng sn tm ong bng cch nghe m thanh ca
ong bay ra bay vo lc i ly mt, ly phn v c bit. l lc ong i bi tit
tm ra t ca n ong. Mt s ngi c kinh nghim cn tm ong bng cch quan
st v theo di ong th i ly nc, ly thc n bay v t. Nu ong ly nc
hoc thc n xong bay vt ln cao l t ong gn, cn nu ong bay l l ri bay
cao dn :l xa, c theo hng bay m tm . Nu pht hin ra t ong, ngi sn
ong s m rng ca t dng khi hoc la t ong ri ly dao ct bnh t, mt
vt ra, cn nhng v u trng n hoc ngm ru.
1.1.2. Nui ong trong hc cy, hc
min Bc nc ta, ngi dn cc vng c rng cy rm rp, ngun ong
t nhin nhiu (cc tnh H Giang, Tuyn Quang, Sn La, Lai Chu) c th c
nhiu ong v lm t trong v xun h. Khi pht hin ra t ong, ngi ta s m
rng l t khai thc mt, khai thc xong h li bt kn ma sau ong li v
lm t. Trc ma ong v ngi ta dn sch mng nhn, bnh t c ri vi l
nh cho ong bay vo, sau 2 -3 thng ong v l c thu hoch. y l hnh thc
nui ong n gin nht, nui ong t nhin ngay trong rng khng cn u t g
ngoi cng lao ng. Di mi t ong c khc du ring ch nhn s hu, mi
nh c th s hu 20 - 100 hc ong nh vy v c th thu c 20 - l00kg
mt/nm.

52

T ong trong hc cy

1.1.3. Nui ong trong thng vung, trong c bnh t c nh

+ ong trn nm: Lm bng khc cy rng.
ng knh 30 - 40cm; di 60 - 80cm. 2 u c y bng 2 tm vn
dng bn trt li ri c vi l nh gia thn cho ong bay ra, bay vo.
ong thng c treo hin nh hoc t trn trc cy hnh ch X, ong c th
xy t dc hoc ngang theo thn tu theo v tr ca t.
+ trn ng: C hnh dng v kch thc tng t nm ngang nhng
c t ng Ong s xy t np trn ca . Khi thu mt hoc kim tra ngi
nui ong ch nhc np ln l c.
+ Nui ong trong thng vung, thng ch nht:
Chiu di thng: 50 - 60cm; chiu rng 25 - 30cm; chiu cao 25 - 30cm. Hai
u bt g c cha vi l nh. Ong s xy t bm vo np thng.
* u im ca cc kiu thng, ny
- D lm, s dng c cc vt liu r tin.
- u t vn t.
* Nhc im
- Thao tc kim tra rt kh khn do vy khng nm c tnh hnh n ong,
ong cha hoc ong b bnh.
- Khng ch ng chia n c.
- Thao tc khai thc mt kh, mt nhiu thi gian v khi ly mt phi ph b
cc bnh t lm ong d bc bay.
* Mt s im cn lu khi khai thc mt.
- Thu mt khi ngun hoa cn, khi kt thc v hoa khng nn thu vng cui.
- Thu mt hp l: Phi li cho n ong mt vi bnh t tu theo tng n,
bnh thng li cho n ong 1/2 n 1/3 bnh t khng khai thc.
53

V du: Mt n ong c 6 bnh t th ta ch khai thc 3 - 4 bnh t v li 2 3 bnh. Lu li cc bnh t c nhiu nhng v u trng.
- Khi ct bnh t nn ct phn mt ring, phn nhng v u trng buc tr li
n ong.
1.1.4. Nui ong trong , thng c thanh x
y l hnh thc nui ong tin b nht trong phng php nui ong c
truyn, n c coi l "nn mng" ca phng php nui ong hin i.
Ngi nui ong s dng cc , thng ri t cc thanh x gc ngang t
mi thanh x ong s xy mt bnh t dc theo x (x rng t 2 - 2,5cm; di
tu theo chiu di ca thng, ).
* u im
- C th kim tra, theo di n ong mt cch bnh thng do c th nhc
c tng bnh t ra.
- Ch ng to cha v chia n c.
- Khng lm hng bnh t nn th n khng b gim do khi khai thc ta ct
ring phn mt ra c v phn nhng, u trng buc tr li d dng nn ong
khng bc bay.
- Nng sut mt bnh qun cao (3 - 5 kg/n/nm)

- Cht lng mt tt v thu c ton phn vt np.

* Nhc im
- Khng vn chuyn thng i xa c (v bnh t).
- Khi ly mt phi ph b ton b phn cha mt do vy ong li phi xy li
phn cha mt mi.
1.2. Cc phng php bt ong v nui
Ngoi vic sn ong ra th tt c cc hnh thc nui ong khc yu cu ngi
nui ong phi c ngun ong ging. Ngun ong ging ny c th bt trong t
nhin t cc n khc chia ra hoc ong bc bay di c theo ma.
54

1.2.1. Hnh ong

Hnh ong l vic s dng cc thng, by ong t v tr thun li hp
dn ong v lm t.
min Bc nc ta vo thng 10, thng 11 ong hay di c t cc vng ni
cao lnh lo xung vng thp m p hn. Cc thng, c v sinh sch s v
kh ro, dng sp un chy ri rt vo thng, to mi kch thch ong trinh
st. Cc thng, ny c t di hin nh hoc ngoi vn, i cy. Hng
ca t phi thong ng. nhng vng ngun hoa nhiu th c ti 70 - 80%
thng, c ong v lm t. Cn cc trong rng, nu c ong lm t th
chuyn v nh.
1.2.2. Bt ong trinh st (ong soi )
Ong trinh st l ong th c nhim v i tm ni mi cho n ong ri bo
tin cho c n v ni tm c xy t. Hay gp ong soi vo thi im
thng 10, thng 11 (ong di c) hoc thng 3, thng 4 (ma ong chia n).
Ong trinh st i tm ch mi thng l cc cy to ln, ct hoc tng nh.
Chng bay chm t trn xung ri li t di ln, khi bay 2 chn sau thng
xung v pht ra ting to hn cc ong khc. Khi thy ong soi dng vt (may
bng vi mn tuyt) vt bt ong soi cho vo cc thng, chun b sn,
nht ong li 5 - 10 pht cho quen, ri th ra. Nu ong chp nhn th chng s
ko nhau n lm t.
Mt s ngi c kinh nghim, ngi ta hay dng cc mi. mi c
chiu di 40 - 45cm; rng 20cm. Pha trong li lm v thm mi sp hp dn
ong soi. Thng thng mi nui mt n bt c cui cng lun
c mi sp, mt. Khi n ma sau mi chuyn n sang thng khc v ly
lm mi tip.
1.2.3. Bt ong trong hc cy, hc
Khi tm thy n ong trong hc cy hoc hc ta tin hnh m rng ca t,
dng khi ui ong dt ra v ct ly cc bnh t gn ln khung cu. Sau
bc ong vo nn bt ong (ch ch no ong t ng th thng ong cha ).
Nu trng hp n ong su trong hc th c th s dng mt s bin php
sau:
- Dng bn t trt kn ca t li, sau 2 -3 ngy n m l t ong s bay m
ra ta dng nn bt ong hng ton b ong li.
Bt kn t ri dng khi xng trong 5 -10 pht sau m ca t th ton b
n ong s bay ra v ong cha cng ra theo. Khi m ta dng nn bt ong hng
vo ca t.
55

- Dng mt ng na nh thng sut t vo ming ca t ri dng bn trt

kn, ong th c th chui qua ng na ra ngoi nhng khng chui vo c, lc
ong t ngoi ca th ta bt li.
Khi bt c ong ri ta treo nn ni rm mt v chun b thng, cu (
thc n v u trng, nhng) n 15 - 17h chiu ta r ton b s ong bt c
vo thng. Vi hm sau m kim tra thy ong bm vo bnh t l c. Ch :
Cho ong n thm v bt tng n mt cho n khi n nh mi bt n khc.
1.2.4. Bt ong di c, ong chia n, bc bay
Khi pht hin ra n ong bay qua, dng t, ct nm vo gia n ong ,
ong s t li mt im no th ta s dng nn bt li. Chun b thng sch,
cu ong ti cho ong vo.
1.3. Sang thng ong
- Thi im sang thng l vo trc v mt 30 - 35 ngy. n ong c
sang thng phi m bo s qun v bnh t tng ng 3 cu tiu chun, n
ong nhiu thc n, nhng v u trng v khng b bnh.
- Dng c: Thng ong, khung cu cng dy thp, dao, dy buc bnh t, np
tre.
- Thao tc sang: Thi gian lm vo lc 15 - 17h chiu trong ngy.
+ t sang mt bn v t thng vo ng v tr . Dng khi thi
dt n ong v ly dao ct ht cc cc bnh t ri gn ln khung cu cng dy
thp.
+ a bnh t vo thng v bc c ong cha cho vo thng mi. Nn ly
mt cu cn mi c thc n, nhng, u trng ca mt n khc cho n mi
sang thng.
+ Cui cng r mnh c ong xung t ong th t bay vo thng mi.
Ch : Ti cho ong n thm xir.
-Thao tc nhanh trnh cho u trng b lnh.
- 2 n 3 ngy sau kim tra, ci dy buc.

56

Bnh t c buc vo khung cu

2. NUI ONG CI TIN

2.1. Ngun ging ong
2.1.1. Mua n ong trong
Sau khi mua ong t v ta phi tin hnh sang thng ong
- Thi v sang thng vo u v xun lc ong pht trin tt ng ong th i
lm.
- iu kin sang thng.
+ Ch sang thng khi n ong trong pht trin mnh, biu hin ong
i lm tp np, g vo thnh c m thanh mnh do ong rung, n ong khng
c bnh.
+ ong trc khi sang phi c t nht 4 bnh t khi sang thng ta c
khong 3 cu ong.
+ Thi tit thun li, m p, ngun hoa n phong ph.
- Thao tc sang thng.
- Ch khi sang thng:
+ Thao tc vo bui chiu ti ong c thi gian dn t v gn bnh t vo
cu mi.
Nu sang thng thy nhiu ong th bay ra th cn phi kim tra k v tm
cha c ngoi hay khng.
+ Trong qu trnh sang thng cn loi bnh t c, ct vng ong c v thao
tc lm khng qu 15 pht.
+ Khng sang thng trong cng 1 lc nhiu v ong d nh nhau (do ong
cp mt).
57

+ i 3 - 4 ngy sau mi m kim tra hoc vn chuyn t ni khc v cn

phi ong n nh v hn chc bnh t vo khung cu.
2.1.2. Mua ong t nhng n nui trong thng ci tin
Trc khi mua ong t tri khc cn phi ch v kim tra cht lng n
ong d nh mua, n ong phi t cc yu cu :
- Ong cha tr cha qu 6 thng: nu cha cn nhiu lng t, vng trng
rng v vt np nhng phng... th l cha tt.
Bnh t cn mi mu sp vng, khng c l ong c gia. S qun phi
ph hp vi s cu cn mua. Trn bnh t c nhiu u trng v nhng vt np
(cu con).
Th n mnh, ng ong th giai on i lm v nhiu ong non. Thc n d
tr nhiu
- n ong khng c bnh.
- Kch thc cu, thng phi ng tiu chun, kch c.
Nu mi nui ong th nn mua vo u v xun, tuy ging c t nhng t
phi thao tc x l. Sau khi mang v nh hoc tri mi vi ngy cho ong n
nh ri m kim tra.
2.2. Kim tra n ong
2.2.1. Mc ch
Mc ch ca kim tra n ong nh gi v d on cc kh nng c th
xy ra i vi n ong , t c cc bin php k thut x l kp thi, cui
cng l nm tng qut tnh hnh n ong c tri v kt qu kim tra lu tr
lm t liu qun l trong sut qu trnh nui.
2.2.2. Nguyn tc v yu cu kim tra n ong
Phi ly vic kim tra bn ngoi thng qua qu trnh i lm ca ong th l
mc tiu kim tra chnh, mi ngy quan st thng ong 1 ln vo bui sng lc
ong i lm nhiu, khng nn m kim tra nhiu v ong A.cerana thch sng kn
o v yn tnh. Nu kim tra ngoi thy c hin tng bt thng th mi m
kim tra bn trong.
- M kim tra phi nh nhng, trnh ong ln xn c th b ong tn cng
(t).
- Khng kim tra lu c th lm cht trng v u trng.
- Khng kim tra vo thi tit xu hoc tri lnh.
- Kim tra n hin trc, n d sau. Nu b ong tn cng phi nh nhng
58

rt lui ri ra sch ch b t mi kim tra tip.

- Kim tra n kho trc n bnh sau trnh ly lan bnh tt. Khi kim
tra kt hp vi v sinh thng.
2.2.3. Phng php kim tra
* Kim tra bn ngoi
c p dng hng ngy, ngi nui ong ngi bn cnh ca t n ong
theo di hot ng i lm ca ong th, thng qua ngi nui ong c th nh
gi c tnh hnh ca n ong v c cc bin php k thut x l kp thi: Nn
tin hnh vo lc 7 - 8 gi sng lc ong i lm nhiu.
Nu thy:
- Ong th i lm tp np, ong th mang mt - phn v nhiu th l n
ong tt, ng qun, cha kho.
- Ong i lm tha tht c th l do mt cha, cha km, th n yu, c
th b bnh hoc sp bc bay.
- C xc ong cht hoc ong nh nhau l do ong i i cp mt. Nu xc
ong cht m vi th di, dui thng th l b cht do ng c.
Khi thy cc hin tng trn th ngi nui ong phi m thng kim tra
bn trong.
* Kim tra bn trong thng: C 2 cch kim tra.
- Kim tra im: L phng php kim tra mt s n in hnh, nhng
thng kim tra ch kim tra mt vi cu. Kim tra im khng nh k v l
phng php kim tra nhanh t suy ra c tri nm tnh hnh chung.
Phng php ny cng c th p dng kim tra mt d tr, kh nng xy bnh
t, kh nng chia n, tnh hnh bnh v.v... thng kim tra trc v. cui v
mt.
- Kim tra ton b: L kim tra ton b n ong trong tri, kim tra tt c cc
cu trong mt thng. Phng php ny thng c nh k 1 thng 1 ln vo
thi im giao ma hoc chuyn v hoa.
* Thao tc kim tra
Khi m kim tra, ngi kim tra nh nhng m np chnh nga v da v
pha sau thng ong, b vt chng rt (nu c). Dng 2 ngn tay tch vn ngn ra
khong 4 - 5 cm, a thc chn th nht ra ngoi vn ngn, ly cu th nht
ln kim tra. Khi kim tra phi cm chc 2 tai cu a ngang tm mt kim
tra. Cc thao tc kim tra hoc x l u din ra trn khong khng ca mt
thng. Cu kim tra lun gi t th ng (khng nghing). Cn kim tra k
trng, u trng, nhng, ong cha, lng thc n, tnh hnh su bnh v.v... Sau
59

khi kim tra xong mt th nht ta nh nhng dng ng cu ong ri xoay sang
mt th 2 t t h xung kim tra mt bnh t cn li, khi kim tra xong cu
th nht cn t st vo vn ngn ri tch cu th 2 ra kim tra. Kim tra n
u n nh ngay n (xc sut b ong t t). Lm ln lt nh vy cho n
cu cui cng ri dng tay t vo vn ngn y cc cu v v tr ban u.
Cc ch khi kim tra.
+ Kim tra vo thi tit thun li, nng m.
+ Thao tc nh nhng, khng gy chn ng mnh cho n ong.
+ Kim tra n kho trc, bnh sau, kim tra n hin trc, d sau.
+ Khi kim tra kt hp v sinh t.
* Ghi chp theo di n ong
Khi m kim tra cn c 2 ngi: Mt ngi kim tra v mt ngi ghi chp,
gip vic Mi n ong c ghi chp k theo di s pht trin ca n qua
cc v, cc nm t c th chn lc nhng n ong tt lm ging.
Mu ghi chp tnh hnh n ong

S
hiu
n
2

1
2
3
4

A1
A2
B1
B2

S
TT

Tng
s cu
ong
3
4
4
3
4

S
cu
qun
4

S
cu
con
5

5
3
3
3

4
1
2
2

Mt

Phn

Bnh

3+
2+
1+
2+

2+
1+
1+
1+

Ghi ch: l+: Lng mt phn t; 2+: Trung bnh; 3+: Nhiu;

Bin
Ong
php
x
cha
l
9
10

Tt
Cho
BT BT xy thm
Xu
Loi
Nh
bt cu
Cho
tui

2.3. Cho ong xy bnh t mi

2.3.1. Mc ch
- Xy bnh t tng l t cha mt, tng s cu, s qun chia n.
Bnh t mi c mi thm kch thch ong cha , cn bnh t c en, dn c
mi hi, ong cha khng thch v l thc n tt ca su n sp.
- Bnh t c l t hp, ong non ra i c kch thc nh, nh hng n qu
trnh sinh trng - pht trin.
- Khi ong c nhu cu xy m ngi nui ong khng cho xy th con ong vn
tit sp xy t hnh thnh cc "Li mo". Do "Li mo" khng c tc dng
nn phi ct b dn ti lng ph sp ong.
60

2.3.2. Cc phng php cho xy

* Sa li bnh t c
Vo cc thi im khan him thc n, th n ong gim, ong khng ph kn
cc bnh t, m nhng bnh t ny cha c n mc cn phi loi, phn bnh t
khng c ong ph s en v dn th ngi nui ong cn phi dng dao xn b
trnh su n sp v ong ph kn phn mt bnh t cn li. Song n v
hoa, th n tng, ong c nhu cu xy th chng s xy ni cc bnh t ly
din tch cho cha hoc cha thc
* Cho xy bnh t mi khi khng c chn tng
Trong nui ong c truyn ngi nui ong bit p dng phng php ny,
ngha l dng thanh x cho ong xy bnh t. Cn khi khng c chn tng m n
ong c nhu cu xy th ngi nui ong ly 1 cu cng sn dy thp, dng sp
nng chy dc theo mp di ca x trn kch thch ong xy. Cng c th
tn dng cc li mo ong xy gn ln ong tip tc xy. Khi cho xy
phi b thc chn v nn sa li bnh t (c th do ong xy khng phng).
* Cho ong xy bnh t mi c gn chn tng
Chn tng lm bng sp ong m trn c in cc khun hnh l t (nh
mng nh) t ong t xy ln cc l t mi, dng chn tng cho ong xy c
mc ch l tit kim nng lng cho n ong, tit kim sp v ong xy nhanh.
Cc dng c gn chn tng.
+ La chn chn tng phng, c mi thm, khng b rch, khng b su n
sp ph hu v c hng l thng dc theo mp.
+ Khung cu chc chn, khng vnh, c cng 3 hng dy thp (0,5 ly) vi
cng va phi.
- Thao tc gn:
+ t chn tng ln gh gn, m ct cho va lng cu, mp trn ct tht
phng cho kht vi x trn, 2 gc di ct vt.
+ Lng chn tng vo gia cc hng dy thp cho nm gn trong lng cu
ri t ln gh hn sao cho mp trn kht vi x trn.
+ Cm m hn vo in cho nng ri t mi m hn sao cho rnh mi m
hn ng vo dy thp ri ko dc theo cu cho sp nng chy vi dy thp
vo su chn tng (vi c 3 dy thp).
+ Dng thc c c nh v tr tip xc ca mp chn tng vi mp trn x
cu theo chiu dc ri dng tha mc sp un nng chy cho sp chy dc
theo x cu, to dc cho sp chy vi tc nhanh, khng nn qu nhiu.
- Chn n ong xy: n ong phi ng qun, nhiu ong non giai on tit
sp, mt - phn d tha, cha kho, nhiu nhng v c bit c biu hin xy
61

li mo, ni tng .
t chn tng vo gia 2 cu chun (khng mo, khng lch) rt b thc
chn ri n kht vi 2 cu . Bui ti phi cho ong n kch thch xy. Nu
cn thit c th rt bt cu cho ong ng qun xy. Hai ngy sau kim tra nu
ong xy lch hoc xy mt bn th ta xoay i, sau 24 gi l c th xy hon
thin mt bnh t mi, ngi nui ong nn tn dng nhng n ny (n ch
cng) xy bnh t thay cho cc n khc.
2.4. Cho ong n b sung v ung nc
2.4.1. S cn thit phi cho ong n thm
Thc n chnh ca ong l mt v phn trong t nhin, do thc vt tit ra khi
n hoa.
Cy ngun mt tit mt v phn theo thi v, c lc ngun mt - phn d
tha, c lc li thiu nghim trng hoc v hoa n nhng ma ko di ong
khng ly c thc n. n ong vn c bn nng ly thc n d tr nhng
lng d tr cng c hn hoc b ngi nui khai thc. Do vy vo cc thi
im thiu thc n ngi nui ong phi cho ong n thm.
Bn cnh vic thiu hoa th trong qu trnh nui cng phi cho n, theo mc
v cht lng thc n tu cc bin php k thut nh to cha, xy t, iu
tr bnh hoc cho n kch thch i lm.
2.4.2. Cc phng php cho n
- Cho n b sung nc ng (xir) lc thiu hoa: Ch yu vo thi v qua
H (thng 7 - 9) v v qua ng (cui thng 12, u thng l), y l 2 thi im
kh khn nht i vi ngh nui ong v ngun hoa thiu trm trng. Cho n
trong thi im nhm gip ong vt qua lc thiu thc n ny. Nu khng
cho n ong s b t bc bay hoc b cht i.
Cch cho n: Dng ng un vi nc theo t l 1 ng: 1 nc (l:l) hoc
cho n vi nng c hn l 2 ng: 1 nc (2:l). Cho n tp trung 2 - 3 ti
lin tc, mi ti cho n 300 - 400ml tu theo th n v lng thc n cn trong
t. Cho n n khi vt np.
- Cho ong n b sung phn hoa: phn hoa l ngun cung cp m v vitamin
cho n ong, thi im thiu phn l v h (thng 7- 9) cn phi cho n bng
phn hoa nguyn cht c cht lng tt (mua ngoi th trng) trn vi mt ong
dng nho ri vin thnh tng cc trn mt x cu (b ht thc chn) hoc
c th pha sn st ri rt ln mt x cu, c th trn thm vitamin C v B1.
Nu khng c phn hoa th c th dng bt u tng, mt ong, lng
trng g, ng ... trn u, cho n nh trn.
62

