I HC QUC GIA H NI

TRNG I HC CNG NGH

L Tun Linh

NGHIN CU KHUCH I RAMAN

CNG BC NG DNG TRONG
KHUCH I QUANG

KHO LUN TT NGHIP I HC H CHNH QUY

Ngnh: Vt l k thut

H NI - 2011
0

I HC QUC GIA H NI
TRNG I HC CNG NGH

L Tun Linh

NGHIN CU KHUCH I RAMAN

CNG BC NG DNG TRONG
KHUCH I QUANG

KHO LUN TT NGHIP I HC H CHNH QUY

Ngnh: Vt l k thut
Cn b hng dn: PGS.TS. Phm Vn Hi
Cn b ng hng dn: TS.Bi Huy

H NI - 2011

Li cm n
Kho lun tt nghip ny l kt qu nghin cu trong nhiu thng n lc ca bn
thn em di s hng dn, gip ca rt nhiu ngi
Qua bn kho lun ny cho php em by t lng bit n chn thnh, su sc nht
n PGS.TS Phm Vn Hi v TS. Bi Huy tn tnh hng dn, gip em hon
thnh kho lun tt nghip.
Em cng rt bit n cc cn b v anh ch hin ang cng tc ti phng Vt liu
v ng dng Quang si, vin Khoa hc vt liu: anh Th Anh, anh Thanh Hi
quan tm, gip v to mi iu kin v c s vt cht cng nh thit b cho vic
nghin cu v hon thnh kho lun ny.
Em cng xin gi lng bit n su sc n cc thy c cng cc cn b cng tc
ti khoa Vt l k thut v cng ngh nano o to cho em khng ch v kin thc
chuyn mn m c v k nng sng, hc tp v lm vic.
Kho lun ny cng l mt li cm n su sc ti nhng ngi thn ca emnhng ngi lun bn cnh quan tm em gip em hon thnh kho lun.
H Ni 20/05/11
Sinh vin
L Tun Linh

Tm tt ni dung
Tn x Raman l qu trnh tn x khng n hi, xy ra do s tng tc ca nh
sng vi mi trng vt cht trong si quang.
Tn x Raman bao gm tn x Raman t pht v tn x Raman kch thch SRS.
Mt mt tn x Raman gy nh hng xu n qu trnh truyn tn hiu trong si
quang, lm tng nhiu trong h thng thng tin quang nhng mt khc tn x Raman
cng c nhng nh hng tch cc, ni bt nht l kh nng khuch i tn hiu quang.
Bi vy, ngay t khi mi c pht hin, tn x Raman thu ht c rt nhiu s
quan tm, nghin cu. Tn x Raman kch thch(SRS) chnh l c s pht trin cc
b khuch i quang Raman. Cc b khuch i quang Raman c rt nhiu u im so
vi nhng loi khuch i quang c s dng trc v rt ph hp vi cc h
thng WDM ang c trin khai hin nay. Cc b khuch i quang Raman c coi
l li gii cho bi ton khuch i quang trong cc h thng truyn dn quang dung
lng ln, c ly di v rt di. Nhn thc c tm quan trng cng nh ngha to
ln ca b khuch i quang Raman, di s hng dn ca PGS.TS. Phm Vn Hi
v TS. Bi Huy, em tp trung nghin ti tn x Raman v ng dng trong
khuch i thng tin quang. Nhng kt qu trong kho lun l nhng kt qu bc
u tin ti nhng nghin cu su hn nhm a n nhng ng dng trong thc
t.

Li cam oan
Ti xin cam oan ni dung trong bn n tt nghip ny l kt qu trong cng trnh
nghin cu ca ring ti di s hng dn ca PGS.TS Phm Vn Hi v TS. Bi
Huy. Tt c cc s liu c cng b l hon ton trung thc v cha tng c cng
b ti cc ti liu, n phm no khc. Cc s liu tham kho khc u c ch dn r
rng v ngun gc xut x v c nu trong phn ph lc cui kho lun.

