n tt nghip

Li ni u

LI NI U
Cng ngh mng quang WDM ra i to nn nhng bc pht trin rt
ln cho cc mng truyn ti. Vi s ra i ca cng ngh WDM p ng c
nhng nhu cu tng ln rt ln v bng thng. Ngy nay cc h thng thng tin
quang ng trc, cc h thng dung lng ln u s dng cng ngh WDM, vi
nhng tuyn lin kt im im, ri n nhng lin kt cu trc mng phc tp
hn ph hp vi nhng yu cu p ng mng c t ra. Tuy nhin, do mt
s nhng nh hng ln tc ng n h thng WDM nn nhng nh khai thc
mng vn cha tn dng c ht nhng u im vt tri ca h thng ny.
Nhng nh hng phi k n u tin chnh l cc nh hng ca tn sc i
vi h thng WDM. Tn sc lm hn ch khong cch truyn dn cng nh tc
ca h thng WDM, gy ra li bit lm xung cp nghim trng c tnh ca h
thng WDM. Do vn qun l tn sc trong h thng WDM v ang rt
c quan tm. V vy em la chn ni dung n tt nghip tp trung nghin
cu Cc phng php b tn sc v ng dng b tn sc trong cc h thng thng
tin quang tc cao.
Ni dung n ca em bao gm ba chng:
Chng I: Tng quan v cng ngh WDM
Trong chng ny tm hiu mt s nguyn l c bn ca cng ngh WDM,
cc cu hnh mng v c ch bo v cho mng WDM.
Chng II: Mt s nh hng n h thng WDM
Tm hiu cc loi tn sc v cc hiu ng phi tuyn cng nh nhng nh
hng ca tn sc v cc hiu ng phi tuyn i vi h thng WDM.
Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc v ng dng b tn sc trong
h thng WDM
a ra s cn thit phi qun l tn sc. Tm hiu cc phng php b tn
sc nh cc m hnh b trc, cc k thut b sau, cc si b tn sc, cc b lc
quang, cc cch t Bragg si, s kt hp pha quang. ng dng b tn sc trong
cc h thng sng nh sng ng di, cc h thng dung lng ln.
Mc d c nhiu c gng song do thi gian v trnh c hn nn n
ca em khng th trnh khi nhng sai st, rt mong nhn c s ng gp

Quch B Lm 04VT1

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Li ni u

kin ca cc thy c gio v cc bn n c hon thin hn. Em xin gi li

cm n chn thnh nht ti c gio L Thanh Thy tn tnh hng dn, gip
em trong sut thi gian thc hin n.

H Ni, ngy 10 thng 11 nm 2008

Sinh vin thc hin

Quch B Lm

Quch B Lm 04VT1

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Mc lc

MC LC
LI NI U .......................................................................................................... i
MC LC............................................................................................................... iii
DANH MC HNH V ........................................................................................... v
THUT NG VIT TT .................................................................................... viii
CHNG I: TNG QUAN V CNG NGH WDM .......................................... 1
1.1 Nguyn l c bn ca WDM ...................................................................... 1
1.1.1 Gii thiu v WDM ................................................................................ 1
1.1.2 S pht trin ca cng ngh WDM ........................................................ 3
1.1.3 S khi h thng WDM .................................................................... 5
1.2 Cc cu hnh mng v c ch bo v cho mng WDM .............................. 7
1.2.1 Cu hnh im im ............................................................................ 7
1.2.2 Cu hnh vng Ring ................................................................................ 8
1.2.3 Cu hnh Mesh...................................................................................... 10
CHNG II: MT S THAM S NH HNG N CHT LNG H
THNG WDM ...................................................................................................... 12
2.1 Tn sc ...................................................................................................... 12
2.1.1 Gii thiu chung ................................................................................... 12
2.1.2 Tn sc vt liu ..................................................................................... 13
2.1.3 Tn sc dn sng .................................................................................. 15
2.1.4 Tn sc bc cao ..................................................................................... 17
2.1.5 Tn sc mode phn cc PMD............................................................... 19
2.2 Cc hiu ng phi tuyn ............................................................................. 22
2.2.1 Gii thiu chung ................................................................................... 22
2.2.2 Hiu ng t iu ch pha SPM ............................................................ 23
2.2.3 Hiu ng iu ch xuyn pha XPM ..................................................... 24
2.4.4 Hiu ng trn bn sng FWM ............................................................. 25
2.2.5 Hiu ng tn x Raman ( SRS ) ........................................................... 26
2.4.6 Hiu ng tn x Brillouin ( SBS ) ........................................................ 28
CHNG III: CC PHNG PHP B TN SC V NG DNG B TN
SC TRONG H THNG WDM ........................................................................ 30
3.1 S cn thit phi qun l tn sc .............................................................. 30
3.2 Cc m hnh b trc ............................................................................... 32
3.2.1K thut dch tn trc .......................................................................... 32
3.2.2 Cc k thut m ha mi ...................................................................... 36
3.2.3 Cc k thut dch tn trc phi tuyn .................................................. 38
3.3 Cc k thut b sau ................................................................................... 40
3.4 Cc si b tn sc ..................................................................................... 42
3.5 Cc b lc quang ...................................................................................... 44
3.6 Cc cch t Bragg si ............................................................................... 48
3.6.1 Cch t chu k u ............................................................................... 49
3.6.2 Cch t si dch tn .............................................................................. 52
Quch B Lm 04VT1

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 n tt nghip

Mc lc

3.6.3 B ni mode dch tn............................................................................ 56

3.7 S kt hp pha quang ............................................................................... 57
3.7.1 Nguyn l hot ng ............................................................................ 57
3.7.2 B ca t iu ch pha SPM ................................................................ 58
3.7.3 Tn hiu kt hp pha ............................................................................. 60
3.8 Cc h thng sng nh sng ng di ...................................................... 64
3.8.1 nh x tn sc theo chu k................................................................... 64
3.8.2 Nguyn l n ...................................................................................... 66
3.8.3 Cc hiu ng phi tuyn trong knh ...................................................... 69
3.9 Cc h thng dung lng ln.................................................................... 71
3.9.1 B tn x bng rng.............................................................................. 71
3.9.2 B tn sc iu hng .......................................................................... 74
3.9.3 Qun l Tn sc Bc Cao ..................................................................... 77
3.9.4 B PMD ................................................................................................ 80
KT LUN ............................................................................................................ 85
TI LIU THAM KHO...................................................................................... 87

Quch B Lm 04VT1

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Danh mc hnh v

DANH MC HNH V
Hnh 1.1 Tc tng dung lng thoi v s liu theo thi gian ........................... 1
Hnh 1.2 Ghp knh theo bc sng WDM ............................................................ 3
Hnh 1.3 H thng WDM hai knh. ......................................................................... 4
Hnh 1.4 S pht trin ca cng ngh WDM. .......................................................... 4
Hnh 1.5 S tng nn ca dung lng si. ............................................................... 5
Hnh 1.6 Mu chc nng WDM............................................................................... 5
Hnh 1.7 Kin trc im im............................................................................... 8
Hnh 1.8 Cu hnh mng Ring ................................................................................ 9
Hnh 1.9 UPSR bo v trn vng ring WDM. ....................................................... 10
Hnh 1.10 Cc kin trc vng ring, im im, mesh. .......................................... 11
Hnh 2.1 Ch s chit sut n v ch s nhm ng thay i theo .............................. 15
bc sng si thy tinh ....................................................................................... 15
Hnh 2.2 Tham s b v cc vi phn ca n d(Vb)/dV v V[d2(Vb)/dV2] .............. 16
thay i theo tham s V ......................................................................................... 16
Hnh 2.3 Tn sc tng D v cc tn sc vt liu DM, DW cho ............................. 17
si n mode thng dng ....................................................................................... 17
Hnh 2.4 Bc sng ph thuc vo tham s tn sc D i vi cc si .................. 19
tiu chun, si dch tn sc, v si tn sc phng. ................................................. 19
Hnh 2.5 Hin tng tn sc mode phn cc PMD ............................................... 20
Hnh 2.6 : nh hng ca hiu ng t iu ch pha SPM .................................... 23
Hnh 2.7 nh hng ca hiu ng iu ch xuyn pha XPM ............................... 24
Hnh 2.8 Hiu ng FWM ....................................................................................... 25
Hnh 2.9 Gin nng lng ca qu trnh tn x Raman .................................... 26
Hnh 2.10 Ph khuch i Raman ca si Silic bc sng bm p=1m .......... 27
Hnh 2.11 nh hng ca tn x Raman ............................................................... 28
Hnh 3.1 S thay i ca tham s m rng vi khong cch truyn ..................... 33
cho mt xung u vo Gaussian dch tn............................................................... 33
Hnh 3.2 S k thut dch tn trc c s dng b tn sc: ................... 35
(a) u ra FM ca laze DFB (b) dng xung do b iu ch ngoi to ra c) xung
c dch tn trc c s dng trong truyn tn hiu........................................ 35
Hnh 3.3 B tn sc s dng m FSK: (a)Tn s v cng sut quang ca tn hiu
truyn dn.(b) Tn s v cng sut ca tn hiu thu v d liu gii m in ........ 37
Hnh 3.4 Cc vch tuyn dc ca tn hiu 16 Gb/s c truyn i ....................... 37
70 km chiu di si tiu chun: (a) c v (b) khng c SOA gy ra dch tn. ...... 37
Hnh 3.5 Dch tn p dng ngang xung khuch i cho mt vi gi tr ca Ein/Esat.
Mt xung u vo Gaussian c tha nhn cng nh G0 = 30 dB v c = 5 ..... 39
Hnh 3.6 Tn sc gii hn khong cch truyn dn nh l mt hm ca cng sut
pht i vi cc xung Gaussian(m=1) v siu Gaussian ( m=3 ) tc bit l .. 41
Hnh 3.7: (a) Biu ca mt DCF c s dng si mode ..................................... 44
bc cao (HOM) v hai cch t chu k di (LPG). (b) Ph tn sc ca DCF ......... 44
Hnh 3.8 Qun l tn sc trong ng truyn si ng di c s dng ............. 46
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Danh mc hnh v

cc b lc quang sau mi b khuch i. Cc b lc b GVD v gim nhiu ca

b khuch i. ........................................................................................................ 46
Hnh 3.9 (a) Mt mch sng nh sng phng s dng chui giao thoa ................. 47
Mach-Zehnder; (b) tng quan thit b tri rng. .................................................... 47
Hnh 3.10: (a) Cng v (b) pha ca h s phn x c m t thnh hm iu
hng Lg trong cch t si u vi Lg = 2 ( ng cong lin ) hoc Lg = 3 (
ng cong t qung ). ........................................................................................ 50
Hnh 3.11: GVD do cch t to ra c m t l mt hm ca cho mt vi gi tr
ca h s ghp . .................................................................................................... 51
Hnh 3.12: H s truyn (ng nt t ) v tr thi gian (ng nt lin) l
mt hm ca bc sng i vi cch t u trong (z) bin thin tuyn tnh t
0 n 6 cm-1 trn di 11 cm. .............................................................................. 52
Hnh 3.13: B tn sc bng cch t si dch tn tuyn tnh: (a) ch s n(z) dc theo
chiu di cch t.(b) phn x tn s cao v thp ti cc v tr khc nhau trong
cch t do s bin thin trong bc sng Bragg. ................................................. 54
Hnh 3.14: H s phn x v tr thi gian ca cch t si dch tn tuyn tnh c
bng thng 0,12 nm. ............................................................................................... 55
Hnh 3.15: M hnh b tn sc bng hai b lc truyn dng si: (a) b ghp hai
mode dch tn (b) si hai li thon. ......................................................................... 56
Hnh 3.16: Thit lp th nghim b tn sc thng qua bin i ph gia nhp
trong si dch tn sc di 21 km. ........................................................................... 61
Hnh 3.17: Vng lp si xoay vng c s dng truyn tn hin 10 Gb/s i
10.000 km chiu di si tiu chun trn c s p dng DCF theo chu k. Cc b
phn c s dng bao gm laze it (LD), b iu ch hp th in (EA), h
chuyn mch quang (SW), b khuch i si (EDFA), si n mode (SMF), v
DCF. ....................................................................................................................... 65
Hnh 3.18: Cc cch t xp tng c s dng b tn sc ............................... 73
trong h thng WDM ............................................................................................. 73
Hnh 3.19: (a) M t ph phn x v (b) ton b GVD nh mt hm ca in p
cho cch t si vi gradient nhit . .................................................................... 76
Hnh 3.20: nhy ca my thu trong th nghim 160 Gb/s, l mt hm ca tn
sc d trc c (hnh vung) v khng c (hnh trn) cch t Bragg dng si
(CFBG). S tng trong th theo di c m t cho 110 ps/nm hnh bn phi.
................................................................................................................................ 77
Hnh 3.21: Dng xung sau khi xung u vo 2,6 ps c truyn i 300 km bng
si dch tn sc (2 = 0). Hnh tri v phi so snh s ci thin thu c bng b
tn sc bc ba. ........................................................................................................ 78
Hnh 3.22: M hnh ca b b PMD quang (a) v in (b). ................................. 81
Hnh 3.23: B PMD iu hng do cch t si dch tn lng chit. .................. 82
(a) Cn nguyn ca tr nhm vi phn (b) Dch di dng di dng do cng cch t.
................................................................................................................................ 82

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Danh mc hnh v

Hnh 3.24: H s m rng xung l hm ca DGD trung bnh trong bn trng hp.
ng chm m t s tng do s dng b b PMD bc mt. Cc vng trn bi
en v rng m t kt qu m phng s. ............................................................... 84

Quch B Lm 04VT1

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 n tt nghip

Thut ng vit tt

THUT NG VIT TT
AM
APS
ATM
BER
BLSR
BPF
CD
DBR
DCF
DDF
DEMUX
DFB
DSF
DWDM
EA
EDFA
FBG
FM
FP
FSK
FWM
GVD
IOF
IP
LASER
MESH
MMF

Amplitude Modulation
Automatic Protection
Switching
Asynchronous Transfer
Mode
Bit Error Rate
Bidirectional Line
Switched Ring
Bandpass filter
Chromatic Dispersion
Distributed Bragg
Reflection
Dispersion Compensating
Fiber
Dispersion Decreasing
Fiber
Demultiplexer
Distributed Feedback
Dispersion Shifted Fiber
Dense WDM
Electroabsorption
Modulator
Erbium Dopped Fibre
Amplifier
Fiber Gragg Grating
Frequency Modulation
Fabry-Perot
Frequency Shift Keying
Four-Wave Mixing
Group Velocity
Dispersion
Inter-Office Facility
Internet Protocol
Light Amplified and
Stimulated Emission of
Radiation
Mesh
Multimode Fibre

Quch B Lm 04VT1

iu ch bin
Chuyn mch bo v t ng
Ch chuyn ti bt ng b
T l li bit
Vng ring chuyn mch ng hai chiu
B lc thng di
Tn sc sc th
Phn x phn b Bragg
Si b tn sc
Si gim tn sc
B gii ghp knh
Hi tip phn tn
Si quang dch tn sc
WDM mt cao
B iu ch hp th in
B khuch i quang si Ebrium
Cch t Bragg si
iu tn
Khoang cng hng
Kha dch pha tn s
Trn bn sng
Tn sc vn tc nhm
Thit b vn phng
Giao thc Internet
Khuch i nh sng bc x kch thch
Dng li
Si a mode

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MUX
MZ
NLS
NZDSF
OADM
OPC
PC
PDH
PMD
PSP
RING
RMS
RZ
SBS
SDH
SMF
SOA
SONET
SOP
SPM
SRS
SW
TDM
UPSR
WDM
XPM
ZD

Multiplexer
Mach-Zehnder
Interferometer
Nonlinear Schroedinger
None-Zero Dispersion
Shifted Fiber
Optical Add/Drop
Multiplexer
Optical Phase
Conjugation
Polarization Controller
Plesiochronous Digital
Hierachy
Polarization Mode
Dispersion
Principal State of
Polarization
Ring
Root-Mean-Square
Return to Zero
Stimulated Brillouin
Scattering
Synchronous Digital
Hierachy
Single Mode Fibre
Semiconductor Optical
Amplifier
Synchronous Optical
Network
State of Polarization
Self of Polarization
Stimulated Raman
Scattering
Optical Switch
Time Division
Multiplexing
Unidirectional Path
Switched Ring
Wavelength Division
Multiplexing
Cross Phase Modulation
Zero-Dispersion

Quch B Lm 04VT1

Thut ng vit tt
B ghp knh
B giao thoa k

Mach-Zehner

Schroedinger phi tuyn

Si quang dch chuyn tn sc khc
khng
B ghp knh xen/r quang
Kt hp pha quang
B iu khin phn cc
Phn cp cn ng b
Tn sc mode phn cc
Trng thi phn cc chnh
Dng vng
Tr hiu dng
Tr v khng
Tn x Brillouin kch thch
Phn cp s ng b
Si quang n mode
B khuch i quang bn dn
Mng quang ng b
Trng thi phn cc
T iu ch pha
Tn x Raman kch thch
H chuyn mch quang
Ghp knh theo thi gian
Vng ring chuyn mch tuyn mt chiu
duy nht
Ghp knh theo bc sng
iu ch cho pha
Tn sc bng khng

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Chng I: Tng quan v cng ngh WDM

CHNG I: TNG QUAN V CNG NGH WDM

1.1 Nguyn l c bn ca WDM
1.1.1 Gii thiu v WDM
Phn di y chng ta s tm hiu mt vi thng tin cn thit bit ti
sao H thng ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng (WDM) li l mt s i mi
quan trng trong cc mng quang v nhng li ch m n c th cung cp.
- Nhu cu v bng thng: s bng n nhu cu bng thng mng do s tng
trng mnh ca lu lng s liu, c bit l giao thc internet (IP). C 6 9
thng dch v cung cp bng thng tng gp i trn mng ng trc. Lu lng
Internet tng 300% mi nm trong khi tc tng trng ca lu lng thoi ch
khong 13% mi nm (xem hnh 1.1). cng mt thi im gi tr lu lng
mng tng cao, lu lng d liu t nhin ca n l rt phc tp. Lu lng trn
mng ng trc c th bt ngun da trn c s mch (fax v thoi TDM), c s
gi (IP), hoc c s t bo (ATM v Frame Relay). Thm vo , c mt phn d
liu tng nhy cm vi tr nh thoi qua IP v lung video.

Hnh 1.1 Tc tng dung lng thoi v s liu theo thi gian

- Nhng s la chn trong vic tng bng thng: Vi thch thc tng ln
t ngt ca dung lng mng trong khi chi ph b rng buc, cc hng truyn

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Chng I: Tng quan v cng ngh WDM

thng c hai s la chn: lp t si quang mi hoc tng hiu qu bng thng ca

si c sn.
Lp t si mi l cc phng php truyn thng c s dng vi cc
hng truyn thng m rng mng ca h. Tuy nhin, trin khai si mi l rt
tn km. Chi ph lp t si mi khong 70000 trn mt dm, m chi ph ny
hu ht l cc chi ph giy php v xy dng nhiu hn l chi ph cho chnh si
quang. Ch lp t si mi khi cn phi m rng bao ly mng c s.
Tng hiu qu dung lng ca si c sn c th thc hin bng hai cch:
+ Tng tc bit ca cc h thng c sn.
+ Tng s bc sng trn mt si.
Tng tc bit: s dng TDM, d liu thng c truyn tc 2,5
Gbps v tng n 10 Gbps; nhng kt qu gn y a ra tc 40 Gbps. Tuy
nhin, cc mch in t mun lm c iu ny th rt phc tp v tn km, c
v mua sm v bo dng. Thm na, c nhng vn k thut quan trng c th
lm hn ch tnh ng dng ca k thut ny. V d, truyn dn 10 Gbps qua si
n mode ( SM ), b nh hng bi tn sc mu nhiu hn 16 ln tc 2,5 Gbps.
Cng sut truyn dn ln hn cng yu cu tc bit cao hn, a hiu ng phi
tuyn c th nh hng n cht lng dng sng. Thm na tn sc mode phn
cc tc ng lm gii hn khong cch xung nh sng c th truyn.
Tng s bc sng: trong phng php ny, nhiu bc sng c kt
hp li vo trong mt si n. S dng cng ngh ghp knh phn chia theo bc
sng ( WDM ) vi mt vi bc sng, hoc mu sc nh sng c th ghp ng
thi mi tn hiu 2,5 Gbps n 40 Gbps trn mt thnh phn si. Khng phi lp
t thm si mi, hiu qu dung lng ca si sn c c th tng t h s 16 or
32. Cc h thng vi 128 v 160 bc sng c hot ng ngy nay, vi mt
cao hn.
Ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng: WDM lm tng dung lng truyn
ca mi trng vt l ( si ) s dng phng php hon ton khc ca TDM.
WDM gn cc tn hiu quang vo trong cc tn s ring ca nh sng ( cc bc
sng hoc cc lam a ) bn trong mt di tn no . Bi v mi knh c
truyn mt tn s khc nhau, nn chng ta c th la chn chng s dng mt

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Chng I: Tng quan v cng ngh WDM

b iu hng. Mt cch khc ngh v WDM l mi knh s c mt mu sc

nh sng khc nhau; mt s knh sau s lm nn mt cu vng .

Hnh 1.2 Ghp knh theo bc sng WDM

Trong h thng WDM, mi mt bc sng c truyn trong si, v cc tn

hiu c phn knh u cui thu. Ging TDM, dung lng kt qu l kt hp
ca cc tn hiu u vo, nhng WDM mang mi tn hiu u vo c lp khc
nhau. iu ny c ngha rng mi knh c bng thng ca ring mnh; tt c cc
tn hiu i n cng mt thi im, hn na khng b chia ra v mang vo mi
khe thi gian.
1.1.2 S pht trin ca cng ngh WDM
H thng WDM u tin c bt u khong cui nm 1980 s dng hai
bc sng c khong cch rng trong min 1310 nm v 1550 nm ( hoc 850 nm
v 1310 nm ), thnh thong c gi l WDM bng rng. Hnh 1.3 miu t mt v
d v WDM khun mu n ny. Ch rng mt i si c s dng truyn
v mt i si c s dng nhn d liu.
Khong u nm 1990 c thy h thng WDM th h hai, cn c gi
l h thng WDM bng hp, trong h thng ny c t hai n tm knh c s
dng. Khong cch gia cc knh ny l khong 400 Ghz ca s bc sng
1550 nm. Vo gia nm 1990, cc h thng WDM mt cao ( DWDM ) c
a ra vi 16 n 40 knh v khong cch gia cc knh l t 100 n 200 Ghz.
Vo cui nm 1990 cc h thng DWDM c pht trin c dung lng ln ti
64 n 160 knh song song, khong cch gia cc knh c mt rt dy
khong 50 hoc thm ch 25 Ghz.