- Ngoi vic cho n b sung khi thiu thc n th khi to cha, iu tr bnh,
xy bnh t hoc kch thch i lm th cng cho ong n xir theo cch cho n
nh trn, t l tu theo mc ch cho n.
+ Cho n to cha: t l 1:1 (ng: nc)
+ Cho n xy t: t l 1:1
+ Cho n iu tr bnh: t l 1:1,5 + khng sinh.
+ Cho n kch thch: t l 1:1,5
* Ch khi cho ong n:
+ Cho n vo lc gn ti ong khi cp mt, ngay ngy hm sau phi rt
ra sch mng n v khng ri vi s kch thch ong n cp thc n, xy ra
nh nhau.
+ Nu nhit thp di 120C khng nn cho ong n, ong s b kch thch
bay i lm v cht rt.
2.4.3. Cho ong ung nc
Vo nhng ngy kh hanh, nng nc, nhng ni khng c ngun nc cn
phi ch cung cp nc cho ong bng cch cho vo mng n trc tip trong
thng (nh cho n b sung) hoc t thng nc cho chy nh git qua mng
g, kim loi, nn b tng cho ong bay n ly nc lm mt t, to m
hoc nho trn thc n thnh "lng ong". Lng ong l hn hp mt + phn +
nc v nc di ca ong th.
Khi cho ong ung nc c th pha thm mt t mui n vi t l rt t
trnh ng c cho u trng hoc ong th.
2.5. Ong chia n t nhin v cch phng chng
Chia n t nhin l s ra i khi t ca mt b phn ong th trng thnh
trong n cng vi ong cha c. Ong chia n t nhin l bn nng ca loi ong
nhm bo ton v pht trin ni ging, trong iu kin thun li ong s chia n,
vic chia n t nhin ca loi ong gy nhiu kh khn cho ngi nui trong
cng tc chm sc - qun l. Nu n ong nh m chia t nhin th th n nh,
nng sut mt gim v khng kinh t. Tuy nhin nu mt n ong mnh m chia
t nhin th li l mt thun li cho vic pht trin thm s lng n ong vi
cht lng tt.
Hng nm c n v hoa n, ngun thc n phong ph, thi tit tt, n ong
pht trin nhanh c nhiu ong non, cha tt th n ong s bi dc ong c
trc, sau mt thi gian chng s xy m cha chia n t nhin. Thng
thng min Bc Vit Nam th c 3 thi im ong hay chia n t nhin l.
+ V hoa vi nhn: thng 3 - 4
63

+ V hoa bch n: thng 5 - 6

+ V hoa cng cua, ch : thng 11 - 12.
2.5 .1 . Cc nhn t thc y ong chia n
- iu kin khch quan: Thi tit thun li, ngun thc n trong t nhin
phong ph...
- iu kin ch quan.
+ Cha kho, n ong ng qun, lc lng lao ng d tha, nhiu ong
non, s cu con vt qu mc - n ong cht tri, nng bc.
+ Lng phn - mt d tr qu nhiu.
+ Bn nng d sinh b kch thch bi cc yu t ngoi cnh.
+ Cha gi, km v tit t cht cha.
+ Thng ong qu cht tri, cho xy chn tng chm hoc t thng ong ni
qu nng (nng).
2.5.2. Nhn bit ong chia n t nhin
+ Trc khi chia n t nhin vi ba tun ong th xy nhiu l ong c 2
gc di hoc mp di ca bnh t. Trong t nhin c mt s n ong khng
bi dc ong c nhng vn chia n.
+ n ong ng qun, trn ra c ngoi vn ngn, ong th qut gi mnh,
bui ti ong th u c ra ngoi ca t, bm xung y thng nh nhng chm
nho. C nhiu ong non bay tp vo bui tra.
+ Khi nhng ong c vt np hoc sp n th n ong tin hnh p cc m
cha pha di bnh t, s lng m mi t xy t 7 - 10 m (c th nhiu
hn) vi tui u trng cha khc nhau, c trng hp m cha va mi p ong
chia n.
+ n ong i lm oi, quan st thy hin tng ong treo, bng ong th
cng y mt.
2.5.3. Hin tng chia n
+ Thi im ong chia n. thng thng khi m cha vt np chuyn sang
mu nu th n ong bt u chia (trc khi m cha n 3 - 4 ngy). n ong
chia thng ch nhng ngy nng m, mt m, ong chia n t t 8 - 16 gi, tp
chung nhiu nht l t 9 - 10 gi v 13 - 14 gi, cng c trng hp v iu kin
thi tit (ma, rt) th c th ong chia n sm hoc mun hn.
+ min Bc nc ta ong chia n ch yu vo thng 3 - 4 v thng 11- 12.
+ Khi chia n ong chuyn ng thnh dng ra khi ca t to ln m thanh
huyn no nhng nh hn ong bc bay. Ngoi ra, c mt vi im khc bit
64

gia ong chia n v ong bc bay, l:

Ong chia n: n ong chia n thng bay i vi cha c, cn con no li
vn i lm bnh thng v nhng ong bay i thng vn cn ln xung quanh
t.
Ong bc bay: C n t bay i khng con no quay u li, khng bay
ln xung quanh t.
+ Khi ong th bay ra khong 2/3 s qun mun chia th ong cha bay ra, khi
chia chng bay nhiu vng trn khng trung xung quanh thng ong, khi cha
bay ra th n ong thng t li mt v tr thun li no gn tri ong (cnh
cy, hin nh) ch ong trinh st i tm ni lm t mi v bo, khi bay i c
bit ong th qun ngay t c, d c bt li gn thng c chng cng khng
bao gi v. y l mt c im sinh hc c bit m khoa hc vn cha gii
thch c.
2.5.4. Bin php phng chng v x l ong chia n
- Cn c vo cc nguyn nhn chia n m ta c cc bin php nhm hn ch
ong chia n.
+ Vo v hoa, nu n ong ng qun th cho xy thm bnh t ong non
c vic lm v chuyn sang thng rng hn nhm lm gim s cht tri trong
n.
+ Ct b cc phn ong c, vt b cc m cha m ong th p, quay bt
mt d tr ca ong. Ct cnh cha c.
+ Rt i cu nhng cho cc n yu nhm lm gim s qun v iu chnh
c th n ca tri ong.
+ Thay cha gi v tch cc chng nng cho n ong.
- Khi n ong chia (bay ra khi t) dng nn bt ong chuyn dng bt
ton b n bay ra vo , treo ni thong mt. Chiu chun b thng mi,
ong trong nn vo thng c vin cu mi tiu chun, ui cho ong bm
vo cu, ti cho ong n thm. Hm sau quan st thy ong i ly phn v l n
ong n nh, 2 - 3 ngy sau kim tra cha.
- Chm sc n gc: Khi n ong chia, ngi nui ong nn m kim tra
n gc v chn ly mt m cha thng v to nht li, vt b ht cc m
khc. Nu l n ong tt th c th s dng cc m cha ny thay cha cho
cc n ong khc. Rt bt cc cu n gc mang cho n chia ra. Kim tra
theo di cha n. Trng hp cha khng n hoc giao phi khng thnh cng
th phi gii thiu m khc hoc cho ong cp to m cha, nu c cha gii
thiu th cng tt, hn hu lm ta mi phi nhp n li.
65

2.6. Ong bc bay v cch phng chng

Ong bc bay l s b t ra i ca ton b n ong n mt ni mi thun
li hn.
Ong bc bay cng l mt bn tnh c hnh thnh trong qu trnh sng
ca loi ong nhm duy tr v bo tn ni ging. n ong bc bay trong t
thng khng li g ngoi bnh t c, vt tch bnh v ch hi ph.
2.6.1. Tc hi
Th nht: khi ong bc bay th ngi nui ong mt hn n ong , lm gim
s n trong tri dn n gim sn lng mt, gim thu nhp ca ngi nui
ong.
Th hai: Ong bc bay gy xo trn tri ong v kch thch cc n khc bc
bay theo.
2.6.2. Nguyn nhn
- Do ong i, thiu thc n, khng c mt - phn d tr trong bnh t, khi
ngun hoa ngoi t nhin cn kit m ngi nui ong khng ch cho ong
n thm vo thi im .
- Khng c con trong bnh t (trng, u trng v nhng): V thiu thc n
nn cha khng v khng c g nui con.
- Do bn nng t nhin: ong di c theo ma; ma ng rt chng di c
xung vng thp, ni m p hn v ngc li.
- n ong b bnh, c bit l bnh thi u trng tui nh lm cht trng, u
trng nn khng c th h ong non k tip.
- Do sai st k thut ca ngi nui ong: t ong ti v tr khng thch hp,
nng qu hoc lnh qu, n ong khng th t iu chnh, hoc n ong b tc
ng c gii nhiu (n o, va chm mnh, kim tra nhiu) hoc t ong gn khi
bp, ni c mi hi thi, thuc ho hc v.v...
- Bnh t qu c, c mi hi, b cc ch hi tn cng lin tc (kin, su n
sp), c bit l ong bc trn (ong t).
- Ong bc bay cn c th do b kch ng ca n bc bay khc. Trong cc
nguyn nhn th nguyn nhn quan trng nht vn l trong t khng c con do
thiu thc n. Nu trong t vn c mt s t trng, u trng v nhng th n ong
vn n nh tr trng hp c bit ong mi bc bay.
2.6.3. Nhn bit ong bc bay
Trc khi n ong bc bay xut hin mt s hin tng sau:
- Vo nhng ngy bnh thng (khng ma, gi) thy ong i lm km, c rt
66

t hoc khng c ong ly phn m trong khi cc n khc i lm tp np.

Ngoi ca t khng c ong bo v hoc qut gi.
- M thng kim tra thy c hin tng "3 khng" : khng c mt, phn v
khng c con (trng, u trng v nhng). Ong trng thnh khng bm vo cu
m bm vo thnh thng hoc vn ngn thnh tng m ngi nui ong gi l:
hin tng ong treo. Trc khi b t bc bay ong cha khng , mc ch l
khng c g rng buc khi bay v bng ong cha thon nh li do ong th hn
ch khu phn nhm gim trng lng ong cha khi bay.
- Khi bc bay chng tun ra khi t o o, ku d di, ch c ong bay ra ch
khng c ong bay vo, ong chui ra khi t mi khe h ca thng, chng bay
theo hnh xoy trn c v bay i thng. Khi ong th bay ra khong 2/3 th ong
cha bay ra, i khi c n ong th b c cha i (cha b ct cnh) v n
ong s tn bi dn. Ong bc bay rt t khi li v ong trinh st tm c ni
mi t trc ri mi v bo cho c n i. Chng thng bay lun ti ch
mi di tn hiu ca ong trinh st.
2.6.4. Phng chng ong bc bay
- Phi lun gi cho n ong mnh, lun c y thc n (mt - phn). n
ong thng xuyn c cha tr, ong cha tr c sc tt, ngay c khi vo v
hoa khan him cha vn ( t).
- nh k kim tra n ong iu chnh th n cho ng u.
- Kt thc quay mt ng thi im, khng quay mt vng cui, nu thiu
thc n phi cho ong n thm xir cho n khi vt np.
- phng v x l kp thi cc n ong b bnh, khi x l phi mnh dn
loi cc cu c nhiu con b bnh.
- Thng ong lun kn ch hi khng xm nhp vo c v phi c
thng xuyn v sinh sch s.
- t v tr thng ong ng quy nh phi m bo ong yn tnh, trnh cc va
chm c gii, khng b chn p v cnh tranh nhau gia cc n ong.
- Vo thi im khng thun li khng nn kim tra nhiu, khi kim tra thy
c hin tng sp bc bay cn x l ngay nh cho n, vin cu, loi cu hoc
iu tr su bnh.
- Ct cnh ong cha: Ch cn ct 1/3 ca 1 cnh, khng ct vo phn gn
cnh.
Ch : Khi vin cu cho n bc bay th khng nn ly qu 2 cu 1 n
cng 1 lc v nh vy c th dn n n vin cu li bc bay.

67

2.6.5. X l ong bc bay

Khi thy n ong chun b bc bay cn nhanh chng ng ca t v bt kn
cc khe h thng, m ca s ong khng cht ngt. Chiu ti m kim tra
tm nguyn nhn v c cc bin php x l kp thi.
Nu n ong bay ra khi t th ngi nui ong nhanh chng tung t, ct
hoc dng so buc khn o khua vo n ong ang bay, ong s h thp
cao v t li: Khi ong t li th dng nn bt ong chuyn dng bt li treo
vo ch thong mt. Khong 17 gi chiu chun b thng mi, cu vin tiu
chun v v tr mi cho ong trong nn vo. Ngi nui ong m np chnh
thng ong ri r mnh cho ong trong nn ri xung y thng v y np thng
li ngay, khi ong cha kp bay ra. Ti cn cho ong n thm n nh ong. Nu
c iu kin th nn chuyn ong n ngun hoa mi.
Ch :
- Khng thao tc trc 17 gi chiu .
- Khi cho ong vo thng mi ri th sau 2 - 3 ngy mi m kim tra bn
trong. Nu thy ong t bm vo cu, ong ly phn v l n ong n nh.
Phn bit ong chia n v ong bc bay
TT

Ong chia n t nhin

Ong bc bay

Din ra chnh vo v mt. khi

Din ra vo thi im hoa cn kit (thiu thc
ngun hoa (thc n) phong ph. n t nhin trm trng) v thi tit khng thun li
Thng 3 - 4, thng 5 - 6 hoc (qu nng hoc qu lnh). Thng vo thng 7 - 9
thng 11 12
v thng 12 - 1 nm sau

Trong n nhiu thc n d

Trong n c hin tng "3 khng", khng c
tr, c m cha v trng. nhng, mt, phn v con (trng. u trng v nhng)
ong bay ra qu na (thng
Ong bay ton b (c ong cha v ong th)
213) s ong th trong n cng
Bay ra khi t ong u li
Ong bay cao v i lun, t u li
mt thi gian ngn. v tr gn t
Vn c ong ly mt, phn bay
ch c ong bay ra ch khng c ong bay vo
vo t
Bt v ong n nh ngay
Bt v c th li bay nn phi thao tc sau 17h
chiu v nht ong 1 - 2 ngy (cn cho n thm)

3
4
5
6

2.7. Ong cp mt v bin php phng chng

2.7.1. Hin tng v tc hi
Ong l loi cn trng c khu gic rt nhy, khi ngun thc n b khan him,
cng vi vic qun l n ong s xut l gy hin tng ong cp mt.
68

Biu hin u tin l c mt s ong th bay vo ve xung quanh thng ong

tm ng chui vo. ca t ong th tng cng cnh gii, lng ong bo v
tng ln gp bi, ong nh nhau cht ri xung ca thng v c khi ko di
thnh dy, nhiu ong th i vo t bng i, i ra bng li no.
Lc u n ong b cp cn c kh nng chng , sau n ong kit sc,
ong cp ra vo t do v cp i n git mt cui cng, khi b cp nghim
trng th n b cp thng bc bay tm chn yn tnh sinh sng.
n ong i cp thng l nhng n ong mnh, khi i n cp th gy
c phn x v chng s cp ht n ny sang n khc, c khi nhng n i
cp li cp ln nhau.
Khi trong tri c nhiu n i cp v b cp th gy xo ng nh nhau
hn lon, gy phn ng bc bay dy truyn v do nh nhau cht nhiu n ong
gim rt nhanh, ong khng ra ngoi lm vic m lun lun nh bo v t, gy
tn tht rt ln.
2.7.2. Nguyn nhn gy tnh trng ong cp mt
Ni chung ong cp mt l do chng pht hin ra mt ong hoc xir ng
trong lc bn ngoi thiu ngun hoa, pht hin hp dn, thc y tnh n
cp v chng tm n bt c ni no c mt ly. Nhng nguyn nhn gy
cp mt l:
- Cui v mt m khng chm dt quay mt, ong khng i ly mt hoa m
vo thng quay mt ly li mt trn thng v cc dng c quay mt. Hoc mt
ong sau khi quay ra cha chuyn i to mi quanh tri, lm cho ong pht hin v
kch thch ong tm vo n ong khc cp mt.
- Cho ong n ban ngy, nc ng, mt vng vi ra xung quanh n ong,
lng mt trong cc n ong khng u. Mt s n yu, ong tha, li y mt,
trong khi n ong mnh li t mt, n b cp thng l nhng n ong
tha, ong gi bo v t km.
- Cu ong loi ra cha rt ht mt hoc sp ct vt np cn dnh mt, cu v
sp ny sau v mt khng kn o, ong chui vo ly mt. ng hoc mt
ong d tr trong tri ong ly t do t gy tnh trm cp ca n ong.
- Ngoi ra cn do t ong qu dy, th n khng ng u, trong n mt
ong iu chnh khng ph hp; ong t, cu nhiu, khng bo v c bnh t;
thng ong b nt n, ca t ong qu rng lm cho mi mt ong bay ra ngoi
hoc cho ong n cc b mt s n, kim tra qu lu v m thng ong lu
khng y.
- Trong trng hp di chuyn ong b v bnh t, mt vng vi ra thng,
69

n ong khng thc n th khi n ni mi d b cp mt...

2.7.3. Bin php phng trnh ong n cp mt
+ Bin php phng ong cp mt:
- Cui v mt phi kt thc quay mt sm ong c mt d tr, kim tra
xem n no thiu mt cho n tip ngay cui v hoa. Mt ong trn cc dng c
v mt ong vng vi phi ra tht sch. Mt ong li trong tri cn ng kn
np, ng mt trong chai v x l trong phng kn.
- Cho ong n ban m v cho n u khp vi lng thc n khc nhau khi
bn ngoi t hoa, ong n khng ht sng sm hm sau phi rt mng ra v ti
cho n tr li, khng xir ng vng vi.
Cu loi, cu d tr cho vo thng kn, sp loi nu kp thi.
iu chnh ong ng u vo cui v hoa, lun lun ong u kn cu m
bo khong cch gia cc n, khng t qu y v phi cn i vi ngun
hoa.
c bit l phi t ong A.cerana cch cc tri t ong A.mellifera t nht l
4km - 5km khi bn ngoi cn hoa.
- Ma hoa khan him cn vt bt ca ong ra vo, trt kn cc khe h thng,
ca s cng lun lun ng kn.
Ngun hoa khan him th hn ch kim tra ong, phi kim tra nhanh v y
kn thng ngay sau khi kim tra xong. Ngoi ra trnh ong cp mt c th t
du ca ong - tc l khi ngun hoa khan him c th c v cy nh che trc
ca t tuy ong i li hi vng nhng ong cp mt pht hin kh hn.
+ X l khi ong b cp mt:
Tm n ong i cp mt bng cch rc mt t bt phn trng trc ca
n ong b cp, nu ca t n khc cng c bt phn th l n i cp
nhng quan st ng bay ca ong n cp cng c th pht hin ra n ong i
n cp.
- Bin php c hiu lc nht l chuyn ton b n ong ti ni khc cch
t nht l 2km, nu b ong A.mellifera cp th nhanh chng chuyn chy ton
b n ong i ni khc vi khong cch xa hn.
Nu khng c iu kin th chuyn n ong i cp n ni khc v ong
cp mt c phn x cp mt th ch bng cch chuyn i n mt ni mi
lm mt tnh cp ca chng lc ny, n ti nn cho n ong chuyn n no.
- Khi pht hin n ong mi b cp c th vy du, phun khi hoc phun
nc xua ong cp, n b cp, cng c th ng ca t ng thi m ca
s chuyn thng ong vo ch mt ri t vo y mt thng c mt s cu
70

khng (cn d tr mt t mt, ong cp n ly ht s mt chng coi nh

ht) ti cho c tri ong n, c bit n i cp cho n tht no, th cng c th
khc phc ti ch tnh trng ong cp mt. Trng hp mt im t nhiu
tri ong, c mt s tri ong rt mnh li ong i th cn tho lun cng
nhau phng trnh ong cp mt v khi b cp th cng nhau x l khng th
ong mnh ong cp ca n ong cc gia nh khc.
2.8. Ong th trng v bin php x l
2.8.1. Hin tng v tc hi
Mt n ong mt cha c gii thiu m cha hoc ong cha, sau vi
ngy thy n ong ly nhiu phn th l ong cha nhng cng c trng
hp ong th . Kim tra n ong c ong th trng th thy ong th c
mu en bng, ong rt d, lun lun dng i cnh nh sn sng xng ln t
ngi, ong th gi v nh con, trn bnh t c nhiu m cha cp to nhng
khng c u trng, l t ong th c trng nhng trng nh v c 2 - 3 trng(c
khi nhiu trng trong mt l). Trng khng ngay ngn v khng theo quy
lut vng xon c nh ong cha , v bng ong th ngn nn c khi trng
bm c ln thnh l t (trong trng hp n ong thiu l t v ong cha non,
mi thnh thong cng bt gp trng hp c 2 - 3 trng trong mt l t
nhng trng mp v xung y l t - do phi cn c c 3 yu t: nhiu
trng, trng nh v ln thnh l t phn bin.