H Ni ngy 20 thng 5 nm 2011

L Tun Linh

Mc lc
Chng 1. Tng quan v khuch i quang..1
1.1 Vi nt v h thng thng tin quang...1
1.1.1.Lch s pht trin ca h thng thng tin quang...1
1.1.2.Cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng thng tin quang...............2
1.1.3. u im ca h thng thng tin quang3
1.2 Tng quan v khuych i quang4
1.2.1 Nguyn l ca khuch i quang.5
1.2.2 ng dng ca khuch i quang.7
1.2.3 Cc thng s chnh ca khuch i quang...8
1.2.3.1 H s li,h s khuch i..........8
1.2.3.2 Bng thng li,bng thng khuch i..9
1.2.3.3 Cng sut ng ra bo ho...10
1.2.3.4 H s nhiu.........11
1.3 Phn loi khuch i quang......12
1.3.1 Khuych i quang bn dn..12
1.3.2 Khuch i quang si OFA(EDFA)...14
Chng 2. Hiu ng tn x Raman v b khuch i quang si Raman...16
2.1 Hiu ng tn x Raman.....16
2.2 Hiu ng tn x Raman cng bc (SRS)...18
2.3 Khuch i quang Raman 20
2.3.1 Khuch i quang Raman.20
2.3.2 li bng thng gr ca ph Raman trong si thy tinh Silica tinh khit
v trong si nhy quang, si b tn sc DCF.22
2.3.3 M hnh ca b khuch i quang Raman...24
2.3.4 Di rng ca khuch i quang Raman25
2.4 nh hng ca tn x Raman trong h thng WDM26
Chng 3 Kt qu v tho lun..30
3.1 Cc thit b v linh kin s dng trong thc nghim.30
3.2 Cc s thit lp cho thc nghim32
3.3 Cc kt qu thc nghim v tho lun33
Kt lun.40

Ti liu tham kho41

Chng 1. Tng quan v khuch i quang

1.1 Vi nt v h thng thng tin quang
1.1.1 Lch s pht trin ca h thng thng tin quang
Thng tin quang c t chc h thng cng nh cc h thng thng tin khc, thnh
phn c bn nht ca h thng thng tin quang lun tun th theo mt h thng thng tin
chung. y l nguyn l m loi ngi s dng ngay t thi k khai sinh ra cc hnh
thc thng tin.
Tn hiu cn truyn c pht vo mi trng truyn dn tng ng v u thu s
thu li tn hiu cn truyn. i vi h thng thng tin quang th mi trng truyn dn
y chnh l si quang. Si quang thc hin truyn nh sng mang tn hiu thng tin t
pha pht ti pha thu.
Vo nm 1960, vic pht minh ra laser lm ngun pht quang m ra mt thi k
mi c ngha to ln trong lch s ca k thut thng tin s dng di tn nh sng. Thng
tin bng tia laser xuyn qua khng trung xut hin nhng chu nh hng ca thi tit,
my pht v phi nhn thy nhau, tia laser nguy him cho mt nginn vic s dng b
hn ch.
Laser bn dn xut hin vo nm 1962 cng vi si quang gi thnh h ln u tin
c ch to vo nm 1970 lm cho thng tin quang tr thnh hin thc. nh sng c
ghp t laser bn dn vo si quang v truyn trong si quang theo nguyn l phn x ni
ton phn nn khc phc c cc nhc im ca thng tin bng tia laser. Trong nhng
nm 1970 laser bn dn GaAs/GaAlAs pht vng hng ngoi gn 0.8m c ch
to v s dng cho thng tin quang si. Nm 1980 cc h thng thng tin quang si th h
u tin c a vo hot ng (tc 45Mb/s v khong cch lp 10km).
u nhng nm 80, h thng thng tin quang th h th hai s dng laser 1310nm
bt u c s dng. Thi gian u, tc bt ch t 100Mb/s do tn sc si a mode.
Khi si n mode c a vo s dng, tc bt c tng ln rt cao. Nm 1987,
h thng thng tin quang 1310nm c tc bt 1.7Gb/s vi khong cch lp 50km c
mt trn th trng.
Th h th ba ca cc h thng thng tin quang si hot ng vng sng 1.55m
vi tc bt 2.5Gb/s v khong cch lp 60 70km. Khi s dng cc loi si quang b
tn sc v lm phng tn sc, khong cch lp s tng ln.
Th h th t ca thng tin cp quang l s dng khuych i quang tng khong
cch lp v ghp nhiu bc sng trong mt si quang tng tc bt trong si quang.
Khuych i quang si pha tp Erbium (EDFA) c kh nng b cng sut cho suy hao
quang trong cc khong cch ln hn 100km. Nm 1991 ln u tin h thng thng tin
2