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Chng I: Tng quan v cng ngh WDM

Hnh 1.3 H thng WDM hai knh.

hnh 1.4 cho thy, qu trnh pht trin ca cng ngh c th c xem
nh s tng nn ca cc bc sng, thm vo l s gim i ca khong cch
gia cc bc sng. Cng vi s tng ln ca mt cc bc sng, cc h thng
cng c ci tin sao cho c cu hnh mm do hn, nh vo cc chc nng tch
ghp, v nng lc qun l.

Hnh 1.4 S pht trin ca cng ngh WDM.

S tng trong mt cc knh t cng ngh DWDM to ra mt nh

hng su sc n dung lng mang ca si. Vo nm 1995, khi m cc h thng

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Chng I: Tng quan v cng ngh WDM

10 Gbps u tin c chng minh, tc tng ln ca dung lng si c i ln

theo tnh tuyn tnh cho mi bn nm mt ( hnh 1.5 ).

Hnh 1.5 S tng nn ca dung lng si.

1.1.3 S khi h thng WDM

a)

Cc chc nng ca h thng WDM

li ca h thng WDM gm c mt s nh cc chc nng ca lp vt l.

iu ny c miu t trong hnh 1.6, cho thy mt WDM mu vi bn knh
thng tin. Mi knh quang chim mt bc sng ring ca chnh n.

Hnh 1.6 Mu chc nng WDM

H thng WDM thc hin cc chc nng chnh sau:

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Chng I: Tng quan v cng ngh WDM

- Pht tn hiu: Ngun, cc laze bn dn, phi c cung cp n nh vi

mi knh ring, rng ph hp mang d liu s, c iu ch nh
mt tn hiu tng t.
-

Kt hp tn hiu: cc h thng WDM hin i s dng cc b ghp knh

kt hp cc tn hiu. C mt s cc suy hao vn c i cng vi cc b

ghp v tch knh. Cc suy hao ny ph thuc vo s cc knh thng tin
nhng c th c b li bng cc b khuch i quang, ci m khuch i
tt c cc bc sng ln m khng cn phi bin i thnh in.
-

Truyn dn tn hiu: cc nh hng ca xuyn nhiu v suy gim hay

suy hao tn hiu quang cn phi c tnh ton trong truyn dn si quang.
Cc nh hng ny c th c gim bt bng cch iu chnh cc bin
nh khong cch knh, khong bc sng, v cc mc cng sut laze. Qua
mt lin kt truyn dn, tn hiu cn phi c khuch i quang ln.
- Tch cc tn hiu nhn c: u cui thu, cc tn hiu c ghp
phi c tch ra. Mc d, thao tc ny c a ra ch l ngc li ca
phng php kt hp tn hiu nhng n thc s li l mt cng ngh rt
kh.
- Nhn tn hiu: Tn hiu c gii ghp knh s c thu bi cc b
tch sng quang.
Vi cc chc nng ny, mt h thng WDM cng phi c trang b cc
giao din khch nhn tn hiu vo. Chc nng ny c thc hin bi cc h
thng nhn v pht tn hiu li. Trn WDM khch l cc giao din si quang c
lin kt vi cc h thng WDM.
b)

Cc cng ngh cho php

Mng quang, khng ging SONET/SDH, khng da vo vic x l d liu

in. c hiu theo ngha thng thng, s pht trin ca n nhiu lin kt
quang hn lin kt in. Trong cu trc u tin, nh miu t phn trc, WDM
c dung lng mang cc tn hiu qua hai bc sng vi khong cch rng, v
truyn vi mt khong cch tng i ngn. Ti thi im xa hn trng thi ban
u ny, WDM cn ti c s tin b trong cc cng ngh sn c v c nhng pht
minh cng ngh mi na. S tin b trong cc b lc quang v cc laze bng hp
cho php WDM c kt hp nhiu hn hai bc sng tn hiu trn mt si. S
Quch B Lm 04VT1

 n tt nghip

Chng I: Tng quan v cng ngh WDM

pht minh ra b khuch i quang c li phng, c ni trn ng truyn vi

si truyn dn khuch i tn hiu quang, lm cho kh nng ca cc h thng
WDM c tng ln rt ln v khong cch truyn dn.
Cc cng ngh khc gp phn rt quan trng trong s pht trin ca h
thng WDM bao gm c cc si quang c ci tin vi suy hao thp hn v
cc c tnh truyn dn quang tt hn, cc EDFA, v cc thit b nh l cch t
Bragg si c s dng trong cc b ghp knh tch/xen quang.
1.2 Cc cu hnh mng v c ch bo v cho mng WDM
Cc kin trc mng u c da trn rt nhiu cc nhn t, bao gm cc
kiu ng dng v cc giao thc, khong cch, m hnh s dng v truy nhp, v
cc cu hnh mng sn c. V d xt trong mng khu vc th, cu hnh im
im phi c s dng kt ni cc v tr t chc kinh doanh, cc cu hnh
vng ring kt ni cc thit b trong vn phng ( IOFs ) v truy cp n cc
khu dn c, v cu hnh mesh phi c s dng cho cc kt ni bn trong POP v
kt ni n cc mng trc ng di. Trong thc t, lp quang phi c kh nng
h tr nhiu loi cu hnh, bi v s pht trin khng n nh trong cc khu vc
ny, cc cu hnh phi c linh hot.
Ngy nay, cu hnh chnh trong s pht trin l cu hnh im im v vng
ring. Vi cc lin kt im im trn WDM gia cc v tr kinh doanh din rng,
ch cn c mt thit b trc khch hng bin i lu lng ng dng thnh cc
bc sng v ghp chng. Cc hng truyn thng vi cc cu hnh vng ring tuyn
tnh c th m rng theo hng ton vng ring da trn c s cc OADM. Nh
th cc chuyn mch v kt ni cho quang c th tr nn ph bin hn, cc mng
vng ring v im im ny s c kt ni n cc mesh, bin cc mng th
quang thnh nhng nn tng kh linh ng.
1.2.1 Cu hnh im im
Cu hnh im im c th c b sung hoc khng cn OADM. Cc
mng ny c c im c to bi cc tc knh cc cao ( 10 n 40 Gbps ),
tnh ton vn v ng tin cy ca tn hiu cao, v kh nng phc hi tuyn nhanh.
Trong cc mng ng di, khong cch gia cc b pht v b thu c th l vi
trm kilomet, v s cc b khuch i yu cu gia cc im u cui l phi nh
hn 10. Trong mng MAN, thng khng s dng cc b khuch i.

Quch B Lm 04VT1

 n tt nghip

Chng I: Tng quan v cng ngh WDM

S bo v trong cc cu hnh im im c th c cung cp trong mt

khong cch kt hp. Trong thit b th h u tin, tnh d phng th hin mc
h thng. Cc lin kt song song kt ni h thng cc u cui. S chuyn giao
trong trng hp li c chu trch nhim ca cc thit b khch ( v d nh mt
thit b chuyn mch hoc mt b nh tuyn ), trong khi chnh cc h thng
WDM ch cung cp dung lng.
Trong thit b th h hai, tnh d phng th hin mc card. Cc lin kt
song song kt ni cc h thng n u cui bao gm cc b tch sng, cc
b ghp v cc CPU. y s bo v c chuyn n thit b WDM, vi cc
quyt nh chuyn mch di s iu khin cc b. Cho v d v mt kiu b
sung, s dng m hnh bo v 1 + 1 da trn chuyn mch bo v t ng SONET
( APS ). Xem hnh 1.7.

Hnh 1.7 Kin trc im im.

1.2.2 Cu hnh vng Ring

Cc vng ring l kin trc ph bin nht c tm thy trong cc khu vc
th v cc nhp ni khong 10 kilomt. Cc vng ring si phi bao gm t cng
khong bn knh bc sng, v c trng l s node t hn s knh. Tc bit
nm trong di t 622 Mbps n 10 Gbps trn mi knh.
Cu hnh vng ring c th c trin khai vi mt hoc nhiu h thng
WDM, h tr nhiu n nhiu kiu lu lng, hoc chng c th c mt trm hub
v mt hoc mt s cc node OADM, hoc trm v tinh ( xem hnh 1.8 ). node
hub lu lng bt u, c kt thc v c qun l, v kt ni n cc mng
khc c thit lp. cc node OADM, cc bc sng c la chn th c

Quch B Lm 04VT1

 n tt nghip

Chng I: Tng quan v cng ngh WDM

tch v c xen, trong khi cc bc sng khc th c truyn qua (gi cc

knh). Trong cch ny, cc kin trc vng ring cho php cc node trn vng ring
cung cp truy nhp n cc phn t mng nh cc b nh tuyn, cc chuyn
mch, hoc cc my ch bng cch xen hoc tch cc knh bc sng trong min
quang. Tuy nhin vi s tng thm cc OADM, tn hiu ty thuc vo s suy hao
v s khuch i c th c cn n.

Hnh 1.8 Cu hnh mng Ring

Cc mng a ra cho ng dng WDM trong khu vc th thng c

da trn cc cu trc vng ring SONET vi 1 + 1 s bo v si. Do cc m
hnh nh Vng Ring chuyn mch tuyn mt chiu duy nht ( UPSR ) hoc Vng
Ring chuyn mch ng hai chiu ( BLSR ) c th c s dng li b sung
cho WDM. Hnh 1.9 cho thy m hnh UPSR vi hai si. y, hub v cc node
gi trn hai vng xoay ngc nhau, nhng cng si bnh thng c s dng cho
tt c cc thit b nhn tn hiu; do c tn mt chiu. Nu vng ring lm vic b
li, thit b thu chuyn n i khc. Mc d cch ny cung cp d phng, khng
dng li bng thng c th s dng, nh th si d phng phi lun lun sn sng
mang lu lng lm vic. M hnh ny c s dng ph bin nht trong cc
mng truy nhp.

Quch B Lm 04VT1

 n tt nghip

Chng I: Tng quan v cng ngh WDM

Hnh 1.9 UPSR bo v trn vng ring WDM.

Cc m hnh khc, nh Vng Ring chuyn mch ng hai chiu ( BLSR ),

cho php lu lng i t node gi n node nhn bng tuyn tuyt i tt nht.
Bi v cch ny, BLSR c coi l thch hp cho cc mng li SONET, c bit l
khi c thc hin vi bn si.
1.2.3 Cu hnh Mesh
Cu hnh mesh l cu hnh tng lai ca cc mng quang. Do s m rng
ca nhiu mng, nn cc kin trc mng ring v mng im im s vn c
pht trin, nhng mesh ha hn n mt cu hnh mnh m nht. Pht trin cu
hnh ny s c th cho php c a vo cu hnh cc kt ni cho quang v cc
chuyn mch quang. iu s c trong mt vi trng hp thay th v trong cc
trng hp khc b sung cc thit b WDM c nh.
T quan im thit k, c mt tuyn pht trin sn c t cu hnh im
im n cu hnh mesh. Bng cch bt u vi cc lin kt im im, c
trang b thm cc node OADM ni bt u tnh linh ng, v ri sau ni lin
chng, mng c th m rng vo trong mesh m khng phi thit k hon ton li.
Thm na, cc cu hnh vng ring v mesh c th c ni bi cc lin kt im
im ( xem hnh 1.10 ).

Quch B Lm 04VT1

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 n tt nghip

Chng I: Tng quan v cng ngh WDM

Hnh 1.10 Cc kin trc vng ring, im im, mesh.

Cc mng mesh WDM s cn n mt cp thng minh bc cao thc

hin cc chc nng bo v v qun l bng thng, k c si v chuyn mch bc
sng. Tuy nhin, li ch trong tnh linh hot v hiu sut l rt ln. S dng si c
th c mc thp trong gii php vng ring bi v nhu cu cc si bo v trn
mi ring, c th c tn dng trong thit k mesh. S bo v v khi phc c th
da trn cc tuyn thnh phn, bng cch y cn mt t i si cho cng s lng
ca lu lng v khng nh hng cc bc sng khng c dng n.
Cui cng, cc mng mesh s ph thuc ln vo cc phn mm qun l.
Mt giao thc da trn chuyn mch nhn a giao thc ( MPLS ) di s pht
trin h tr chuyn cc hng qua mt mng ton quang. Thm vo na, s
qun l s cn n mt knh khng chun mang thng tin gia cc phn t
mng.

Quch B Lm 04VT1

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 n tt nghip

Chng II: Mt s nh hng n h thng WDM

CHNG II: MT S THAM S NH HNG N

CHT LNG H THNG WDM
2.1 Tn sc
2.1.1 Gii thiu chung
Ta bit khi tn hiu truyn dc theo si quang s b mo. Mo ny l do
tn sc bn trong mode v hiu ng tr gia cc mode gy ra. Cc hiu ng tn sc
y c gii thch nh vic kho st trng thi cc vn tc nhm ca cc mode
truyn dn ( vn tc nhm l tc m ti nng lng trong mode ring bit
lan truyn dc theo si ). Tn sc bn trong mode chnh l s dn xung tn hiu
nh sng xy ra trong mt mode. V tn sc bn trong mode ph thuc vo bc
sng cho nn nh hng ca n ti mo tn hiu s tng ln theo s tng ca
rng ph ngun pht ( rng ph chnh l di cc bc sng m ngun quang
pht tn hiu nh sng trn n ). N lm cho cc xung quang lan truyn trong si
quang b dn rng ra gy mo tn hiu v lm xung cp c tnh h thng. Xung
tn hiu m dn qu rng s gy ra hin tng ph chm nn cc xung k nhau, v
khi s ph chm vt qu mt mc no th thit b thu quang s khng cn
phn bit ni cc xung ny na v lc ny s xut hin li tn hiu, lm gii hn
nng lc truyn dn.
Nh vy tn sc tng cng trn si dn quang gm hai thnh phn chnh l
tn sc gia cc mode ( tn sc mode ) v tn sc bn trong mode. Tn sc bn
trong mode bao gm c tn sc vt liu v tn sc dn sng.
Tn sc mode tn ti trong cc si quang a mode (MM) khi m cc tia
sng truyn lan trong si theo cc ng khc nhau do dn n thi gian lan
truyn cc mode l khc nhau. Tuy nhin trong thng tin quang ch s dng si
quang n mode (SM) nn khng tn ti tn sc mode.
Tn sc vt liu l mt hm ca bc sng do s thay i chit sut ca vt
liu lm nn li si, nn n to ra s ph thuc vn tc nhm vo bc sng nh
sng.
Tn sc dn sng l do si n mode ch gi c khong 80% nng lng
trong li v vy cn li 20% nh sng truyn trong v nhanh hn nng lng
trong li. Tn sc dn sng ph thuc vo thit k si v hng s lan truyn mode
Quch B Lm 04VT1

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 n tt nghip

Chng II: Mt s nh hng n h thng WDM

l mt hm s ca / ( l bn knh li ), n thng c b qua trong si a

mode nhng li rt cn c quan tm si n mode.
Tn sc t l thun vi chiu di si quang v rng ph ca ngun
quang. Xung quang cui si quang s b dn ra mt lng l :
T = D..L

( 2.1 )

Trong : D l tham s tn sc, c trng cho tn sc ca si c n v l

ps/(km.nm).
l rng ph ngun quang.
L l chiu di si quang.
C rt nhiu phng php lm gim thiu s nh hng ca tn sc n
h thng WDM s c nghin cu k Chng 3 cn by gi ta s xem xt mt
s loi tn sc c nh hng n cht lng cc h thng ni chung v h thng
WDM ni ring.
2.1.2 Tn sc vt liu
i vi cc bc sng trong phm vi 1550nm th tn sc vt liu l nguyn
nhn chnh gy nn hin tng tn sc. Tn sc vt liu sinh ra l do trong mt si
cp quang, nh sng truyn trong khng phi n sc m c rng ph xc
nh v tc lan truyn ca cc thnh phn ph l khc nhau ( do chit sut l
hm ca bc sng ). V vy cc thnh phn c thi gian truyn lch nhau gy ra
tn sc vt liu.
Tn sc vt liu DM xut hin l do ch s chit sut ca thy tinh, loi vt
liu dng ch to ra si quang, v nhng thay i ca chng theo tn s quang
. C th tnh tn sc vt liu DM theo cng thc sau:

Vi n2g l ch s nhm ca vt liu v si. Di gc n gin, ngun

gc ca tn sc vt liu c lin quan ti c tnh tn s cng hng m ti vt
liu s hp th s pht x in t. Ch s chit sut n() c lm xp x bng
phng trnh Sellmeier:

Quch B Lm 04VT1

13

 n tt nghip

Chng II: Mt s nh hng n h thng WDM

Vi j l tn s cng hng v Bj l cng dao ng.

n l vit thay cho c n1 v n2 ty thuc vo c tnh phn tn ca li hay v
si c c xem xt hay khng.
i vi thy tinh trong sut ta c ch s nhm:
ng = n + .dn/d

( 2.4 )

Ch s chit sut n v ch s nhm ng thay i theo bc sng gy ra tn

sc vt liu xem hnh 2.1. Tn sc vt liu DM c rng buc vi ng bao ca ng
bng cng thc ( 2.4 ) suy ra rng dng/d = 0 ti bc sng = 1,27 m. Bc
sng ny c coi nh l bc sng c tn sc bng khng ZD, v DM = 0 ti
= ZD. Tham s tn sc DM c gi tr m ti bc sng di ZD v dng ti
bc sng trn ZD. Trong vng bc sng 1,25 1,66 m, tn sc vt liu c
th c xc nh bng biu thc nh sau:

Vi gi tr ZD = 1,276 m ch i vi si thy tinh thun khit. Gi tr ny

c th thay i trong di 1,27 1,29 m i vi cc si quang c li v v c
pha tp thay i ch s chit sut. Bc sng c tn sc bng khng ca si
quang cng ph thuc vo bn knh li a v bc ch s thng qua phn dn sng
cho tn sc tng.

Quch B Lm 04VT1

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 n tt nghip

Chng II: Mt s nh hng n h thng WDM

Hnh 2.1 Ch s chit sut n v ch s nhm ng thay i theo bc sng si thy

tinh

2.1.3 Tn sc dn sng
Cng ging nh tn sc vt liu, nh sng truyn trong si quang khng
n sc m c rng ph xc nh cng vi s ph thuc ca hng s lan truyn
l hm ca a/ nn vn tc nhm ca cc thnh phn ph l khc nhau. Cc thnh
phn ph c thi gian truyn lch nhau gy ra tn sc ng dn sng.
Tn sc dn sng DW l mt thnh phn ng gp vo tham s tn sc D,
n ph thuc vo tn s chun ha V ( tham s V ) ca si quang. Tn sc dn
sng DW c tnh theo cng thc sau:

Vi: n2g l ch s nhm ca vt liu.

b l hng s lan truyn chun.

Vi

l ch s mode, c gi tr nm trong di

Quch B Lm 04VT1

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 n tt nghip

Chng II: Mt s nh hng n h thng WDM

= n.k0 l hng s lan truyn dc theo trc si.

k0 = 2/ l hng s lan truyn trong khng gian t do.
l gi tr chnh lch chit sut. c gi thit l tham s khng ph thuc
vo tn s, = ( n1 n2 )/n1.
V l tn s chun ha hay tham s V hay s V.

nh hng ca tn sc dn sng ln gin xung c th c kho st

trong iu kin gi thit rng: ch s chit sut ca vt liu khng ph thuc vo
bc sng.
Hnh 2.2 ch ra d(Vb)/dV v Vd2(Vb)/dV2 thay i theo V. Do c hai o
hm l dng nn Dw l m trong ton b vng bc sng 0 1,6 m. iu ny
khc nhiu so vi tn sc vt liu DM c c gi tr m v dng tng ng vi
bc sng thp hn hay cao hn ZD( ZD bc sng c tn sc bng khng ).

Hnh 2.2 Tham s b v cc vi phn ca n d(Vb)/dV v V[d2(Vb)/dV2] thay i theo

tham s V

Trong si n mode, h s tn sc tng:

Quch B Lm 04VT1

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 n tt nghip

Chng II: Mt s nh hng n h thng WDM

D = DM + D W

( 2.9 )

Tc ng chnh ca tn sc dn sng l dch bc sng ZD i mt lng

30 40 nm nhm thu c tn sc tng D bng khng ti gn 1310 nm. N
cng lm gim D t gi tr DM trong vng bc sng 1,3 1,6 m.
V tn sc dn sng DW ph thuc vo cc tham s si quang nh bn knh
li a v s khc nhau v ch s chit sut nn cho php c th thit k si sao
cho ZD c dch st ti bc sng 1,55 m. Cc si nh vy c gi l si tn
sc dch chuyn.

Hnh 2.3 Tn sc tng D v cc tn sc vt liu DM, DW cho si n mode thng

dng

2.1.4 Tn sc bc cao
Nh phn tch trn th ta thy rng tch tc v c ly BL ca si quang
n mode c th tng v hn khi h thng hot ng ti bc sng c tn sc bng
khng ZD ni m D = 0. Tuy nhin, cc hiu ng phn tn vn khng hon ton
mt i ti = ZD. Cc xung quang vn cn phi chu s dn do cc hiu ng phn
tn bc cao hn. c trng ny c th hiu rng tn sc D khng th t c gi
tr bng khng ti tt c cc bc sng c cha ng trong ph xung c tm ti
Quch B Lm 04VT1

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 n tt nghip

Chng II: Mt s nh hng n h thng WDM

ZD. R rng l s ph thuc ca tn sc D vo bc sng s tham gia vo qu

trnh dn xung. Cc hiu ng phn tn bc cao hn c c trng bi dc tn
sc S = dD/d hoc cng c vit nh sau:

Trong : S cng c gi l tham s tn sc vi phn.