Ong th trng khng th tinh nn n ra ton ong c. Ong c do ong

th n ra rt nh b (ong c ci).
Lng ong th trng trong mt n tng dn v c khi rt ln, khi kim
tra c th bt gp nhiu ong th ang a bng vo trng trong l t. Khi
trng chng cng c nhng con ong th khc nui dng cho n nh l ong
71

cha .
n ong c ong th trng, lng ong th gim i nhanh, ong th gi ci,
t i lm v rt kh tip thu ong cha khc, khi gii thiu ong cha vo n, ong
th vn tip tc cho n khi ong cha ln t ong th v l t trng
khng cn, ong th non ra i v ong c cht dn th ong th mi ngng v
n ong pht trin bnh thng tr
Tc hi do ong th trc ht l lm th n gim st, bnh t en, l t
nh phn ln phi loi b, ong th lm cho n ong suy yu d mc bnh,
nu duy tr tnh trng ong th th khong mt vi thng sau n ong b tiu
dit.
2.8.2. Nguyn nhn
Bn cht ong th l ong ci, trong iu kin n ong c ong cha do feromol
ca ong cha khng ch, bung trng ong th khng pht trin th ong th
khng trng. Khi mt ong cha trong n ong khng cn u trng cp to
ong cha mi, khng b feromol ca ong cha khng ch bung trng ca ong
th pht trin, mt khc khi khng c ong cha n ong khng c u trng, ong
th nhn ri, chng mm sa cha cho nhau lm cho bung trng ong th pht
trin, khi ong th trng li sinh ra mt loi feromol kch thch ong th khc
trng nn lng ong th tng ln vi s lng ln
Sau khi mt cha, ong th sm hay mun ty thuc vo lng u trng
cn li trong t, tu thuc vo tui ong th trong n, trong trng hp ong th
gi th trng rt sm. Ong th sm hoc mun cn do ging ong. Ong
A.cerana c bung trng ln hn nhiu so vi ong A.mellifera nn ong th
A.cerana sm hn ong A.mellifera. Bnh thng sau khi mt cha nu ch c
u trng ln th 7 - 10 ngy ong th trng, ong th gi v ngun hoa khan
him th c th sm hn, c trng hp ch vi ngy ong th .
2.8.3. phng v x l ong th trng
- Lun lun gi n ong c cha, cn nng cao cht lng ong cha.
- n ong c cha tr v khng b d tt, nu ong cha km phi thay ngay.
- Khi pht hin mt ong cha th lp tc gii thiu ong cha mi. Nu trong
tri ong khng c cha th tm mt cu c u trng nh (l ngy tui) n khc
i vo cho ong xy m cha cp to v chn m cha tt li - nu ong cha
to thnh km th thay trong v hoa ti.
- Khng sn xut "sa cha" lu trong mt n, khng to ong cha nhiu
t trong cng mt n, n ong mt cha cn gii thiu ong cha khc hoc
nhp n sm. Khi ong th th x l nh sau:
72

Gii thiu ngay ong cha v lc u ong th cn non v cn c nhng, n

ong cn mnh - nn gii thiu ong cha v n ong cn c ong cha tt
c lng feromol khng ch ong th , n ong sm c u trng, nhng n
nh n v thay th kp lng ong th gi cht. Trc khi gii thiu ong cha
c th loi bt cu. Loi bt ong th trng bng cch a nhng cu ong b
ong th ra mt khong trng cch v tr c 10 - 15 mt, v tr c t thng ong
c vi cu khng, lt giy bo hoc nhn ri r ong th xung, ong i lm th
bay v n c, v khi i ly mt - phn chng cn nh hng c v tr t ca
mnh, cn ong th trng li s t b. Cu b ong th trng nu ch c
trng ong th th rt ra phi nng nh hoc dng que ngoy nh nt trng hoc
c th i cho n khc chng loi b gip, cu nhng gi th dng dao ct
ht u d cho nhng ra, gp b nhng con cn li ri mi tr li n ong. B
xung lun cho n 1 - 2 cu nhng vt np v cho n no v nh vy mt y cc l
trng ong dn n u ong cha gii thiu vo n chm dt sm c
tnh trng ong th . Ni chung khi c ong th th n ong rt kh gii
thiu ong cha nn phi gii thiu bng cch gin tip v theo di kp thi
gii vy cho ong cha.
n ong b ong th lu v ong th gi th nn nhp n, ngay c khi c
n ong mnh c th h tr c th nhp n ong th trng v chia cho n
khc th c li hn, nn nhp n c ong th phn tn cho 2 - 3 n khc v
sau khi nhp cu cng c x l trng v nhng ong c do ong th .
2.9. Chng nng, chng rt cho n ong
2.9.1. Chng nng
Trong cc thng nng nng, vic chng nng cho ong l rt cn thit. Chng
nng tt s c cc li ch sau:
- n ong tip tc pht trin bnh thng, cha kho, mi hot ng tm
kim thc n khng b hn ch nn nng sut sn phm s cao.
- n ong t tiu tn thc n do phi tng cng lc lng qut gi, iu tit
nhit trong t, tui th ca ong cng khng b gim st do nng.
n ong khng b bnh tt gy ra do b nng qu mc.
- Trong mt s trng hp ngn chn c s xut hin xu hng chia n
t nhin sm hoc bc bay.
chng nng nng tt cho n ong cn ch :
+ Thng ong khng nn dng loi vn hoc vt liu qu mng. Vn ng
thng nn xp nh, chiu dy t 15 - 20mm l tt (dy hn cng tt). Thng ong
khng nn c cc khe h y, thnh thng, m nn c ca s pha trn ca
73

hi sau thun tin cho khng kh nng thot ra bng i lu.

+ Thng ong khng nn t thc.
+ t ong quay hng t v hng Nam, ng Nam, hoc Ty Nam, trnh
hng Ty.
+ Nn t t ong di bng mt t nhin ca cy, hin nh, khng t t
ong trn nn b tng, khng t st tng hng Ty. Nu v tr t b nng dng
mi na, l che, nhng phi che cao cch np thng ti thiu 20cm. Trnh ph
trc tip vt chng nng ln np thng v nht l khng nn dng ni lng, giy
du che np thng.
+ t mng nc trong thng ong nhng ngy qu kh nng (c bit l
nhng ni c gi Lo).
+ Dng khay tn ng nc t trc tip trn mt x cu (b np thng) c
tc dng lm mt t. Theo cch ny nhit ca thng ong gim t 1,5 - 20c so
vi thng bnh thng khng c khay nc (Nguyn Khnh Quc v cng s,
thng 7 nm 2000).
2.9.2. Chng rt cho ong
Vic chng rt cho ong trong nhng thi gian gi lnh phi theo nguyn tc
"chng rt bn trong n ong l chnh". chng rt tt cho n ong, cn ch
trng cc khu ch yu sau y:
- Trc ma rt, iu chnh cc n ong, khng c cc n yu, thay ht
cc cha km trc 30/11 (trong mt s nm, nu thi tit tt, c th thay cc
cha qu km vo na u thng 12). Nhng n qu yu nhp li.
- iu chnh qun bm dy trn mt cu.
- Cho n tht y c mt vt np, nu thiu phn ko di cho ong n
thm hn hp phn hoa v bt u.
Khi cn thit phi kim tra hoc x l k thut th phi lm nhanh gn, hn
ch ti a vic m thng ong.
- Dng rm qun thnh gi hoc dng bao ti, giy bo kn bn trong
thng. Ch nhng ngy m, c nng cn b cc vt chng rt ra phi trnh
m mc.
- t cc thc vo gia hai cu.
- Bt kn cc khe h ca thng, ng cht ca s. Nhng ngy qu lnh ng
ca ra vo khng cho ong i lm (ch thng gi cho nhng thng qu kn).
- Dng ni lng hay bao ti, gianh l, phn l ph, che kn gi lnh khng
tt vo n ong. Tuyt i trnh t ong ni lng gi, trnh hng ng Bc.
- Dng xp chng rt cho ong rt c hiu qu, nhng phi ch trnh
74

ong cn ph xp bng cch thm mt vn ngn vo gia phn xp v bnh t.

- C th p dng phng php nui n ghp (hai n trong mt thng)
nhng cn ch ngn cch tt khng cho ong th hai n sang ln nhau.
Sau v rt min Bc l cc v thu hoch hoa vi thiu, nhn... l nhng
ngun mt ln v c gi tr kinh t cao, do vy cn phi lm tht tt vic chng
rt cho ong.
2.10. Nhp ong
2.10.1. Nhng trng hp phi nhp n ong v nguyn tc nhp ong
Nhp ong bao gm c nhp n v nhp cu ong, nhp n ong l mang
ton b n ong ny (bao gm c cu bnh t v ong trng thnh) n st nhp
vi n ong khc v n tr thnh thnh vin trong th thng nht ca n ong
khc, n mang i nhp gi l n b nhp (A), n b xo tn ngay sau khi nhp
n, cn n kia l n c nhp (B) n bao gm mt hoc mt s cu.
Nhp cu ong l mang mt, vi cu ong (c ong th v ong c, khng c
ong cha) tch ra t n ong mang n st nhp vi n ong khc v n tr
thnh thnh vin chnh thc ca n ong .
n (A) bao gm nhng n ong b mt cha trong khi x l ong, ong cha
i giao phi, cha b d tt nh qu chn, xc cnh v ong cha qu gi khng
cn kh nng trng, n ong qu yu khng th vt ng v qua h, n ong
tm tch ra thay cha v vn chuyn, nhp ong ln k, nhp iu chnh
th n...
Nhp n ong phi m bo nguyn tc l nhp n khng cha hoc b
phn khng c cha vo n c cha, nhp n yu vo n mnh.
Tuy rng nhp n ong l gim i mt s n nhng lng ong trong tri
vn gi nguyn, n ong mnh ln c th thay i c cht lng v u v
hoa chia thm n ong mt cch thun li. Cn trong v mt th vic nhp ong
cn c ngha tng cng kh nng lao ng ca n ong v tng nng sut
mt.
2.10.2. Cc phng php nhp n ong
Feromol do ong cha tit ra lm cho mi n ong c mi c trng, ong th
phn bit mi ca n mnh v n khc bo v n, khi bt c con ong th
no t khc n th cng "bt kh xm phm", tnh t v ca n ong cng
tng khi thc n khan him v vi nhng n ong th gi. V vy nhp ong l
phi xo i "ranh gii mi" ca hai phn ong (A) v (B) - lm cho chng ng
mi, v hiu ho kh nng phn bit l b quyt thnh cng trong phng
75

php nhp ong.

Trc khi nhp n ong cn kim tra li n (A), vt cc m cha t nhin,
bt ong cha trc khong 6 gi, trng hp nhp hai n vo vi nhau. m
khng xc nh c con cha no tt hn nu khng phi l ma chia n t
nhin th c c hai con cha cho chng t chn, c trng hp c hai con
cng tn ti trong mt thi gian. Khi nhp cu th cn tch cc cu v ong. mang
i nhp rc, a ra ngoi vn ngn cch 3 - 4 cm, tm k ong cha b phn
cn li, a vo st thnh thng chng khng b sang b phn mang i nhp.
- Phng php nhp n gin tip:
L phng php p dng ph bin v dng c trong tt c cc thi v, vi
loi hnh thi tit khc nhau v l cch nhp n gin, an ton.
+ Nhp ngoi vn ngn.
Khong 16 - 17 gi ti n (A) dch cc cu ong ra khi thnh thng cch
thnh thng 2 - 3 cm ong ri thnh thng u ln c cu, nu ong nhiu m
cu t th mn 1 cu mt a vo ong ch bm.
Nu n (A) ng qun, nhiu cu hoc ong th cn nhp vo mt s
n (B) th cng tch ra tng nhm cch nhau khong 2 - 3cm, ch xp li cho
cc u cu v thc bng nhau nu di phi ct bt khi chuyn sang (B)
khng b kch. n (B) b cc thc, vt chng rt ra ngoi chun b ch
tip nhn (A). Tri xm ti khong 19 gi - 19 gi 30 nu nhp c n th a
(A) n cnh n (B) dng hai bn tay cm cht tt c cc cu v vn ngn nhc
nh nhng t ngoi vn ngn ca n (B) cch vn ngn khong lcm - nu b rt
th cho vt chng rt tr li ong khng dt vo trong sm. Nu (A) khng c
vn ngn th ly vn ngn cho vo n ong yn tnh, khong 9 -10 gi sng
hm sau rt vn ngn n nh 2 phn lm mt. Nu khi thao tc b va chm n
ong xo ng hoc ngy hm sau khng c iu kin n nh th dng khi phun
nh cho ng mi ri n nh ngay 2 n lm mt v sau nn cho n ngay.
(Cn ch l nhc ton b thc ra sau thi khi vo tt c cc khe ong ri
mi rt vn ngn).
+ Nhp ong bng giy bo:
Dng que chc thng t giy bo (chc kiu chm kim khong lcm2/1),
dng t giy ny ngn cch hai phn ong (A) v (B). Cch lm c th l nhc
vn ngn (B) ra, gin giy, ti mang ong (A) ti t cnh v ong t cn
giy bo lm quen vi nhau chiu hm sau c th n nh (cn ch l n (A)
cng c chun b nh nhp ngoi vn ngn).
Nhp bng giy bo thng s dng khi nhp ong thng k, ngi ta t t
giy ln ming. thng n (B) ri t n (A) ln trn chng s quen dn khi
76

giy bo b cn. Cng c th thay giy bo bng li rui t trn ming thng
ngn cch 2 n cho chng quen mi dn.
- Phng php nhp n trc tip:
Phng php nhp ong trc tip c p dng trong lc ngun hoa phong
ph, ong th non nhiu, n ong t cnh gic v p dng ch yu nhp thm
cu trong v mt hoc b sung ong non cho n nui cha. Cch lm c th l
a b phn ong n (A) t cnh n (B), b thc ra phun khi v rt vn
ngn cho 2 b phn ong nhp vo nhau.
Ch : Khi nhp ong xong, trong tt c cc phng php nhp u phi kim
tra ong cha xem c b vy khng - khi quan st thy ng th nh nhau trong
thng, ong n o th phi phun khi can thip.
- Nhp ong b sung th nu ti ch ong s bay v n c, cho nn sau khi
nhp phi chuyn i ni khc hoc ly ong ni khc v nhp, nu khng phi
nhp nhiu ong non v nhng gi ong i lm vic bay v t c th n c nhp
vn cn lng ong non v nhng sp n.
Ngoi ra nhiu ngi cn dng cc ho cht lm ng mi hn nhng
ngi ta thy ong khng n nh nn hin nay rt t dng.
2.11. Di chuyn n ong
Di chuyn n ong l ri n ong t ni ny n ni khc cch nhau t nht 2
km ong khng v ch c.
2.11.1. Mc ch di chuyn n ong
nc ta tuy ngun mt nui ong rt phong ph, nhng cy ngun mt
chnh, nht l cy ngun mt c. sn nh nhn, vi, chm chm... th ch c
mt s ni. Mt khc nhiu vng nui ong cy ngun mt h tr v ngun phn
cha khp kn quanh nm, nhng v thiu hoa khng th duy tr c n ong
ti ch vi s lng n ong ln - hoc khng th cung cp thc n nui
nhn to. Ngoi ra trong tri ong c s c nh dch bnh, phun thuc su - cng
cn chuyn ong i ni khc. Nh vy chuyn ong nhm mc ch:
- Tranh th u th v ngun hoa vi thi tit vng ong n pht trin
n ong.
- Tng thm sn lng mt nht l loi mt qu him, tiu th mt ong ti
ni khai thc mt. .
- Trnh nhng bin c xy ra trong tri ong: phng bnh x l ong cp mt.
- Di chuyn thun li cho chia n v giao phi cch ly.

77

2.11.2. Mt s hnh thc nui ong khng c nh

cc nc c ngh nui ong pht trin di chuyn n ong l phng thc
nui ong ch yu, ph bin v c hiu qu. nc ta t khi a ong vo nui
trong thng c cu di ng th vic di chuyn n ong c tin hnh sm v
ngi nui ong quen vi cu "ngi theo ong, ong theo hoa". Nhiu chuyn
vn chuyn ong ng di t Hi Dng vo ng Nai c thc hin; sau vn
.chuyn ong pht trin tt v thu 7 - 8 kg mt/ mt n, nh vy n ong A.
cerana cng thch hp nui theo cch di chuyn v chng c kh nng chu
ng khi phi vn chuyn xa.
nc ta hin nay tn ti 3 hnh thc:
- Nui c nh hon ton vi ngi nui t n ong ch yu Min ni v
vng c hoa quanh nm nh hoa da Bn Tre - ch chuyn ong khi n ong b
nhim thuc su.
- Chuyn ong gn i thu mt hoc qua h, qua ng sau. li tr v t ong
ti tri.
Cch nui ong ny rt ph bin cc tnh ng bng, Trung du Bc B, n
ph hp vi quy m nui ong nh v va, phng tin vn chuyn th s, hiu
qu cao.
- Nui ong di chuyn thng xuyn p dng cc tri nui ong ln hoc cc
nhm nui ong chuyn nghip hp tc vi nhau chung phng tin vn
chuyn ong. Khi chuyn ong phi c tnh ton cc chuyn i v s dng hp l
cc phng tin c hiu qu kinh t. Tri qua qu trnh nui ong cc tri ong
thuc doanh nghip nh nc rt c kinh nghim i cc v hoa.
2.11.3. Nhng vic cn lm khi vn chuyn n ong
+ Chun b: trc ht tm ni chuyn ong n, ni ny nu thng xuyn
mang ong n cng phi thm li ngun hoa v chun b ni t ong, xem xt li
n ong c nht l tnh hnh bnh, tnh hnh phun thuc su...
Chun b dng c nui ong nht l dng c thu mt, tng chn.., dng c
sinh hot cho ngi.
+ ng gi n ong: n ong khng dng thc th chun b cc nm g
chn 2 u cu
Kch thc nm dy lcm, rng l,5cm; di 3cm ng inh on gia lcm v
2cm.
Trc khi ng gi phi kim tra quay bt mt nhng n ong qu nhiu
mt trnh cu b v v ong b ngt. Cc cu ong ngn ht phi gia c thm
nh ng inh hoc g, sa hoc thay cc thng ong b nt n, g xu c th b
78

v dc ng.
n ong khi vn chuyn xa nn b thc dng nm th ong thong hn, nu
t thc khi chn cu ch vic n thc xung, y ngoi vn ngn cho thc
v cu tht xt nhau ri dng inh ng c nh ngoi 2 u vn ngn, .nu vn
chuyn gn dng 2 thanh tre c di va bng khong trng gi 2 u vn
ngn, sau dng mt thanh tre b cong ci vo gia vn ngn v thnh thng
gi cho vn ngn khng b tch ra ngoi khi cu.
Cch ng gi nhanh chng v an ton hin nay l dng mt ci thc tre
di ng bng thc ong, 2 u thc buc dy thp, thnh thng pha cu
ong ng 2 ci inh 2cm, khi ng gi t 2 u thc tre xung di, y vn
ngn v cu p st vo thnh thng ri qun y thp vo inh buc c nh, lm
nh vy cu c gi cht v c dy thp nn cu v thc khng b ny ln
trn.
Trc khi ng gi th cn b mng, thc v vt chng rt ra ngoi. Khung
cu v vn ngn chn cht vi nhau.
Nu ti di chuyn th bui chiu lt ngc ca knh ln ti ng ca ch
vic y xung, lm nh vy cng sa lun nhng ca b kch khng ng
c, cng c th ng lun ca knh np chnh pha trc cho ong bay
vo,n ti ch vic y np thng, nhng n ong qu ng khng chu chui
vo hoc ma h tri nng th dng nc phun vo ca t ong vo sm, khi
ng cht ca th cn m ngay ca s.
Cc phng tin vn chuyn ong i gn v t nn dng xe p, xe my,
thuyn hoc gnh b (khng nn dng cc xe do gia sc ko). i xa th dng
t, tu ho, tu thu. Cc phng tin ch ong khng ch cc cht c ho hc
trc . Ni xp ong phi thng thong.
Xp ong trn cc phng tin nn xp dc cu ong song song vi thnh xe,
ca s quay ra pha trc gi thi vo ca s, n ong mnh v nhng thng
km thng thong th t ln trn v t ra ngoi, khi xp dng thng nh, chn,
cc thng chn cc thng ong cho tht cht.
+ Qun l n ong trn ng vn chuyn. Nn vn chuyn ong vo ban
m v ban m tri mt v ong khng tm cch chui ra khi thng. Nu i ban
ngy th cho xe chy lin tc v khi chy ong b rung nn bm gi bnh t khi
dng li ong c th tm ch trng chui ra. Nu i xa v tri nng nn ti cho
ong mt, nu cn dng xe phi tm ni mt.
Trn ng i xe cn trnh cc g chy cng m th cng an ton. Nu phi
chuyn ong trn ng mt 4 - 5 ngy th nn dng v bc ong xung 1 ln, m
ca cho ong bi tit, ly nc v ngi nui ong x l cc s c ri ti mi i
79

tip.
Khi ti ni cn chuyn ong ngay vo vn, t ri ong ra ong c mt,
nu c th t ong ngay vo v tr trong m cng tt.
Khi t ong xong th m ca, cn ch m xen k ch khng m ca cc
n t lin nhau cng mt lc. Nhng thng ong nghi b sp cu, mt chy ra
th nn kim tra sp xp li bnh t - sau khi t ong th k chn cho bng
phng, ti hm sau cho n ong nhanh n nh.