quang c EDFA c th nghim truyn tn hiu s tc 2.5Gb/s trn khong cch

21000km v 5Gb/s trn khong cch 14300km. Nm 1996 h thng thng tin quang quc
t di bin c lp t, nm 1997 ng cp quang vng quanh th gii di bin
di 27300km c a vo hot ng kt ni nhiu nc chu u, chu vi tc
5Gb/s v vi ni ti 10Gb/s.
S dng cng ngh ghp nhiu bc sng trn mt si quang (WDM) lm tng
dung lng thng tin quang mt cch ng k. Trong nm 1996 th nghim tuyn
truyn dn 20 bc sng quang vi tc bt ca tng bc sng l 5Gb/s trn khong
cch 9100km, tc bt ca tuyn t 100Gb/s. Nm 2000 h thng TPC-6 xuyn i
Ty Dng c tc bt 100Gb/s c a vo hot ng.
Th h th nm ca h thng thng tin quang da trn c s gii quyt vn tn
sc trong si quang. Khuych i quang gii quyt rt hon ho s suy hao trong si
nhng khng gii quyt c vn tn sc. Gii php tt nht gii quyt vn tn
sc l s dng hiu ng Soliton quang. Hiu ng Soliton quang l hiu ng phi tuyn
trong si quang. Chng da trn c s tng tc b tr tn sc ca cc thnh phn quang
trong mt xung quang cc ngn c truyn trong si quang khng c
suy hao.
Nm 1994 h Soliton th nghim truyn tn hiu 10Gb/s trn khong cch 35000km
v 15Gb/s trn khong cch 24000km. Nm 1996 h thng WDM c 7 bc sng truyn
Soliton trn khong cch 9400km vi tc bt 70Gb/s.
Ngy nay, cc mng thng tin hon ton quang ang c nghin cu mnh m
nhm tng hn na tc thng tin. Cc h thng thng tin quang c ng dng rng
ri trn th gii. Chng p ng c c tn hiu tng t v s. Chng cho php truyn
dn tt c cc tn hiu dch v bng hp v bng rng, p ng mi nhu cu ca mng s
ho lin kt a dch v (ISDN). S lng cp quang hin nay c lp t trn th gii
vi s lng ln, mi tc truyn dn vi cc c ly khc nhau, cc cu trc mng a
dng. Nhiu nc ly cp quang lm mi trng truyn dn chnh cho mng vin thng.
Cc h thng thng tin quang s l mi t ph v tc , c ly truyn dn v cu trc
linh hot cho dch v vin thng cp cao.
1.1.2 Cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng thng tin quang
H thng thng tin quang si cng ging nh h thng thng tin quang khc bao
gm bn thnh phn c bn l my pht quang, my thu quang, mi trng truyn v tn
hiu thng tin (tn hiu li vo, tn hiu li ra nh trn hnh 1.1).
Tn hiu
li vo

My pht
quang

Mi trng
truyn

My thu
quang

Tn hiu
li ra

Hnh 1.1. Cc thnh phn c bn ca mt h thng thng tin quang

Vai tr ca b pht quang l bin i tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang v a tn