3 = d2/d = d3/d3 l tham s tn sc bc ba.
Ti = ZD, 2 = 0, v S t l vi 3.
Gi tr s ca dc tn sc S ng vai tr quan trng trong thit k cc h
thng WDM hin i. T S > 0 cho hu ht cc si quang, cc knh khc nhau c
cc gi tr vn tc gim GVD khc nhau khng ng k. c trng ny lm n
kh b tn sc cho tt c cc knh ng thi. gii quyt vn ny, cc loi
si mi c pht trin cho gi tr S hoc l nh ( cc si gim dc )
hoc l m ( cc si tn sc ngc ).
i vi cc ngun pht c rng ph , gi tr hiu dng ca tham s
tn sc tr thnh D = S. . Tch tc bit B v c ly truyn dn L c th c
xc nh bng biu thc:
B.L.|D|. = B.L.|S|.()2 < 1

( 2.11 )

i vi mt laze bn dn a mode c = 2 nm v mt si quang tn sc

dch chuyn c S = 0,05 ps/km.nm2 ti = 1,55 m, tch BL c th tin ti 5
Tbit/s.km. ci thin c tnh ny hn na th c th s dng cc laze bn dn
n mode.

Quch B Lm 04VT1

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 n tt nghip

Chng II: Mt s nh hng n h thng WDM

Hnh 2.4 Bc sng ph thuc vo tham s tn sc D i vi cc si tiu chun, si

dch tn sc, v si tn sc phng.

2.1.5 Tn sc mode phn cc PMD

Tn sc mode phn cc l mt c tnh c bn ca si quang v cc thnh
phn si quang n mode trong nng lng tn hiu ti mt bc sng no
b phn thnh hai mode phn cc trc giao. Nguyn nhn chnh dn n s phn
cc trc giao ny l do cu trc khng hon ho ca si quang, c gi l s
chit quang. S khc bit v chit xut s sinh ra vn tc mode khc nhau, vn tc
truyn ca hai mode khc nhau nn thi gian truyn cng khong cch l khc
nhau gy ra tr nhm (GVD). V vy PMD gy nn hin tng gin rng xung tn
hiu lm gim cht lng truyn dn. V phng din ny nh hng ca PMD
cng ging nh nh hng ca tn sc ng dn sng. Tuy nhin vn c s khc
nhau, tn sc ng dn sng tng i n nh cn PMD trong si n mode bt
k bc sng no cng khng n nh.

Quch B Lm 04VT1

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Chng II: Mt s nh hng n h thng WDM

Hnh 2.5 Hin tng tn sc mode phn cc PMD

S dn xung c th c xc nh t thi gian tr T gia hai thnh phn

trc giao trong khi truyn xung. Vi si quang c di L th T c tnh nh
sau:

Trong : ch s ph x, y dng phn bit hai mode phn cc trc

giao.
1 c gn lin vi s khc nhau trong vn tc nhm cng
vi hai trng thi chnh ca s phn cc.
S lin h gia vn tc nhm vg vi hng s lan truyn c cho bi cng
thc sau:
vg = ( d/d )-1

( 2.13 )

Do vy lng T/L chnh l s o ca PMD. i vi cc si duy tr phn

cc th T/L l hon ton ln ( ~ 1 ns/km ) khi hai thnh phn phn cc c kch
thch bng nhau ti u vo si nhng c th b gim ti khng bng vic pht x
nh sng dc theo mt trong cc trc c bn.
Nhng cng thc ( 2.13 ) khng th dng mt cch trc tip xc nh
PMD i vi cc si quang tiu chun trong mng vin thng l do tnh ghp ngu
nhin gia hai mode c sinh ra t s xo trn ngu nhin ca lng chit xy ra
dc theo si. Vic ghp c khuynh hng lm cn bng thi gian lan truyn cho
hai thnh phn phn cc dn n gim PMD. Trong thc t th PMD c c
Quch B Lm 04VT1

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Chng II: Mt s nh hng n h thng WDM

trng bi gi tr cn trung bnh bnh phng RMS ca T thu c sau khi ly

trung bnh nhng xo trn ngu nhin. Kt qu thu c nh sau:

y lc l di tng quan c nh ngha nh l di qua hai thnh

phn phn cc c mi tng quan; gi tr ca n c th bin i trn di rng t
1m n 1km i vi cc si khc nhau, gi tr c trng 10m.
i vi cc khong cch ngn nh z << lc , T = ( 1 ).z t cng thc
(2.14), nh mong i i vi si duy tr phn cc. i vi khong cch z > 1km,
s nh gi tt nht ca xung m rng thu c s dng z >> lc. Cho di si l
L, T c tnh xp x thnh:

Trong : Dp l tham s tn sc phn cc vi cc gi tr tiu biu nm

trong khong Dp = 0,1 1 ps/ km1/2. Do c s ph thuc L1/2 nn s dn xung do
PMD l tng i nh so vi cc hiu ng GVD. Tuy nhin PMD c th tr thnh
nhn t gii hn c ly xa ca cc h thng thng tin si quang hot ng trn cc
khong cch di nhng tc bit cao. Ngoi ra trong mt s trng hp PMD
c th lm xung cp nghim trng c tnh h thng do dn xung qua mc.
Kt lun : Tn sc gy ra nhng nh hng rt ln n cc h thng thng
tin quang tc cao ni chung v h thng WDM ni ring. Chng lm hn ch
khong cch truyn dn cng nh tc ca h thng, thm na chng c th gy
ra li bit, gy xung cp nghim trng cc c tnh ca h thng. Nhm hn ch v
loi b chng, chng ta cn phi p dng nhng phng php b ph hp sao
cho c th b c ton din nht. i vi cc h thng WDM chng ta cn phi
ch trng hn ht n cc tn sc bc cao v tn sc mode phn cc, chng l
nhng tn sc chnh gy ra nhng nh hng xu n cht lng, cng nh c
tnh ca h thng ny. Chng ta s c nghin cu cc phng php b tn sc
ni chung v ng dng cc phng php b tn sc ny vo trong h thng WDM
chng III.

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Chng II: Mt s nh hng n h thng WDM

2.2 Cc hiu ng phi tuyn

2.2.1 Gii thiu chung
Cc h thng thng tin quang ang c khai thc trn mng vin thng
hin nay u s dng cc si quang truyn dn trong mi trng tuyn tnh m
cc tham s si khng ph thuc vo cng sut quang. Cc hiu ng phi tuyn
si xut hin khi tc d liu, chiu di truyn dn, s bc sng v cng sut
quang tng ln. Cc hiu ng phi tuyn ny c nh hng trc tip ti cht
lng truyn dn ca h thng v tr nn rt quan trng v s pht trin ca b
khuch i quang si EDFA cng vi s pht trin ca cc h thng ghp knh
phn chia theo bc sng WDM. tng hiu qu truyn dn thng tin c th
c thc hin bng vic tng tc bit, gim khong cch gia cc knh hoc
kt hp c hai phng php trn, nn cc nh hng ca tnh phi tuyn si tr nn
rt quan trng.
Khi cng sut trong si quang nh th si quang c xem nh mi trng
tuyn tnh, tnh phi tuyn ca si quang (ch yu do chit sut) c th b qua. Tuy
nhin khi cng sut nh sng trong si quang vt qu mt ngng no th tnh
phi tuyn s nh hng n ln n qu trnh truyn dn tn hiu trong si quang.
Khi xut hin hiu ng phi tuyn trong si quang. Hiu ng phi tuyn s gy
mt s hin tng nh : Xuyn m gia cc knh quang, suy gim mc tn hiu
ca tng knh truyn dn ...
Cc hiu ng phi tuyn c th chia ra thnh hai loi:
- Hiu ng KERR : sinh ra do s ph thuc ca chit sut vo cng sut
quang: Cc hiu ng phi tuyn chnh nh hiu ng t iu ch pha (SPM), hiu
ng iu ch xuyn pha ( XPM ) v hiu ng trn bn bc sng (FWM).
- Hiu ng tn x: Pht sinh do tc ng qua li gia cc sng nh sng vi
cc phonon ( rung ng phn t ) trong mi trng silica. C hai hiu ng chnh
l tn x do kch thch Raman (SRS) v tn x do kch thch Brillouin (SBS).
Mi hiu ng phi tuyn ty tng trng hp c th c li hoc c hi.
Chng hn XPM v FWM th bt li cho h thng a knh WDM. SPM v XPM
gy ra s m rng ph trong cc xung quang m sau tng tc vi tn sc si.
iu ny c th c li hoc c hi cho h thng truyn thng quang ty thuc vo
tn sc thng hay d thng.
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Chng II: Mt s nh hng n h thng WDM

2.2.2 Hiu ng t iu ch pha SPM

l hin tng khi cng quang a vo thay i, hiu sut khc x
ca si quang cng bin i theo, gy s bin i pha ca sng quang. Sau khi kt
hp vi tn sc ca si quang s dn n tn ph gin rng v tch ly theo s tng
ln ca chiu di. S bin i cng sut quang cng nhanh th bin i tn s
quang cng cng ln, gy nh hng ln ti h thng tc cao.

Hnh 2.6 : nh hng ca hiu ng t iu ch pha SPM

Hiu ng SPM c chit sut ca li si ph thuc vo cng nh sng

truyn trong . Ch s chit sut bin i nh sau:
n ,j = n j + n 2 .
Trong : n

P
Aeff

vi j=1,2

l h s chit sut phi tuyn, n

( 2.16 )

2,6. 10-20 m2/W

n ,j l h s tuyn tnh khc x

Aeff l din tch vng ni hiu dng
P l cng sut ngun quang
Hng s lan truyn c biu din theo cng thc:
= .nL/c + ( 3./8.c.n ).e.E2 = L + NL.P

( 2.17 )

Vi: L l thnh phn tuyn tnh ca hng s lan truyn pha

l tn s gc ca nh sng
nL: chit sut tuyn tnh v l nguyn nhn gy ra tn sc vt liu
n l chit sut ca mi trng
e l cm in
NL = (2/)nNL.Aeff l h s lan truyn pha phi tuyn.
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Chng II: Mt s nh hng n h thng WDM

Do c tnh theo cng thc trn nn s c dch pha b xung. dch

pha ny c tnh bng:
= L0 ( L)dz = L0 NL.P(z)dz = NL.Pin.Leff

( 2.18 )

Da vo cng thc ( 2.18 ) ta c: dch pha phi tuyn ca sng mang

quang thay i theo thi gian do cng cng sut ca xung nh sng thay i
theo thi gian. S thay i ny l do s thay i ca cng sut u vo Pin(t) hay
s bin thin theo thi gian ca bin xung khi xung lan truyn dc theo si
quang. Do thay i theo thi gian dn n mt s dch chuyn v tn s. Hin
tng phi tuyn tng ng vi s thay i tn s xy ra do s dch pha gy ra bi
chnh xung nh sng c gi l hiu ng t iu ch pha SPM.
2.2.3 Hiu ng iu ch xuyn pha XPM
Trong h thng a knh WDM, dch pha ca mt knh khng nhng ph
thuc vo cng sut ca chnh knh m cn ph thuc vo cng sut ca nhng
knh cn li, dn n hin tng c gi l iu ch xuyn pha XPM.

Hnh 2.7 nh hng ca hiu ng iu ch xuyn pha XPM

Trong trng hp ny, dch pha phi tuyn ca mt knh ( knh j ) l:

j = NL.Leff ( Pj + 2 Pm )

j = 1,2,3, M

( 2.19 )

Trong : M l tng s knh

Pj, Pm l cng sut knh j v knh m ( iu kin: m j ).
H s 2 ch ra rng nu cng sut ca cc knh l nh nhau th nh hng
ca hiu ng XPM ln gp 2M ln hiu ng SPM. dch pha tng by gi ph
thuc vo tt c cc knh tn hiu. Do , XPM khng ch ph thuc vo cng sut
ca knh tn hiu m cn ph thuc vo s lng knh tn hiu. S knh tn hiu
cng nhiu, nh hng ca XPM cng ln.

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Chng II: Mt s nh hng n h thng WDM

2.4.4 Hiu ng trn bn sng FWM

Trong h thng WDM s dng cc tn s f1. fn s ph thuc ca chit
sut vo cng cng sut khng ch gy ra s dch pha trong mi knh m cn
sinh ra tn s mi nh l 2fi fj v fi + fj fk . Hin tng ny gi l hin tng
trn bn bc sng FWM. Tri vi SPM v XPM ch c nh hng i vi cc h
thng tc bit cao, hiu ng trn bn bc sng khng ch ph thuc vo tc
bit m ph thuc cht ch vo khong cch knh v tn sc mu ca si. Gim
khong cch knh v gim tn sc mu u lm tng nh hng ca hiu ng trn
bn bc sng. Do , cc nh hng ca FWM phi c xt n ngay c cc
h thng tc va phi khi khong cch knh gn nhau hoc khi s dng si
dch chuyn tn sc.
Gi s c ba trng quang ng vi cc tn s l f1, f2 v f3 truyn ng thi
trong si quang th s to ra trng quang mi ffwm c tnh theo cng thc:
ffwm = f1 + f2 f3

( 2.20 )

Hnh 2.8 Hiu ng FWM

Do vic to ra mt s tn s mi l t hp ca cc tn s tn hiu nn hiu

ng FWM s lm gim cng sut ca cc knh tn hiu trong h thng WDM. Hn
na, nu khong cch cc knh bng nhau th tn s mi to ra c th ri vo tn
s cc knh tn hiu, gy ra xuyn m cc knh lm gim cht lng h thng.
nh hng ca FWM cng ln nu khong gia cch cc knh cng nh
cng nh khong cch truyn dn v mc cng sut ca mi knh ln. V vy hiu
ng FWM s hn ch dung lng v c li truyn dn ca h thng WDM.

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Chng II: Mt s nh hng n h thng WDM

2.2.5 Hiu ng tn x Raman ( SRS )

Hiu ng tn x Raman l qu trnh tn x khng n hi m trong gy
ra s chuyn nng lng t cc knh c bc sng thp sang cc knh c bc
sng cao hn. S chuyn nng lng t knh tn hiu c bc sng thp sang knh
tn hiu c bc sng cao l mt hiu ng c bn lm c s cho khuch i quang
v laser. Nng lng ca photon bc sng l hc/ vi hng s Planck
(6,625.10-34 Js). Do , photon ca bc sng thp c nng lng cao hn. S
chuyn nng lng t tn hiu bc sng thp sang tn hiu bc sng cao tng
ng vi s sinh ra cc photon nng lng thp t cc photon nng lng cao hn.
Nu nh trng thi khi u c nng lng thp hn nng lng ca trng
thi cui, tn s photon pht x s nh hn tn s nh sng ti th nh sng tn x
c gi l snh sng Stoke v qu trnh tn x c gi l tn x Stoke. Ngc
li nu nh sng tn x c tn s ln hn nh sng ti th nh sng tn x c gi
l nh sng phn Stoke v qu trnh tn x c gi l tn x phn Stoke.

Nng lng
Trng thi kch thch

Photon tn x
Trng thi cui
Trng thi u

a)Tn x Stoke

Trng thi kch thch

Photon tn x
Trng thi u
Trng thi cui
a)Tn x phn Stoke

Hnh 2.9 Gin nng lng ca qu trnh tn x Raman

Hiu ng tn x Raman SRS l mt hiu ng bng rng. Hnh 2.10 cho

thy li l mt hm ca khong cch bc sng v gR ko di trong mt phm
vi tn s rt rng ( t ti 40 Thz ) vi nh khuch i gn dch tn 13 Thz
(iu ny l do tnh phi tinh th t nhin ca thu tinh silic).

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Chng II: Mt s nh hng n h thng WDM

Hnh 2.10 Ph khuch i Raman ca si Silic bc sng bm p=1m

Cng sut ngng cho SRS c tnh bng cng thc sau :
PthSRS = 16.Aeff/ gR.Leff = (16..Aeff)/gR

( 2.21 )

Trong : l h s suy hao ca si.

gR l gi tr nh ca h s khuych i Raman.
Aeff l din tch vng li hiu dng.
Leff l chiu di hiu dng ca tuyn.
Leff = ( 1 e-L )/

( 2.22 )

Trong cc h thng WDM do s dng cc b khuch i ng ln v mt

ghp knh bc sng cao nn hiu ng ny cng gy ra nhng nh hng hn
ch s knh bc sng, khong cch gia cc knh v cng sut tng knh. Hn
na nu nh bc sng mi to ra li trng vi knh tn hiu th hiu ng ny
cng gy xuyn m gia cc knh.

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Chng II: Mt s nh hng n h thng WDM

Hnh 2.11 nh hng ca tn x Raman

2.4.6 Hiu ng tn x Brillouin ( SBS )

Hiu ng SBS l hiu ng tng t nh hiu ng SRS, tc l c s to
thnh cc bc sng Stoke vi cc bc sng di hn bc sng ca nh sng ti.
im khc nhau chnh ca hai hiu ng ny l: Hiu ng SBS lin quang n cc
phonon m ( phonon tn s thp ) cn hiu ng SRS lin quan n cc phonon
quang. Chnh s khc bit ny m hai hiu ng c nhng nh hng khc nhau
n h thng WDM. Trong hiu ng ny, mt phn nh sng b tn x do cc
phonon m v lm cho phn nh sng b tn x v dch ti bc sng di hn
(tng ng vi dch tn l khong 11 Ghz ti bc sng 1550 nm). Tuy
nhin ch c phn nh sng b tn x l theo chiu ngc li ( tc l ngc chiu
vi chiu truyn tn hiu ) mi c th truyn i trong si quang, v vy trong h
thng WDM khi tt c cc knh truyn u cng truyn theo mt hng th hiu
ng SBS khng gy ra xuyn m knh. Tuy nhin, SBS cng c th to nn s
mo kh quan trng trong mt knh n l. SBS to ra li theo hng ngc
li vi hng lan truyn tn hiu, ni cch khc l hng v pha ngun. V vy,
n lm suy gim tn hiu c truyn cng nh to ra mt tn hiu c cng
mnh v hng pht, nn phi dng mt b cch ly bo v. H s li SBS gB
xp x 4.10-11 m/W, khng ph thuc vo bc sng.
Cng sut ngng cho SBS c tnh bng cng thc:
PthSBS = 21.Aeff/gB.Leff = 21..Aeff/gB
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Chng II: Mt s nh hng n h thng WDM

Gi tr c trng gB = 5.10-11 m/W ti = 1550 nm. Ly = 0,046 1/km =

0,2 dB/km v Aeff = 55 m2, tnh c PthSBS = 8 mW cho mt knh.
Ngi ta cn c th tnh cng sut ngng cho SBS theo cng thc:
PthSBS = 4,4.10-3.d2.2..f

watts

( 2.24 )

Trong : d l ng knh li si quang ( m )

l bc sng hot ng ( m )
l h s suy hao ( dB/km )
f l rng ph ca ngun quang ( Ghz )
Khi tnh cng sut ngng theo cng thc ( 2.24 ) th cng sut ngng ca
SBS c th tng n 10 mW hoc hn bng vic tng trc bng tn khuych i
ti 200 400 Mhz qua s iu ch pha. V th, SBS gii hn mc cng sut t
di 100 mW trong hu ht cc h thng thng tin quang.
T cng thc ( 2.24 ) ta cng thy rng cc h thng c ngun pht vi
rng ph hp s chu nh hng rt ln ca hiu ng SBS. Nh vy i vi h
thng WDM hiu ng SBS s gy nh hng n mc cng sut ca tng knh v
khong cch gia tng knh. Nhng hiu ng ny li khng h ph thuc vo s
knh ca h thng WDM.
Kt lun: Cc hiu ng phi tuyn ny u gy ra cc nh hng rt ln n
c tnh v cht lng ca cc h thng WDM. Chng gy ra xuyn m gia cc
knh, lm suy gim mc cng sut ca tng knh dn n suy gim h s SNR,
nh hng n cht lng h thng. Ngoi ra cc nh hng ca hiu ng phi
tuyn u ph thuc vo mc cng sut ca tng knh, s lng knh v khong
cch gia cc knh bc sng cng nh khong cch truyn dn. V th chng ta
cn phi xem xt, tm hiu la chn cc tham s sao cho ph hp nhm gim
bt nhng nh hng xu cng nh khai thc nhng u im ca tng hiu ng,
p dng vo trong cc h thng WDM hin ang rt pht trin v c ng
dng nhiu trn th gii.

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

CHNG III: CC PHNG PHP B TN SC

V NG DNG B TN SC TRONG
H THNG WDM
3.1 S cn thit phi qun l tn sc
Nh chng ta xem xt Chng II nh hng ca tn sc c tc ng
rt ln n cht lng h thng thng tin quang ni chung v h thng thng tin
quang tc cao WDM ni ring. Tn sc gy ra hin tng dn rng xung, gy
mo tn hiu, lm tng cc li bit xy ra, nh hng ln n tc truyn dn ca
h thng. C th gim thiu nh hng ca tn sc vn tc nhm ( GVD ) nu s
dng cc laser ph hp v khi cng gn vi bc sng tn sc zero ZD ca si
quang. Tuy nhin khng phi lc no cng kt hp gia bc sng hot ng
vi ZD. C th ly v d v cc h thng trn mt t thuc th h th ba hot
ng gn bc sng = 1,55 m v s dng cc thit b pht quang laze hi tip
phn tn ( DFB ). Nhng h thng nh vy nhn chung u s dng mng li cp
quang c xy dng trong nhng nm 1980 bao gm hn 50 triu km chiu di
ca si n mode tiu chun vi ZD 1,31 m. Do tham s tn sc D 16
ps/(km.nm) trong di bc sng 1,55 m ca si n mode, do GVD s hn
ch tnh nng khi tc bit vt qu 2Gb/s. iu bin trc tip laze DFB,
chng ta c th s dng phng trnh: B.L.|D|. < 1/4 ( vi l rng ph
ngun RMS trong ca ngun ) c tnh khong cch truyn dn ti a nh sau:
L < (4B|D|s )1

( 3.1 )

Trong , s l rng RMS ca ph xung c dn rng ng k bi

dch tn s. Khi s dng D = 16 ps/(km.nm) v s = 0,15 nm trong phng trnh
3.1, cc h thng sng nh sng hot ng tc 2,5 Gb/s u b gii hn mc
L 42 km. Thc t, nhng h thng nh th thng s dng cc thit b ti to
in t nm cch nhau 40 km, v khng tn dng c tnh kh dng ca cc b
khuch i quang. Ngoi ra, tc bit ca chng cng khng th vt qu 2,5
Gb/s v l do c ly ca thit b ti to l qu nh c th m bo kh thi v mt
kinh t.
Tnh nng ca h thng c th c ci thin ng k bng cch s dng
thit b iu ch ngoi, nh vy c th trnh c hin tng dn rng ph do dch

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

tn s. Cch ny c ng dng cc loi my pht laze DFB thng mi vi mt

b iu ch tch hp gn lin. Vi s = 0 hn ch c hn ch khi my pht s
dng loi si tiu chun. Khong cch truyn gii hn khi s c tnh nh
sau:
L < (16|2|B2)1

( 3.2 )

Trong 2 l h s GVD lin quan ti D. Nu thay gi tr 2 = -20 ps2/km,

ti bc sng 1,55 m, th L < 500 km v t tc 2,5 Gb/s. Mc d c ci
thin ng k so vi laze DFB iu ch trc tip, nhng gii hn tn sc ny vn
ng c lu tm khi cc thit b khuch i ng truyn c s dng b
suy hao. Hn na, nu tc bit t 10 Gb/s, khong cch truyn gii hn GVD
s gim xung ch cn 30 km, y l mc qu thp cc thit b khuch i
quang c th c s dng trong vic thit k cc h thng bc sng nh sng
nh vy. T phng trnh 3.2 ta c th thy rng gi tr GVD tng i ln ca
si n mode tiu chun s lm hn ch tnh nng ca cc h thng 1,55 m c
thit k s dng trong mng li vin thng hin c khi tc bit t 10 Gb/s
hoc cao hn na.
c mt s m hnh qun l tn sc c a ra gii quyt vn
mang tnh thc tin ny. Nn tng ca nhng m hnh l kh n gin v c th
hiu c da trn phng trnh lan truyn c vit nh sau:
A i 2 2 A 3 3 A

0
z
2 t 2
6 t 3

( 3.3 )

Trong A l bin bao xung. Nhng nh hng ca tn sc bc ba c

k hiu l 3. Trong thc t, k hiu ny c th s khng c s dng nu |2| ln
hn 0,1 ps2/km. Gii phng trnh (3.3) s c kt qu nh sau :

Xt khi 3 = 0, ta c kt qu nh sau:
1
A( z, t )
2

i
2

(0,) exp ( 2 z 2 it )d

( 3. 5 )

Trong , (0, ) l khai trin Fourier ca A (0, t).