80

Chng 5
CNG TC GING ONG

1. C IM CA VIC CHN LC GING ONG

Cng nh nhiu ngnh trng trt v chn nui khc, vic chn lc v nhn
ging ong c vai tr quan trng, lm tng nng sut sn phm cc n ong,
mang li li nhun cho ngi nui ong. Mc ch ca chn lc v nhn ging l
ci thin cc ging ong hin c, chn lc v lai to ra cc dng ging mi c cc
c tnh tt nh nng sut mt cao, chng chu bnh tt, loi b i nhng ging
xu. Sau khi chn lc c nhng ging tt th nhn cc ging tt ny ln bng
cch to cha v nhn n.
chn ging c kt qu, ngoi vic nm vng cc kin thc v di truyn
v bin d ca sinh vt ni chung cn phi ch ti nhng c tnh ring bit
ca ong mt - mt loi vt nui c bit. Chnh v nhng c im ring bit ny
m vic chn lc cc ging ong mt l rt kh khn.
i tng ca chn ging khng phi l mt c th m l c n ong, m
trong n ong li c cc loi hnh ong khc nhau l ong cha, ong c v ong
th. Ong th biu hin tt c cc c tnh ca n li khng tham gia vo qu
trnh sinh sn. Ngc li ong cha v ong c khng th hin c tnh ca n
li quyt nh th h sau ca chng l cc ong th.
Ong cha v ong th ca tt c cc loi ong mt l cc c th lng bi (2n)
c s lng nhim sc th l 32. Cn ong c bnh thng l cc c th n bi
(1n) c s nhim sc th l 16. N c n t trng khng th tinh v ch mang
c tnh di truyn ca m.
Cc c tnh kinh t quan trng ca ong mt (nh l sc trng ca ong
cha, hiu qu nui u trng, chiu di vi ht, khi lng c th...) l cc tnh
trng s lng ngha l c s tham gia ca nhiu gen.
Sc trng ca ong cha l mt trong nhng ch tiu chnh nh gi
cha tt.
Sc trng cng cao th n cng ng qun v nng sut mt cng nhiu.
Sc trng ph thuc vo bn cht di truyn ca ong cha. V d ong cha
A.cerana Kashmia 1000 - 1 100 trng/ngy m trong khi Vit Nam
ging ong ny ch 300 - 400 trng/ngy m. Tuy nhin sc trng ca ong
cha cn ph thuc vo iu kin ngoi cnh nh thi tit, ngun mt - phn, k
thut qun l ong, th n, tnh hnh su bnh... V th vic chn ging ch c
81

th t c kt qu nh mong mun trong iu kin thc hin c nhng yu

cu c bn v nui dng v chm sc ong. m bo cho ong c ng u s
lng thc n, nui trong thng t tiu chun cung cp bnh t. Khng
ong vo nhm t, ong n cp ln nhau, trnh chuyn i cc cu u trng,
nhng, mt t n ny sang n khc (kh chn lc).
2. MT S PHNG PHP CHN LC GING
Nhn chung cc nh chn ging ong mt u chn lc theo mt s c tnh
c bn
+ Sn lng mt cao.
+ Ong cha c sc trng cao, ong th sng lu lm cho n ong ng
qun.
+ t hoc khng c xu hng chia n, bc bay (tnh t n cao).
+ n ong hin, khi kim tra ong th vn hot ng bnh thng, khng
chy x xung pha di bnh t, khng bay ln t ngi.
+ Chng chu c cc loi bnh u trng ti (sachrood), thi u trng chu
u.
+ C kh nng qua ma ng lnh, hoc ma h thiu thc n tt, th n
gim t.
chn lc c hiu qu v nhanh hn, ngi ta thng p dng 2 phng
php chn lc sau:
2.1. Chn lc i tr
L phng php chn lc n gin, d p dng cc tri sn xut mt. Vo
cui ma nui ong, ngi ta chia cc n ong ca tri ra lm 3 nhm theo sn
lng mt v cc c tnh c gi tr kinh t khc.
Nhm 1 gm cc n ong tt nht, nng sut mt cao nht chim khong 10
- 20% s n ca tri.
Nhm 2 l cc n c cc ch tiu trung bnh, c s lng ln nht chim
khong 60 - 80%.
Nhm 3 l nhm c nng sut mt v cc ch tiu thp nht chim khong 10
- 20%.
T nhm 1 chn cc n m v n b (s n b t nht l 5 n) cn ong
c cc n khc b dit sch. To cha t cc n m cho giao phi ri thay
cha vo nhm th 2. Loi b nhm th 3 bng cch tiu dit hoc git cha,
nhp cc n li ri gii thiu cha mi to t nhm 1 vo. Cui nm sau li
phn loi n ong v tin hnh theo phng php trn.
Bng phng php chn lc i tr nng sut mt c th tng ln 20 - 25%
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nhng ni cha chn lc. Tuy nhin sau 3 - 4 nm chn lc nh vy c th xut

hin hin tng cn huyt, t l ong c lng bi cao lm gim sc sng ca
n. V vy c nh k 3 - 4 nm mt ln li trao i hoc mua mt s n cao
sn t mt s tri ong khc, cch xa 25 - 30 km to cha hoc l to ong c.
Vic chn lc i tr cn tin hnh ng lot tt c cc tri ong trong ma
to cha mt a phng. Loi b ong c xu t cc n trung bnh s m
bo cho ong cha ch giao phi vi ong c ca nhng n tt nht.
2.2. Chn lc c th
L phng php chn lc phc tp hn, i hi ngi chn ging phi c
trnh cao v ch kim tra nghim ngt, s lng n ong tham gia nhiu
hn.
Chn lc c th l phng php kim tra nng sut mt v cc c tnh khc
i con bit r cc c tnh qu c di truyn hay khng. Sn lng mt l
mt ch tiu c gi tr nht trong chn ging v vy ngi ta thng chn nhng
n c nng sut k lc a vo chn lc. Tuy nhin khng phi tt c cc
n cao sn u c th truyn nhng c tnh c gi tr cao cho th h sau. V
th khng phi bt c n k lc no cng u c gi tr lm ging.
Phng php tin hnh: chn mt s n c nng sut k lc (3 n 6 n)
to ra mt s lng cha bng nhau (t 50 - 60 cha) ri gii thiu vo tri so
snh. tri cng to cha cng thi im gii thiu vo cc n i
chng. Cc cha th nghim c gii thiu vo cc n c bn c th n
tng ng, c chm sc qun l v cho n nh nhau. V d thc nghim
trn 4 n k lc to 50 cha mi mi n th phi chn 250 n, 200 n gii
thiu cc cha mi k lc v 50 n ong cha bnh thng. Trn c s nhng s
liu thng k i chiu sn xut vo cui v tnh ton sn lng trung bnh ca
tng nhm. Da trn kt qu so snh sn lng mt trung bnh ca cc nhm th
nghim vi nhau v vi nhm n i chng c cha bnh thng s chn c
ong cha c k lc lm ging. Ong cha no m i con ca n t sn lng
cao nht so. vi cc cha k lc khc v cha bnh thng l ong cha ging c
cht lng cao. Nhng ong cha k lc ny c gi l dng u.
T nhng n ny cn phi to ra nhiu ong cha mi thay th.cho nhng
n khc Cc dng u tip tc c hon thin mt cch thng xuyn tng
c tnh tt ca dng. N cn c s dng giao phi cho vi cc dng khc
to c nhng dng mi c nng sut cao.
3. LAI GING
L phng php lm thay i ging ong nhanh nht, lm phong ph tnh di
83

truyn v tng sc sng, tng s thch nghi vi mi trng.

Vic lai ging gia cc dng ni phi l mt hng nng cao nng sut mt
trong ngh nui ong, nht l khi k thut th tinh nhn to tr thnh ph bin.
nhn c cc dng ni phi, ngi ta s dng kiu giao phi "anh lai vi
em gi" hoc "chu lai vi c" Ngi ta cn s dng c. phng php lai kp l
sau khi to c 2 cp lai n, ngi ta li cho chng giao phi vi nhau to
ra con lai.
Tnh tt yu s dng lai ging ni phi l n cng c c cc c tnh
mong mun th h sau v cho php gi gn n kt hp cc dng ong c c
tnh mong mun khc Tuy nhin trong a s cc trng hp ni phi, c bit l
ni phi gn lm gim sc sng (v c nhiu ng hp t v gen ln) v kh duy
tr c cc n ong. Mt khc phi th rt nhiu php lai mi chn c cp lai
tt nn rt tn km.
Hn na ging lai trn ch s dng c 1 nm, khng dng chng lm
ging c
4. TO CHA
Hng nm ngi nui ong cn c nhiu ong cha mi thay th cc ong
cha gi, cha xu v chia cc n mi. Vic to cha kp thi, s lng
v cht lng c ngha quyt nh n nng sut mt. Cc k thut to cha
ca ong A. mellifera c p dng cho ong A.cerana.
4.1. Nhng yu t nh hng n cht lng ong cha
Cht lng ca ong cha gn lin vi nng sut sn phm ca n ong. Ong
cha cng nhiu trng, n ong cng ng qun v s thu cng nhiu mt.
Cht lng ca ong cha ph thuc vo hai yu t chnh: di truyn ca n ong
ging (n b, m) v iu kin nui dng u trng cha.
+ n ging:
n ging l n cung cp u trng to cha v cc n to ra cc ong c
giao phi vi nhng con cha mi . V th vic la chn v chm sc cc n
ging c tin hnh rt cn thn. Cc n ging A.cerana cn t mt s tiu
chun sau:
- Nng sut mt cao.
- Sc trng ca ong cha cao, n ong ng qun, cc cu nhng vt np
phng.
- Ong hin lnh.
- Khng (hoc t) chia n (tnh t n cao).
- Khng bc bay.
84

- Chng chu v thch nghi tt, khng b mc bnh u trng ti (sacbrood) v

thi u trng chu u. Cc n phi c d tr mt nhiu nu khng phi cho n
thm, qun ng ph kn 4 - 5 cu.
+ Yu t nui dng:
Cc ong cha tt nht ch c to ra t cc n ging tt, nhng t cc n
ging tt nht cha hn to ra c nhng con ong cha tt nu nh phng
php to cha khng ng k thut. Mi ngi u bit u trng ong cha v u
trng ong th u c to t trng th tinh ngha l c ngun gc di truyn
nh nhau nhng do ch thc n khc nhau m chng c quyt nh thnh
cha hay l ong th. V th ch cung cp thc n cho u trng cha chc chn
s c nh hng ln n cht lng ong cha to ra. Cc yu t nh hng trc
tip v gin tip n ch cung cp thc n ca u trng cha bao gm n
nui dng, ngun phn mt, thi tit kh hu...
n nui dng l n tip nhn cc u trng v nui chng thnh cha
trng thnh. n nui dng mnh, ng qun nhiu ong non tnh trng
chun b chia n, thc n s nui c nhiu ong cha v c cht lng cao.
Ngun mt - phn :hoa phong ph khi to cha, ong nui dng tit sa
nhiu, cht lng sa tt v ngc li, nn to cha vo u hoc cui v mt.
Cn trng hp ngun mt hoa ngoi t nhin khng phong ph cn cho n m
v n nui dng n trc khi to cha 4 - 5 ngy v cho n n khi m cha
vt np.
Ma v: Ong thng chia n t nhin vo ma m p, thc n y , l
lc n ong pht trin nh cao c nhiu nhng u trng v qun ng nht gi
l ma chia n. pha Bc nc ta c ma chia n chnh vo thng 3 - 4 v
ma chia n ph thng 11 - 12. mt s vng vo ma h thng 5 thng 6 c
nhiu mt ay, bch n, ong cng chia n. Cha c to vo ma xun c
cht lng tt hn cc ma khc.
Kh hu: nc ta vng kh hu nhit i cho nn c th to cha quanh
nm nhng cn ch to vo lc c ngun thc n th cht lng cha mi
tt. Mt khc cn trnh to cha vo ma ma, hoc ma ng rt mt tri m
sng ( pha Bc) hoc ma c gi to ong cha khng i giao phi c, hoc
i c nhng t l giao phi rt thp.
4.2. Phng php to cha n gin
Nhng ngi nui ong quy m nh, cn s lng cha t, nhng ngi mi
nui ong hoc mt s ngi gi th lc gim st khng c kh nng di trng, c
th s dng mt s phng php to cha n gin m vn thu c cha c
85

cht lng cao.

* S dng m cha chia n, thay th t nhin
Trn cc tri ong vo ma m p, mt - phn y , mt s n ong s xy
m cha chia n. Cc m cha chia n do c to t trng mt cch ch
ng nn thng c cht lng tt. Sau khi m cha vt np c vi ngy dng
dao nh, sc ct phn bnh t trn gc m cha 1-1,5 cm ri gii thiu vo n
mt cha hoc n cn thay cha.

Cc m cha chia n t nhin

Tuy nhin nhng m cha thu t n xu, nng sut thp, hoc nhng n
nh th khng tt. Mt khc vic thu m cha rt b ng v ong c nm chia n
nhiu, c nm chia t. C lc cn m cha th cha c, lc khng cn li nhiu.
c m cha sm v ch ng hn, ngi nui ong c th kch thch n ong
xy m cha chia n. Chn nhng n tt, tiu chun lm ging, cho n
thm xir ng, nu cn cho n cht thay th phn hoa tng sc ca cha.
Vin cho n 1 - 2 cu nhng gi sp n n ong mau chng ng qun, cht
chi, thiu ch ong s xy cc m cha chia n. Khi m cha gi, chn cc
m p thng s dng. Cn lu rng m cha ong A. cerana chia n trng
rt ngn nhng khi n ra vn c nhng con cha di v ong xy mt phn sp
gc m cha. Tuy nhin vic s dng thng xuyn cc m cha chia n,
nht l nhng n nh hoc trung bnh l to cho ong c xu hng chia n cao
hn.
mt s n ong c cha gi, cha b d tt hoc b thng v mt l do no
y, ong xy 1 - 3 m cha ra hoc mp bnh t. Cho n khi cha n ong
vn khng chia n gi l cha thay th. Thng thng cha t sau khi n s
git cha gi, nhng cng c khi i giao phi trng v tn ti cng vi cha
86

gi mt thi gian cho n khi cha gi cht. M cha thay th nhng n

mnh, ma v thun li c cht lng rt tt, khi m cha thay th vt np c
5 - 6 ngy th ct s dng. n ong s tip tc xy cc m cha khc.
* To cha theo phng php cp to
Khi n ong mt cha t ngt, ong s chn mt s u trng di 3 ngy
tui (i khi c trng) ni rng l t thnh cc m cha. Vic mt cha xy ra
vo bt k lc no trong nm, nhiu khi vo lc ngun mt - phn khan him
nn m cha nh v ngn v th cht lng m cha cp to c coi l xu.
Tuy nhin nhng n mnh, mt - phn, cc m cha cp to t u trng
nh tui c cht lng tt, nh l m cha chia n.
Cch lm: chn n ong mnh, c nng sut cao nht tri, tiu chun lm
ging ri cho ong n thm xir ng 2 - 3 ti ong ni bnh t v pha di
v trng vo . Khi thy cha vo l t mi 1 - 2 ngy th bt cha i, rt
bt cu ong bm dy hn trn cc cu cn li. t cu c trng mi chun
b vo gia t, 2 - 3 ngy sau kim tra ph b tt c cc m cha trn mt bnh
t v cc cu khc, ch li cc m cha di. Cc m cha c to t
nhng l t mi t trng hoc u trng nh tui pha bn di nn rt thng v
di. Trong trng hp vi khng chun b c cu mi th c th chn cc m
cha na bn hoc mp di cc bnh t. Khi m cha gi ngha l khong
11 - 12 ngy sau khi tch cha, ly cc m cha em s dng. Mi mt n cp
to c 5 - 15 m cha.
Cng c th ct bt phn di cc bnh t theo ng thng hoc ng
dch zc ch bnh t c u trng nh ong xy nhiu m cha hn. Nhng
cn lu chn cc bnh t cn mi tip thu, nu bnh t en v c ong s
khng xy m cha.
To cha cp to t cc n tt, trn cc l t mi vo ma thun li mt,
phn, cht lng khng thua km m cha chia n t nhin m li ch ng
c thi gian.
4.3. To cha bng phng php di trng
To cha di trng l phng php to cha c bn nht trong ngh nui ong
hin i c th tin hnh vo bt c lc no trong nm li ch ng c s
lng cha, thi gian n ca cha.
* Lm chn sp
di trng ngi nui ong phi chuyn u trng di 3 ngy tui t l t
vo chn sp nhn to. Chn sp nhn to phi ging m cha t nhin, ngha l
c nn dy mp mng. Lm chn sp bng khun g (qun cha) c kch thc
87

di 10 - 12 cm ng knh 7,5 - 8 mm cho ong A. cerana pha Bc v 6,5 - 7

mm cho ong A. cerana pha Nam. Sp lm m cha phi mi, nguyn cht v
khng c mi l. Nhiu ngi nui ong thch s dng sp li mo, sp vt np
mt lm m cha. Cho sp vo bt nh un cch thu, nhng khun sp
ngm trong nc lnh vo sp nng chy 1 - 2 ln su 8mm ri 1 ln na su 4 5mm. Tip theo nhng vo nc lnh, dng tay xoay nh chn sp cho tt khi
khun. Gn g hoc tre c hnh tam gic hoc hnh vung ln thang ca cu
cha theo khong cch 2 cm ri gn m cha vo bng cch nhng y chn
sp vo sp nng chy ri t ln g, tre. Cc thang cha nn ng inh hai
u c th xoay c hoc c l trn hai thanh hi ca cu cha cc
thang cha tho ra

* Chun b u trng
Ong ni a A. cerana thng trng ri rc cc cu ch khng tp
chung nh ong A. melltfera v th vic chn cu c nhiu u trng di 3 ngy
tui ph hp cho vic di trng rt kh, i khi di trng mt cu cha phi ly
u trng t 2 - 3 bnh t. vic di trng nhanh, m bo n ng u cn
chun b u trng trc. Chn bnh t nhng gi c mu vng nht ( c vi
th h ong ra i) t ra ngoi vn ngn ong n ht, t cu vo n m
t li ngn cha hai bn bnh t, chuyn cha vo cha ch cu ,
n ngy th 4 ly cu ra di trng. Trng hp khng c li cch ly th a
cha vo cu chun b ri t ngoi vn ngn. Cha s vo cu ny ngy
hm sau chuyn cha v cu vo gia n. Ngy th 4 ta s c u trng
tui di trng thch hp.
* Di trng
Nn chn lc m v khng c gi trong ngy di trng, ni di trng cn
kn v mt, trnh ong bay vo.
Di trng l thao tc chuyn u trng nh (di 3 ngy tui) t l t vo chn
sp nhn to. Kim di trng c th ch to bng kim loi bc, nhm hoc bng
88

lng ngng, g ngan hoc bng tre c vt nhn v mng.

Thao tc di: ly cu ong chun b u trng ra khi t dng chi qut nh
cho ong ri ht vo t (hoc r nh). t cu c u trng ln gi hoc t
gc c nghing thch hp c th nhn r cc u trng nm trong l t. t
nh cu gn m cha ln trn cu c u trng. Dng kim di trng hoc que tm
nhng vo cc l t c mt cha vt np ri chm vo y cc chn sp, sao cho
mi chn sp c 1 git mt tht nh. Dng u nh kim di trng mc vo pha
lng ca u trng c gng mc c nhiu sa cha u trng khng b tn
thng. t nh u trng vo git mt, u trng s ni ln ri tip tc mc u
trng khc. Di ht 1 thang th xoay m cha quay xung pha di di tip
thang khc. K thut di trng nh trn gi l di t. i vi ong ni di trng t
cho t l tip thu cao hn, d lm v di nhanh hn. Thao tc di trng nhanh,
khng nn u trng nm ngoi t qu 15 pht.
Trong to cha mt s ngi p dng phng php di n nhng phn ln l
p dng phng php di kp. Di n l phng php di u trng vo m cha 1
ln ong nui dng u trng thnh cha. Cn di kp l di u trng 2 ln
vo chn sp. Di ln hai sau khi ong tip thu xy m cha 24 - 28 gi. Ngi
ta gp b u trng ra v di u trng th 2 vo. Ngi ta cho rng u trng non
di ln th 2 c n sa cha ngay nn s pht trin tt. Cn di n 1 - 2 gi
u tin u trng cha c ong cho n. Hin nay nhiu ngi nui ong nc
ta tin hnh di kp sau di n 48h, m cha to ra trng rt ln nhng kch
thc ca cha li nh hn. V vy ch cn di n hoc l di kp sau di n 24h.
* Chun b v chm sc n nui dng
n nui dng l n tip thu v nui dng u trng thnh cha, v th
cht lng ca n nui dng c nh hng ln n s lng m cha tip thu
v cht lng ong cha n ra sau ny. i vi ong A. mellifera tiu chun n
ong nui dng 9 - 10 cu ng qun cn ong A. cerana 5 - 6 cu ng qun.
Cn rt bt 1 - 2 cu ong ph trn cc cu cn li tht dy. Tch cha khi
n t 6 - 24h vo ma chia n, ma kh khn tch trc 48h n ong cm
thy mt cha. ong nui u trng ngay, cn to mt khong trng rng 2 3cm gia n ong ong non t tp li y trc khi t cu cha vo 2 - 3
gi.
Sau khi di trng xong, t cu cha vo ch chun b ca n nui dng
ghi ngy thng di trng ln x cu.

89

ong th ang nui cc m cha

Cn cho n nui dng n 3, 4 ngy trc khi di trng v cho n n khi vt
np nu ngun hoa bn ngoi cha phong ph. Sau khi t cu cha vo n nui
dng 1 ngy nhc ln kim tra nu m cha t qu cn di b sung. Nu nhiu qu th
vt b bt ch khong 15 - 25 m l va.
Mi mt n nui dng ong A. cerana c th nui 2 cu cha cch nhau 3 - 5
ngy, mun nui thm cu th 3 phi vin nhng v u trng b sung ong non v
ong th khng trng, khi ong th th khng nn cho cu mi vo na cht
lng cha s km.
Sau khi di trng 4 - 5 ngy kim tra tt c cc bnh t ca n nui dng 1
cch cn thn ph b ht cc m cha cp to, phng cha cp to n ra trc
ph hu ht cc m cha di trng. Cn phi nh rng sau khi m cha vt np c 1 4 ngy l thi k tin nhng v nhng non, lc ny ch cn 1 chn ng mnh l c th
cht nhng hoc sau ny cha n ra b xon cnh. V th khi kim tra cu cha cn tht
nh nhng, khng r ong v khng nn kim tra nhiu.
Thng thng sau khi di trng 11 - 12 ngy cha t s n nhng 1 vi m cha
c pht trin nhanh hn s n vo cui ngy th 10. V vy vo ngy th 9, 10 cn
ly m cha gii thiu vo n mt cha hoc n giao phi. Trng hp cha s
dng ht m cha c th d tr cha t bng cch gn m cha vo lng gii thiu
c thc n l bt ng + mt ong v 5 - 6 con ong th non. Cha t c th sng trong
lng d tr c 7 - 15 ngy. Nu n giao phi no b mt cha th ly cha t d tr
ra gii thiu.

Do n ong A. cerana nh d bc bay, v k thut to cha mi c p

dng trn 40 nm nn thng thng ngi ta ch s dng thng giao phi c cu
nguyn t trong thng bnh thng hoc loi thng nh (2 cu).
C th gii thiu m cha vo thng ong bnh thng b mt cha hay mi
tch ra ti tri hoc di chuyn i ni khc.
nhng tri to cha chuyn nghip, hoc to cha s lng ln ngi ta s
90

dng thng giao phi nh 3 cu. Tuy nhin ngi ta ch cho mt cu v mt vn

ngn vo trong thng. Do ong A. cerana d bc bay nn vic la chn cu cho
vo thng giao phi rt quan trng. Cu ong cn ph dy, c mt d tr, c
nhng v u trng. Vic tch n giao phi thng tin hnh vo bui chiu, la
cc cu c tiu chun trn cho vo cc thng giao phi c np kn chn cht
v ng ca t li. M cha c th gn vo cu lun hoc l gn vo bui ti
gia cu ch cha mt gip vi u trng. Chuyn cc thng giao phi n "bi
giao phi" l ni quang ng c nhiu vt chun cho ong nh hng nhng li
cn mt m. n ti mi m ca t. Bi giao phi phi cch tri trn 1 km
ong t quay v t c. hn ch ong n cp v tn cng chm sc thng
giao phi, trc khi tch n giao phi, cho ong n chun b tch n 2 - 3 ti
lin tht no. n giao phi cn c nh s v sn cc mu khc nhau, ca s
quay v cc hng khc nhau cha i giao phi v khng b nhm t.
Sau 3 ngy m n giao phi kim tra xem cha n cha, cha c kho
mnh cn i khng? Nu c d tt, xon cnh phi thay bng cha khc. Phi di
trng nhiu t c m cha thay v b sung kp thi. Sau 10 ngy li kim tra
ln 2 xem cha cha, cha c b mt khng? Vic kim tra n giao phi ch
tin hnh vo bui sng v bui chiu cha t i giao phi ta khng tm thy,
hoc cha i giao phi v gp lc kim tra s chui vo n khc. Mt s cha s
vo ngy th 7 n ngy 15, nhng con sau 15 ngy cha l cha xu cn
loi b. Tuy nhin nu thi tit xu khng cho php cha i giao phi c th gia
hn thm 5 ngy na. Bnh qun ong cha s vo ngy th 10. T l giao
phi t 75 - 85% l tt.
Khi ong cha A. cerana bt u trng cha nn bt i ngay v rt kh gii
thiu, cha thm khong mt tun lc ny trng cha to hn, dng i chm
chp, tit Feromol nhiu, vic gii thiu s d dng hn. Sau khi bt cha i
ri, nu cn to cha tip li gii thiu cha t hoc m cha nu khng nhp 2 3 n giao phi thnh mt n c bn.
4.4. Gii thiu cha v .m cha
* nh gi m cha v ong cha
Vic nh gi m cha c tin hnh sau khi di trng 9 - 10 ngy; nn chn
nhng m cha di, thng, cn i, nhng m cha cong vo, qu ngn cn loi
b.
Ong cha t c nh gi theo ln, bng mt thng ta c th phn bit
c cha ln, trung bnh, di trung bnh v nh. Nhng cha trung bnh
khong 150mg, nhng cha nh hn 140 mg cn loi b .
91

V hnh thi ong cha tt c mu sc ng nht, c th to cn i, bng di

thon u n. Cha bng ngn nhn mu sc khng ng u, cnh xon hoc
c d tt cn loi b.
Cht lng cha c nh gi ch yu theo sc trng. Cha mi
trng tt th vng trng rng, vng trng lin tc, v trng c t
ngay ngn gia l t mi mt trng, nghing theo hng nht nh (v khi ong
cha A. cerana , u ong cha lun quay xung pha di). Nhng vt np ca
nhng n cha tt phng, rt t b l ch. Cha vng hp, t trng, cch
qung, nhng vt np l ch l cha xu, b cn huyt hoc gi cn loi b.
* Gii thiu m cha v ong cha
Sc trng ca ong cha ch cao nht trong nm u, khi cha gi sc
gim, ra nhiu ong c, ong sm chia n. Mt s cha mi nhng sc
khng tt do lc giao phi thi tit khng thun li, khng tinh trng d tr,
b bnh hoc v mt l do no m km hay ngng . V vy vic thay
cha kp thi c ngha rt quan trng.
+ Thay cha bng m cha:
Thay cha bng m cha d lm v an ton hn so vi thay cha bng cha
mi.
Tuy nhin n ong phi gin on mt thi gian khng c trng, i khi
cha t i giao phi b mt.
Cch lm: Bt cha ca n i trc 6h - 24h. V tr gn m cha ging nh
cho vo n giao phi ngha l gn vo cu gia t tip gip gia l t cha
mt v l t nui u trng cch x trn 4 - 5cm. Vic thay bng m cha thng
c p dng vo cui v thu hoch mt nhn, to... s dng n ong ly
mt, chng c chia n. tn dng sc trng ca ong cha c c th ct
bt t bn chn sau ca ong cha ri gn m cha vo n ong. Khi cha t n
ra c th sng cng cha mt thi gian nh nhng trng hp thay th t
nhin (v ong cha b ct t bn chn l cha d tt).
+ Thay cha gi bng cha mi:
Mi mt ong cha tit ra cc cht feromol khc nhau nn c mi khc nhau.
Ong th quen vi mi cha ca mnh nn c quan h th ch vi cha l, v vy
khi gii thiu cha mi vo mt n ong mt cha, nht l n mt cha lu ong
th khng tip thu m cn git cht cha. Vic gii thiu cha vo n ong mi
ph thuc rt nhiu vo trng thi ca n ong, cht lng ca cha, iu kin
ngoi cnh, v phng php gii thiu cha.
Cc phng php gii thiu cha: cho n nay cha c phng php gii
thiu cha no m bo an ton c 100% nhng nhng ngi c kinh nghim
92

t l gii thiu cha thnh cng t rt cao.

- Dng lng cun dy thp hoc lng na; t ngy xa nhng ngi nui
ong c truyn bit lm lng gii thiu cha bng tre hoc na nh gii
thiu cha. Ngy nay ngi nui ong hay lm lng cha nh bng cch qun dy
thp ln qun cha. Lng cha c th t trn ch tip gip gia 2 x cu, nhng
an ton hn l gm vo phn c mt ca bnh t. Ong th s th vi vo mm
cho cha, ri ly cht cha truyn cho cc ong th khc ca n sau 1 ngy c
th th cha ra.
- Dng lng chuyn cha gii thiu: c th s dng lng chuyn cha bng
li thp, hoc bng cht do treo vo n ong s dng bt ng bt ca
ra vo ca lng cha, ong s t n bt ng l bt gii phng cho cha sau
36h.
- Phng php gii thiu cha trc tip: vo lc thi tit m p, ngun mt phn phong ph mt s ngi nui ong th trc tip cho cha b qua ca t vo
n; hoc an ton hn ly ra mt cu r bt ong gi ch cn li ong non th
cha vo cu; t lui ra mt gc n sau vi ting nhp li. Mt s ngi s
dng ru nng hoc phun nc ng vi cht thm (tinh u nc hoa) hoc
phun khi vo n ong ri th cha vo. Phng php gii thiu trc tip c u
im l cha ngay, nhng an ton khng
Phng php gii thiu cha bng cu ong: Nhc c cu ong c c ong th
v ong cha cn gii thiu a st vo mt bn thnh thng ca thng ong cn
thay cha hoc mt cha. Nhng cu ca thng ny v cu mi c ngn cch
nhau bi hai vn ngn. Sau 24 - 48 gi cho ong quen mi v n nh th rt b
vn ngn dn cu ong li. Phng php ny c u im l an ton cho ong cha
mi v tng thm cu, qun cho n cn thay cha hoc mt cha.
* Ch :
- Trc khi gii thiu cha cn bt cha c i t 6 - 24h n ong cm
thy mt cha.
- Nn tin hnh gii thiu ong cha vo chiu ti.
- Sau khi gii thiu ong cha nu khng phi l v mt nn cho n.
- Trc khi th cha ra cn quan st ong th bn ngoi lng cha, nu ch c
mt vi con cho cha n th th c nu c rt nhiu ong bu kn quanh lng th
cha nn th, cn thm mt thi gian na hoc cho vo chp p cha.
Trc khi th cha cn kim tra cc cu, vt b ht cc m cha cp to nu
khng ong s khng tip thu hoc c trng hp tip thu c vi hm th n
ong s chia n.
- Nhng cha qu nhn t cc tri ging gc hoc vn chuyn ng xa cn
93

gii thiu vo n tch m ong gi v t c, ch cn li ong non. Treo lng

cha vo n tch 1 ngy, th cha ra n nh mi vin cu hoc nhp n c
vo.
- Sau khi th cha vi gi cn kim tra n ong nu thy cha bnh
thng l c, nu v vy trn thnh cc cn gii vy cho cha. Cho cc ong
vo bt nc l hoc nc ng ong tan ra, nht cha vo lng chp. i
khi cha mi trng vo n gii thiu mt ngy vn b ong vy nht l
nhng n c ong th trng.
5. NHN N
Khi n ong pht trin mnh ng qun m v mt cha n. Ngi nui
ong cn ch ng chia n va ngn nga ong chia n t nhin va tng
c sn lng mt tng v lm tng c s n ong ca tri. Do c im di
truyn, ong A. cerana c c tnh chia n cao, nht l vo v mt lm gim
nng sut ca tri. V vy nhng ngi nui ong nn c k hoch chia n cho
c nm. Tu theo tnh hnh ca tri, ma v m c th p dng mt s bin php
chia n sau:
5.1. Cc phng php chia n nhn to
* Tng th n n giao phi:
Sau khi cha n giao phi , c th b sung thm ong, cu nhng, u
trng n pht trin thnh n ong mnh. Vic tch mt cu ri gn cha t
cho vo thng giao phi l mt bin php chia n kinh t, tng nhanh c s
lng n cho tri. Bi v khi nhng n tch 3 - 4 cu, gn cha t n ong b
gin on sc 10 ngy, i khi b gin on ti hn 20 ngy lm th n gim
st.
* Tch mt phn n:
Tin hnh trc khi c v mt 50 - 60 ngy. nhng n ong mnh 5 - 6
cu ng qun tch ra 2 cu chng chia n v c c n mi.
Cch lm: em thng ong mi n t cnh n gc ly ra 2 cu c nhng u
trng, thc n nhng khng c cha. Gii thiu m cha ri chuyn i cch 1,5 2 km n ch t thun tin. Nn t vi n cng mt ch tin theo di.
Khi no cha c th chuyn ong v (nu ch t mi khng c vt chun cho
cha t giao phi th chuyn n c cha c i n c cha t li).
Phng php ny c u im l khng phi iu chnh n ong nhng nhc
im ca n l phi t thnh nhiu im rt tn cng chm sc v khng theo
di c thng xuyn.
Trng hp mun t n tch tri nn chia n vo bui tra, tch ly 2
94

cu ri r thm hai cu na t cc n khc. t n mi bt k v tr no

trong tri nhng phi c vt mc lm chun cha i giao phi d dng khng
nhm t. Ong gi s v t c trong n ch cn li ong non c th gii thiu cha
t hoc m cha, khi cha th vin thm cu. Nn trnh lm vo thi v
khan him thc n, trong tri d xut hin ong n cp.
* Chia n song song (chia i n):
p dng i vi nhng n ong mnh, li chun b c cha giao phi.
Thc cht chia i n l phng php chia i n ong thnh 2 phn bng nhau
v mi mt na s t pht trin thnh n mi.
Cch lm: vo bui chiu nhng ngy nng m, em thng mi c mu sn
v kch thc tng t t cnh thng ong c, nhc mt na s cu t n ong
c sang n mi. Chia u cc cu u trng, nhng v mt ong. t 2 thng
sang hai bn v tr n ong lc u 20 - 30cm, ong i lm v s v u hai thng.
3 - 6 gi sau gii thiu cha mi vo n khng c cha. Nu thy thng no t
ong hn th dch thng vo gia mt cht, hoc dch thng bn kia ra xa hn.
Mt vi ngy sau dch hai n ra xa cch nhau v quay hng ca t lch nhau
i. thu c nhiu mt, vic chia i n thng tin hnh trc v mt 30 40 ngy. u im ca vic chia i n ny l trong c hai n c ong tt c
cc la tui, hot ng sng ca n ong khng b xo trn nn n ong pht
trin nhanh. n c chia t tri nn tin chm sc.
Trng hp khng c cha c th dng cha t hoc m cha nhng nn
tin hnh trc v mt ti thiu 40 - 50 ngy. n gn cha t phi u tin t
ch quang ng hn cha giao phi tr v t d dng. Trong trng hp n
khng c c cha t hoc m cha th c chia ong ra lm i, na n khng c
cha s t to cha nhng thi gian t lc chia n lc cha s lu hn.
* Chia n ri ch. Ging nh tch mt phn n hoc chia n song song
nhng nhng n chia ra phi di chuyn xa trn l,sum.
* Chia n ghp: L vic to n ong mi t nhiu n. Thi gian tin hnh
vo u v mt. Chia n ghp c tc dng va chng chia n li tng s lng
n v sn lng mt. Ly t mi n mt cu nhng c ong nhp li vi nhau,
gii thiu cha mi. Vic nhp tin hnh vo 2 ti: ti th nht nhp mt cu, ti
th hai nhp thm mt cu na.
* Chia mt n thnh nhiu n: T mt n mnh 6 - 8 cu c th chia ra
thnh 3 4 n mi n 2 cu. Ri gii thiu cha hoc m cha vo.
Thi gian tin hnh vo trc v mt 50 - 60 ngy vo v mt n ong
mnh. Vo v thu ng nhn nhanh s n cng c th p dng bin php
ny nhng phi tnh ton bo m n ong pht trin mnh qua ng
95

c tt.
Vic chia n cn linh hot ng theo tnh hnh c th v th n ong, ngun
mt, ma v, a hnh tri ong m p dng cc bin php chia n cho thch hp.
Vo ma rt cc n tch phi ng qun, nhiu cu. Vo ma m mt c th
chia mng, qun tha mt cht cng c. c bit vo lc ma v kh khn,
xut hin ong n cp, cn cho n n no trc khi tch n chia. Khng
nhng n ong chia mng yu cng ch vi cc n mnh, ong s sang n
cp gy mt n nh trong tri ong, lm cht cha, t l giao phi ca ong cha
thp, lng ph ong, cu ong.
Khng phi l v mt khi chia n cn cho n y v nn cho n no trc
khi chia.
5.2. S ng cc n chia t nhin
D p dng cc bin php chng chia n t nhin th trong tri vn c
mt s n chia bay ra. Ngi nui ong cn dng nn bt ong chuyn dng bt
li hnh thnh thm n mi.
Mt s ngi nui ong vt m cha ca n c i, ri r ong bt c vo.
Khng nn lm nh vy v n s vn trng thi chia n, i lm km v li
xy m cha mi tip tc chia n.
Tt hn l t chc mt n mi, ly n gc ra 1,2 cu c u trng v cho
thm mt tng chn vo, c khong 1 kg ong cho 3 cu cng 1 tng chn. Nn
r ong vo chiu ti. n ong do d tr nng lng trc khi chia nn i lm rt
kho v xy cu nhanh, 1 - 2 m c th xy hon chnh 1 cu mi. Tuy vy
khng nn cho qu nhiu tng chn vo mt lc ong s bc bay. i ong xy
xong cu th nht cho xy tip cu th hai.
Chm sc n ong b chia: sau khi n chia bay ra trong n c cn li mt
vi m cha vt np, nu c nh vy c th cn 1 - 2 n na chia bay ra lm
gim th n. V nhng n chia sau thng nh, t qun. Cn chn mt m
cha to nht, thng li cn vt b nhng m khc i. Nu n ny mnh v
tt c th s dng cc m cha chia n mi hoc thay cha cho nhng
n c cha km.

96

Chng 6
SU BNH V CH HI CA ONG MT
Ging nh cc ng vt khc ong mt cng d dng mc mt s bnh v b
nhiu ch hi, ng vt khc tn cng. Bnh tt, ch hi mc nh lm cho
n ong suy yu, gim s qun, gim nng sut mt. mc nng th lm cho
n ong b cht hoc b t bc bay gy thit hi kinh t rt ln.
Trc y, i vi ong A.cerana th ch hi nh ong b v, kin, chim, su
n sp... l k th ch yu gy thit hi cho ong. Nhng trong nhng thp k gn
y do vic du nhp loi ong chu u (A.mellifera) vo chu nhiu loi bnh
nh thi u trng chu u u trng ti, bnh a chy Nosema... xut hin. c
bit l do nui ong di chuyn ng di, bnh cng ly lan nhanh chng. nc
ta hin nay cc bnh u trng ti, thi u trng chu u l nhng bnh gy thit
hi rt ln cho ngh nui ong, cn cc bnh thi u trng Chu M, u trng
vi, u trng ho cha thy c. Pht hin v phng tr kp thi nhng bnh
trn l mt trong cc yu t quyt nh hiu qu kinh t ca ngnh nui ong.
1. BNH THI U TRNG CHU U (Europeanfoulbrood)
Bnh thi u trng chu u do White tm ra ln u chu u vo nm
1912. Hin nay bnh c mt khc ni, c nhng vng nui ong chu u
A.mellifera v nhng vng nui ong Apis cerana. Ngi ta cn gi bnh thi u
trng chu u l bnh thi u trng m np hay thi u trng tui nh v bnh
thng gy cht cc u trng tui 3 - 4 ngy. Trong mt s trng hp u
trng cht b chua nn cn gi l thi u trng chua hay thi u trng dm.
cc n ong b bnh, nng sut mt gim t 20 - 80%. Ong ni hay b t
bc bay sau khi quay mt, kim tra, hoc o thay i thi tit t ma lnh
chuyn sang nng m. Theo bc s th y Mai Anh (1983) bnh thi u trng
chu u c Vit Nam t nm 1969 do nhp ong t ngoi vo khng qua kim
dch, v t nm 1969 n nay bnh thi u trng chu u xut hin tt c cc
ni nui ong ni.
* Tc nhn gy bnh
Theo Poltrep (1977), Bailey (l981) tc nhn chnh gy bnh thi u trng
chu u l do mt loi lin cu khun c tn l Melissococcus pluton trc kia
gi l Streptococcus pluton, cn cc vi khun nh Bacillus alvei, Streptococcus
apis... u l cc vi khun th pht.
Vi khun M.pluton hnh cu, hai u ko di thnh hnh ngn gio, kch
97

thc 0,7 - 1,5u lin cu khun bt mu gram dng (+), n c th ng mt

mnh hoc thnh cp. Sc chng chu ca vi khun kh cao, trong bnh t n tn
ti c 12 thng, nhit trong phng n tn ti 17 thng, n b dit sau khi
phi nng 3 gi.
* Triu chng u trng b bnh
Khi b bnh nh thy u trng kh, thay i t th nm, u trng khng nm
cong t th bnh thng m on rng ra, mt mu bng. nhng n ng
qun, u trng bnh khng nhn thy.
Khi n ong b bnh nng, hoc b lu, ong tha qun khng dn sch
c cc u trng bnh, cc u trng mi cht c mu trng bch, sau ng thnh
mu vng nht, vng sm ri nu m, xc cht thi ra tt xung y l t, sau
ny kh i nh mt ci vy c th dng panh ly ra mt cch d dng. u trng
mi cht khng c mi, sau c mi chua nh dm.
Khi c Bacillus alvei cng gy bnh, u trng cht tui ln hn, thng l
4 - 5 ngy tui, i khi cht c u trng bt u vt np v c mi tht thi.
* Triu chng trn bnh t
Trng hp b bnh nh, khu vc nhng vt np nhiu, c l ch vi l t
khng vt np m c u trng tui nh, hoc trng l do ong th dn cc u
trng cht i, cha li vo cc l t Khi n ong b bnh nng, t c
hoc khng c nhng vt np, nhc cu ln kim tra thy ong xo xc, chy tt
xung vch thng hoc pha di bnh t ong th c mu en bng do u trng
b cht nn khng c ong non k tip.

Bnh t b bnh (vt np l ch)

Bnh ly t n ong ny sang n ong khc do ong n cp, ong i lm vo
nhm t ly mt phn cng mt ch vi n bnh, do di chuyn ong, bnh t
vng ny ly lan sang vng khc . . .
* Bin php phng tr
Khi pht hin thy n ong b bnh c th s dng mt trong hai phng
php, cho n thuc khng sinh cng vi xir ng hoc phun thuc khng sinh
98

ln bnh t, phun ln c th con ong ca n b bnh.

+ Phng php cho n.
Cho n thuc khng sinh cng vi xir ng c t l 1 ng 1 nc, cho
n 3 ti lin, mi ti l0ml/1 cu. V d n 3 cu cho n 300ml xir ng pha
thuc khng sinh v n 5 cu cho n 500ml xir ng pha thuc khng sinh
(cho n lm nhiu ln trong 1 ti).
C th dng mt trong nhng thuc khng sinh sau:
- Erytromyxin 0,4 - 0,5g pha trong 1 lt xir ng.
- Kanamyxin 0,4 - 0,5g pha trong 1 lt xir ng.
- Streptomyxin 0,4 - 0,5g pha trong 1 lt xir ng
-(Erytromyxin phi ho tan trong 1-2 ml cn trc khi ho vo xir ng).
- Cloramphenicol 0,4 - 0,5g pha trong 1 lt xir ng.
- Hn hp Streptomyxin 1g + Penixilin 1g pha vo 3 lt xir ng, cho 30
cu n.
Cc loi thuc khng sinh trn ho cng vi nc si ngui, sau
vo xao ng ri khong cho tan u, cho n 3 ti lin, sau mt tun kim tra
thy cha khi th cho n tip. iu quan trng l cho ong n ht xa ng
pha thuc th mi khi c bnh, v vy trc khi cho n cn loi bt cu b
bnh nng, cu tha qun ong bm trn cc cu cn li, ng qun mi n
ht, hm sau cn phi kim tra sm, nu ong n khng ht phi ct mng xir
ng i phng ong n kho n n cp v bnh s ly lan. Cn kt
hp vic cho n thuc khng sinh vi vic thay cha n bnh bng m cha
to t n khng bnh th hiu qu iu tr s cao hn nhiu.
+ Phng php phun thuc ln bnh t:
Trng hp sp vo v mt, hoc quay mt 1 - 2 vng mt s n b bnh,
nu cho ong n xir ng - thuc, d lng thuc khng sinh s cn trong mt
ong, lm cho phm cht mt gim, khng c li cho ngi :dng. Nhiu trng
hp khi c ngun mt t nhin r, ong s khng n xir ng - thuc, chng ta
c th s dng bin php phun thuc khng sinh ln bnh t ong v c c th
ong cng c tc dng khi bnh.
Cch pha ch. mt trong cc loi thuc khng sinh trn ho vi nc si
ngui, hoc nc ng long vi t l cao gp i so vi bin php cho n. V
d: thuc Kanamyxin cho n 0,5g/lt xir, khi phun thuc th pha lg/ lt. Dng
bnh phun c ht nh u nu git to c th lm cht u trng, n ong mt n
nh. Khi phun thuc, nhc cu ln phun mt cch nh nhng cho ph mt lp
bi nc thuc ln mnh ong v bnh t l c. Cch mt ngy phun mt ln,
sau khi phun 2 - 3 ln l c th khi bnh. Trnh phun qu nhiu, mnh tay ong
99

c th b t bc bay.
2. BNH THI U TRNG TI (Sacbrood)
Bnh u trng ti do vi rt gy nn.
i vi ong chu Apis cerana, bnh xut hin thnh dch ln u tin
Trung Quc vo nm 1972 v tiu dit rt nhiu n ong. Thi Lan bnh xut
hin vo nm 1976, 60 n ong ca tri thc nghim Doipeu b cht ton b.
Nm 1981 Bailey phn lp c chng virut gy bnh trong ong Apis cerana
Thi Lan c cc c tnh sinh ho, sinh l khc vi chng virut sacbrood gy
bnh trn ong A.mellifera nn ng t tn l virut Thi (Thi - sacbrood).
Nm 1974, dch bnh sacbrood bng n nc ta do nhp mt s n
ong cao sn ca Vin ong Bc Kinh vo a bn H Ni.
* Tc nhn gy bnh
Nm 1917, nh bc hc M White xc nh c tc nhn gy bnh u
trng ti l mt loi virut v ng t tn l Morator aetatulae Holmes.
Kh nng gy nhim ca virut gy bnh u trng ti rt ln. Theo Borchert
(1966) mt u trng cht c th ly nhim cho 3000 u trng lnh, nhng theo
Bailey ( 1981 ) cht lng trong u trng cht bi bnh u trng ti c cha lmgr
virut c th gy nhim cho ton b u trng ong th ca 1000 n kho.
Sc chng chu ca virut khng cao, n mt kh nng gy bnh khi un
nhit 590C trong 10 pht. nhit trong phng, virut c kh nng tn ti 3
tun. cc vy u trng bnh cht kh, virut gim v mt kh nng gy bnh.
Trong n ong, bnh lan truyn l do ong th khi dn v sinh t chng n
hoc gp b cc u trng bnh vt ra khi t, hm v chn, lng dnh virut, n
khi cho cc u trng kho n, bnh s ly lan. Bnh truyn t n ny sang n
khc l do ong n cp mt, vo nhm t, ly chung ngun thc n, c bit l
chung ngun phn hoa, do ngi nui ong nhp ong bnh vo ong kho, s
dng chung cc dng c qun l ong v.v...
* Triu chng bnh u trng ti
Trn bnh t b bnh, mt s vt np hi lm xung c l nh nh chm kim,
mt s l b cn nham nh, c nhiu u trng nhn u nh ln ming l t.
Phn ln u trng ong th b hi, nhng khi b nng c u trng ong c cng b
cht. Phn ln u trng cht giai on mi vt np v tin nhng. Khi b bnh
nng, c cc u trng ln tui chun b vt np cng b cht. Mu sc u trng
bnh t trng ng chuyn sang trng bch, vch phn t khng r. Triu chng
in hnh nht ca bnh u trng ti l khi gp u trng ln pha ui u trng
hnh thnh ti nh c dch trong sut hoc vng nht. Thn u trng chuyn sang
100

vng ri nu nht hay xm nu, chp u nghing v pha bng.

u trng b bnh
u trng mi cht khng mi, khi kh thnh vy cng nhn ging hnh
chic thuyn, d ly ra khi l t. Trng hp b bnh nng, c n 90% u
trng tui ln cht v n ong s b t bc bay.
n ong b bnh nh d bc bay hn so vi cc n mc bnh thi u trng
chu u, nhng qun tha dn do u trng b cht, s qun non ra i khng
ng bng s qun gi b cht i, nn n li dn, nng sut mt rt thp.