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

S suy bin gy ra tn sc ca tn hiu quang l do h s pha t gi tr

exp(i 2z/2) bi cc thnh phn ph ca xung trong qu trnh lan truyn trong
si. Tt c cc m hnh qun l tn sc u c gng loi b h s pha ny nhm
phc hi li cc tn hiu u vo, c p dng trong my pht, my thu hoc
dc theo ng truyn si quang. cc mc tip theo, chng ta s chia ra lm ba
trng hp c th.
3.2 Cc m hnh b trc
Phng php qun l tn sc ny lm thay i c im ca cc xung u
vo trong my pht trc khi c truyn bn trong ng truyn si quang.
tng c bn c th c hiu t phng trnh ( 3.4 ). N bao gm vic thay i
bin ph (0, ) ca xung u vo theo cch thc lm loi b s suy bin do
GVD, hoc t nht l cng lm gim ng k. Nu bin ph thay i theo :
(0,) (0,) exp (i22L/2)

(3.6)

Trong , L l chiu di si, th GVD s c b mt cch chnh xc, v

xung s vn gi c hnh dng ti u ra ca si. Tuy nhin, khng d thc hin
phng trnh (3.6). Trong mt cch thc n gin, xung u vo s c dch tn
ph hp gim thiu s dn rng xung do GVD. Do s dch tn c p dng
trong my pht trc khi xung c lan truyn, do m hnh ny c gi l m
hnh k thut dch tn trc.
3.2.1K thut dch tn trc
Khi p dng phng trnh truyn sng ( 3.3 ) trn, th s lan truyn ca
cc xung Gaussian u vo trong si quang c thit lp bng bin ban u
nh sau :
1 iC t 2

A(0, t ) A0 exp
2 T0

( 3.7 )

Trong : A l bin nh.

T0 biu th mt na rng ti im cng 1/e. N c mi
lin h vi rng ton phn ti na ln nht FWHM (full
width at half maximum) ca xung bi biu thc sau :
TFWHM = 2.( ln2.T0 )1/2 1,665.T0

( 3.8 )

C tham s dch tn, gy lch tn s tuyn tnh tc ng vo xung.

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

Hnh 3.1 S thay i ca tham s m rng vi khong cch truyn cho mt xung
u vo Gaussian dch tn.

Nh hnh 3.1, vi cc gi tr ca C khi 2 C < 0, xung u vo s c nn

trong si tn sc. Do vy, nu xung c dch tn hp l s c th lan truyn
khong cch xa hn trc khi dn rng ra ngoi v tr khe bit ca n. Theo tnh
ton ban u v s bin i, xt trng hp dn rng xung c th p dng h s
ln ti

2 bng phng trnh sau :

Trong T1 l na rng xung c nh ngha nh T0.

Xt vi T1/T0 = 2 , khong truyn c tnh nh sau :
L

C 1 2C 2
LD
1 C 2

( 3.10 )

Trong LD = T20/|2| l chiu di tn sc. i vi cc xung Gaussian cha

dch tn th C = 0 v L = LD. Tuy nhin, L c th tng 36% khi C = 1. Cng phi
lu rng L < LD khi gi tr ca C ln. Trn thc t, s tng ti a khi t h s
2 s xut hin nu C = 1/ 2 .

o Xt trng hp cc laze bn dn iu ch trc tip. Nhng laze

gy dch tn xung mt cch t ng qua thay i ch s sng mang di s
chi phi ca h s tng rng dng c. Tuy nhin, tham s dch tn C li

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

mang gi tr m (C = - c) i vi cc laze bn dn iu ch trc tip. V 2

trong vng bc sng 1,55 m cng mang gi tr m i vi cc si tiu
chun, nn iu kin 2C < 0 khng c tha mn. Trn thc t, theo hnh
3.1, dch tn trong qu trnh iu ch trc tip cng lm tng s dn rng
xung GVD, do vy lm gim khong cch truyn dn.
o Cn trong trng hp iu ch ngoi, cc xung quang gn nh khng
phi dch tn. K thut dch tn trc trong trng hp ny s dng mt
dch tn s c gi tr tham s dch tn dng C, do iu kin 2C < 0
c tha mn. Theo m hnh c trnh by trong hnh 3.2, trc tin tn
s laze DFB c iu ch tn s (FM) sau u ra ca laze mi c
truyn ti b iu ch ngoi iu ch bin (AM). Kt qu l cc tn
hiu quang bao gm c AM v FM.
Hnh 3.2 ch r, tn s ca sng mang quang c iu ch, tip n l s
iu ch bin ngoi, pht sinh tn hiu cha xung dch tn. S lng dch tn
c th c xc nh nh sau. Vi gi thit l xung c hnh dng Gauss, khi tn
hiu quang s l:
E(0, t) = A0 exp(t2/T20) exp [i0(1+ sinmt)t]

( 3.11 )

Trong , 0 l tn s sng mang ca xung c iu ch theo hnh sin vi

tn s m v h s iu ch . Gn tm xung, sin(mt) mt v phng trnh
(3.11) s c khai trin thnh :
1 iC t 2
exp( i0 t )
E (0, t ) A0 exp
2 T0

( 3.12 )

Trong , tham s dch tn C c xc nh bi:

C = 2m0T20

( 3.13 )

C du v bin ca tham s dch tn C u bin thin theo s thay i

bi cc tham s v m ca phng php iu ch FM.

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

Hnh 3.2 S k thut dch tn trc c s dng b tn sc: (a) u ra FM

ca laze DFB (b) dng xung do b iu ch ngoi to ra c) xung c dch tn
trc c s dng trong truyn tn hiu.

S iu ch pha ca sng mang quang hc c th lm cho dch tn t gi

tr dng hoc c th thay phng trnh (3.11) bng phng trnh:
E(0, t) = A0 exp(t2/T20) exp[i0t +i cos(mt)]

( 3.14 )

V s dng cos x 1 x2/2. Mt li th ca k thut iu ch pha l bn

thn thit b iu ch ngoi c th iu ch pha sng mang. n gin nht l s
dng b iu ch ngoi c ch s khc x bin thin in t theo phng thc to
ra dch tn s C > 0. u nm 1991, tn hiu c truyn i vi khong cch
256 km tc 5Gb/s, trong c s dng b iu ch LiNbO3 c gi tr C nm
trong di 0.6 0.8. Cc gi tr thc nghim ny cng ph hp vi l thit xung
Gauss l c s ca phng trnh ( 3.10 ). Cc loi iu ch bn dn khc, nh iu
ch hp th in hoc iu ch Mach-Zehnder (MZ), c th dch tn c cc
xung quang vi C > 0, v c s dng chng minh kh nng truyn c th
vt gii hn tn sc. Vi s pht trin ca laze DFB tch hp trong thit b iu
ch in tch hp lin, vic thc hin k thut dch tn trc tr nn thc t hn.
Trong th nghim nm 1996, mt tn hiu NRZ 10Gb/s c truyn i mt
khong cch l 100 km, s dng si tiu chun v cng mt loi my pht nh th.

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

3.2.2 Cc k thut m ha mi
a)

Phng php truyn dn h tr tn sc

Phng php truyn dn h tr tn sc, s dng khun dng kha dch tn

(FSK) truyn dn tn hiu. Tn hiu FSK pht khi chuyn mch bc sng laze
bng mt i lng bt bin trong khong bit 1 v 0 trong khi cng sut khng
thay i. Trong qu trnh truyn dn bn trong si, hai bc sng c tc gn
nh bng nhau. Thi gian tr gia cc bit 1 v 0 c xc nh bi i lng
chuyn dch bc sng , trong T = DL. i lng dch bc sng
chn tng ng vi T = 1/B. Hnh 3.3 m t cch thc mt bit tr sinh ra ba mc
tn hiu quang my thu. V bn cht, do tc ng ca tn sc si m tn hiu
FSK c bin i thnh dng tn hiu iu ch bin . Tn hiu c th c gii
m ti my thu nu s dng b tch phn in kt hp vi mch quyt nh.
C nhiu th nghim v truyn dn minh chng c s hu dng ca
m hnh truyn dn h tr tn sc. Tt c cc th nghim ny u ch trng ti
tng khong cch truyn dn ca h thng nh sng 1,55 m tc 10Gb/s hoc
cao hn bng cch s dng cc si tiu chun. Trong nm 1994, vic truyn dn
tn hiu tc 10 Gb/s vi khong cch 253 km c hin thc ha. Cho n
nm 1998, trong th nghim vi tc 40Gb/s, tn hiu c truyn i 86 km
vi si tiu chun. So snh cc gi tr ny vi gi tr tnh ton trong phng trnh
(3.2) th thy rng khong cch truyn dn c th c ci thin nu c h s ln
c to ra trn c s ng dng k thut FSK.

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

Hnh 3.3 B tn sc s dng m FSK: (a)Tn s v cng sut quang ca tn hiu

truyn dn.(b) Tn s v cng sut ca tn hiu thu v d liu gii m in

b)

Phng php m ha nh phn kp

Mt cch khc na tng khong cch truyn dn l truyn tn hiu quang

c bng thng t tc bit nh hn so vi tc ca k thut m ha ng-m

chun. M hnh s dng m ha nh phn kp c tc dng lm gim 50% bng
thng tn hiu. M hnh nh phn kp n gin nht l ly tng hai bit ni tip
trong dng bit s, to thnh m kp nh phn ba mc c tc bit ch cn mt
na. Do s suy bin GVD ph thuc vo bng thng tn hiu nn khong truyn
phi c ko di thch hp vi tn hiu c bng thng gim bt.

Hnh 3.4 Cc vch tuyn dc ca tn hiu 16 Gb/s c truyn i 70 km chiu di

si tiu chun: (a) c v (b) khng c SOA gy ra dch tn.Vch tuyn y cho bit
mc nn trong tng trng hp.

Mt th nghim nm 1994 c xy dng so snh gia m hnh nh phn

v m hnh nh phn kp, trong tn hiu 10 Gb/s c th c truyn i vi
khong cch xa hn t 30 40 km nu thay th m nh phn bng m nh phn
kp. M hnh nh phn kp c th kt hp vi k thut dch tn trc. Thc t,
vic truyn tn hiu 10 Gb/s ti khong cch 160 km bng si tiu chun c
hin thc ha bng cch kt hp m nh phn kp vi b iu ch ngoi c kh
nng to ra dch tn s C > 0. C th thy rng s o pha thng din ra khi mt
tn hiu nh phn kp c sn sinh chnh l mt nguyn l lm gia tng ca m
nh phn kp. Vic ng dng truyn dn nh phn kp lm phc tp hn nhng
yu cu v tn hiu trn nhiu cng nh yu cu my thu phi c kh nng gii m.

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

Mc d vn cn nhng hn ch, nhng vic nng cp h thng sng nh sng mt

t hin c t tc bit 10 Gb/s v cao hn na l rt cn thit.
3.2.3 Cc k thut dch tn trc phi tuyn
Mt k thut dch tn trc phi tuyn n gin, c thc hin nm
1989, c kh nng lm tng hiu sut ca my pht bng cch s dng b khuch
i quang hc bn dn (SOA) hot ng theo c ch lm dung ha li. C ch
dung ha li s gy bin thin theo thi gian i vi mt ca sng mang, do
lm dch tn cc xung c khuch i thng qua cc bin thin bi sng mang
trong h s khc x. S lng dch tn c tnh theo phng trnh (3.15) v
chng ph thuc vo dng xung u vo ( hnh 3.5).

Trong : c l tham s ni bin - pha c gi chung l h s tng

rng ng, Pin() l cng sut vo, l thi gian suy gim, Esat l nng lng bo
ho, h() l ton b li tch hp. Ta thy dch tn gn nh l tuyn tnh i vi
hu ht cc xung. SOA khng ch lm khuch i xung m cn lm dch tn xung,
trong tham s dch tn C > 0. V vy m xung u vo c th c nn trong
si vi 2 < 0. S nn c quan st trong th nghim vi cc xung u vo
40 ps c nn thnh cc xung 23 ps khi c truyn qua khong cch 18 km
trong si tiu chun.
u im ca k thut ny trong vic b tn sc c minh chng trong
thc nghim nm 1989, bng cch truyn mt tn hiu 16 Gb/s, thu c t laze
bn dn khoang ngoi kha mode, i xa 70 km. Hnh 3.4 so snh tn hiu b tn
sc vi tn hiu khng b tn sc. T phng trnh (3.2), khng gy dch tn do
khuch i, khong truyn dn tc 16 Gb/s b gii hn bi GVD xung cn
14 km i vi si c D = 15 ps/(km.nm). Vic s dng b khuch i trong c ch
dung ha li lm tng khong truyn ln gp nm ln. Ngoi ra k thut ny
cn c th b nhng suy hao do ghp ni v suy hao do chn thng xuyn xy ra
trong my pht bng cch khuch i tn hiu trc khi c truyn ti si quang.
Nu SOA c s dng trong b khuch i ng truyn, k thut ny cn c
th ng thi b suy hao si v GVD.

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

Hnh 3.5: Dch tn p dng ngang xung khuch i cho mt vi gi tr ca Ein/Esat.

Mt xung u vo Gaussian c tha nhn cng nh G0 = 30 dB v c = 5

C th s dng mi trng phi tuyn dch tn trc cc xung. H s

khc x theo cng lm dch tn cc xung quang thng qua hin tng t
iu pha (SPM). Do vy, cch n gin dch tn trc l u ra ca my pht
phi qua si c chiu di ph hp trc khi c truyn ti ng truyn si
quang. Tn hiu quang ti im u vo c xc nh bi:
A(0, t ) P(t ) exp[iLm P(t )]

(3.16 )

Trong P(t) l cng sut ca xung, Lm l chiu di ca mi trng phi

tuyn, v l tham s phi tuyn. Trong trng hp l xung Gauss vi P(t) = P o
exp(-t2/To2), dch tn s gn nh tuyn tnh, v phng trnh (3.16) c th c
tnh xp x nh sau:
1 iC t 2
exp( iLm P0 )
A(0, t ) P0 exp
2 T0

(3.17)

Trong tham s di tn C = 2LmPo. Vi > 0, tham s dch tn C s

dng, v do l ph hp vi iu kin b tn sc.
Vi > 0 i vi si silica, bn thn si truyn c th c s dng dch
tn cc xung. Phng php ny c a ra nghin cu nm 1986, tn dng

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

solition bc cao thng qua giai on b ban u. Hnh 3.6 m t GVD gii hn
khong cch truyn dn nh l mt hm ca cng sut pht trung bnh i vi h
thng sng quang 4 v 8 Gb/s. Trn c s , ta c th gp i khong truyn
bng cch ti u ha cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu u vo trong khong
3mW.
3.3 Cc k thut b sau
Cc k thut in c th c ng dng b GVD trong my thu. Nguyn
l ca phng php ny l cho d tn hiu quang c b suy bin bi GVD th
nhng nh hng ca tn sc vn c th c cn bng nu si ng vi tr l mt
h tuyn tnh. Nh vy l kh n gin trong vic b tn sc nu my thu
Heteroin c s dng tch tn hiu. My thu Heteroin trc ht s bin i
tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu vi sng mt tn s trung gian IF trong khi vn bo
ton bin v thng s ca pha. Mt b lc ly di vi sng c phn ng xung
c tnh theo hm truyn:
H() = exp[i( IF)22L/2]

(3.18)

Trong , L l chiu di si, s c tc dng phc hi li nguyn dng tn

hiu thu. Kt lun ny da trn phn l thuyt ca h tuyn tnh c p dng
phng trnh (3.5) vi z = L. K thut ny mang tnh thc tin cao nht i vi b
tn sc xt trong cc h thng sng nh sng coherent. Trong th nghim truyn
dn nm 1992, mt ng vi bng di 31,5 cm c s dng cn bng tn
sc. Cng dng ca n c hiu qu trong vic truyn tn hiu 8 Gb/s i 188 km
v c tn sc l 18,5 ps/(km.nm). Cn trong th nghim nm 1993, k thut ny
c pht trin tch s ng tn bng cch ng dng truyn dn n bng bin,
khi tn hiu 6 Gb/s c th c phc hi ti my thu sau khi tri qua qung
ng 270 km trn si tiu chun. Cc ng vi bng c thit k b GVD
cho qung ng di 4900 km khi h thng sng nh sng hot ng tc bit
2,5 Gb/s.

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

Hnh 3.6 Tn sc gii hn khong cch truyn dn nh l mt hm ca cng sut

pht i vi cc xung Gaussian(m=1) v siu Gaussian ( m=3 ) tc bit l 4 v 8
Gb/s. Cc ng ngang tng ng vi trng hp tuyn tnh.

Vic s dng my thu coherent thng khng mang tnh thc t bng vic
s dng mt b cn bng tn sc in cho mt my thu tch sng trc tip. Trong
trng hp ny, mch in t tuyn tnh khng c kh nng b GVD. Vn nm
ch cc thng s pha s b mt trong qu trnh tch trc tip bi thit b tch
sng quang s ch c phn ng vi cng quang. Do , khng c k thut cn
bng tuyn tnh no c th phc hi tn hiu vt ra ngoi v tr khe bit ca n.
Tuy nhin, mt s k thut cn bng phi tuyn c pht trin cho php phc hi
cc tn hiu b suy yu. Mt mt, ngng quyt nh, thng c c nh ti
tm biu dng mt, s khc nhau ty theo cc bit trc . Mt khc vic quyt
nh v mt bit cho trc s c thc hin sau khi kim nghim dng sng
tng t trn cc bit bao quanh bit nghin cu. Kh khn ln nht khi thc hin
cc k thut ny l vic chng i hi phi c cc mch logic in t hot ng
tc bit v phc tp ca chng tng theo cp s m. Theo , s cn bng
in s ch c p dng vi cc tc bit thp v khong cch truyn dn trong
phm vi chiu di tn sc.