Bnh thi u trng ti (bnh nhn u)

* iu tr
Qua tt c cc cng trnh nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc trn th gii u
thy rng khng c loi thuc no c hiu qu i vi bnh u trng ti, cc loi
thuc khng sinh cho n hoc phun ch c tc dng chng cc loi vi khun k
pht, tng cng kh nng dn v sinh ca ong th, lm bnh gim bt.
iu tr bnh u trng ti bng bin php k thut sinh hc (Phng Hu
Chnh, 1989).
- Thay cha n bnh bng cha t hoc m cha.
- Nht cha n bnh trong lng dy thp nh 7 - 8 ngy.
C hai bin php trn u phi tin hnh cng vi vic loi bt cu bnh c,
ong ph kn v dy trn cc cu cn li. Cho ong n nc ng 3 - 4 ti ti
khi vt np, hoc chuyn i vng c ngun mt mi di do.
101

Vic thay cha bng cha t, m cha hoc nht cha 7 - 8 ngy, to
ra trong n ong 7 - 8 ngy khng c u trng nh tui, nht l u trng 2 ngy
tui, v u trng tui ny. rt mn cm nht vi virut gy bnh u trng ti.
Hn na, trong khong thi gian ny, ong th li c n thm, qun ng tng
cng kh nng dn v sinh, lm gim hn ngun bnh, cc vy kh nu cn li
cng khng cn kh nng ly bnh na. Cc l t c dn v sinh v y
mt hoa hoc xir ng vo, 7 - 10 ngy sau cha mi hoc cha gi li,
n ong s sch bnh.
Tu theo ma v, thi tit, tnh hnh c th ca tri ong v p dng bin
php thay cha bng cha t, m cha hay nht cha. Vo ma thun li
nht, phn , d to cha hoc c sn m cha chia n t nhin (t cc n
khng b bnh), s dng bin php thay cha bng m cha hoc cha t s
cho kt qu tt hn. Vo nhng lc ngun mt - phn t, thi tit khng thun
li, ma nhiu, khng c nng th nn p dng bin php nht cha, v lc ny
nu to cha s rt kh khn, cha khng t cht lng hoc khng i giao
phi c. Tuy nhin khi s dng bin php nht cha, mt s n s b mc
bnh li. V th bin php nht cha ch l tm thi cn phi thay nhng con
cha ca cc n mc bnh li.
V th cc tri ong c quy m trn 40 n, cn thng xuyn to cha
thay th cc cha gi km v cc n b mc bnh thi u trng chu u v
bnh u trng ti. Nu vic thay th cha cc n bnh c lm thng xuyn
th tri ong s h thp ng k c t l bnh ca tri mnh.
3. BNH A CHY (Nosema)
Bnh do mt loi nguyn sinh ng vt c tn l Nosema apis gy ra. Bnh
thng xut hin vo v ng - xun sau nhng ngy ma rt ko di, ong
khng bay ra ngoi c
Triu trng: C nhiu ong b lt di t trc ca thng ong i khi ong
tp trung thnh m nh cc ch trng, bng ong trng to. Trc ca t,
trong vch thng ong c nhiu du vt phn mu vng hoc mu en. n ong
yu i do tui th gim, ong nui u trng km, mt s n li i trong khi cc
n kho pht trin bnh thng. n bnh thu rt t mt.
chn on chnh xc phi nghin nt bng cc con ong nghi l b bnh,
thu ly cht lng soi di knh hin vi nu thy cc bo t dng trc khun cc
mp c pht hunh quang l bo t ca Nosema apis.
Khi cc ong bnh i bi tit phn c bo t ri vo cy c, ao h, rnh nc
ong kho i ly nc, hoc mt phn hoa n vo b nhim bnh v ly lan ra c
102

t.
Cha bnh: thay cha bnh bng cha mi. Cho n ong n thuc Fumagilin
ho trong nc ng vi liu lng 25 mg thuc nguyn cht trong 1 lt
xirng cho 40 cu ong n, n lin tc trong 10 ngy; Cn dng cho n trc
v mt 3 tun. Cn kt hp thay thng r bt cu bnh, m cho n ong. Nu
khng c Fumagilin c th thay bng thuc Penicilin 1.000.000 n v/ lt xir
ng s ngi nui ong c kinh nghim dng gng ti gi nh (l0 gam) ho
trong 1 lt xir cho 10 cu ong n cng thy c tc dng.
4. HI CHNG NG C
4.1. Ng c thuc ho hc
phng tr su, bnh hi cho cc cy trng nng nghip, lm nghip... con
ngi ta s dng mt lng thuc ho hc khng l 212.000 tn/nm FAO (
1981).Nhvic s dng cc thuc trn nng sut ma mng tng ln ng k
nhng ng thi n cng mang li tc hi rt to ln l lm cht rt nhiu cc cn
trng c ch trong c ong mt. Vic s dng cc loi thuc ho hc lm
gim nng sut mt thu c ca ngi nui ong.
* Nguyn nhn
- Do ngi s dng dng thuc su khng thng bo cho ngi nui ong v
thi gian, a im, loi thuc s dng.
- Phun thuc tr su, tr c vo lc ban ngy, vo thi k cy trng n hoa.
- S dng cc loi thuc tr cn trng nh rui, mui ngay cnh thng ong,
cc rnh nc, cy c ong n ly nc, mt v phn.
- Do ngi nui ong khng bit v tc hi ca cc loi thuc v khng p
dng ng cc bin php phng nga.
* Triu chng ng c v tc hi
Triu trng: Khi thy ong cht t ngt vi s lng ln trc ca t, trong
thng ong v khu vc t ong. S ong i lm gim mnh, n cng mnh th
ong cht cng nhiu (do s lng ong i lm nhiu). Mt s ong b lt di t,
mt s con va b va nhy va xoay trn, nhiu con cn ang mang c gi
phn. a s ong cht c vi dui di.
- Khi ong ly mt c phun thuc su c c tnh cao ong s cht ngay, hoc
cht trn ng bay v t. Trng hp ny s qun i lm gim mnh nhng
ong v u trng t khng b nh hng trc tip ca cht c.
Nu ong ly mt c phun thuc su tc ng chm (hoc phn b nhim c)
khi bay v t n chuyn cho cc ong khc v huy ng thm ong n ly th s
gy cht hng lot cc la tui. Ong bm trn cu rt tha tht, u trng nhng
103

cht dn do n mt phn c cht c v thiu ong nui u trng lm c n thit

hi. Trng hp phn b nhim c th ong non cht trong thi gian di.
* Phng tr bnh
- Ngi nui ong phi iu tra k tnh hnh s dng thuc su a im
mnh chun b chuyn ong n. Tt nht l trnh nhng vng nhng cy thng
xuyn s dng thuc su.
- Ch ng gp g vi ngi trng trt bn bin php bo v cc cn trng
th phn khc v ong mt bng bin php phng tr tng hp. Nu phi s dng
thuc ho hc th chn loi t c nht, vo thi im cy khng n hoa, phun
vo lc chiu ti.
Khi c bo ngy phun thuc, thuc c c tnh cao tt nht l chuyn ong
n khu vc mi cch im c trn 2km. Nu thuc t c hn c th cch ly
ong ti ch 2 - 3 ngy. Ni rng khong cch cc cu, ng ca t, m ca s,
bt cc khe h, t ong vo ch ti, thnh thong di nc mt.
- Trng hp khng c thng bo thy ong b cht t ngt, cn ng ca
t x l nh trn.
* X l n ong b ng c:
Sau khi chuyn ong n vng khc cn r bt cc cu bnh t c mt hoa
mi, cc cu phn. Cho ong n nc ng long trong 3, 4 ngy, nhp cc n
tha qun, n cht cha li, cc n b ng c nng u phi thay cha.
4.2. Ng c thc vt c mt phn c
Ngoi vic ong i ly mt - phn trn hoa ca cc cy b phun thuc su, i
khi ngi nui ong thy ong b ng c do ly mt - phn t cc thc vt trong
nhng iu kin nht nh.
Ng c mt hoa Ch (tr) Thea sinensis: t thng 9 - thng 11 nhng n
ong t vng hoa ch vo nhng ngy nng hanh kh thy nhiu u trng 4 - 5
ngy tui b cht. Nguyn nhn l do hoa ch tit nhiu mt, trong mt hoa c
hm lng ta nanh cao lm cht u trng. Ong ngoi A.mellifera b ng c
nhiu hn so vi ong ni A.cerana Ng c hoa Lim (Erythrophloeum fordii):
cy Lim n hoa vo cui thng 4 u thng 5, cy Lim cho mt v phn. Nhiu
ngi nui ong thy t ong vng c nhiu Lim, vo u v hoa n ong c
hin tng b ng c mt, mt s ong i lm v run ry, cht trc ca t.
Ngoi ra ong t vng c cy thuc l, b hn, trc o, cy ng... c c
c, u vn di, i khi cng thy b ng c mt v phn. Nu ong b ng
c mt th thy nhiu ong mt kh nng bay, b ht cnh lit chn. Nu ng c
phn bng chng to, rut ong y phn hoa v cht gn ca t, u trng b kh
104

v cht...
Phng tr: Nu ong th khng cht nhiu c th cho n xir ng c t l
1:1 hoc 2:1... Nu ong cht nhiu, nhiu n b th nhp cc n yu li vi
nhau hoc chuyn ong n vng khc. Nu ng c phn cn t gt phn trc
ca t, cho n xao pha nc chanh khong 1qu/lt.
5. CC K SINH CA ONG
5.1. Ve k sinh hay ch ln (Varroajcobsoni)
Thuc h Varroidac c ngun gc t ong chu Apis cerana, nhng gy
tc hi rt t cho ong ny. Ve ch k sinh trn nhng ong c rt t khi thy k
sinh trn nhng ong th. Do vng i ong th ngn, u trng ong th ch nm
trong l t vt np 11 ngy mt khc ong th c tp tnh t dn v sinh cho nhau,
cn v tiu dit ve. Khi nhng ong c b ve k sinh nhiu th n ong A.cerana
b t bc bay li cc u trng c k sinh nn ngun bnh cn rt t.
5.2. Ve k sinh hay ch nh (Tropilaelaps clareae)
Loi ve ny c ngun gc t ong khoi Apis dorsata, khi du nhp ong chu
u A.mellifera vo chu th loi ve ny chuyn sang k sinh trn ong chu u
gy thit hi ln hn c ve Varroa. Ve Varroa k sinh trn c u trng v ong
trng thnh.
Nhng ve Tropilaelaps ch k sinh trn u trng. V vy cc nc n i
thi gian ong qua ng ko di 5 - 6 thng, n ong khng nui u trng nn ve
Tropilaelaps khng tn ti c.
5.3. Ve Neocypholaelaps indica Evans
Khi quan st cc n ong ni A.cerana i khi thy c mt loi ve nh mu
vng nht bm vo phn lng ngc ong. C khi thy rt nhiu ve (30 - 60 con)
trn mt con ong, ong rt nga ngy, c rung lng lc cnh thot khi cc
con ve. y l ve Neocypholaelaps, l mt loi ve n phn. N thng u sn
trn mt s bng hoa nh bch n, kiu mch... khi ong n th chng bm vo
ong chuyn n bng hoa khc. Ve ny khng gy hi g cho ong v u trng
nhng do bm s lng nhiu trn mt con ong lm cho ong tng trng lng v
nga ngy kh chu.
6. CC CN TRNG HI ONG
6.1. Su n sp (su ph bnh t)
Su n sp c hai loi.
- Loi ln Galleria mellonenlla.
105

- Loi nh Achroia griselle.

Vng i su n sp tri qua 4 pha: Trng => su non => nhng => trng
thnh.
Trng thnh ca su n sp l mt loi ngi thuc h ngi m (Noctuidae)
c mu xm tro. loi ln con ci di 20mm, con c di 15mm. Si cnh di
30 - 35mm, tng t nh vy loi nh l: 10mm, 13mm v 23mm.
Sau khi n vi ngy chng giao phi vo ban m ri chui vo thng ong
qua ca t hoc cc khe h trng. N trng vo cc khe h hp trong
thng hoc vo cc bnh t. Mi ln 50 - 100 trng. Trng c dnh cht
vi nhau v dnh vo khe hoc bnh t nh lp keo dnh ong th khng dn
i c. Mt con ci c 500 trng. u trng mi n c th chy rt
nhanh, phn tn i khp c t. Su non n cc mu sp to thnh cc ng hm
bng t vch gia cc bnh t. C ng hm di ti 15cm. Khi y sc su
non thng tm khe h hoc ch hm ca thng ko kn, ri ho nhng.
Nc ta vng nhit i nn vng i ca su l 4 - 5 tun. Su non thng
thch cc bnh t gi v c mu ti nn vo ma thiu thc n bnh t khng
nui u trng s c nhanh v su hay xm nhp.
Tc hi: Khi o cc ng hm su n sp ph hng cc l t ng phn,
mt v c cc l c u trng v nhng lm cho u trng v nhng b cht. mt
s n thy c hin tng nhng en mt b ong th m lp vt np ra gi l
bnh nhng trn l do b su n sp c l t nhng lm nhng cht. Dng panh
gp cc con nhng ln thy c mt s ht nh mu en dnh vo phn bng ca
nhng, y l phn ca su n sp. Do o cc ng hm, lm cht u trng,
nhng, n ong mt n nh nn d dng b t bc bay. min Bc Vit Nam l
vo v h thng 7 - 8 v v ng xun thng 1 - 2.
Nhng cu b su sp ph hoi ch thu c rt t sp.

Bnh t b su n sp
Phng tr:
106

- Gi cho n ong lun mnh, qun ph kn cc cu, thc n cha

thng xuyn. Vo v thiu thc n cn mnh dn loi bt cu, nht l cc cu
c.
Thng xuyn v sinh y thng sch s qut sch sp vn, li mo, np
vt v co k cc khe thng dit trng su.
Thu hp ca t, bt kn cc khe h ca thng bng phn tru, b hoc mu g
nh.
- Cc cu bnh t, sp vn loi ra cn nu sp ngay khng lu trong tri.
Tng chn cha dng, sp mi nu phi gi kn bng niln hoc polyetylen.
- Trng hp mun d tr bnh t dng cho v sau c th bo qun bng
cch xng bt lu hunh, ethylen xit, paradi clobenzen... 50g/1m3 khng gian
cha cu. Thng ng phi kn. Sau 15 - 30 ngy xng li cc cu mt ln cho
n khi a cu ra s dng.
6.2. Kin
Cng nh nhiu nc nhit i khc, nc ta c rt nhiu loi kin... Chng
thng xuyn gy hi i vi ngh nui ong. Do s lng ng, chng tn cng
t vo t, n c ong cht, ong sng, nhng, u trng v c mt ong. Khi c t
kin tn cng, chng lm ong tr nn d hn, kh thao tc v chm sc ong. Khi
tn cng nhiu chng lm cho cc n ong ni Apis cerana v mt s n ong
ngoi A.mellifera yu b t bc bay. Mt s loi kin cn tranh ngun thc n l
mt hoa trn cc bng hoa. i khi n vo n tranh xao ng m ngi nui
ong cho ong n vo lc thiu hoa v cn cht nhiu ong th. Chng cn tn cng
c ngi nui ong khi i li, thao tc trn cc n ong trong tri.
Bin php phng chng:
Dn sch c v cy bi nh trong tri ong, buc gi tm du my thi vo
cc chn cc, nu tri ma phi bi li. Trng hp trong tri ong c nhiu t
kin th tm cc t kin v dng nc si tiu dit.
Nu dng cc loi thuc dit kin th nn s dng Chlordane hoc
Diazinon, ch nn phun thuc dng bt hoc bt m vo lc ong khng i lm v
phi cch thng ong t nht 20 - 30 cm an ton cho ong.
Nhng ngi nui ong c nh v s lng n t th lm cc gi g 3 hoc 4
chn k thng ong. Cc chn ca gi k t trn cc bt nc c gi vi gt
du ty hoc du my s ngn kin rt hiu qu.
Tm nhng t kin vng trn cc cy n qu, cy g t tiu dit kin.
6.3. Ong b v
Cc loi ong b v thng sng thnh n hoc n c l mt trong nhng
107

k th ph hi ong rt mnh. Ong b v tn cng c ong ngoi A.mellifera v

ong ni A.cerana. Ong b v tn cng v sn lng ong th i lm trn hoa v
ong bay vo bay ra ca t, chng dng hm cng cn cht ong tha v t. cc
n ong yu c ti 20 - 30 ong b v cn cht nhiu ong ca t ri tn cng
vo trong n, chng em v c u trng, ong trng thnh v mt ong nui
u trng ca chng. Khi b ong b v tn cng mnh, mt s n ong ngoi yu
s b tiu dit v lm bc bay mt s n ong ni. Ni chung ong ni c kh
nng bo v tt hn, chng bay ly mt theo ng i zch zc v thng khu
vc ti ong khng pht hin c. Khi ong b v tn cng trc ca t v
trong thng th c khong vi chc, n trm ong th s bm ly v vy quanh
con ong b v thnh mt cc trn. Nhit trong cc ong s tng ti 460c V
Con ong b v s b cht nng v nhit trong khong 20 pht (Ono v cng s
1987).

Cc tri ong t vng i, ni hoc gn rng thng b ph hi nng hn

t ng bng. nc ta ong b v thng ph hi mnh vo ma h thu t
thng 7 n thng 10.
Bin php phng tr.
S dng bin php th cng nh dng vt dng thuc, chi bng cung l
da, c p cht tng con ong trc ca t l bin php c hiu qu. Tm cc t
ong b v trn cc cy khu vc xung quanh tri, hoc s dng kinh nghim
ca ngi sn lng t ong b v ly nhng, h buc si tc c buc tm bng
nh mu trng hoc buc si rm di 15 - 20cm vo eo gia bng v ngc ong
b v, th ra, ong b v bay v t, nhn theo ong bay s pht hin ra t ca
chng. Ban m t ong dit.
Dng by b bng nc hoa qu t trong thng khng, c hom ca t
ong b v vo nhng khng ra c. Dng b c bng cht m (tht b, c...)
l phng php tt nht dit ong b v. V ong b v s mang ming tht, c
c tm thuc c v t lm cho ong cha v cc u trng b cht.
108

Bn cnh ong b v th ong t (ong bc trn) cng l mt k th rt mnh

v rt nguy him i vi ong ni. V ong ni khng t kh nng nh li c
loi ong ny, chng bo v t bng cch tha cc rc bn c mi hi, kh chu v
trt xung quanh ca t ong bc trn khng vo c.
6.4. Chun chun
Chun chun l cn trng n tht - chng thng bt ong khi ang bay.
Chng bt c ong th, ong c v ong cha. Chun chun gy tc hi r nht l
khi ngi nui ong ch c mt vi n ong t bit lp. Do pha u trng ca
chun chun di nc cho nn nhng vng gn ao, m, h... c nhiu
chun chun hn. Chun chun thng xut hin vo thng 5 - 8 cc tnh pha
Bc v vo ma ma cc tnh pha Nam. Tc hi ca chun chun l lm gim
s lng ong th i lm, c bit l gim t l cha giao phi. T l cha giao
phi thnh cng trung bnh khong 70 - 80% nhng khi chun chun nhiu th
t l ny gim xung 10 - 20%. C 2 loi gy hi nng nht l chun chun
cng (loi to) mu en, vng v chun chun ng (loi nh, en).
Phng tr.
Dng thuc, que tiu dit loi chun chun nh. Dng nha mt gn vo que
nh dnh chun chun to khi chng u trn cc. Khng nn to cha v thay
vo ma nhiu chun chun.
6.5. Ngi u lu
Ngi u lu Acherontia atropos thuc h ngi tri Sphingidae, n c tn
nh vy l do phn lng ngc c hnh ging ci u lu. C th ngi di
50mm, si cnh t 120 - 140mm. N thng bay n t ong v tm cch chui
vo t t lc chp ti n 9 - 10 gi m. N chui vo thng qua cc khe h,
hoc ca ra vo m rng ht mt, mi ln ht 5 - l0g mt ong.
Tc hi ch yu ca n l pht ra m thanh v vy cnh lm n ong mt n
nh, ong thng d hn. Ngi u lu thng b ong th t cht bn trong
t. Phng tr: Bt kn cc khe h thng, thu hp ca t ch cho ong chui ra chui
vo.
6.6. Rui k sinh (Senotainia sp)
Rui k sinh Senotainia thuc nhm rui n tht h Sarcophagidae, thng
xut hin vo thng 7 - 8 cc tnh vng i ni, nh Mc Chu (Sn La).
Rui k sinh c kch thc gn bng rui nh c mu tro xanh l cy v c
sc trng trn u. Gy hi cho ong bng di ca n. Nhng ngy tri nng rui
ci thng u trn np thng ong bay ui theo cc ong th, mt u trng
109

trn gia u v ngc ong Sau 10 - 20 pht di chui vo c ngc v ht mu 2 4 ngy sau ong b cht, di chui ra xung t ho nhng, ri thnh rui trng
thnh sau 7 - 12 ngy.
Mt con rui c th nhiu trng nn dit nhiu ong i lm, lm th n
gim st.
Triu chng: Gn thng ong c mt s ong b v nhy, bng chng to,
khu ra thy c u trng (di). C ong A.mellifera v A.cerana u b hi.
Phng tr: X l np thng ong bng dch nc tinh bt 1% cha 0,5%
clorofooc, t nhng ong b cht.

7. MT S CH HI KHC
7.1. Chim n ong
C mt s loi chim n ong nh chim xanh (Merops apiaster), chim n
(Cypselus spp), chim cho lo (Dicirunus spp). Chng thng bt ong khi ong
bay i lm, i khi n bt gn ca t. Cc tri ong b thit hi nng khi t gn
khu vc chim lm t. i khi trn ng di c chng pht hin ra tri ong dng
li vi ngy bt ong lm thc n. Khi ch c vi con th tc hi khng ng k v
chim cn bt c cc cn trng c hi khc nh ong b v, chun chun. Khi c
nhiu chim th tc hi rt r, s lng ong i lm b gim st nhiu, t l cha
giao phi thnh cng rt thp.
Phng tr Ngoi ong ra chim cn n nhiu su hi khc nn ngi ta khng
coi chng l loi c hi. V vy cn thn trng khi dng cc bin php tiu dit
chng bng sng hi hay li, by. Khi chim qu nhiu th bin php tt nht l
di chuyn tri ong n a im mi, cch xa vng .
7.2. Cc, nhi
Mt s loi lng th nh cc, nhi, cho chuc cng gy thit hi ng k
cho ong trong nhng ma v nht nh.
Vo ma ma ro cc (Bufor virudus), nhi thng xut hin trc ca t
ong.
Chng n ong u ngoi ca t nht l vo nhng m tri nng ong b ra
ngoi nhiu u di y thng. Mt m mt con cc c th n ti 100 con ong
lm gim s lng ong i r rt. Chng thng n ong vo ban m v sng
sm nn nhiu khi ngi nui ong khng pht hin c. C th thy v xc
ong cht thnh cc mu en do cc bi tit phn ra trc ca t.
Bin php phng tr.
110

K thng cao trn mt t 40cm cc khng bt c ong. Ban m nht

l nhng m ma ro soi n pin nh cc ri chn vo mt h, lm vi m
lin tc nh vy th ht cc.
7.3. Mt s k th hi ong khc
nhiu ni ngi nui ong cn gp mt s k th hi ong khc nh thn
ln, thch sng, nhn, mi... thn ln thng nm trn ca t bt ong i lm,
thch sng chui vo trong thng ong bt ong th i lm v i khi bt c ong
cha gy thit hi cho n
Nhn thng chng t trc ca t, ong i lm mc vo b nhn n tht.
Cn bt kn cc khe h ca thng m ca t hp cho ong ra vo. Dn sch
c trc thng ong, tiu dit nhn. Nu b mi tn cng cn thay cc, i v tr
thng tiu dit ht mi trong thng.
Chng 7
THU SN PHM

1 MT ONG V PHNG PHP THU HOCH

1.1. Thnh phn v tc dng ca mt ong
Mt ong l sn phm chnh ca n ong. Ong thu mt do thc vt tit trn l,
n, bp non ca cc loi cy ngun mt v t luyn thnh mt ong. Mt ong l
sn phm do con ong to ra t ngun mt t nhin c b sung thm mt s cht
t dch tiu ho ca con ong v c d tr trong l t. Cy ngun mt rt
phong ph v a dng v vy mt ong cng c nhiu chng loi. Mi loi mt c
mu sc, hng v khc nhau. Mt ong c dng t c snh n kt tinh. Kt
tinh l hin tng t nhin bnh thng l do t l ng Glucoza/H2O > 2. Mt
ong kt tinh nhiu hay hoc khng kt tinh l tu thuc ngun gc cy
ngun mt. Ngoi ra kh nng kt tinh cn ph thuc vo nhit . Nhit ti
thch 140C, cn nhit < 50C hoc > 250C th khng kt tinh. nc ta mt
cao su, c lo, bc h, chn chim thng d kt tinh. Cn nhn, vi, bch n,
to th t hoc khng kt tinh. Kt tinh khng nh hng g n cht lng mt
ong, nhiu nc ngi ta cn phi nhp nhng loi mt d kt tinh sn xut
mt ong pht bnh m. Tuy nhin mt ong kt tinh khi ng chai ming nh kh
ly ra cn ph kt tinh bng cch ngm mt ong trong nc nng 60 - 700C,
hoc un cch thu nhit 40 - 600C cho n khi mt tan (khng nn un
trc tip nhit cao v thi gian di s nh hng n cht lng ca mt
111

ong v ph hu cc men).
Thnh phn v t l cc cht trong mt ong:
Fructoza:
38,2%
Glucoza :
31,3 %
Saccaroza:
1,3%
Maltoza:
5,3%
ng khc: 1,5%
22%
H2O:
Cc cht m, axit hu c, men, vitamin v khong chim khong 0,4%.
Trong thnh phn mt ong cn c mt s enzim quan trng nh: Invertaza,
Gluco- ocidaza, Amylaza, Fosfaraza, Catalaza. Tt c cc enzim ny u d b
ph hu khi nhit vt qu 520C.
m trong mt ong tn ti di dng axit quan, vi hm lng 30: 300mg%
(trung bnh 80mg%). Hm lng m ph thuc vo ging ong v ngun hoa.

112

Trong mt ong c mt cht c hnh thnh trong qu trnh bin i ng

6- cacbon (hexoza) l Hydroximetil fururol (HMF). Bnh thng HMF chim
mt t l rt nh 0,01gm% : 0,lmg%. Nhng s tu trong qu trnh bo qun:
Nu HMF > 4mg% th khng c s dng. Cng thc HMF:
- CHO.
HO - CH2 Hm lng nc trong mt ong ph thuc vo k thut khai thc v m
khng kh mt ong l mt cht ht nc mnh nn hm lng nc trong mt
ong c tng quan thun vi m khng kh.
m (%)
H2O trong mt ( % )
50
15,9
60
18,3
70
24,2
80
33,1
Mu sc v trong ca mt ph thuc vo cy ngun mt, nhng nu n
ong nui thng k thu mt bnh t mi, khng ln u trng v nn s dng
dng c quay mt, cha mt chuyn dng v mt khng b oxy ho th mt
trong.
Ngoi ra nu s dng thuc phng - tr bnh cho ong n trong v mt hoc
cha ng mt trong cc dng c c ln ho cht dn n trong mt c d lng
thuc. Trn th trng lng thuc trong mt d t cng khng th chp nhn
c.
Mt ong l cht dinh dng giu nng lng (1kg mt ong cho 3150 - 3350
Kcalo), n l sn phm c th s dng rng ri hng ngy v thch hp vi mi
la tui.
C th cho tr em n mt ong hng ngy, ngay t khi mi sinh, tr s trnh
c nhng bnh v ng rut v gip cho vic tiu ho m nhanh, chng
nn ch, tng hng cu trong mu, tng sc khng.
Mt ong thng dng lm qu biu cho ngi gi v mt ong d hp th,
ngi gi dng mt ong sc kho tng ln r rt. Mt ong l cht giu nng
lng nn cn c th bi dng sc kho cho ngi lm vic nng nhc, c
bit l l cc vn ng vin trong khi luyn tp v thi u. Mt ong cn c
dng rng ri trong vic ch bin nc gii kht sa mt ong, bia mt ong...
Trong y hc c truyn mt ong c s dng pha trn v bc cc vin thuc
ng y v dng mt ong khng b ln men mc. Mt ong l cht khng khun
nn nhn dn ta thng dng mt ong cha bnh ta li tr em, dng bi ln
vt bng hoc vt thng, trn vi vi v b hng iu tr mn nht. Dng
113

mt ong thng xuyn cha bnh ho lao, i ng, vim lot d dy v i

trng...
1.2. Phng php khai thc mt ong
* Chun b n ong trc v mt:
n ong thu mt trc ht phi l nhng n ong ng qun n nh,
khng c bnh. n mnh c l t cha mt, n mnh gip cho n ong
phn cng hp l, c nhiu ong tui thu hoch v ong tip thu v luyn mt
ti ch. n mnh cng gip cho hi nc gim nhanh v chng c kh nng
qut gi mnh v to nhit lm cho nc trong mt bc hi, cn nhng n
ong yu d cc vng quay mt c ko di nhng mt vn b long. V vy, c
n ong mnh cn ch mt s im sau y: - Kt thc chia n trc khi hoa
n 40 ngy. V khong 10 ngy sau ong cha , 30 ngy sau c lp ong non
ca ong cha mi , khi vo v ong th 10 ngy tui sau s vo tui ra
ngoi lm vic.
Cho n kch thch ong cha trc v mt 30 - 35 ngy.
- Cho xy bnh t mi cha mt hoc chun b cu d tr cha mt.
- Phng chng chia n t nhin.
- Pht hin v tr bnh kp thi.
* Cc bc tin hnh thu mt:
Chun b dng c: Cc dng c thu mt c nh hng n cht lng mt,
v vy cn ra sch, lau kh thng quay v cc dng c khc trc khi quay mt.
Cc dng c.
- Bt u quay mt khi cc bnh t cha mt trong n ong vt np t
nht 70%.
Vt np l biu hin mt chn tc l hm lng nc thp, vt np cng
c ngha l l t y mt khng cn ch cho ong mt tip.
- Ni quay mt phi sch s, khng gi cun t ct vo thng quay mt.
Trong ngy nn chn lc nng m v ong i lm t quay mt.
- Tu theo lng ong nhiu hay t m chun b s ngi lm vic quay
mt gn trong ngy. Nhiu gia nh nui ong chung nhau dng c thu mt v
quay lun phin h tr nhau.
- Thao tc khi quay mt:
+ R ong: L lm ong ri khi bnh t. Ong A.cerana t chu c nhng
chn ng ln v d bc bay khi tip xc vi ho cht cho nn r ong bng tay
l phng php ph bin nht.
Trong khi thu mt r ong l khu quan trng nht. V ngi r ong phi kt
114

hp vi kim tra n ong, chn ly cc cu mt tiu chun cht lng (mt

chn) quay, khi r ong khng lm ong chn ng bay lon x trong tri,
khng c lm tn thng hoc cht ong cha.
Khi r ong ch cn tch vn ngn ra 3 - 4 cm, ly cu mt, cm chc hai tai
cu (ngn tay ci n trn, 2 ngn tay tr di), r lin tc ong s ri khi
bnh t tt xung y thng (khng nhc ln khi ming thng v r mnh ong
s bay ra ngoi thng) sau khi r ong th dng chi qut nh hoc thi ong non
cn li trn bnh t vo thng ong.
Khi r ong, nu ong cha bay ra th cn ngng li, m np v r mt t ong
ln trn thng ong ong cha bay v, ng thi quan st k cc n khc
phng ong cha chui lc sang thng khc.
Gp n ong d c th dng khi hng thi nh hoc khi thuc l ph
vo cc khe c ong, nhng ch yu l dng k thut. trnh ong d phi m
np thng nh, tch vn ngn nh. Khi thy ong d th va ly thc ln va
thi nh cho ong chui xung, g nh tai cu cho ong dt bt xung ri mi r
ong, nu khng c thc th bn trn x cu ph bao ti, r ong n u th cun
bao ti n . Sau khi r ong th chuyn cu n ni quay mt, chuyn cu nh
nhng trnh mt v phn ri vi, khng cu mt phi nng.
+ Ct vt np: Sau khi mt chn ong dng sp vt mt lp mng v vy
mun cho mt vng ra khi quay cn phi ct vt np, khi ct vt np khng c
lm dp ming l t, phi ct ht cc l vng mt sau ong s ci cao mt.
C nhiu dng c ct np nh dng b rng (nh lc) co, dng con
ln... dao ct mt chuyn dng, nu khng c dao chuyn dng th dng dao li
mng thi rau b cong cng ct c. Khi ct phi ct mng, va ct va ca
ngha l phi a i a li cho t sp v ming l t khng b hng. Nu mt
c khi ct np c th dng nc nng ra v lau kh dao ct ri ct tip.
Mun c mt ong tt th khng ct vt np m quay ln 1 rt mt long cha
vt np ra sau ct vt np v quay ln 2 thu mt c.
+ Quay mt: t cu mt vo trong thng phi t cn (t i xng nhau).
Cn quay mt vi tc nhanh dn v dng cng phi t t bnh t khng
v v u trng khng b vng ra. Sau khi quay mt mt Vi thng quay tip
tuyn th i bn quay mt sau cu.

115

Khai thc mt ong

Trc khi tr li cu th cn ct b l t nhng ong c n ong sn xut,
sa bnh t b v, ct b nhng m ong cha khng cn s dng.
+ n nh t ong: Quay ht mt phi nhanh chng tr cu li ong tip tc
lm vic v nui u trng, cu ly n no nn tr ng n ch khi no cn
vin tr th mi i cu nhng hoc cui v cn iu chnh ong th mi sp xp
li.
* Mt s im cn ch :
+ n ong b bnh phi quay mt sau cng, v mt c rt nhiu m cha
nn thay cha kp thi, nu khng pht hin m quay mt th phi ra tay v
dao ct np bng nc x phng kh trng (nht l ngi r ong) ri mi
quay tip.
+ Va quay mt va tng hoc rt cu iu chnh ong ng u v thu
mt cng ngy.
+ Nu t ong dy khi r ong cn r xen k.
+ Quay n hin trc, n d sau.
+ Tri xu hoc cui v cn quay mt trong phng kn v ngng quay sm
ong c mt d tr.
+ i vi n nui k khi quay mt c th quay c cu nguyn thng trt
nu cu nhiu mt, ly ch cho ong cha .
1.3. X l mt sau khi thu
- Khi thu nhiu c th a mt ln sp vt np vo bnh sau mt lng, b
ni ln vt v lc Nu thu t th cho vo ti mn lc lun.
- Mt quay xong cn lc sch, sau cha ng trong cc dng c bng
snh s, thu tinh hoc nha tinh ch c cht lng tt nh chai, l, can nha,
phuy (nu bng tn, st phi trng sp trc khi dng). Tt c cc v ng mt
phi c ra sch v phi kh, cn cha mt y khng cn khong trng
116

cha khng kh v ht m. t mt ong trong thng hoc phng kn c thng

gi, c bit khng t mt ong ni nng nng. V khi thu mt hm lng
HMF rt thp, nu b phi nng lng HMF tng rt nhanh, thm ch mt phi
nng ln mem cn lm v c dng c cha mt. Thi gian bo qun mt ph
thuc vo cht lng mt, nu hm lng nc < 21% v bo qun trong phng
kn mt (14 - 150C), Cha tt khng ht m th c th d tr c nhiu nm,
nhng cng ch nn s dng mt trong nm.
1.4. Sn xut mt bnh t
Mt bnh t l mt ong cn cha trong bnh t v l mt chn vt np
ton b.
Ngi nui ong khng quay mt ra khi bnh t m gi nguyn c b t v
mt bn.
Sn xut mt bnh t ch yu l dng thng k. i khi no ton b mt
ong cu k vt np th ct bnh thnh tng ming a vo l rng ming. Ch
khi gn tng chn khng c dng dy thp han g v dng tng chn tt
bnh t xy p vt np c mu vng hp dn. Trong nhng trng hp t mt
th dng mt ong cho n sn xut mt ong bnh t v mt ny bn gi cao gp
3 - 4 ln.
2. SP ONG V PHNG PHP THU HOCH
2.1. Thnh phn v tc dng ca sp ong
Sp ong l sn phm do ong th giai on 12 - 18 ngy tui tit ra. Sp
ong l hn hp ca nhiu loi este to nn gia ru n chc v axit bo bc
cao cng vi ru t do v hidrocacbon no. T trng ca sp ong l 0,95. Sp
ong c im nng chy v ng c thp ( nhit 62 - 650C). Khi ng cng
khi lng ring tng c ngha l sp co li nhit t 740C Xung n 250C
th tch gim 10% (Warth, 1956).
Sp ong khng tan trong glyxerin v cn, khng tan trong nc nhng
dung dch sp trong dung mi c th hn hp vi nc to thnh nh tng.
Trong sp c lng ng k parafin, parafin c th pha ln vi sp ong.
Sp ong 25 - 350C th rt cng v vy khi bnh t cha mt nng ti 1 - 2
kg l t vn nguyn vn, nhng nhit cao hn th sp do v mm c li
cho vic xy bnh t nu n ong b nng nng th d b chy sp v bnh t.
Sp ong dng sn xut tng chn nui ong, lm chn sp to cha v sn
xut sa cha. Trong cng nghip sp ong dng sn xut xi, dng trong may
mc v nh bng giy. Dng trong m phm lm kem bi mt. Trong dc
117

phm lm v bc thuc (v sp ong khng thm nc gi c m), dng lm

cao bi ngoi da. Ngoi ra sp ong cn dng trong nng nghip chit ghp
cy, trong sinh hot lm nn thp sng v trong dn gian dng sp ong nht l
sp th (nguyn bnh t) t v thi khi tai b au...
Sp ong c cht lng tt l sp khng b ln tp cht, khng pha parafin
(khi kim tra thy sp trng, dn, d gy. Tng chn sn xut t loi ny d v
nhng a vo n ong hoc gp tri nng nng li qu mm v cha nhiu
parafin). Sp tt khng ln tp cht, c do, khng d v, c mi thm c
trng v c mu vng hoc vng nu. Tuy nhin gn y mt s thng nhn
dng phng php nhum mu d bn tng chn nhng loi tng chn ny c
mu vng d phai v ong xy rt km. Sn xut tng chn tt nht l dng sp
ong ni nguyn cht dng cho ong A.cerana.
2.2. K thut khai thc sp
Cc loi sp c th thu hoch nu thnh sp ong gi l sp nguyn liu
hay sp th bao gm:
- Sp thu t cc loi ong d sinh nh bnh t ong khoi (A.dorsata), ong
rui (A.florea), ong A.cerana sng t do trong rng hoc nui theo phng php
c truyn.
- Sp thu t ong nui: Sp bnh t c loi ra, sp ct np khi thu mt hoc
sa cu, sp li mo, sp vn co cu, co thc khi kim tra ong, sp thu t
cc m cha t nhin hoc sn xut sa cha...
- Sp sn xut t nhng n ong mnh v trong thi k ngun hoa phong
ph ngi ta t khong cch cu rng hoc t khung g cho ong xy li mo
sau ct li mo nu sp.
Ni chung ngi nui ong phi lun lun tm cch tn thu sp ong, khng
b st mt mu sp vn trong tri ong (to iu kin cho su n sp pht
trin).
* Phng php nu v lc sp n gin:
Sp th nu cng sm cng tt, lu su sp n i th t l thu hi sp rt
thp.
Nu bng phng php th cng th t l thu hi sp thp v sp cn li
trong b.
Cch nu sp n gin nht i vi gia nh nui ong l b sp nh cho vo
ti vi mn b vo xoong nu. Khi sp chy th ly 2 thanh tre p, va nhng,
va p cho n khi trong ti sp chy ra nc trong, en th thi. Sau lc
nc sp qua mn v yn mt ch cho sp ng cng.
118

 cc tri ong hoc mt vi nhm c s n ong ln c th nu sp nh

sau: Dng ni nu sp 2 lp, lp ngoi l ni cha nc sp c vi cho sp chy
ra ri lc hng, lp trong l ni lc sp c nhiu l nh hnh mt sng tha
cha ti sp. Sp th c phn loi sp li mo, sp ct vt np mt nu ring,
sp bnh t en nu ring. Cc loi sp c b vn 2 - 3cm, sp nm cht th
cng phi bp ri ra. Tt c sp th cho vo ti mu hoc ti bao da (mi ti
0,5 - 1 ,0kg, ti di 20 - 25cm, rng 15 - 16cm). Cho ti sp vo ni nu n khi
sp chy th cho vo bn p. Bn p gm c thng cng v trn l mt bch. Khi
c ti sp th p sp s chy qua vi ra ngoi, ti sp ngui th di nc si hoc
nu li v cho p cc ti sp khc, c p i, p li cho n khi b sp en ri v
nc sp en, trong th thi.
2.3. Bo qun sp ong v tng chn
Bnh t d tr tt nht gi trong cc n ong, nu ly ra ngoi th phi
quay mt, phi kh trong nng nh, gi kn trong ti nilon ri t trong t hoc
trong hm kn. - Sp th cha nu th gi kn trong ti nilon hoc ngm trong
nc (nhng d mt mu).
Sp lc v tng chn cng gi kn trong ti nilon cho vo hm kn v
trong phng kh ro, thong, tng chn khng chng ln nhau, ni khng
c thuc dit cn trng.
3. SA CHA V PHNG PHP KHAI THC
3.1. Thnh phn v tc dng ca sa cha
Sa cha do ong th giai on 5 - 8 ngy tui tit ra. Sa cha dng
c qunh, mu trng ng c v hi ngt v chua.
Thnh phn ca sa cha ti:
Hm lng nc: 60,05%
Vt cht kh:
39,95%
Trong vt cht kh ca sa cha th protein chim 12,34%; lipit 5,16%;
cht kh oxy 12,49%; tro 0,82%; cht cha xc nh chim khong 2,84%. pH :
4,3 - 4,8%.
Trong 100 gam sa cha c 1,2 - l,8mg vitamin B1; 6 - 28mg vitaminB2;
2,2 - 50mg vitamin B6; 0,5 - 15 mg vitamin B12; 48 - 125mg vitamin PP v 104 200mg axit pantotenic. Vitamin nhm B cn cho s chuyn ho ca c th, axit
pantotenic gip cho vic hnh thnh t bo mi. Ngoi ra sa chua cn c cc
cht khong, cc hoocmn sinh trng kch thch hot ng sinh l, sa cha
cn c tnh dit khun v khng khun. Sa cha c tc dng bi dng sc
119

kho, ng thi c th cha c cc bnh chm ln ca tr em, cc bnh tim

mch ca ngi gi nh x cng ng mch, huyt p cao v huyt p thp, au
tht tng cn, bnh i ng, thn kinh suy nhc...V sa cha l loi sn
phm qu him nn c thi ngi ta ch bn cho nhng ngi c tiu chun
c bit.
3.2. Phng php khai thc sa cha
Sa cha khai thc ch yu ong A.mellifera v loi ong ny cho nng sut
sa cao v c th khai thc theo phng php cng nghip. Ngi nui ong c
th t khai thc sa cha tiu th ti ch v bi dng sc kho cho mnh v
gia nh vi phng php khai thc n gin.
+ Thi v khai thc sa cha: Khng tin hnh khai thc sa khi khai thc
mt m tn dng cc thi k ong nhn ri c nhiu n ong mnh, ngun phn
v ngun mt ph phong ph, ong cha kho v ong nui u trng tt. Min
Bc thng khai thc sa sau v hoa nhn n u v mt bch n (thng 5)
hoc v nhn n (thng 10 - 12)
+ n ong khai thc sa l nhng n mnh c 5 - 6 cu tr ln, ong ng,
nhiu ong non tui tit sa, u trng c nui tt biu hin c nhiu sa.
Cng nh to cha cc n khai thc sa cn c n no (mt vt np).
+ Cu khai thc sa cng tng t nh cu to cha nhng c 3 thang, cc
thang ng inh c nh v c th xoay c, mi thang gn 15 - 20 chn sp
(45 - 60 m mt n) cc chn sp cng c sn xut t loi sp tt v tin
hnh nh to ong cha bng phng php di trng.
+ Tch cha: Nhng n khai thc sa c tch ra (khong 2 cu) t
theo cch chia song song, rt bt cu bn khng c cha.
+ Di trng: Cng chn u trng 1 - 2 ngy tui v di trng nh to cha
nhng cu u trng c th chn bt c n no, ni chung v khai thc sa cn
nhiu u trng nn cu chn cu c nhiu u trng tui mt ngy. Sau khi
di trng t cu khai thc sa vo gia n ong khng c cha kp gia 2 cu
nhiu mt c nhng v u trng.
+ Ly sa: Sau khi di trng 5 ngy, ly cu khai thc sa, qut ht ong v
a vo trong phng. t cu trn bn xoay cho ming chn sp ln trn dng
li dao lam ct u m cha hoc dng panh tch rng ming m cha, dng
panh gp u trng ra ri dng u ln dt ca kim di trng hoc que t u trn
mc sa cha.
Khi mc khng c lm va sa v phi vt sch cho vo l thu tinh
mu trnh nh sng phn hu. Gia nh dng th c th cho lun vo cc mt
120

ong.