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

Mt k thut cn bng quang in t da trn c ch lc ngang cng c

a ra. Mt b tch cng sut ti my thu s c nhim v tch tn hiu quang nhn
c thnh cc nhnh. Cc ng tr si quang s to ra nhng bin tr khc nhau
trong cc nhnh khc nhau. Tn hiu quang trong mi nhnh s c chuyn i
thnh dng quang in bng cch s dng b tch sng quang c nhy bin
thin v dng quang in tng s c s dng trong mch quyt nh. K thut
ny c th lm tng khong cch truyn dn gn khong h s 3 cho h thng sng
nh sng hot ng tc 5Gb/s.
3.4 Cc si b tn sc
Cc k thut trc c th lm tng khong cch truyn dn ca h thng
gii hn tn sc theo h s 2 tuy nhin li khng ph hp vi cc h thng ng
di khi m GVD phi c b nh k trong sut chiu di ng truyn dn. i
vi cc h thng ny th cn nht l phi c k thut qun l tn sc c ng dng
si thun quang. Mt loi si c bit c tn l si b tn sc (DCF) c pht
trin. DCF h tr thc hin k thut thun quang c kh nng b ton din GVD
nu cng sut quang trung bnh c duy tr thp nhng nh hng phi
tuyn bn trong si quang l khng ng k. K thut ny pht huy c tnh nng
tuyn tnh ca phng trnh (3.3).
hiu r tnh vt l trong k thut qun l tn sc ny, xt iu kin tng
xung quang lan truyn trong hai phn on si, th khi phn on th hai s l
DCF. p dng phng trnh (3.5) cho tng phn on si, ta thu c :
A( L, t )

1
2

(0, ) exp 2

( 21L1 22 L2 ) it d

( 3.19 )

Trong , L = L1 + L2 v 2 l tham s GVD cho phn on si c chiu

di Lj (j = 1, 2). Nu phn on DCF c chn vi gi tr sao cho gii hn pha 2
b trit tiu, th xung s c phc hi hnh dng ban u ti im cui ca DCF.
iu kin b tn sc l tng l 21L1 + 22L2 = 0, hoc
D1L1 + D2L2 = 0

( 3.20a )

T phng trnh ( 3.20a ) ta thy DCF phi t GVD 1,55 m (D2 < 0) bi
v cc chun si vin thng c D1 > 0. Ngoi ra, chiu di ca si phi tha mn:
L2 = (D1/D2)L1

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

m bo tnh thc tin, L2 phi cng nh cng tt. Ch kh thi nu DCF

c gi D2 m ln. Mc d tng s dng DCF c ng dng t nm 1980,
nhng phi n khi xut hin b khuch i quang trong nm 1990 th DCF mi
c pht trin mnh. Mt gii php thc t nng cp cc h thng sng nh
sng mt t trong tn dng cc chun si hin c l b sung mt module DCF
(DCF t 6 8 km) vo b khuch i quang c c ly 60 80 km. DCF c kh
nng b GVD trong khi b khuch i s khc phc suy hao si . Phng thc
ny rt ph bin nhng li km theo hai vn . Mt, tn hao do ni ngoi ca
module DCF thng vt mc 5dB. C th b tn hao ny bng cch tng
khuch i nhng s gy nhiu tng dn t cc bc x t pht c khuch i
(ASE). Hai, do ng knh mode ca DCF l tng i nh nn vng mode hiu
qu ch 20 m2. Khi gp cng quang ln hn bn trong DCF vi cng sut
u vo cho trc, nhng nh hng phi tuyn s tng ln ng k.
C hai cch thc c bn thit k cc DCF:
o Mt, DCF h tr mode n, tuy nhin n c thit k c gi tr tham
s si V tng i nh, mode c bn ch gii hn V 1. Khi phn on ln
ca mode lan truyn bn trong lp bc, ch s khc x nh hn, th s tc
ng ca ng dn sng i vi GVD l rt khc nhau, gi tr theo
D 100 ps/(km-nm). Thit k theo kiu v lch thng c ng dng
trong thc tin to ra cc DCF. Nhng cc DCF cng s c ht tng
ng cao bi tn hao do un cong c chiu hng tng ln ( = 0,4 0,6
dB/km). T l |D|/ c s dng nh l h s cht lng M i vi cc
DCF. n nm 1997, cc DCF vi M > 250 ps/(nm-dB) mi ra i.
o Hai, nhng vn trn c gii quyt khi s dng DCF h tr hai
mode c gi tr V sao cho mode bc cao gn mc V 2,5. Nhng si loi
ny c cng mt ht vi si n mode nhng li c thit k tham
s tn sc D i vi mode bc cao c gi tr m ln hn. Trn thc t, cc
gi tr D 770 ps/(km.nm) u c o ng dng cho cc si li elip.
Mt DCF c chiu di 1 km c kh nng b GVD cho ng dy di 40 km
m suy hao tng cng ch thay i khng ng k.
Vic s dng DCF hai mode i hi phi c thit b chuyn i mode c
kh nng bin i nng lng t mode c bn sang mode bc cao di s h tr

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

ca DCF. Nhng thit b thun si nh vy cng c nghin cu v ch to.

c tnh thun si ca thit b chuyn i mode l rt quan trng m bo s
tng thch trong mng si. Ngoi ra, phng thc ny cng s gim thiu c
tn hao ghp ni. Loi thit b bin i mode cn phi c nhy phn cc
bng 0 v phi hot ng trn mt bng thng rng. Hu ht cc thit b chuyn
i mode u s dng si hai mode vi mt cch t si, ci m s cung cp ghp
ni gia hai mode. Chu k cch t c chn ph hp vi s chnh lch ch
s mode ca hai mode ( = /) v thng 100 m. Cc cch t c
gi l cch t si chu k di. Tham s D c gi tr 420 ps/(km.nm) 1550 nm v
c s bin thin ln theo bc sng. y l mt c tnh quan trng cho php thc
hin b tn sc bng thng rng. Ni tm li, cc DCF c thit k sao cho |D|
tng theo bc sng. S ph thuc ca gi tr D vo bc sng ng mt vi tr
quan trng trong cc h thng ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng (WDM). Vn
ny s c bn n trong phn 3.9.

Hnh 3.7: (a) Biu ca mt DCF c s dng si mode bc cao (HOM) v hai cch
t chu k di (LPG). (b) Ph tn sc ca DCF

3.5 Cc b lc quang
Mt hn ch ca DCF l phi tng i di (>5km) m bo b GVD
cho ng dy di trn 50 km v y chnh l nguyn nhn gy tng ng k
suy hao lin kt, c bit trong trng hp cc ng dng ng di. V l ,
c mt s m hnh thun quang c pht trin nhm qun l tn sc. Hu ht u
c phn loi di tn cc b lc cn bng quang. Phn ny s bn v cc b lc
giao thoa trc khi chuyn sang phn cch t si mc tip theo.
Chc nng ca cc b lc quang c hiu n gin theo phng trnh
(3.5). Do GVD tc ng ti tn hiu quang thng qua pha ph exp(i 2z2/2), nn
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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

tn hiu s c phc hi nh vo mt b lc quang vi chc nng truyn dn.

Tuy nhin, cc b lc quang (ngoi tr si quang) khng c chc nng truyn ph
hp b chnh xc lng GVD nhng c th b mt phn GVD bng cch m
phng chc nng truyn l tng. Xt b lc quang vi chc nng truyn H().
B lc ny s dng sau khi si t di L th tn hiu quang c lc v c th
c xc nh theo phng trnh ( 3.5 ):
A( L, t )

1
2

(0, ) H ( ) exp 2
2

it d

( 3.21 )

Bng cch m rng pha ca H() trong chui Taylor v bnh phng s
hng.
H() = |H()|exp[i ()] |H()|exp[i(0 +1 + 1/222)] ( 3.22 )
Trong m = dm /dm (m = 0, 1, ) c tnh theo tn s sng mang 0.
Hng s pha 0 v thi gian tr 1 khng lm nh hng ti dng xung v c th
b qua. Pha ph ca si c b bng cch chn b lc quang c 2 = 2L. Xung
s phc hi hon ton ch khi |H()| = 1 v cc s hng bc ba v bc cao trong
chui Taylor p dng trong phng trnh (3.22) l khng ng k. Hnh 3.8 cho
thy cch thc mt b lc quang c kt hp vi b khch i quang sao cho suy
hao si v GVD u c b cng mt lc. Ngoi ra, b lc quang cn c kh
nng gim nhiu khuch i nu bng thng ca b lc nh hn bng thng ca b
khuch i.

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

Hnh 3.8 Qun l tn sc trong ng truyn si ng di c s dng cc b lc

quang sau mi b khuch i. Cc b lc b GVD v gim nhiu ca b khuch i.

C th ng dng giao thoa c nhy vi tn s nh sng u vo nh l

mt b lc quang nh vo cc tnh nng truyn dn theo tn s ca n. Ly v d
n gin vi b giao thoa Fabry-Ferot (FP) dng trong hc cng hng laze, h s
khuch i Fabry-Ferot c tnh nh sau:

Trong : GFP(v) l h s khuch i ca b khuch i Fabry-Perot.

R1 v R2 l cc h s phn x mt.
vm tng ng vi cc tn s ca khoang cng hng.
v2 l khong cch theo chiu dc mode, cng c bit nh l
di ph thng ca khoang FP.
Thc t, qua phng trnh ( 3.23 ), ta c th t c ph truyn dn |HFP|2
ca b giao thoa FP bng cch cho G = 1 nu suy hao trn ng truyn l khng
ng k. b tn sc, chng ta cn phi c s ph thuc ca pha trong hm
truyn H() vo tn s, hm truyn ny c th t c bng cch xt cc vng
kh hi gia hai gng. B giao thoa FP c tnh nng phn chiu, gi l b giao
thoa Gires-Tournois, c thit k c gng sau t phn chiu 100%. Hm
truyn ca n c cho bi phng trnh:
H FP ( ) H 0

1 r exp( iT )
1 r exp(iT )

( 3.24 )

Trong hng s H0 tham gia vo mi s suy hao, |r|2 l h s phn x

gng trc, v T l thi gian vng kh hi trong hc cng hng FP. Do |HFP()|
l mt tn s c lp, nn ch c pha ph mi c b lc FP bin i. Tuy nhin,
pha () ca HFP() th cn mt khong kh xa mi t l tng. Hm tun
hon c th t cng hng FP cc i. Trong cn bin ca mi cc i, min ph
s tn ti vi bin s pha bnh phng. Bng cch tng () trong chi Taylor, 2
s c xc nh theo phng trnh:
2 = 2T2r(1r)/(1+r)3

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

Ly v d, vi hc cng hng FP di 2 cm, r = 0,8, 2 ~ 2200 ps2 th b

lc c th b GVD cho 110 km i vi si tiu chun. Trong th nghim nm
1991, loi thit b thun si c s dng truyn tn hiu 8 Gb/s i xa
130 km. Suy hao ni ngoi vo khong 8 dB c b bng cch tch hp b
khuch i quang. Suy hao 6 dB do tc ng ca b ghp si 3 dB c s dng
tch tn hiu phn x t tn hiu ti. Suy hao ny c th c gim xung cn
1dB nu s dng b circulator quang, l mt thit b ba cng c chc nng truyn
cng sut t cng ny sang cng khc theo hnh trn. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp
ny suy hao tng i ln v bng thng hp ca b lc FP s lm gii hn tnh
nng ca chng trong cc h thng sng nh sng dng trong thc tin.

Hnh 3.9 (a) Mt mch sng nh sng phng s dng chui giao thoa MachZehnder; (b) tng quan thit b tri rng.

B giao thoa Mach-Zehnder (MZ) c th l mt b lc quang. Mt b giao

thoa MZ thun si c ch to bng cch kt ni hai b ni nh hng 3 dB,
nh m t trn hnh 3.9 (b). B ni th nht chia tn hiu u vo thnh hai phn
bng nhau vi lch pha khc nhau nu chiu di nhnh khc nhau, trc khi
truyn sang b ni th hai. Tn hiu c th thot ra ngoi qua cc cng u ra ty
thuc vo tn s v chiu di nhnh. Hm truyn cho cng truy nhp chnh c
xc nh nh sau:

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

Trong , l tr thm vo ti phn nhnh di hn ca b giao thoa MZ.

Ch mt b giao thoa MZ khng ng vai tr l mt b cn bng quang
nhng l mt chui a tng c th ng vai tr nh l mt b lc cn bng ti u.
Nhng b lc ny c ch to theo dng mch sng nh sng phng s dng cc
ng sng silica.
Hnh 3.9 (a) l m hnh ca thit b. Thit b c kch thc 52 x 71 mm2 v
c suy hao vi mch l 8 dB. N bao gm 12 b ghp ni vi cc chiu di nhnh
khng i xng. Mt b gia nhit lm bng chromium c b tr trn mt nhnh
ca tng b giao thoa MZ iu khin nhit quang ca pha quang. Li th ln
nht ca loi thit b ny l kh nng kim sot cn bng tn sc khi thay i
di nhnh v s lng b giao thoa MZ.
Hnh 3.9 (b) l nguyn l hot ng ca b lc MZ. Thit b c thit k
m bo cc tn s cao hn c th lan truyn trong phn nhnh di hn ca cc b
giao thoa MZ. Do tr s nhiu hn so vi tn s thp c truyn trong
khong ngn hn. tr tng i ca thit b tri ngc vi tr tng i ca
si quang trong c ch tn sc d thng. Hm truyn H() thu c bng php
gii tch v c s dng ti u ha hiu sut v thit k thit b. Nm 1994,
mt mch sng nh sng phng ch vi nm b giao thoa MZ c th to ra
tr 836 ps/nm. Thit b ny ch di c vi cm, nhng li c th b tn sc 50 km.
Nhng hn ch ca loi thit b ny l bng thng tng i hp (~ 10 GHz) v
tnh nhy i vi phn cc u vo. Tuy nhin, n li ng vai tr l b lc
quang c lp trnh c th iu chnh c GVD cng nh bc sng hot ng.
tng thit b, GVD c th bin thin t - 1006 n 834 ps/nm.
3.6 Cc cch t Bragg si
Mt cch t Bragg si c th ng vai tr l mt b lc quang nh vo di
dng, l mt vng tn s m trong hu ht cc nh sng ti u b phn x tr
li. Di dng nm tm bc sng Braggg c B = 2, trong l chu k cch
t v l ch s mode trung bnh. Tnh chu k ca ch s bin thin c tc dng
ghp i cc sng truyn tin v truyn li v to ra bc sng gn vi bc sng
Bragg, do , to ra cho tn hiu ti mt h s phn x ph thuc tn s thng qua
bng thng c quyt nh bi bn cch t . V bn cht, cch t si chnh l
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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

mt b lc phn x. Mc d vic s dng loi cch t ny b tn sc c

xut trong nm 1980 nhng phi n nm 1990 th cng ngh ch to mi tin
tin a n vo trong thc tin.
3.6.1 Cch t chu k u
Xt loi cch t n gin nht c h s phn x theo chiu di lun bin
thin theo chu k n(z) = + ngcos(2z/), trong ng l su iu ch ( 10-4).
Cch t Bragg c phn tch bng cc phng trnh ghp mode th hin s kt
hp gia sng truyn tin v sng truyn li mt tn s cho trc v c th
khai trin thnh:
dAf /dz = i Af +iAb

( 3.27 )

dAb/dz = i AbiAf

( 3.28 )

Trong Af v Ab l cc bin ph ca hai sng v

ng
B

( 3.29 )

Trong l s iu hng t bc sng Bragg, k l h s ghp ni, v h

s hn ch c xc nh nh sau:

Trong : l khong cch bn knh ca tia t trc.

w l bn knh trng v c ni n nh l c vt.
Cc phng trnh ghp mode c th c khai trin bng gii tch nh vo
c trng tuyn tnh ca chng. Hm truyn t ca cch t, ng vai tr l b lc
phn x, c xc nh nh sau:
H ( ) r ( )

i sin(qLg )
Ab (0)

A f (0) q cos(aLg ) i sin(qLg )

( 3.31 )

Trong q2 = 2 k2 v Lg l chiu di cch t. Hnh 3.10 cho bit h s

phn x |H()| v pha ca H() vi kLg = 2 v 3. H s phn x ca cch t t
xp x 100% trong di dng vi kLg = 3. Tuy nhin, khi pha gn nh tuyn tnh th
tn sc bi cch t s ch tn ti bn ngoi di dng. Phi lu rng hng s

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

truyn = B + q, trong du s ph thuc vo du ca v m rng trong

chui Taylor i vi si nh sau:

y: = 0 v m = (dm / dm ) vi = 0.
Khi tham s tn sc ca cch t si c xc nh nh sau:
2g

sgn( ) 2 / vg2

3g

3 2 / vg3

( 3.33 )
2 2 )5 / 2
Trong , vg l vn tc nhm ca xung c tn s sng mang 0 = 2 c/0.
( 2 2 )3 / 2

Hnh 3.10: (a) Cng v (b) pha ca h s phn x c m t thnh hm iu

hng Lg trong cch t si u vi Lg = 2 ( ng cong lin ) hoc Lg = 3
( ng cong t qung ).

Hnh 3.11 cho bit bin thin ca 2g vi tham s iu hng v gi tr

k nm trong khong t 1 10 cm-1. GVD bi cch t ph thuc vo du ca gi tr
iu hng . GVD c tnh d thng v tr c tn s cao, v tr c gi tr dng
v tn s sng mang ln hn tn s Bragg. Do 2g c th ln hn 1000 ps2/cm nn
cch t vi chiu di 2 cm cng c th b GVD cho 100 km si. Tuy nhin, tn
sc bc ba ca cch t, c h s truyn dn b gim st v s bin thin tc
nhanh ca |H()| khin cho vic s dng cc cch t si ng nht tr nn xa
ri vi thc t.

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

Hnh 3.11: GVD do cch t to ra c m t l mt hm ca cho mt vi gi tr

ca h s ghp .

Khc phc vn ny bng cch s dng k thut gim nhiu x trong

s bin thin ch s ng s trit tiu s ng nht ca cch t, dn n gi tr k ph
thuc vo gi tr z. i vi nhng loi cch t ny, k t cc i tm im v
gim dn v 0 hai u. Mt cch tip cn u vit hn i hi cch t phi c gi
tr k bin thin tuyn tnh theo sut chiu di ca cch t si. Trong th nghim
nm 1996, mt h cch t di 11 cm c s dng b GVD ca tn hiu
c truyn vi tc 10Gb/s cho 100 km chiu di si tiu chun. H s ghp
ni k(z) bin thin khng ng k t 0 n 6 cm-1 theo chiu di cch t. Hnh
3.12 m t c tnh truyn dn ca cch t c tnh ton bng cch gii cc
phng trnh ghp mode. ng cong lin biu th tr nhm lin quan n o
hm phase d/d trong phng trnh ( 3.22 ). Trong vng bc sng rng 0,1 nm
gn vng 1544,2 nm, tr nhm bin thin gn nh tuyn tnh tc 2000
ps/nm, c ngha rng cch t c th b GVD cho 100 km chiu di si tiu chun
v c hiu sut truyn dn nh sng ln hn 50%. M hnh cch t ny b c
GVD cho 106 km chiu di i vi tn hiu 10 Gb/s ch cn b sung cng sut
2dB v t l li bit (BER) cng ch mc 10-9.
H s ghp ni gim dn dc theo chiu di ca cch t c th c tn
dng b tn sc khi bc sng tn hiu nm trong di dng v cch t ng vai

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

tr l b lc phn x. Cc nghim s ca phng trnh ghp mode i vi cch t

chu k u trong k(z) bin thin tuyn tnh trong khong 0 12 cm-1 sut chiu
di 12 cm cho thy nhm tr hnh ch V, nm trung tm bc sng Bragg, c
kh nng b tn sc nu bc sng ca tn hiu nhiu c di chuyn ra khi tm
ca di dng sao cho ph tn hiu to ra bin thin tuyn tnh theo tr nhm.
Cch t c di 8.1 cm c kh nng b GVD cho 257 km chiu di si tiu
chun vi tn hiu 10 Gb/s. Mc d cc cch t ng nht c tc dng b tn sc
nhng chng c mt hn ch l di dng tng i hp (< 0,1 nm) v khng c
hiu qu tc bit cao.

Hnh 3.12: H s truyn (ng nt t ) v tr thi gian (ng nt lin) l mt

hm ca bc sng i vi cch t u trong (z) bin thin tuyn tnh t 0 n
6 cm-1 trn di 11 cm.

3.6.2 Cch t si dch tn

Cc cch t si dch tn c di dng tng i rng. Chu k quang
trong cch t dch tn khng phi l mt hng s m thay i theo chiu di ca
n. Do bc sng Bragg B = 2 bin thin theo chiu di cch t nn cc thnh
phn tn s khc nhau ca xung quang c phn x ti cc im khc nhau ty
theo s tha mn cc iu kin Bragg. V bn cht, di dng ca cch t si dch
tn l s lng ghp nhiu di dng nh, mi di dng c dch chuyn tng t

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

nh bc sng Bragg dc theo cch t. Di dng c chiu rng vo khong vi

nanomet.
Hnh 3.13 cho thy hot ng ca cch t si dch tn, trong cc thnh
phn c tn s thp ca mt xung s b tr nhiu hn do chu k quang tng ln (v
bc sng Bragg). Thc t ny ph hp vi GVD d thng. Cng loi cch t
ny c th to ra GVD thng thng nu n c lt li (hoc nh sng ti t bn
phi). Do vy, chu k quang ca cch t cn phi c gim to ra GVD
thng thng. T hnh v, c th xc nh tham s tn sc Dg ca cch t dch tn
c di Lg bng cch s dng mi tng quan TR = DgLg, trong TR l thi
gian vng kh hi bn trong cch t v l s chnh lch ca cc bc sng
Bragg ti hai u cch t. Do TR = 2Lg/c nn tn sc ca cch t c xc nh
bng phng trnh:
Dg = 2/c( )

( 3.34 )

Gi s Dg 5 x 107 ps/(km.nm), bng thng cch t = 0,2 nm. Nh vy,

do gi tr Dg ln nn mt h cch t dch tn di 10 cm c th b GVD cho 300
km chiu di si tiu chun.
Cch t si dch tn c sn xut bng nhng cch khc nhau. Nhng
iu quan trng l chu k quang phi c bin thin dc theo cch t (trc z),
nh th s dch tn mi c to ra khi thay i chu k cch t vt l hoc thay
i h s mode hiu qu theo z. i vi k thut ton nh chm tia kp, s gin
cch bin ca th giao thoa c iu chnh khng cn xng bng cch s dng
cc cong khc nhau ca cc u sng nhiu v nh vy kt qu l s bin thin
. Trn thc t, cc thu knh hnh tr c tch hp trong mt hoc c hai nhnh
ca giao thoa. Trong k thut l sng kp, mt mt n di ng s c tch hp
thay i dc theo z trong thi gian l sng u tin. Cc cch t chu k u sau
s c vit ln cng mt phn ca si bng k thut mt n pha. C th s
dng nhiu hiu chnh khc. V d, cc cch t si dch tn c ch to bng
cch m hoc ko cng si, s dng cc gradient nhit hoc khu chng li
thnh nhng phn u nhau.

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

Hnh 3.13: B tn sc bng cch t si dch tn tuyn tnh: (a) ch s n(z) dc theo
chiu di cch t.(b) phn x tn s cao v thp ti cc v tr khc nhau trong
cch t do s bin thin trong bc sng Bragg.

Trong nm 1994 hin thc ha k thut b GVD cho 160 km chiu di

si tiu chun, tc bit khong 10 20 Gb/s. n nm 1995, mt loi cch t
dch tn di 12 cm c s dng b GVD cho 270 km chiu di si vi tc
bit 10 Gb/s. Sau , khong cch truyn dn c tng ln thnh 400 km
bng cch t si dch tn gim nhiu x di 10 cm. y l thnh qu rt ng ghi
nhn ca b lc quang vi chiu di ch l 10 cm. T phng trnh ( 3.2 ) ta nn
lu khong truyn ch c gii hn trong 20 km nu nh khng th b tn sc.
Hnh 3.14 m t h s phn x o c v tr nhm (lin quan ti o
hm phase d/d) l mt hm ca bc sng i vi cch t 10 cm c bng
thng = 0,12 nm, gi tr ny c chn m bo tn hiu 10 Gb/s khp vi
di dng ca cch t. i vi loi cch t ny, chu k ch c th thay i mc
0,008% so vi tng chiu di. Kh nng b tn sc ton din thng xut hin
trong phm vi ph c s bin thin tuyn tnh ca d/d. H s gc ca tr
nhm (khong 5000 ps/nm) l thc o cho kh nng b tn sc ca cch t. Khi
cch t s c kh nng phc hi tn hiu 10 Gb/s bng cch b GVD cho 400
km chiu di si tiu chun. Cch t dch tn phi c gim nhiu x sao cho h
s ghp ni t cc i im gia v bng 0 cc im cui cch t. Gim

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

nhiu x l yu t rt quan trng trong vic loi b cc tn hiu gn sng xut hin
khi cch t c hng s k.

Hnh 3.14: H s phn x v tr thi gian ca cch t si dch tn tuyn tnh c

bng thng 0,12 nm.

T phng trnh ( 3.34 ) c th thy Dg ca cch t dch tn c gii hn

cc i bi bng thng trong b GVD l cn thit v yu t chi phi l tc
bit . C th tng thm khong cch truyn dn tc bit cho trc vi iu
kin l di tn tn hiu c gim hoc my pht c ng dng k thut dch tn
trc. Khi th nghim h thng nm 1996, vic dch tn trc tn hiu quang 10
Gb/s c kt hp vi hai cch t si dch tn, c xp thnh chui tng, lm
tng khong cch truyn dn ln 537 km. K thut gim bng thng cng c th
c kt hp vi cch t. Nh trong phn 3.3, mt m hnh m ha nh phn kp
c th gim thiu c bng thng n 50%. Trong th nghim nm 1996, khong
cch truyn dn ca tn hiu 10 Gb/s c m rng thnh 700 km khi s dng
cch t dch tn di 10 cm kt hp vi m hnh nh phn kp pha xoay chiu. Bng
thng ca cch t c gim xung ch cn 0,073 nm, l qu nh i vi tn hiu
10 Gb/s nhng rng i vi tn hiu nh phn kp gim bng thng.
Hn ch ln nht ca cch t si dch tn l chng hot ng nh mt b
lc phn x. Mt b coupler si 3 dB i khi c s dng tch tn hiu phn
x ra khi tn hiu ti. Tuy nhin, vic s dng li lm suy hao thm 6 dB do ni
ngoi. Mt b circulator quang c tc dng hn ch tn hao do ni ngoi xung
di 2dB rt c ph bin trong thc tin. Bn cnh cng c mt s k thut
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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

khc c ng dng. Hai hoc nhiu hn cc cch t si c th c kt hp vi

nhau to thnh b lc truyn dn c tc dng b tn sc m ch gy suy hao ni
ngoi tng i thp. Mt cch t n c th c bin i thnh b lc truyn
dn bng cch to ra mt lch pha im gia ca cch t. Cch t Moire khi
c tch hp ln trn hai cch t dch tn trn cng mt phn on si c th to
ra h s truyn dn cc i nm trong di dng ca n. Bng thng ca cc b lc
truyn dn ny l tng i nh.

Hnh 3.15: M hnh b tn sc bng hai b lc truyn dng si: (a) b ghp hai
mode dch tn (b) si hai li thon.

3.6.3 B ni mode dch tn

Phn ny tp trung vo hai thit b si hot ng nh mt b lc truyn dn
cho b tn sc. B ghp mode dch tn l mt thit b thun si c thit k theo
nguyn l ghp cng hng phn b dch tn. Hnh 3.15 m t hot ng ca hai
loi thit b ny. Nguyn l c bn ca b ghp mode dch tn ny kh n gin.
Khng phi ghp cc sng lan truyn tin v li ca cng mt mode (nh tin
hnh trong cch t si), m cch t dch tn ghp hai mode khng gian ca si hai
mode. Loi thit b ny cng tng t nh thit b bin i mode c trnh
by trong phn 3.4 trong iu kin c DCF, tr trng hp chu k cch t bin
thin tuyn tnh theo chiu di ca si. Tn hiu c truyn t mode c bn ti
mode bc cao hn thng qua cch t, nhng cc thnh phn tn s khc nhau li
lan truyn qua cc chiu di khc nhau trc khi c truyn dn do bn cht dch
tn ca cch t l ghp hai mode li vi nhau. Nu chu k cch t tng theo chiu
di ca b ghp th b ghp c th b GVD. Tn hiu tip tc lan truyn theo

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

hng tin nhng li kt thc mode bc cao hn ca b ghp. Mt b bin i

mode cch t u c th c s dng bin i tn hiu tr li mode c bn.
Mt bin th khc cng mt nguyn l l ghp ni gia cc mode c bn
ca si hai li vi cc li khng ng dng. Nu hai li c c ly gn th vic
ghp ni cc sng tt dn gia hai mode s dn n vic truyn nng lng t li
ny sang li khc, tng t nh trng hp ca b ghp nh hng. Khi c ly
gia cc li gim dn tuyn tnh th s truyn nng lng s xut hin ti nhiu
im dc theo si ty theo tn s ca tn hiu truyn. Do vy, mt si hai li c c
ly gim dn tuyn tnh c th b GVD. Loi thit b ny s duy tr tn hiu c
truyn theo hng tin, mc d n truyn dn vt l trn li bn cnh. C th thc
hin m hnh ny theo phng thc l mt thit b nn c ng dng cc ng
sng bn dn do cc siu mode ca hai ng sng ghp i s to ra mt lng
ln GVD c th iu hng c.
3.7 S kt hp pha quang
Mc d vic ng dng kt hp pha quang (OPC) cho b tn sc c
xut t nm 1979 nhng phi n nm 1993 th k thut OPC mi c thc
nghim; k t n nhanh chng thu ht c s ch ca mi ngi. Tri
ngc vi cc m hnh quang khc c trnh by trong chng ny, OPC l mt
k thut quang phi tuyn. Phn ny s m t v nguyn l ca n v cc ng dng
ca n trong cc h thng sng nh sng thc tin.
3.7.1 Nguyn l hot ng
Cch n gin nht hiu c cch thc b GVD ca OPC l da vo
phng trnh 3.3 v thu c kt qu l :
A * i 2 2 A * 3 3 A *

0
z
2 t 2
6 t 3

( 3.35 )

So snh phng trnh 3.3 v phng trnh 3.35 ta thy min kt hp pha A*
lan truyn vi tham s GVD 2 c du i xng. Vy nu min quang c s kt
hp pha tm im ng truyn si th s tn sc na u s c b chnh
xc na cn li ca ng truyn dn. Do s hng 2 khng i du trong s kt
hp pha nn OPC khng th b tn sc bc ba. Trn thc t, nu gi nguyn cc s

Quch B Lm 04VT1

57

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

hng bc cao trong khai trin Taylor ca phng trnh ( 3.32 ) th OPC c th b
cc s hng tn sc bc chn trong khi khng c tc ng n cc s hng bc l.
Hiu qu OPC gia nhp i vi b tn sc c xc nh qua phng trnh
( 3.25 ). Min quang ngay pha trc OPC s c tnh nu thay gi tr z = L/2 vo
trong phng trnh ny. S lan truyn ca min kt hp pha A* na th hai s
c tnh nh sau :
1
A * ( L, t )
2

* 2 , exp 4 L
2

it d

( 3.36 )

Trong , *(L/2, ) l php bin i Fourier ca A*(L/2, t) c khai

trin thnh :
*(L/2,) = *(0,)exp(i22L/4).

( 3.37 )

Thay phng trnh 3.37 vo phng trnh 3.36 ta thu c A(L,t) = A*(0,t)
Nh vy, tr trng hp c s o nghch pha do tc ng ca OPC, nu khng
trng u vo s c phc hi hon ton, v hnh dng xung s c khi phc
v trng thi ban u. Do ph tn hiu pha sau OPC tr thnh nh phn x ca ph
u vo nn k thut OPC cn c gi l nghch o ph gia nhp.
3.7.2 B ca t iu ch pha SPM
Hin tng phi tuyn ca SPM s dn ti qu trnh dch tn do si ca tn
hiu c pht. Mc 3.3 cho thy s dch tn ny c th c tn dng nu thit
k hp l. Cc solition quang cng s dng SPM lm li. Tuy nhin, hu ht
cc h thng sng nh sng, nhng tc ng phi tuyn do SPM u lm gim cht
lng ca tn hiu, c bit l khi tn hiu c chuyn khong cch xa v s
dng cc b khuch i quang.
im khc bit ln nht gia k thut OPC v cc m hnh b tn sc khc
l : iu kin nht nh, k thut OPC c th b ng thi c GVD v SPM. c
im ny ca OPC c pht hin t u nhng nm 1980 v c nghin cu
rng ri sau nm 1993. C GVD v SPM s u c b ton din nu si khng
b suy hao. Xung lan truyn trong si b suy hao c kim sot bi phng trnh:
A i 2 2 A

i A A A
2
z
2 t
2

Quch B Lm 04VT1

( 3.38 )

58

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

Trong 3 l khng ng k v l tham s suy hao si. Khi = 0, A* s

tha mn phng trnh, tng t khi chng ta tnh kt hp phc phng trnh
(3.38) v thay z bng z. Do , OPC gia nhp c th b ng thi SPM v GVD
Suy hao si s ph hy c tnh quan trng ny ca OPC gia nhp. Bi v
lch pha do SPM gy ra l mt i lng ph thuc vo cng sut. Do vy,
lch pha ln hn s xut hin trong phn u tin ca ng dn v OPC s khng
th b li cc tc ng phi tuyn. Phng trnh ( 3.38 ) c th c ng dng
nghin cu tm nh hng ca suy hao si. Bng cch thay :
A(z, t) = B(z, t)exp(z/2)

( 3.39 )

Ta c phng trnh ( 3.38 ) khai trin nh sau :

B i 2 2 B
2

i B B
2
z
2 t

( 3.40 )

Trong , (z) = exp(-z). nh hng ca suy hao si theo ton hc cng

tng ng vi trng hp khng b suy hao si nhng tham s phi tuyn li ph
thuc vo z. Ly kt hp phc phng trnh ( 3.4 ) v thay z bng z, d thy kh
nng b SPM ton din xut hin nu (z) = (L z). iu kin ny khng th
c tha mn khi 0.
C th gii quyt vn ny bng cch khuch i tn hiu sau OPC nhm
cn bng cng sut tn hiu vi cng sut u vo trc khi tn hiu c truyn
ti na sau ca ng truyn si quang. Nhng cch ny ch c th lm gim tc
ng ca SPM m khng th b ton din. Nguyn do l vic truyn tn hiu kt
hp pha cng ging nh truyn tn hiu vi thi gian bin thin. Do vy, b SPM
hon ton ch c th xut hin nu s bin thin cng sut l i xng xung quanh
im gia nhp m ti OPC tha mn (z) = (L z) trong phng trnh (3.40).
S khuch i quang khng tha mn iu kin ny. C th b c SPM nu tn
hiu c khuch i lin tc cng sut khng b bin i ln trong sut qu
trnh khuch i. Nhng cch ny khng thc t do n yu cu s phi c nhiu b
khuch i c c ly gn nhau.
C th b hon ton cho c GVD v SPM bng cch s dng si gim tn
sc trong 2 gim dn theo chiu di si. Gi s 2 trong phng trnh ( 3.40 )
l mt hm ca z. Bng cch bin i :

Quch B Lm 04VT1

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

z

( z )dz

( 3.41 )

Ta khai trin phng trnh ( 3.40 ) nh sau :

B i
2B
2
b( ) 2 i B B
2
t

( 3.42 )

Vi b() = 2()/(). C GVD v SPM u c b nu b() = b(L - ),

trong L l gi tr ca vi z = L. iu kin ny s c tha mn khi tn sc
gim chnh xc theo (z) v 2() = () v b() = 1. Do suy hao si lm cho (z)
gim theo cp s m exp(-z) nn c GVD v SPM trong si gim tn sc u
c b chnh xc, trong GVD gim bng exp(-z). Cch thc ny l kh ph
bin v c ng dng trong cc b khuch i ng truyn.
3.7.3 Tn hiu kt hp pha
Vic trin khai k thut OPC gia nhp i hi phi c yu t quang phi
tuyn c th to ra tn hiu kt hp pha. Phng thc php ph bin nht l tn
dng k thut trn bn bc sng (FWM) trong mi trng phi tuyn. Do bn
thn si quang chnh l mt mi trng phi tuyn nn c th s dng si c chiu
di vi km c thit k c bit nhm ti u ha hiu qu ca FWM.
Hin tng FWM trong cc si quang v ang c nghin cu rng ri.
S dng n i hi phi bm tn s p vi lch khng ng k ( 0,5 THz) so
vi tn s tn hiu s. phi tuyn ca si s to ra tn hiu kt hp pha tn s
c = 2 p s vi iu kin cn pha kc = 2 kp ks phi c tha mn, trong
kj = n(j)c/c l s lng sng trong min quang c tn s j. iu kin cn pha
c tha mn nu bc sng tn sc bng khng ca si trng vi bc sng
bm. y l gii php c thng qua trong cc th nghim nm 1993 trong
cng dng ca OPC trong b tn sc c chng minh u tin. Trong mt th
nghim, tn hiu 1546 nm c kt hp pha bng cch s dng FWM trong si di
23 km c bc sng bm l 1549 nm. Tn hiu 6 Gb/s c truyn qua khong
cch 152 km chiu di si tiu chun trong th nghim truyn dn coherent c s
dng FSK. mt th nghim khc, tn hiu 10 Gb/s c truyn qua khong cch
360 km. OPC gia nhp c thc hin trong si di 21 km bng cch s dng
bm laze c bc sng c iu chnh ng vi bc sng tn sc bng khng
Quch B Lm 04VT1

60

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

ca si. Bc sng bm v bc sng tn hiu c lch l 3,8 nm. Hnh 3.16 m

t vic thit lp th nghim, mt b lc thng di (BPF) c s dng tch tn
hiu kt hp pha ra khi sng bm.

Hnh 3.16: Thit lp th nghim b tn sc thng qua bin i ph gia nhp

trong si dch tn sc di 21 km.

Cn phi ch n mt vi yu t khi thc hin k thut OPC gia nhp.

Mt, do bc sng ca tn hiu thay i t s n c = 2p s trong thit b kt
hp pha, nn tham s GVD 2 s bin i khi tip cn vi phn na sau. Theo ,
ch c th b ton din nu b kt hp pha c lch khng ng k so vi tm
ca ng dn si quang. C th xc nh chnh xc v tr Lp bng cch s dng
iu kin 2(s)Lp = 2(c)(LLp), trong L l tng chiu di ca ng truyn
dn. Nu tng 2(c) trong chui Taylor vi tn s tn hiu (s) th Lp c xc
nh nh sau:
Lp
L

2 c 3
2 2 c 3

( 3.43 )

Trong c = c - s l lch tn s ca tn hiu do tc ng ca k

thut OPC. Nu bc sng tiu biu dch 6 nm th v tr ca b kt hp pha s dch
chuyn khong 1%. S nh hng ca tn sc d v SPM trong si kt hp pha
cng s nh hng ti v tr ca b kt hp pha.
Yu t th hai cn phi gii quyt l phng php FWM trong cc si
quang rt nhy vi qu trnh phn cc. Khi phn cc tn hiu khng c kim
Quch B Lm 04VT1

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 n tt nghip

Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

sot trong cc si quang, n s bin thin bt k trong OPC. S bin thin s

nh hng ti hiu qu ca FWM v khin cho k thut FWM khng cn ph hp
vi thc tin. Tuy vy, m hnh FWM c th c thay i loi b tnh nhy
phn cc bng cch b tr hai tia bm phn cc thng gc c cc bc sng khc
nhau v tr i xng trn mt i din ca bc sng tn sc bng khng ZD.
Cch ny c mt li th khc l: sng kt hp pha c sn sinh vi tn s bng
tn s ca tn hiu khi chn gi tr ZD trng vi tn s ca tn hiu. c im ny
l h qu ca h thc c =p1+p2s, trong p1 p2. C th m bo tnh
khng phn cc ca OPC bng cch s dng mt bm n kt hp vi cch t si
v gng kt hp vung gc, tuy nhin thit b ny hot ng theo kiu phn x v
i hi phi tch sng kt hp ra khi tn hiu bng b coupler 3 dB hoc b
circulator quang.
Cng cn xem xt vn hiu sut tng i thp ca tin trnh OPC trong
si quang. C th, hiu sut bin i c di 1%, do phi khuch i tn hiu
pha kt hp. V hiu qu, suy hao do ni ngoi ca b kt hp pha vt 20 dB.
Tuy nhin, phng php FWM li khng phi l mt phng php c hiu sut
thp, n c th to ra khuch i thc. Thc vy, phn tch cc phng trnh
FWM cho thy gi tr c s tng ng k nu tng cng sut bm v gim cng
sut tn hiu; thm ch c th vt mc 100% nu c th ti u ha cc mc cng
sut v lch bc sng tn hiu bm. Nn trnh cc cng sut bm cao do c
th gy tn x Brillouin cm ng (SBS). Tuy nhin, SBS c th c hn ch bng
cch iu ch bm ch tn s 100 MHz. th nghim nm 1994, k thut ny
ch t hiu sut bin i 35%.
Phng php FWM trong b khuch i quang bn dn (SOA) cng v
ang c s dng to ra tn hiu kt hp pha b tn sc. Gii php ny s
dng ln u tin trong th nghim nm 1993 truyn dn tn hiu 2,5 Gb/s, thu
c t s iu ch trc tip laze bn dn, i 100 km chiu di si tiu chun. Sau
, trong th nghim nm 1995, gii php ny c ng dng truyn tn hiu 40
Gb/s i 200 km chiu di si tiu chun. Vic m bo FWM c kh nng chng
suy bin cao bn trong cc SOA c xut nm 1987 v k thut ny
c ng dng rng ri trong vic bin i bc sng. u im ln nht ca n l
to ra tn hiu kt hp pha trong mt thit b ch di c 1 nm vi hiu sut bin i
cao hn so vi ca FWM trong si quang bi kh nng khuch i mc d n
Quch B Lm 04VT1

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 n tt nghip

Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

cng phi chu suy hao do ghp ni tn hiu. Nu p dng gii php lm mt iu
hng tn hiu bm th c th t hiu sut chuyn i trn 100% ( khuch i
thun cho tn hiu kt hp pha) i vi FWM trong cc SOA.
Bc sng LiNbO3 c in cc chu k cng c s dng to ra b bin
i ph bng rng. Tn hiu kt hp pha c to ra khi s dng cc x l phi
tuyn bc hai c cn bng pha gn nh tuyt i. Thit b OPC loi ny c suy hao
do ni ngoi l 7 dB v c th b tn sc ca bn knh 10 Gbps cng mt lc vi
chiu di si tiu chun l 150 km. u im ca k thut OPC c thc nghim
nm 1999 trong b kt hp pha theo FWM c s dng b GVD cho tn
hiu 40 Gb/s vi chiu di si tiu chun l 140 km. T phng trnh (3.2) ta thy
nu khng ng dng OPC th khng th truyn tn hiu 40 Gb/s i xa hn 7 km.
Hu ht cc hot ng th nghim v b tn sc u lin quan n khong
cch truyn vi trm km. Cn vi nhng ng dng ng di, liu k thut OPC
vi b khuch i b suy hao c th b GVD cho ng truyn dn vi nghn km
khng? Cu hi ny c nghin cu qua nhng m phng s, trong mt tn
hiu 10 Gb/s c pht i xa 6000 km vi cng sut pht trung bnh duy tr di
mc 3mW nhm lm gim nhng tc ng ca hiu ng phi tuyn si. mt
nghin cu khc ghi nhn, c ly ca b khuch i cng ng vai tr rt quan
trng; c th truyn xa 9000 km nu cc b khuch i cch nhau 40 km. Chn
bc sng hot ng tng ng vi bc sng tn sc bng khng cng l mt
yu t quan trng. Trong min tn sc d thng (2 < 0), bin thin mang tnh chu
k ca cng sut tn hiu dc theo ng truyn dn c th to ra cc di bin ph
do iu bin mt n nh. C th trnh c s mt n nh ny nu tham s tn
sc tng i ln [D > 10 ps/(km.nm)]. y l trng hp khi cc si tiu chun
gn t mc 1,55 m. Lu , khong cch truyn dn cc i ph thuc vo nhiu
yu t, nh hiu sut FWM, cng sut u vo v c ly b khuch i, ty thuc
vo tham s hot ng.
S dng OPC cho cc h thng sng nh sng ng di i hi phi s
dng theo chu k cc b khuch i v b kt hp pha. Hai loi thit b ny kt
hp lm mt bng cch s dng cc b khuch i tham s vn khng ch lm sn
sinh tn hiu kt hp pha qua phng php FWM m cn c th khuch i n.
Qu trnh phn tch loi h thng ng di ny cho thy cc xung u vo t 20
30 ps c th truyn mt qung ng hng ngn km bt k GVD cao; tng ng
Quch B Lm 04VT1

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 n tt nghip

Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

truyn c th vt mc 15.000 km i vi cc si dch tn sc c 2 = 2ps2/km

v min 1,55 m. K thut kt hp pha khng c s dng trong thc tin do cc
b khuch i tham s vn cha c ph bin v mt thng mi.
3.8 Cc h thng sng nh sng ng di
Phn ny nghin cu cc h thng sng nh sng m nu qun l c tn
sc th khong cch truyn dn ca chng s tng t 10 km n vi trm km. Vn
l lm th no thc hin qu trnh qun l tn sc cho cc h thng ng
di vi mc tiu khong cch truyn dn phi t c vi nghn km. Nu tn hiu
quang c phc hi bng in c sau 100-200 km th cc k thut c cp
trong chng ny s hot ng rt hiu qu v nhng hiu ng phi tuyn khng
tch ly li sau nhng khong cch di. Nhng nu duy tr tn hiu trong min
quang sut chiu di ng truyn bng khuch i theo chu k th nhng tc
ng phi tuyn nh SPM, iu ch xuyn pha (XPM), v FWM s gy hn ch ti
h thng. Trong phn ny, chng ta s ch trng cc h thng sng nh sng
ng di s dng ng thi cc m hnh qun l tn sc v suy hao.
3.8.1 nh x tn sc theo chu k
Trong trng hp khng c cc hiu ng phi tuyn, tng GVD tch ly qua
hng nghn km ng truyn c th c b ti thit b thu m khng h lm gim
tnh nng ca h thng. V mi xung quang s khi phc v tr khe bit ban i ca
n i vi mt h thng tuyn tnh (tr trng hp b khuch i gy sai lch v
thi gian) cho d n b phn tn qua vi khe bit trc khi GVD c b. y cng
chng cn l vn nu cc hiu ng phi tuyn l khng ng k. Nhng nh
hng phi tuyn gia cc xung quang ca cng mt knh (cc hiu ng bn trong
knh) v gia cc xung ca cc knh cn k trong h thng WDM (cc hiu ng
bn ngoi knh) s lm gim cht lng tn hiu xung mc m nu ch s dng
thun my thu th s khng th b c GVD cc h thng ng di.