Khai thc sa cha

Sa cha ti c cht lng tt l sa khng ng mu vng, khng kt tinh
v khng va lng, khng ln tp cht nh sp vn, u trng ong v bi bn.
Sa cha khai thc xong phi a ngay vo t lnh bo qun. Nu dng
ngay th trn vi mt ong nguyn cht c cht lng tt vi t l sa cha 5 gam
+ mt ong 95 gam. Vi t l mi ngy dng 1 -2 tha c ph. trong t lnh
thng th bo qun c vi thng, cn bo qun t lnh (-180C) C th gi
Sa Cha c vi nm. Trong cng nghip ch bin ngi ta sn xut sa cha
ng kh di dng vin hoc bt v s dng theo hng dn.

121

Ph lc 1:
DANH MC CC CY NGUN MT - PHN VIT NAM
S

Tn khoa hc

Tn Vit Nam

TT

Mt Phn

Thi gian
hoa n

1.

Day tigon

Antigonum leptopus Hook

++

T5-10

2.

Bac ha dai

Esholtzia cypriani Pavol

++

T10-12

3.

Bach dan chanh

Eucalyptus citriodora Hook

++

++

T12

4.

Bach dan la mit

++

++

T8-9

5.

Bach dan lieu

Eucalyptus exserta Muell

+++

++

T5-6

6.

Bach dan do

Eucalyptus camadulensis

++

++

T4

7.

Bang

Terminalia catappa

T4

8.

Bido

Cueurbita pero

++

T2-5

9.

B( xanh

Benincasa cerifera Savi

++

T2-4

10.

Bong

Gossipium arboreum

T7-9

11.

Bong bac

Orthosiphon stamineus

++

T6-10

12.

Bong gon

Ceiba pentadra Gaertn

++

++

T1-3

13.

Bo cong anh

Taraxacum officinale

++

++

T3-8

14.

Bode

Styrax tonkinensis Pierae

T5

15.

Boket

Gleditschia australic

T6-9

16.

Bo hon

Sapindus mucorossi

T5-6

17.

Bdi Idi

T5

18.

Birdi

Citrus grandis oshek

++

T2-3

19.

Ca

Solanum melongena

T3-4

20.

Ca phe che

Coffea arabica

++

++

T11-3

21.

Ca phe mit

Coffea excelsa Achev

++

++

T9-10

22.

Ca phe voi

Coffea robusta Lindens

++

++

T11-2

23.

Cai be

Brassca sp

++

++

T11-12

24.

Cai cu

Raphanus sativus

T10-11

122

Eucalyptus camaldulenses Smith

Tritaxis gaudichaudil H.Bn. Oshek

Vng trng

H Giang

S
TT

Tn Vit Nam

Tn khoa hc

Mt Phn

Thi gian
hoa n

Vng trng

25.

Cam

Citrus sinensis

++

26.

Cau

Areca catechu

27.

Cao su

Hevea brasiliensis Muell

+++

T2-4

ng Nai

28.

Cy chn chim

Schefflera octorphylla

+++

T4-5

Khu IV c

29.

Cy ng

Artemisa sp

++

T11-12

Min: Bc,
Trung, Nam

30.

Cy iu nhum
(cary)

Bixa orellana

++

T9-10

Min: Trung,

31.

Cy m dy

Deria fatida

T8-9

32.

Cy sn

Rhus suceendania

++

T5

Min Bc

33.

Chanh

Citrus limonia Osbek

++

T1-2

Min: Bc,
Trung, Nam

34.

Ch

Thea sinensis Seem

++

T9-12

Min: Bc,

++

T2-3

Nam

Nam
35.

Ch nc

Platanus kerrii Gapnep

++

T2-3

36.

Chm chm

Nephelium lappaceum

+++

T3-5

37.

Chui

Musa paradisiaca

Ca nam

38.

C cc o (cng
cua)

Bidens pilosa

39.

C lo

Eupatorium odoratium

40.

C l tre

41.

Ca nam

+++

T10-2

Min Nam

Min: Bc,
Trung

++

T12-1

Min: Bc,
Trung, Nam

Panicum montanum Roxb

++

T11-12

Min Bc

Ct kh

Tephrosia Candida

++

T10-11

42.

C phn

Protium serratum Enyl

+++

T3-4

43.

Cc di

Dendranthema indicum

++

T11-12

44.

Ct ln

Ageratum conyzoides

++

T7-1

45.

Du da xoan

Clausena excakata Burn

++

T5-8

46.

Dy bm bm

Ipomoea hederaced

T7-8

47.

Dy chc chu

Tetracera seandens Merr

++

T8-9

48.

D gai

Catanepsis indica

T1-3

49.

D Yn Th

Catanepsis boisii Hickel

++

T11-12

Min Bc

123

Tn Vit Nam

TT

50.

Tn khoa hc

Mt Phn

Thi gian
hoa n

Da chuot

Cucumis sativus

++

T3.10

Da gang

Cucumis melo

T3-4

Da hu

Citrullus lanatus Mats

++

++

T4-5

Da

Ananas comosus Merr

++

++

T4.10

Da

Cocus nucifera

++

C nm

Min: Bc,
Trung, Nam

Da nc

Nypa fruticans Wurmb

C nm

Min Nam

Dung

Symplocos racemosa Roxb

T3-4

Min Bc

Pyrus persica

T12-1

Min Bc

ay cch

Hibiscus canabinus Var

++

T4-7

Min: Bc,

51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.

Vng trng

Min: Bc,
Trung, Nam

Nam
in thanh

Sesbania cannabina

T7-8

Min: Bc,
Trung, Nam

tng

Soya hispida Moench

++

T6-7

Min: Bc,
Trung, Nam

61.

Carica papaya

C nm

62.

m m

Rubus leucanthus Hance

T7-9

63.

Phizophora mangle

T5

Min Nam

Go

Anthocephalus indicus

TK5.1

Min: Bc,
Trung, Nam

Go

Bombax ceiba

++

++

T2-3

Gioi (mn)

Eugenia jambos

++

T12-3

59.
60.

64.
65.
66.

T4-6
Gu

Sindora cochinchinensis

++

T8-9

Min Bc

Hnh ty

Allium cepa

++

T6

Min: Bc,
Trung, Nam

69.

Hng qu

Diospyros kaki

T3

70.

Hng

Mentha aquatica

T7-10

71.

Hng nhu

Ocinium sanctum

T6-8

72.

Hng dng

Helianthus annous

T7-8

Hng dng di

Tithonia diversifolia Gray

++

T10-11

67.
68.

73.

124

Tn khoa hc

Tn Vit Nam

TT

Mt Phn

Thi gian
hoa n

Vng trng

(Cc qu)
74.

ch mu

Leonurus heteophyllus

++

T6-10

75.

K vng

Sidarhombi folia

T9-10

76.

Keo du (bnh linh)

Vitex pubenscens

++

T6-9

77.

Keo tai tng

Acasia mangium

++

T4-7

78.

Kh

Averrhoa carambola

T6-9

79.

Khoai lang

Ipomoea batatas Lam

++

T12-1

80.

Kiu mch

Fagopyrum satittatum

++

++

T4-5

81.

Kinh gii

Elsholtria eristata Wild

82.

Lc tin

Passiflora foetidae

T10-12

83.

Lim

Erythrophloeum fordii

T5

84.

Long no

Cinnamonum camphora

T6-7

85.

La

Oryza sativa

++

T4,9

86.

Lu

Eugenia malaciensis

T4,5

87.

Mng tang

Litsae glauca Sich

T12-1

88.

Mm xi

Ruhus aleaefolius Poir

T9-11

89.

Mm

Aegiceras majus Gaertn

T7-8

90.

Mn

Prui us salicina Gaertm

T1-2

91.

Mn tru

Eleusine indica Gaertm

T10-11

92.

Me

Tamarindus indica

T3-5

93.

Prunus mume Setr

T12

94.

Mi

Coriandrum sativum

++

T12-1

95.

Mui

Rhus semialata

++

T8-9

96.

Mp

Luffa acutangula Roxb

T4-8

97.

Mp ng

Momordica chorantia

T12-2

98.

M (st)

Lysidice rhodostigia

++

T6-8

99.

Ngi cu

Artemisia vulgaeic

++

T11-12

++

T3-4

++

T4-12

100. Ngnh ngnh

Cratoxylon prunifolium

101. Ng

lea mays

Mt l

125

Tn Vit Nam

TT

Tn khoa hc

Mt

Phn

+++

Thi gian
hoa n

Vng trng

102. Nhn

Euphoria longan Steud

103. Nht

Elaeagnus latifolia

T12-1

104.

Psidium guajava

++

T5

105. Phn n

Phyllanthus reticulars

T8-9

106. Qut qu

Cytrus japonica

T7-9,3

107. Qut hng b

Clausena lansium Skeels

T3

108. Qu

Cinamomum loureirii

T6-7

109. Rng rng

Ormosia tonkinensis Gagnep

++

T3-6

110. Rau dn gai

Amarantus gandeticus

++

T12

111. Re

Lindera tonkinensis

T2

112. Sau sau

Liquidambas orientalis

++

T10-11

Hoa

113. Sn

Manihot esculenta

T5-8

114. Sn dy di

Pueraria tonkinenis Gagnep

++

T11-1

115. Su

Sandorium indicum

T4

116. Su ring

Durio zibenthinus

T1-3

117. Sen

Nelumbo nucifera Gaetern

++

T5-8

118. Si

Sapium sebiferum Roxb

++

T4-5

119. Si t

Sapium discolor Muell

+++

T4-5

120. Su su

Selium edule

T7-10

121. S

Carapa obovata

++

T4-5

122. Sng

Nymphaca nouchali Burm

++

T3-6

123. X c

Khaya senegalensis A Juss

T5-6

124. Xoan o

Aradiracta indica Tussf

++

T4-5

125. Xoi

Manghifera indica

T12-3

126. To ta

Zyziphus mauritiana Lam

+++

T9-10

TTKTTHHN-5
T4-6.10

Min: Bc,
Trung, Nam

Min Bc

Zyziphus jujuba Lam

127. Tch

Tectora grandis

++

T10

128. Thanh long

Hlocereusundatus Britta

T6

126

Min:

S
TT

Tn khoa hc

Tn Vit Nam

Mt Phn

Thi gian
hoa n

Vng trng
Nam, Trung

129. Thch

Acer decandrum Merrill

++

++

T5-6

130. Thin l

Pergularia minor Andr

T5-10

131. Th l

Anethum graveolens

++

T12-1

132. Thuc l

Nicotiana tabacum

T6-8

133. Trm

Melaleuca leucadendron

+++

++

T1-4

Min Nam

T6-8
134. Trm trng

Canarium copaliferum

++

T4

135. Tru

Aleurites montana Loun

T4.8

136. Trinh n cao

Mimosa pudica

++

T10-11

137. Trinh n ln

Mimosa invisa

T7-9

138. Trng

Pomelia lecomtel Gagnep

++

T7

139. Vi chua

Litchi.sp

++

T2

140. Vi nh

Litch.sp

+++

T2-3

141. Vi thiu

Litchi chinensis Sonn

+++

T3-4

142. Vt

Bruguiera gymnorhiza

+++

++

T6-7

143. Vi

Eugenia opeculata

++

T5

144. Vi rmg

Eugenia jambolana Roxb

++

++

T4-5

145. Vng

Sesamum indicum

++

T5-8

127

TI LIU THAM KHO

I. Ti liu ting Vit
1. Mai Anh, Chu Vn ang (1984), Bnh thi u trng ong Vit Nam,
NXB Nng nghip H Ni.
2. Cc khuyn nng - khuyn lm B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn
(2001), Thng tin khoa hc k thut ngnh ong.
3. Phm Vn Cng (1993), "Cho ong t cha bnh", Thng tin khoa
hc k thut ngnh ong, (l), trang 39-40.
4. L Ngc Chinh (1998), K thut nui ong ni ti Thi Nguyn, Ghi chp
ca ngi nui ong.
5. Phng Hu Chnh, Phm Vn Lp (1994), Chng trnh chn lc
qun th khp kn ong ni a Apis cerana Vit Nam, Tuyn tp bo co Hi
ngh ong ln th nht, trang 31-35.
6. Phng Hu Chnh, V Vn Luyn (1999), K thut nui ong ni a
Apis cerana Vit Nam, NXB Nng nghip.
7. Nguyn Th Du (1994), "Vai tr th phn cy trng ca ong mt", Tp
ch khoa hc k thut ngnh ong, (4), trang 34-36.
8. Phm Vn Dng (2002), Nghin cu s hnh thnh m cha chia n t
nhin trn n ong ni (Apis cerana) nui ti trng i hc Nng Lm Thi
Nguyn trong v Xun - H, Kho lun tt nghip i hc. Trang 42-43.
9. Phm Xun Dng (1994), Mt s thnh tu khoa hc k thut ngnh
ong Vit Nam, Tuyn tp bo co Hi ngh ngnh ong ln th nht, trang 98 109.
10. E va Crane (1990), Con ong v ngh nui ong - C s khoa hc, thc
tin v nhng ngun ti nguyn th gii, NXB Heinemann Newes - Oxford
London (ngi dch: Phng Hu Chnh, Trn Cng T).
11. Trn c H (1999). S tay nui ong cho mi nh. NXB nng nghip.
12. Trn c H, Phng Hu Chnh (1995), S tay phng v tr su
bnh hi ong mt, NXB Nng nghip, 1995
13. Trn Vn H, Nguyn Khnh Quc, Andr Roy (1997), Nui ong v
h sinh thi RVAC chng i ngho, NXB Nng nghip, trang 24.
14. Nguyn Th Hin (2001), Nghin cu mt s bin php chng nng
cho ong ti B mn ong trng i hc Nng Lm Thi Nguyn, Kho lun tt
nghip i hc, trang 31-32 v 57-58.
15. Nguyn Duy Hoan (2002), "Nghin cu mt s tp tnh sinh hc ca
128

ong ni nui ti Trng i hc Nng Lm Thi Nguyn", Tp ch Nng nghip

v pht trin nng thn, (2), trang 123 v 127.
16. Trn Th Hng (1982), Bnh thi u trng tui ln, Bo co ti Hi
tho khoa hc k thut ngnh ong.
17. Nguyn Th Kim Lan, L T Long, Trn Vn Ton, i Duy Ban
(1998), "Nghin cu th nghim iu tr bnh thi u trng trn ong Apic cerana
bng tho dc S-95", Tp ch khoa hc ngnh ong, (4).
18. Tt Li (1984), Cc ngun thuc qu Vit Nam, NXB Y hc.
19. H Vn Lng (2001), Nghin cu mt s c im sinh hc ca ong
ni Apis cerana nui ti trng i hc Nng Lm Thi Nguyn, Kho lun tt
nghip i hc.
20. Nguyn Vn Nim (1991), Mt s dn liu v hnh thi ong ni min
Nam Vit Nam, Tuyn tp bo co tiu ban ong, Hi ngh cn trng ln th nht,
trang 20 - 22. 21. Nguyn Vn Nim, Robes Hart v White (1998), "B sung
phn hoa cho ong ngoi Apis mellifera", Tp ch Khoa hc k thut ngnh ong,
(4).
22. Nguyn Th Nga (2002), nh hng ca qui m n v ma v n sn
lng ca mt ca ong ni Apis cerana nui ti B mn ong - Trng i hc
Nng Lm Thi Nguyn, Kho lun tt nghip i hc.
23. Hong c Nhun, Nguyn c Khm (1980), i sng ong kin
mi, NXB Khoa hc v k thut H Ni.
24. Nguyn Khnh Quc, Nguyn Duy Hoan, H Vn Qu (2003), "Cy
ngun mt v hiu qu kinh t ca nui ong ti Bc Giang" , Tp ch chn nui,
(5), trang 25-27. 25. Nguyn Khnh Quc, Nguyn Duy Hoan, H Vn Qu
(2003), "Nng sut v cht lng mt ong ni v ong nui ti Bc Giang",
Tp ch Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, (3), Trang 289-290.
26. H Vn Qu (2002), Nghin cu nh gi thc trng v xut mt s
gii php nhm pht trin n ong mt nui ti cc h gia nh tnh Bc Giang,
Lun vn thc s Khoa hc nng nghip, Trang 54-61 .
27. inh Quyt Tm (1997), Nhng hot ng v thnh tu ngnh ong
Vit Nam, Tuyn tp bo co Hi ngh ong ton quc ln th nht.
28. Nguyn Quang Tn (1994), Nhng hot ng nghin cu v con ong
ca Trng i hc Nng Lm Th c thnh ph H Ch Minh, Tuyn tp
bo co Hi ngh ong ton quc ln th nht.
29. L nh Thi, Nguyn Vn Nim (1980), Mt s dn liu v hnh thi
hc ca ong mt vng Lc Thu (H Sn Bnh) v vng Nh Xun (Thanh
Ho), Bo co v Hi ngh khoa hc k thut ngnh ong.
129

30. Ng c Thng (1996), K thut nui ong th, NXB Nng nghip.
31. Ng c Thng (2000), Kinh t - K thut nui ong ni, NXB Thanh
Ho.
32. Ng c Thng (2002), K thut nui ong ni, NXB Nng nghip.
33. Nguyn Vn Thin, Nguyn Khnh Quc, Nguyn Duy Hoan
(2002), Phng php nghin cu trong chn nui, NXB Nng nghip.
34. L Quang Trung (1999), K thut nui ong ni cho ngi nui ong,
Bi ging ti trng i hc Nng Lm Thi Nguyn.
35. Trn Minh T (1981 ), "Bnh thi u trng chu u ca ong ni Vit
Nam", Tp ch Khoa hc k thut Nng nghip, (2).
36. Phm Ngc Vin (1984), Bc u tm hiu mt s bnh ca u trng
ong mt min Bc Vit Nam v bin php iu tr, Lun n tin s khoa hc
nng nghip.
II. Ti liu ting Anh
37. Bailey. L; Capenter. J.M; Wood. R. D (1982), A strain of sacbrood
virus from Apis cerana, Joumal of Invenebrate Pathology.
38. Crane. E; Graham. A. J (1985), Bee heavier ofthe Ancient world, Bee
world.
39. Eaton. C.V (1994), Beekeeping country report of Newzealand, Paper
presented at the second AAA conf.held in Yogyakarta, lndonesia.
40. Levin. M.D (1983), Value of bee pollination to U.S agriculture,
Bull.ent.Soc, Am.
41. Mulder.V (1989), Needs for National programme of applied
beekeeping research. Proceeding of National seminar on... Cooperation in R &
D on bee an Beekeeping..., held in Ha Noi.
42. Mulder. V (1992), Traditional beekeeping using Apis cerana on Viet
Nam NECTAR.
43. Ono. M; Okada. I; Sasaki. M (1987), Heat production by ballng in
the Japanese Honeybee, Apis cerana iaponica as a defensive behavior against the
honet, vespa similima xanthrotera (Hymenoptera: Vespidac), Expenrientia.
44. Reddy. C (1994), Beekeeping country report ofindia, Paper presented
at the second AAA conf. held in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
45. Ruttner. F (1998), Biographi and taxonomy ofhoneybee, Spriger verlag 284pp. A. Morse Inthaca, N.Y, USD: Comell University press.
46. Wong Siri. S (1986), Apis cerana and beekeeping in Thailand,
Problems and researchs needs.
130

131

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Ph trch bn tho
BCH HOA HOI ANH
Trnh by, ba
THANH BNH

NH XUT BN NNG NGHIP

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T (04) 5761075 8521940 Fax: 04.5760478
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132

133