Quch B Lm 04VT1

64

 n tt nghip

Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

Hnh 3.17: Vng lp si xoay vng c s dng truyn tn hin 10 Gb/s i

10.000 km chiu di si tiu chun trn c s p dng DCF theo chu k. Cc b
phn c s dng bao gm laze it (LD), b iu ch hp th in (EA), h
chuyn mch quang (SW), b khuch i si (EDFA), si n mode (SMF), v DCF.

ng dng mt gii php n gin bng k thut qun l tn sc theo chu

k. tng ny l tng i n gin, bao gm cc si hn hp, cc GVD dng
v m c iu chnh theo chu k sao cho tng tn sc tng chu k gn bng 0.
n gin nht l s dng hai si c chiu di v tn sc i nhau, trong tn
sc trung bnh bng:
= (D1L1 +D2L2)/Lm

( 3.44 )

Trong Dj l tn sc ca si c chiu di Lj (j = 1, 2) v Lm = L1 + L2 l
chu k ca nh x tn sc, gi l chu k nh x. Nu gn bng 0 th tn sc c
b theo tng chu k nh x. Chiu di Lm l mt tham s phi kt cu c th c
chn sao cho tha mn yu cu v tnh nng ca h thng. Thc t, thng chn
Lm bng vi c ly b khuch i LA v s lm n gin kt cu ca h thng.
Thng ly Lm = LA 80 km vi h thng sng nh sng mt t nhng ch cn 50
km vi cc h thng ngm di bin.

Quch B Lm 04VT1

65

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

V l do kinh ph m hu ht cc th nghim u s dng vng lp si

quang trong tn hiu quang b xoay vng nhiu ln m phng h thng sng
nh sng ng di. Hnh 3.17 m t s vng lp si quang xoay vng ny. N
c dng truyn tn hiu 10 Gb/s i 10.000 km chiu di si tiu chun c s
qun l tn sc v suy hao. Hai h chuyn mch quang xc nh khong thi gian
m dng bit gi ngu nhin lan truyn bn trong vng lp trc khi n my thu.
Chiu di vng lp khong 300 500 km. Chiu di DCF c chn theo phng
trnh(3.44) v c thit lp sao cho L2 = - D1L1/D2 b c hon ton ( = 0).
Mt b lc thng di quang cng c tch hp bn trong vng lp gim nh
hng ca nhiu b khuch i.
3.8.2 Nguyn l n
Hin tng phi tuyn chnh gy nh hng ti tnh nng h thng n knh
chnh l SPM. S lan truyn ca dng bit quang bn trong h thng qun l tn sc
chu s chi phi ca phng trnh phi tuyn Schrodinger (NLS) [(Eq. (3.38)]:
i

A 2 2 A
i
2

A A
A
2
z 2 t
2

( 3.45 )

Trong , khc bit ln nht l 2, , v l nhng hm chu k ca z bi

chng c cc gi tr khc nhau trong hai hoc nhiu hn hai phn on si c s
dng thit lp nh x tn sc. B suy hao cc b khuch i tp trung cng
c thc hin bng cch thay i tham s suy hao ti v tr t b khuch i.
Tm li, phng trnh ( 3.45 ) c gii bng s nghin cu tnh nng
ca cc h thng qun l tn sc. N c tc dng loi b s hng cui ca phng
trnh ny bng mt php bin i [xem phng trnh ( 3.39 )]
1z

( z )dz

20

A(z, t) = B(z, t)exp

Phng trnh ( 3.45 ) c dng:
B 2 ( z ) 2 B
i

( z) B B 0
2

( 3.46 )

( 3.47 )

Trong c th tnh c s bin thin cng sut dc theo chiu di ng

truyn qun l tn sc thng qua tham s phi tuyn bin i theo chu k
z

(z ) = exp[ (z)dz].
0

Quch B Lm 04VT1

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

C th nm r c kt cu ca h thng qun l tn sc bng cch gii

phng trnh ( 3.47 ) thng qua phng php bin thin. Cng dng ca n da
trn s quan st i vi mt xung Gauss dch tn c dng hm tuyn tnh ( = 0)
cho d bin , chiu rng v dch tn ca n thay i trong qu trnh lan truyn.
Do cc hiu ng phi tuyn tng i yu trong tng phn on si so vi cc tc
ng ca tn sc nn dng xung c duy tr dng Gauss. Do vy ta gi thit l
xung s tng theo sut chiu di si dng xung Gauss dch tn sao cho:
B(z, t) = a exp[(1+iC)t2/2T2 +i ],

( 3.48)

Trong a l bin , T l chiu rng, C l dch tn v l pha. C bn

tham s u bin i theo z. Phng php bin thin c tc dng xc nh s ph
thuc vo z ca cc tham s ny. Nh vy, phng trnh ( 3.47 ) c th c ngun
gc t phng trnh Euler-Lagrange c mt Lagran nh sau :
2
i B *
B 1
B
4
Lden B
B * ( z ) B 2 ( z )

2 z
z 2
t

( 3.49 )

Theo phng php bin thin, chng ta c th tm c cc phng trnh

khai trin cho bn tham s a, T, C, v . C th b qua phng trnh pha v n
khng lin quan g n ba phng trnh cn li. Ly tch phn phng trnh bin
thy c rng t hp a2T khng bin thin theo z m c s lin h ti nng
lng xung u vo E0 theo phng trnh a2T =

E0. Do vy, ch cn gii hai

phng trnh sau y :

dT 2C

dz
T

( 3.50 )

E0
dC
2

(1 C 2 ) 2
dz
T
2 T

( 3.51 )

Trc ht, xt trng hp tuyn tnh bng cch cho = 0. Lu rng t l

(1+C2)/T2 c s lin quan ti chiu rng ph ca xung v xung ny c gi tr l
mt hng s trong mi trng tuyn tnh, chng ta c th thay gi tr bng gi
tr ban u (1+C20 )/T20, trong T0 v C0 l chiu rng v dch tn ca cc xung
u vo trc khi chng c truyn trong ng dn si c qun l tn sc.
Gii tch cc phng trnh ( 3.50 ) v ( 3.51 ) ta thu c kt qu tng qut sau :
z

T (z) = T 0 +2
2

1 C02
2 ( z )dz
2(z)C(z)dz, C(z) =C0 +
T02 0

Quch B Lm 04VT1

( 3.52 )

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

Kt qu ny nhn th phc tp tuy nhin li rt d tnh tch phn trn nh x

tn sc hai phn on. Trn thc t, cc gi tr T v C cui chu k nh x u
tin (z = Lm) c xc nh bi :
T1 = T0[(1+C0d)2 +d2]1/2,

C1 =C0 +(1+C20)d,

( 3.53 )

Trong , d = 2Lm/T20 v 2 l gi tr GVD trung bnh. D thy khi 2 = 0

th c T v C u quay tr li gi tr ban u ca mnh khi kt thc chu k nh x.
Khi GVD trung bnh ca ng dn qun l tn sc khng bng 0 th T v C s
thay i sau khi kt thc mi chu k nh x v tng ca xung s khng theo
chu k.
Khi s hng phi tuyn l khng th b qua th cc tham s xung s khng
phc hi li gi tr ban u t c b GVD ton din (d = 0). Mt s th
nghim chng minh rng h thng phi tuyn ch t hiu qu cao nht khi h s
b GVD t 90-95%. Trn thc t, nu xung u vo c dch tn ngay t u
sao cho 2C < 0 th xung cui ng dn si quang s ngn hn so vi xung u
vo. Hot ng ny l cn thit cho h thng tuyn tnh v l h qu ca phng
trnh ( 3.53 ) trong C0d < 0, vi h thng phi tuyn cng th v chnh s quan
st ny dn ti vic ng dng CRZ trong cc ng truyn si qun l tn sc.
Nu nh x tn sc c lp sao cho xung c m rng trong phn on u v
nn li trong phn on hai th nh hng ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn c th gim
i ng k. Nguyn do nh sau: Cng sut cc i ca xung c gim mnh
trong phn on u do s m rng nhanh ca cc xung dch tn, trong khi
phn on hai tc ny chm hn do c s suy hao si tch ly. Nhng ng
truyn dn c qun l tn sc c gi l ng truyn gn tuyn tnh. Kt qu
t Phng trnh ( 3.52 ) cng c p dng cho nhng ng truyn dng ny.
Khi cc xung quang phn b ng k ra bn ngoi khe bit sau mi chu k nh x
th chnh s chng cho ca chng s lm gim tnh nng ca h thng khi cc
hiu ng phi tuyn l khng th b qua. Nhng hiu ng ny s c cp n
trong mc tip theo.
Nu cng sut cc i u vo ln n mc khng th t c iu kin
gn tuyn tnh th phi gii phng trnh ( 3.50 ) v ( 3.51 ) trong c s hng
phi tuyn. Khng php gii tch no c th thc hin trong trng hp ny. Tuy

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

nhin, c th tm thy nghim theo chu k ca cc phng trnh ny bng cch to

ra cc iu kin bin theo chu k:
T(Lm) = T0,

C(Lm) =C0,

( 3.54 )

m bo rng xung s phc hi li dng ban u khi kt thc mi chu

k nh x. Cc xung ny lan truyn qua ng dn qun l tan sc theo mt chu
k nht nh v c gi l cc solition qun l tn sc bi chng cng c nhng
c im ca solition.
3.8.3 Cc hiu ng phi tuyn trong knh
Cc hiu ng phi tuyn ng mt vai tr quan trng trong cc h thng
qun l tn sc bi chng c gia tng trong DCF nh vo din tch li hiu dng
rt gn ca DCF. Vic b tr b khuch i sau khi si c b tn sc s c
tc dng tt do tn hiu khi yu n mc m cc hiu ng phi tuyn tr nn
km quan trng hn cho d c s xut hin ca din tch hiu dng rt gn ca
DCF. S ti u ha tnh nng ca h thng bng cch s dng cc nh x tn sc
v ang l mt ch ln trong nghin cu. th nghim nm 1994, mt vng
lp si di 1000 km bao gm 31 b khuch i si c s dng nghin cu
ba nh x tn sc ring bit. Khong truyn ti a khi l 12.000 km trong
trng hp cc phn on ngn ca cc si GVD thng c s dng b
GVD d thng trong cc phn on di. Cn th nghim nm 1995, mt tn hiu
80 Gb/s, thu c t vic tng hp tm knh 10 Gb/s vi c ly cc di l 0,8 nm,
c pht i bn trong mt vng lp si tun hon. Tng khong cch truyn
dn khi ch gii hn n 1171 km do c nhiu hiu ng phi tuyn.
Vic b ton din GVD trong tng chu k nh x khng phi l gii php
tt nht khi c hiu ng phi tuyn. C mt phng php s thng c s dng
ti u ha kt cu ca cc h thng c gim st tn sc. Nhn chung, cc
GVD ni phi c duy tr tng i ln loi b cc hiu ng phi tuyn cng
nh gim thiu tn sc trung bnh cho tt c cc knh. Th nghim nm 1998
pht tn hiu 40 Gb/s i trn 2000 km chiu di si tiu chun trn c s mt nh
x tn sc mi. Khi khong cch ti a l 16.500 km vi tc bit thp hn l
10 Gb/s, nguyn l l phi b tr b khuch i quang ngay sau khi si c b
tn sc trong vng lp si tun hon. Do cc hiu ng phi tuyn ng mt vai tr
quan trng nn nhng th nghim ny lun c nh hng tn dng cc c tnh
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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

solition. Hn ch ln nht l bt ngun t vic xung pht trin mnh trong phn
on si chun ca nh x tn sc, gy ra cc phn ng phi tuyn gia cc xung
chng cn k. Nhng hiu ng phi tuyn c nghin cu mt cch k
lng v c tn l cc hiu ng trong knh phn bit vi cc hiu ng phi tuyn
gia cc knh thng xut hin khi cc xung ca hai knh cn k vi bc sng
khc nhau chng ln nhau trong min thi gian.
C th hiu r cn nguyn ca cc nh hng phi tuyn trong knh t
phng trnh ( 3.47 ) bng cch xt ba xung cn k v p dng B=B1+B2+B3.
Phng trnh ( 3.47 ) khi s c rt gn thnh cc phng trnh NLS sau y:
B1 2 2 B1
+ [(|B1|2+2|B2|2 +2|B3|2)B1+B22B3 ] = 0

z
2 t 2
B 2 B2
i 2 2
+ [(|B2|2+2|B1|2 +2|B3|2)B2+2B1B2*B3 ] = 0
2
z
2 t
B3 2 2 B3
+ [(|B3|2+2|B1|2 +2|B2|2)B3+B22B1 ] = 0
i

2
z
2 t
i

( 3.55 )
( 3.56 )
( 3.57 )

S hng phi tuyn u tin ph hp vi SPM. Hai s hng tip theo l kt

qu ca XPM do s tc ng ca hai xung. Cn s hng cui tng t vi FWM.
S hng ny c th to ra cc xung mi trong min thi gian, v cng nh FWM
c th to ra c nhng sng mi trong min ph. Nhng xung ny c gi l cc
xung ma. Cc xung ma ny c th gy nh hng nhiu n tnh nng ca h
thng nu chng ri vo cc khe thi gian bit 0.
XPM trong knh ch tc ng ti pha nhng lch pha li ph thuc vo
thi gian. Kt qu dch tn s s lm sai lch v thi gian do tn sc si. nh
hng ca FWM v XPM trong knh ln tnh nng ca h thng s ty thuc vo
loi nh x tn sc c chn. Nhn chung, vic ti u ha cc h thng c
qun l tn sc u phi da trn c s cc tham s kt cu nh cng sut pht, c
ly b khuch i v v tr ca cc DCF. Th nghim nm 2000 truyn vt i
dng mt tn hiu 40Gb/s trong s dng cc si tiu chun, phng php iu
ch ng b trong ng. Vic truyn gi tuyn tnh mt knh 320 Gb/s c
thc hin cho khong cch trn 200 km, trong h s tn sc 5,7 ps/(km-nm)
c b bng cc DCF.

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

3.9 Cc h thng dung lng ln

Cc h thng sng nh sng WDM hin i thng ng dng nhiu knh
nhm a dung lng h thng ln n trn 1Tb/s. i vi nhng h thng ny,
k thut qun l tn sc phi tng thch vi bng thng rng ca tn hiu a knh.
Trong mc ny, chng ta s bn n nhng vn qun l tn sc c lin quan n
cc h thng c dung lng ln.
3.9.1 B tn x bng rng
Mt tn hiu WDM yu cu phi c bng thng 30 nm hoc ln hn cho d
n c chia thnh cc gi ph ~ 0,1 nm (ty vo tc bit ca cc knh ring
bit). i vi cc knh 10Gb/s, tn sc bc ba khng c vai tr ng k do cc
xung quang c chiu rng tng i ( >10 ps) c s dng cho cc knh ring
bit. Tuy nhin, do c tnh ph thuc vo bc sng ca 2, hoc tham s tn sc
D, h s tn sc tch ly mi knh s c s khc nhau. Mi m hnh qun l tn
sc u phi ng thi b c GVD ca tt c cc knh t c tnh hiu
dng trong thc tin. C mt s gii php c s dng b tn sc trong cc
h thng WDM. C th s dng cch t si bng rng n hoc cch t nhiu si
cng vi cc di dng c iu hng cho tng knh ring bit. Hoc, c th tn
dng c tnh tun hon ca ph WDM v s dng si quang c h s truyn dn
tun hon cc i. Gii php ph bin nht ng dng DCF trong cc h thng
WDM trn c s thit k hp l DCF.
Xt trng hp mt, cc cch t si quang. Mt cch t si dch tn c th
c di dng rng 10 nm nu c chiu di. Th nghim nm 1999 ng dng
mt cch t si dch tn c bng thng 6nm trong h thng WDM bn knh, mi
knh hot ng tc bit 40 Gb/s. Khi bng thng tn hiu WDM ln hn nhiu
so vi 6 nm, th c th s dng cc cch t dch tn xp tng sao cho mi cch t
ph trch mt knh v c th b c tn sc ca n. u im ca k thut ny l
cc cch t si c thit k ph hp vi GVD ca mi knh. Hnh 3.18 m t
m hnh cch t xp tng trong h thng WDM bn knh. C mi 80 km, mt b
gm bn cch t s b c GVD cho tt c cc knh trong khi hai b khuch
i quang s lo khc phc cc suy hao. Cho n nm 2000, gii php ny c
ng dng cho h thng WDM 32 knh c bng thng rng 18 nm. Su b cch t

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

dch tn c di dng rng 6 nm mi cch t c xp tng b ng thi

GVD cho ng thi tt c cc knh.
Gii php nhiu cch t tr nn kh b tc khi c qu nhiu di tn vi
bng thng tn hiu vt qu 30 nm. Mt b lc FP c nhiu cc nh truyn c
b tr cch nhau theo chu k thng qua di ph t do ca b lc. Thit b lc ny
c th b GVD cho tt c cc knh nu (i) tt c cc knh c c ly u v (ii) di
ph t do ca b lc tng ng vi c ly ca knh. Vn kh khn l thit k
cc b lc FP c lng tn sc ln. Mt loi cch t si mi, gi l cch t si ly
mu c thit k gii quyt vn ny. Cch t loi ny c nhiu di dng
v c ch to tng i d. Khng phi ch l mt cch t di dng n m cn
l cch t nhiu di ngn c sp xp vi c ly u gia chng. (Tng phn
on ngn l mt mu do mi c tn gi l cch t dng mu). C ly bc
sng gia cc nh a h s phn x c quyt nh bi chu k mu v c th
iu chnh c trong qu trnh ch to. Ngoi ra, nu mi mu u c dch tn,
cc c im tn sc ca tng nh a h s phn x cng c qun l bng cc
dch tn. K thut cch t ny c a ra ln u tin nm 1995 b ng thi
tn sc si cho khong cch 240 km i vi cc knh 10 Gb/s. Th nghim nm
1999 s dng loi cch t dng mu cho h thng WDM bn knh. Do s
lng knh tng nn s cng kh hn na trong vic b GVD cng mt lc cho tt
c cc knh cng mt thi im.

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

Hnh 3.18: Cc cch t xp tng c s dng b tn sc

trong h thng WDM

Vic s dng cc DCF h s gc m s l gii php n gin nht kim

sot tn sc trong cc h thng WDM dung lng ln vi s lng nhiu cc
knh. Thc vy, cc DCF c pht trin v thng mi ha trong nhng nm
1990 v c s dng trong cc h thng WDM mt cao. Vic phi c h s
gc tn sc m cng l iu d hiu nu xt iu kin ( 3.20a ), Mc 3.4 dnh cho
cc knh n. Phi tha mn c iu kin ny cho tt c cc knh, tc l:
D1(n)L1 +D2(n)L2 = 0

( 3.58 )

Trong n l bc sng ca knh th n. Do h s gc tn sc S hoc tn

sc cp ba 3 c gi tr dng hu hn nn D1 s tng cng vi bc sng ca c
si dch tn sc v si tiu chun. Do , tn sc tch ly D1L1 s khc nhau
mi knh. Nu cng mt DCF phi lm vic cho tt c cc knh th h s gc tn
sc ca n phi mang du m v c gi tr sao cho Phng trnh (3.58) c tha
mn cho tt c cc knh.
Vi Dj(n) = Dj + Sj(nc) trong phng trnh (3.58), trong Dj ( j = 1,2)
l gi tr ti bc sng c ca knh trung tm, khi h s gc tn sc ca DCF s
l:
S2 = S1(L1/L2) = S1(D2/D1)

( 3.59 )

Trong chng ta p dng iu kin ( 3.20a ) cho knh trung tm. Phng
trnh ny cho bit t l S/D, gi l h s gc tn sc tng i, s c cng mt gi
tr c hai loi si c s dng thit lp nh x tn sc. i vi si chun c
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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

D 16 ps/(km-nm) v S 0.05 ps/(km-nm2), th t l ny vo khong 0.003

nm1. Do vy, i vi DCF c D100 ps/(km-nm), th h s gc tn sc s vo
khong 0.3 ps/(km-nm2). Cc DCF ny c thng mi ha. Trong trng
hp l cc si dch tn sc th t l S/D c th vt mc 0.02 nm1. S l kh khn
trong vic ch to DCF c gi tr h s gc tn sc tng i ln n nh vy cho
d cc DCF hai mode c th to ra gi tr 0.01 nm1 (xem Hnh 3.7). Cc si tn
sc nghch o c ch to du ca c D v S u c th o chiu so vi
cc si dch tn sc thng. nh x tn sc trong trng hp ny c lp trn c
s cc chiu di cn bng ca hai loi si.
C nhiu th nghim trong nhng nm 1990 chng minh c tnh hu
dng ca cc DCF cho h thng WDM. Trong th nghim nm 1995, 8 knh vi
c ly 1,6 nm, tc bit 20 Gb/s c truyn i 232 km chiu di si tiu chun
thng qua cc DCF. Tn sc d mi knh l tng i nh ( 100 ps/nm cho
ton nhp) do cc knh u c b ng thi bi cc DCF. Cn th nghim nm
2001, cc DCF bng rng c s dng truyn tn hiu WDM 1Tb/s (101 di
tn, tc 10Gb/s) i 9000 km. Tc ln nht l 11 Tb/s khi cng c
thc hin bng cch s dng cc si tn sc nghch o trong mt th nghim
truyn tn hiu 273 knh, tc mi knh 40 Gb/s qua ng thi cc bng tn C, L
v S (kt qu trong ton b bng thng ca hn 100 nm).
3.9.2 B tn sc iu hng
S l kh khn nu phi m bo b GVD ton din cho tt c cc knh
trong h thng WDM. Mt lng nh tn sc d s tn ti v l vn cn phi
gii quyt trong cc h thng ng di. Trong nhiu th nghim, mt k thut b
sau c thng qua trong tn sc d tha mi knh ring c b bng cch
b sung chiu di ca DCF (hoc cch t si) ti u cui my thu (tinh chnh tn
sc). K thut ny l khng ph hp vi h thng WDM thng mi v mt s l
do. Th nht, khi tc bit ca knh n tng ln 40 Gb/s th gi tr cho php ca
tn sc d s nh n mc nhng thay i do nhit trong GVD s tr nn ng
k. V vy, cch tt nht l phi thc hin mt m hnh b tn sc iu hng
c th kim sot c GVD cho mi knh theo phng thc ng lc.

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

c mt s k thut b tn sc iu hng c xy dng v s dng

trong vic thc nghim h thng. Hu ht u tn dng h cch t Bragg si do
tn sc ca h thng c th c iu hng bng cch thay i chu k li .
mt m hnh, cch t c thit k c dch tn phi tuyn (bc sng Bragg tng
phi tuyn dc theo chiu di cch t) c th c thay i bng cch ko cng
cch t bng mt b chuyn i in p. mt cch khc, cch t khng c dch
tn hay dch tn tuyn tnh m ch s dng gradient nhit to ra dch tn c
th kim sot. c hai trng hp th nhng bin i do nhit hay ng sut
trong ch s mode s lm thay i bc sng Bragg ni nh B(z) = 2(z)(z).
i vi h cch t ny, phng trnh ( 3.34 ) s c thay th bng:
Lg

2 d

D g ( )

n
(
z
)
dz

d c d 0

d g

( 3.60 )

Trong g l tr nhm v Lg l chiu di cch t. Gi tr Dg bt k

mt bc sng no cng c th c thay i bng cch iu chnh ch s mode
(bng cch t nng hoc ko cng), nh to ra cc c tnh tn sc iu hng
cho cch t Bragg.
Phn tn nhit ca h cch t Bragg yu cu phi c b gia nhit mng
mng c b tr b mt ngoi ca si vi cch t trong li. dy ca mng
thay i theo chiu di cch t v to ra mt gradient nhit trong sut qu trnh
gia nhit khng u khi mng c tch hp in p. C th s dng mt b gia
nhit mng mng phn on phc v cho mc ch ny. Hnh 3.19 m t ph
phn x ca cch t di 8 cm vi ba mc in p v tng tn sc DgLg nh l mt
hm ca in p. Cch t ban u khng c dch tn v c di dng hp c th
dch chuyn hoc m rng do cch t c dch tn qua h gia nhit khng u.
V mt vt l, bc sng Bragg B thay i theo chiu di ca cch t do chu k
quang (z) l mt i lng ph thuc vo z khi gradient nhit c hnh
thnh dc theo cch t. C th thay i tng tn sc DgLg trong khong 500 n
2200 ps/nm cng bng phng thc ny. Cc h cch t nh th c s dng
to ra tn sc iu hng cho cc h thng 10 Gb/s.

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

Hnh 3.19: (a) M t ph phn x v (b) ton b GVD nh mt hm ca in p

cho cch t si vi gradient nhit .

Khi tc bit t 40 Gb/s hoc ln hn th cn phi dch tn cch t di

dng rng cho ph tn hiu truyn qua. Dch tn phi tuyn khi s c s tng
cng kim sot i vi thit b. Nhng h cch t dch tn ny c ch to v
s dng b tn sc iu hng c tc bit 160 Gb/s. Hnh 3.20 m t tnh
nhy ca my thu o c trong th nghim 160 Gb/s nh l mt hm ca tn sc
nh sn c v khng c cch t dch tn tn sc iu hng. Khi khng c cch
t, nhy ti thiu vo khong 91 ps/nm do DCF c s dng bin tn sc
thnh mt hng s. Mt li cng sut 4 dB xut hin khi GVD tha bin i ch
vo khong 8 ps/nm. C th gim xung mc di 0,5 dB nu c b tn sc iu
hng. T cc th theo di v tn sc nh sn vo khong 110 ps/nm ta thy h
thng s khng th hot ng nu nh khng c cch t nhng theo di s c
duy tr m rng nu s dng b tn sc iu hng. Th nghim ny s dng
cc xung quang 2 ps do khe bit ch rng 6,25 ps v tc bit vo khong 160
Gb/s. Cc tc ng ca tn sc bc ba l ng phi quan tm i vi cc xung
ngn nh th.

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

Hnh 3.20: nhy ca my thu trong th nghim 160 Gb/s, l mt hm ca tn sc

d trc c (hnh vung) v khng c (hnh trn) cch t Bragg dng si (CFBG).
S tng trong th theo di c m t cho 110 ps/nm hnh bn phi.

3.9.3 Qun l Tn sc Bc Cao

Khi tc bit ca mt knh n vt mc 40 Gb/s (c th l do ng dng
ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian) th cc tc ng tn sc bc ba hoc bc cao
hn s bt u nh hng ti tn hiu quang. V d, khe bit tc 100 Gb/s s
ch c rng 10 ps, v mt tn hiu quang RZ s bao gm cc xung c rng
< 5 ps. tnh khong truyn dn cc i L, c gii hn bi tn x bc ba 3,
ch khi tn x bc hai c b. Ta c:
L 0.034(|3|B3)1

( 3.61 )

Vi tc bit 200 Gb/s, L c gii hn 50 km v s ch cn 3,4 km tc

500 Gb/s nu chng ta thay mt gi tr c th 3 = 0.08 ps3/km. R rng l phi
s dng cc k thut c th b ng thi tn sc bc hai v bc ba khi tc bit
ca knh n ln hn 100 Gb/s. c mt s k thut nh th v ang c
xy dng.
Cch n gin nht b tn sc bc ba l s dng cc DCF c h s gc
tn sc m c 2 v 3 c du ngc vi du ca cc si tiu chun. C th bit
iu kin cn ch to loi si ny bng cch gii phng trnh (3.3) trn c s
p dng phng php bin i Fourier. i vi ng truyn si quang c cc
chiu di si khc nhau l L1 v L2 th cc iu kin i vi b tn sc s l:
21L1+22L2 = 0 v 31L1+32L2 = 0

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

Trong 2jv 3j l cc tham s tn sc bc hai v bc ba i vi si c

chiu di Lj. iu kin th nht cng tng t nh phng trnh (3.20a). p
dng phng trnh ( 3.20b ), ta c th s dng iu kin th hai tm tham s tn
sc bc ba cho DCF:
32 = (22/21)31 = (L1/L2)31.

( 3.63 )

Hnh 3.21: Dng xung sau khi xung u vo 2,6 ps c truyn i 300 km bng si
dch tn sc (2 = 0). Hnh tri v phi so snh s ci thin thu c bng b tn sc
bc ba.

Yu cu ny tng t vi yu cu c t ra t phng trnh (3.51) i

vi cc DCF c s dng trong cc h thng WDM v 3 c s lin h n h s
gc tn sc S thng qua phng trnh (2.11).
i vi h thng knh n, bng thng tn hiu phi nh ngay c khi tc
bit vo khong 500 Gb/s tha mn c phng trnh (3.62) trn mt
bng thng 4 nm. C th p ng c yu cu ny bng mt b lc quang hoc
cch t si dch tn. Trc ht ta xt trng hp b lc quang. Cc mch sng nh
sng phng o c t cc b lc giao thoa MZ (xem phn 3.5) chng minh
c tnh hu dng ca n v cc b lc ny c kh nng lp trnh c. mt th
nghim, mt b lc nh th c thit k to ra h s gc tn sc 15,8
ps/nm2 trn mt bng thng 170 GHz. N c s dng b tn sc bc ba vi
chiu di si dch tn sc l 300 km, 3 0.05 ps/(km-nm2) bc sng hot
ng. Hnh 3.21 so snh cc dng xung im u ra ca si c v khng c b
3 khi xung 2,6 ps c truyn i vi khong cch 300 km. B b lm loi b
cc ui dao ng v gim thiu rng ca nh chnh t 4,6 xung cn 3,8 ps.
Xung tng rng t gi tr u vo 2,6 ps l h qu ca tn sc phn cc mode
(PMD).

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

Cc cch t si dch tn thng c u tin trong thc tin do chng c

bn cht l thun si. Cc cch t si di (1m) n nm 1997 mi c nghin
cu v pht trin phc v cho mc ch ny. Trong nm 1998, mt cch t si
dch tn phi tuyn c th b tn sc bc ba trn 6 nm cho mt khong cch di
60 km. Vic xp tng cc cch t dch tn c th s bin thnh mt b b tn sc
c cc c tnh tn sc ngu nhin v c kh nng b tn sc cho cc bc cao hn.
Mt cch t c ng sng xp thnh dy hoc cch t si dng mu c th b
ng thi tn sc bc hai v bc ba. Mc d cch t si dng mu c dch tn
phi tuyn c th iu hng tn sc ng thi cho mt s knh nhng n li b
gii hn v bng thng. Mt cch t c ng sng dy kt hp vi b lc pha
khng gian c th b h s gc tn sc trn mt bng thng rng 8 THz v thch
hp cho cc h thng a knh 40 Gb/s. Tnh kh thi trong vic truyn mt tn hiu
100 Gb/s qua mt qung ng di 10.000 km c nghin cu trn c s s
dng kt hp pha quang kt hp vi b tn sc bc ba.
c mt s th nghim v knh n nghin cu kh nng truyn mt knh
n c tc bit hn 200 Gb/s. Gi s h thng RZ yu cu phi c 1 khe bit 2 ps
tn dng cc xung 1 ps th vic truyn dn tc bit 500 Gb/s s l kh thi
nu s dng cc DCF hoc cc cch t si dch tn c thit k to ra b 3 trn
mt bng thng 4 nm. Trong th nghim nm 1996, mt tn hiu 400 Gb/s c
truyn i bng cch qun l tn sc ca si quang v pht cc xung 0,98 ps bn
trong mt khe thi gian 2,5 ps. Nu khng b c tn sc bc ba, xung s tng
ln 2,3 ps sau khi i ht chiu di 40 km v s to ra mt ui dao ng di trn
5 6 ps, l c trng ca tn sc bc ba. Trong trng hp b c mt phn tn
sc bc ba, ui dao ng s bin mt v rng xung s gim xung cn 1,6 ps,
m bo kh nng phc hi d liu 400 Gb/s vi chnh xc cao. Cc xung
quang ngn vo khong 0,4 ps trong nm 1998 c s dng to ra mt tc
bit 640 Gb/s. Trong th nghim nm 2001, tc bit c tng ln 1,28 Tb/s
bng cch truyn cc xung 380 fs qua 70 km chiu di si quang. Vic truyn cc
xung ngn nh th i hi phi b ng thi tn sc cp hai v cp bn. C ngha
rng qu trnh iu ch pha hnh sin ca dng gc vung s c p dng cho
xung dch tn tuyn tnh trc khi n c truyn qua si b GVD. Xung dch
tn ny c th b c tn sc cp ba v cp bn.

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

3.9.4 B PMD
Nh bit trong phn 2.3.5, PMD s lm m rng cc xung quang do s
nh hng ca s bin thin ngu nhin trong c tnh lng chit ca si quang
dc theo chiu di ca n. S tng ny l mt s tng b sung i vi xung to bi
GVD. Vic qun l tn sc c th loi b hin tng tng do GVD nhng li
khng c tc dng g vi hin tng tng do PMD. V l , PMD chnh l vn
ng phi quan tm trong cc h thng c qun l tn sc hin i.
Trc khi xt n cc k thut c ng dng b PMD chng ta s d
on v th t chiu di ca cc h thng cha b. Phng trnh ( 2.16 ) cho thy
xung RMS tng ln mt lin kt c chiu di L c xc nh bng cng thc
T ((T)2)1/2 =Dp L trong Dp l tham s PMD v T l h s tr tng i
theo hai trng thi phn cc c bn (PSPs). Lu , T l mt gi tr trung bnh. Gi
tr tc thi ca T dao ng theo thi gian do nh hng ca nhit v cc yu
t mi trng khc. Nu T ln hn khe bit mt khong thi gian cho d l ngn
th h thng s ngng hot ng; y cng ging nh l hin tng faing hoc s
ngng thng xut hin khi h thng radio gp phi nhng tc ng tng t.
Tnh hiu qu ca h thng PMD gii hn c xc nh trn c s p
dng khi nim xc sut ngng. Xc sut ny phi thp hn so vi gi tr nh
mc (thng l gn bng 10-5 hoc 5 pht/nm) ca h thng. C th tnh c
xc sut ny trn c s hiu rng T l h qu ca phn b Maxwell. Nhn chung,
gi tr RMS T ch chim mt t l nh trong khe bit TB tc bit B 1/TB.
Gi tr chnh xc ca t l ny dao ng trong khong 0,1 0,15 ty theo dng
iu ch (RZ, CRZ, hoc NRZ) v c im ca xung u vo. Nu t 10% l
tiu ch bo ton th chiu di h thng v tc bit s tha mn c iu kin:
B2L < (10Dp)2

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( 3.64 )

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

Hnh 3.22: M hnh ca b b PMD quang (a) v in (b).

Xt mt s v d lin quan. Trong trng hp ng truyn si quang c

c lp t vi cc si quang tiu chun th iu kin ( 3.64 ) s tr thnh
B2L < 104 (Gb/s)2-km nu chng ly gi tr i din l Dp = 1 ps/ km Loi si ny
s i hi b PMD B = 10 Gb/s nu chiu di ng truyn vt qu 100 km.
Ngc li, cc si quang hin i s c Dp < 0,1 ps/ km . i vi nhng h thng
c thit k c s dng loi si ny th B2L c th ln hn 106 (Gb/s)2-km. Do
vy, b PMD khng nht thit phi mc 10 Gb/s nhng c th s phi mc 40
Gb/s nu chiu di ng truyn ln hn 600 km. Cn phi lu rng nhng d
liu ny ch mang tnh c on.
Nhng tho lun trc cho thy rng PMD c th s gy hn ch ti
hiu qu ca h thng nu tc bit ca knh n ln hn 10 Gb/s. c mt s
k thut nghin cu b PMD trong h thng sng nh sng qun l tn sc;
c th phn loi chng thnh quang hoc in. Hnh 3.22 m t nguyn l c bn
ca cc m hnh b PMD quang v in. Mt b b PMD in s hiu chnh cc
tc ng PMD trong my thu bng mt b lc ngang. B lc ny s tch tn hiu
in x(t) thnh cc nhnh c s dng cc ng tr phn nhnh v sau tng hp
u ra nh sau:

N 1

y (t ) cm x(t m )
m 0

( 3.65 )

Trong N l tng s nhnh, l thi gian tr v cm l trng lng ca

nhnh th m. Cc trng lng ca nhnh c iu chnh bng ng lc trn c s
s dng thut ton iu khin sao cho lm tng hiu qu ca h thng. Tn hiu li
cc thit b in iu khin thng l da trn c s theo di my thu b
ng. K thut in ny khng c kh nng loi b hon ton cc tc ng PMD
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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

do n khng xt n tr do PMD gy ra gia hai PSP. Tuy vy, n li xc nh

chnh xc cc ngun suy bin dn ti theo di b ng.
Mt b b PMD quang cng c th tn dng c tnh nng ca ng tr.
B b ny c th c tch hp theo chu k dc theo chiu di ng truyn
quang (c th l ti v tr t b khuch i) hoc ngay pha trc my thu. Tn
hiu b mo do PMD s c chia lm hai phn theo cc PSP trn c s s dng
b iu khin phn cc (PC) cng vi b tch tia phn cc; hai phn s c
kt hp li sau khi to ra c mt tr hiu chnh trong mt nhnh xuyn sut
ng tr bin thin (xem hnh 3.22). Vn cn phi c mt vng lp hi tip
thu tn hiu li cho vic hiu chnh b iu khin phn cc ty theo bin i ca
mi trng trong cc PSP si quang. S thnh cng ca k thut ny ph thuc
vo t s L/LPMD khi si c chiu di L, trong LPMD = (T0/Dp)2 l chiu di ca
PMD v cc xung c chiu rng T0. Do LPMD gn bng 10.000 km trong khi
DP 0.1 ps/ km v T0 = 10 ps nn mt b b PMD nh th c th thch hp vi
nhng khong cch vt i dng ca h thng 10 Gb/s.

Hnh 3.23: B PMD iu hng do cch t si dch tn lng chit.

(a) Cn nguyn ca tr nhm vi phn (b) Dch di dng di dng do cng cch t.

Ngoi ra cng c mt s gii php khc c th ng dng b PMD. V d,

b b Soleil-Babinet s dng cht LiNbO3 c kh nng kim sot phn cc v
hn. Cc phn khc bao gm tinh th lng st in, si duy tr phn cc xon, b

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

lc ton thng quang v cch t si dch tn lng chit. Hnh 3.23 m t cch
thc hot ng ca b b PMD da vo cch t. Do c tnh lng chit cao nn
hai thnh phn trng c phn cc dc theo trc nhanh v chm s c phn
x cc v tr khc nhau trong cch t v gp phi mt tr nhm vi phn c th
b c tr nhm do PMD gy ra. tr ny l mt i lng ph thuc vo
bc sng chnh bi c tnh dch tn ca cch t. Ngoi ra, c th hiu chnh vi
nanomet cho tr ny bng cch ko cng cch t. Loi thit b ny c kh nng
b PMD iu hng v rt ph hp vi cc h thng WDM.
Xin lu rng cc b b PMD quang c m t trn Hnh 3.22 v 3.23
ch c tc dng loi b cc tc ng PMD bc mt. tc bit cao, cc xung
quang ngn v ph ca chng s rng PSP khng th l mt i lng
bt bin trn ton b ph xung. Cn phi lu ti cc tc ng PMD bc cao
hn trong cc h thng sng nh sng 40 Gb/s qua c th a ra cc gii
php b hp l.
C th nh gi c tnh hiu qu ca kh nng b PMD bc mt bng
cch xt xem s m rng ca xung do PMD gy ra gim i bao nhiu khi chu tc
ng ca b b. Phn l thuyt gii tch ca qu trnh b PMD cho thy gi tr
nh mc hoc trung bnh ca h s m rng, b2 =2/20, c xc nh nh di
y khi xung Gauss cha dch tn c chiu rng To:
b2c = b2u +2x/34[(1+2x/3)1/21]

( 3.66 )

Trong , x = <(T)2>/4T20, T l tr nhm vi phn dc theo cc PSP

v b2u l gi tr trc khi b PMD:
b2u = 1+x 1/2 [(1+4x/3)1/21].

( 3.67 )

Hnh 3.24 m t cc h s m rng bu (ng nt lin) v bc (ng nt

chm) nh l mt hm ca <T>/T0. Hnh cng m t nhng trng hp xu nht
v l tng nht lin quan n hai la chn v trng thi phn cc u vo (SOP).

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Chng III: Cc phng php b tn sc...

Hnh 3.24: H s m rng xung l hm ca DGD trung bnh trong bn trng hp.
ng chm m t s tng do s dng b b PMD bc mt. Cc vng trn bi en
v rng m t kt qu m phng s.

C th s dng hnh 3.24 d on hiu qu tng ln ca b b PMD bc

mt. Nh trnh by trc , DGD trung bnh khng c php ln hn 10%
ca khe bit trong cc h thng khng b duy trnh xc sut ngn di mc 10-5.
Do vy, gi tr cho php ca m rng xung do PMD to ra phi xp x b = 1,02.
T phng trnh ( 3.66 ) v ( 3.67 ) c th d thy rng gi tr ny c th c duy
tr trong cc h thng b PMD ngay c khi T vt qu 30%. Do , b b PMD
bc mt c th lm tng gi tr cho php ca DGD ln ln hn h s 3. Kt qu l
khong truyn ca h thng c b PMD tng ln rt nhiu. Lu , khng th s
dng b b PMD n cho tt c cc knh WDM. ng hn l, mi knh phi c
mt b b PMD ring bit. Mt b b quang c b tr ngay trc my thu hoc
b b PMD in c tch hp bn trong my thu s l mt gii php mang tnh
thc tin; c hai u c nghin cu trong nm 2001 phc v cho mc ch
ng dng thng mi.

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Kt lun

KT LUN
Nhm hn ch v loi b nh hng ca tn sc n cc h thng thng tin
quang tc cao, dung lng ln nn em chn nghin cu ti B tn sc
trong h thng thng tin quang tc cao . Sau mt thi gian tm hiu, em
hon thnh n tt nghip i hc vi cc ni dung chnh sau:
Chng I: Gii thiu chung v WDM, qu trnh pht trin ca cng ngh
WDM, cc chc nng chnh ca h thng WDM v cc cng ngh cho php h tr
cho s pht trin ca h thng WDM. a ra cc cu hnh mng im im, vng
ring, mesh v c ch bo v cho tng cu hnh mng p dng trong mng WDM
c ng dng trong mng khu vc th, cc v tr t chc kinh doanh, cc
thit b vn phng, khu dn c.
Chng II: Trnh by hai tham s nh hng chnh n cht lng h
thng WDM l tn sc v cc hiu ng phi tuyn.
+ Tn sc:
Tm hiu cc loi tn sc trn si dn quang v a ra cng thc
tnh tham s tn sc v s dn xung cui si quang ca cc loi tn sc nh: tn
sc vt liu, tn sc dn sng, tn sc bc cao v tn sc mode phn cc. Trong
tn sc bc cao v tn sc mode phn cc l nhng tn sc chnh gy ra nhng nh
hng xu n cht lng h thng WDM.
+ Cc hiu ng phi tuyn:
C nm hiu ng phi tuyn nh hng n cht lng h thng
WDM. l hiu ng t iu ch pha SPM gy bin i pha ca sng quang dn
n tn ph gin rng. Hiu ng iu ch xuyn pha XPM c sinh ra do cc
knh khc nhau trong h thng a knh WDM tc ng vo nhau. Hiu ng trn
bn sng FWM to ra tn s mi l t hp ca cc tn s tn hiu ln cn s lm
hn ch dung lng v c li truyn dn ca h thng WDM. Hiu ng tn x
Raman SRS gy ra nhng nh hng hn ch s knh bc sng, khong cch
gia cc knh, cng sut tng knh v gy xuyn m gia cc knh. Hiu ng tn
x Brillouin SBS ch gy nh hng n mc cng sut ca tng knh v khong
cch gia cc knh m khng h ph thuc vo s knh bc sng.

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Kt lun

Chng III: Tm hiu v nghin cu cc phng php b tn sc nh cc

m hnh b trc, cc k thut b sau, cc si b tn sc, cc b lc quang, cc
cch t Bragg si, s kt hp pha quang v ng thi a ra nhng u, nhc
im ca cc phng php b tn sc ny cng nh tnh ng dng ca chng trong
cc h thng thng tin quang. ng thi nghin cu v ng dng cc phng php
b tn sc cho hai h thng thng tin quang ph bin l h thng sng nh sng
ng di v h thng dung lng ln.

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Ti liu tham kho

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. TS. V Vn San, H thng thng tin quang tp 1. Nh xut bn bu in,
H ni 7-2003.
2. Nguyn c Nhn, Bi ging k thut thng tin quang I, Hc vin cng
ngh bu chnh vin thng.
3. Bass M - 2002 - Fiber Optics Handbook Fiber, Devices, And Systems For
Optical Communications - Osa - Mc Graw Hill.
4. Introduction to DWDM technology, June 4-2001, Cisco Systems.
5. Fiber-Optic Communication Systems, Third Edition. Govind P.Agrawal.

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