hiu quang vo si quang. Linh kin chnh ca b pht quang l ngun pht quang: h
thng thng tin quang si thng s dng cc b ngun pht quang bn dn l dit pht
quang (LED) v laser bn dn. Mi trng truyn dn quang chia lm hai loi: truyn
trong si quang v truyn trong khng gian. tng khong cch truyn b gii hn bi
s suy hao trong si quang ngi ta c th s dng cc b lp hoc cc b khuych i
quang si. B lp c nhim v thu tn hiu quang, bin i quang - in (O/E), sa li
xung in, khuych i tn hiu v bin i in - quang (E/O) tr li. Nhng h thng
thng tin quang hin i ch yu s dng cc b khuych i quang si pha Erbium
(EDFA),b khuch i Raman.. cc b khuych i Raman khuych i trc tip tn hiu
quang v c nhiu u vit so vi cc b lp. Tn hiu quang u pha bn kia ca h
thng c thu bi my thu quang. Vai tr ca b thu quang l chuyn i tn hiu quang
thnh tn hiu in v phc hi cc s liu truyn qua h thng thng tin quang. Linh
kin ch yu trong b thu quang l cc photodiode c cu trc v vt liu ch to thch
hp cho bng tn v bc sng cn thu.
1.1.3 u im ca h thng thng tin quang
Dung lng ln: Cc si quang c kh nng truyn nhng lng ln thng tin.
Vi cng ngh hin nay trn hai si quang c th truyn c ng thi 60.000 cuc m
thoi. Mt cp si quang (c ng knh ngoi 2 cm) c th cha c khong 200 si
quang, s tng c dung lng ng truyn ln 6.000.000 cuc m thoi. So vi cc
phng tin truyn dn bng dy thng thng, mt cp ln gm nhiu i dy c th
truyn c 500 cuc m thoi. Mt cp ng trc c kh nng vi 10.000 cuc m
thoi v mt tuyn viba hay v tinh c th mang c 2000 cuc gi ng thi.
Kch thc v trng lng nh: So vi mt cp ng c cng dung lng, cp
si quang c ng knh nh hn v khi lng nh hn nhiu. Do d lp t hn, c
bit nhng v tr c sn dnh cho cp.
Khng b nhiu in: Truyn dn bng si quang khng b nh hng bi nhiu
in t (EMI) hay nhiu tn s v tuyn (RFI) v n khng to ra bt k s nhiu ni ti
no. Si quang c th cung cp mt ng truyn sch nhng mi trng khc nghit
nht. Cc cng ty in lc s dng cp quang, dc theo cc ng dy in cao th
cung cp ng thng tin r rng gia cc trm bin p. Cp si quang cng khng b
xuyn m. Thm ch d nh sng b bc x ra t mt si quang th n khng th thm
nhp vo si quang khc c.
Tnh cch in: Si quang l mt vt cch in. Si thy tinh ny loi b nhu
cu v cc dng in cho ng thng tin. Cp si quang lm bng cht in mi thch
hp khng cha vt dn in v c th cho php cch in hon ton cho nhiu ng dng.
N c th loi b c nhiu gy bi cc dng in chy vng di t hay nhng trng
hp nguy him gy bi s phng in trn cc ng dy thng tin nh st hay nhng
trc trc v in. y thc s l mt phng tin an ton thng c dng ni cn
cch in.
4

 Tnh bo mt: Si quang cung cp bo mt thng tin cao. Mt si quang

khng th b trch ly trm thng tin bng cc phng tin in thng thng nh s
dn in trn b mt hay cm ng in t, v rt kh trch ly thng tin dng tn hiu
quang. Cc tia sng truyn lan tm si quang v rt t hoc khng c tia no thot khi
si quang . Thm ch nu trch vo si quang c ri th n c th b pht hin nh
kim tra cng sut nh sng thu c ti u cui. Trong khi cc tn hiu thng tin v tinh
v viba c th d dng thu gii m c.
tin cy cao v d bo dng: Si quang l mt phng tin truyn dn ng
nht v khng gy ra hin tng pha-inh. Nhng tuyn cp quang c thit k thch
hp c th chu ng c nhng iu kin v nhit v m khc nghit v thm ch
c th hot ng di nc. Si quang c thi gian hot ng lu, khong 20 30 nm.
Yu cu v bo dng i vi mt h thng cp quang l t hn so vi yu cu ca mt
h thng thng thng do cn t b lp in hn trong mt tuyn thng tin.
Tnh linh hot: Cc h thng thng tin quang u kh dng cho hu ht cc
dng thng tin s liu, thoi v video. Cc h thng ny u c th tng thch vi cc
chun RS.232, RS422, V.35, Ethernet, FDDI, T1, T2, T3, Sonet, thoi 2/4 dy, tn hiu
E/M, video tng hp v cn nhiu na.
Tnh m rng: Cc h thng si quang c thit k thch hp c th d dng
c m rng khi cn thit. Mt h thng dng cho tc s liu thp, v d T1 (I 544
Mb/s) c th c nng cp tr thnh mt h thng tc s liu cao hn, OC-12 (622
Mb/s), bng cch thay i cc thit b in t. H thng cp si quang c th vn c
gi nguyn nh c.
S ti to tn hiu: Cng ngh ngy nay cho php thc hin nhng ng
truyn thng bng cp quang di trn 70 km trc khi cn ti to tn hiu, khong cch
ny cn c th tng ln ti 150 km nh s dng cc b khuch i laze. Trong tng lai,
cng ngh c th m rng khong cch ny ln ti 200 km v c th 1000 km. Chi ph tit
kim c do s dng t cc b lp trung gian v vic bo dng chng c th l kh ln.
Ngc li, cc h thng cp in thng thng c vi km c th cn c mt b lp.
Suy hao thp: s pht trin ca si quang qua nhiu nm t ck kt qu trong
vic ch to si quang c suy hao rt thp. Si quang c ch to vi suy hao
0.2dB/km v c tnh ny tr thnh li th chnh ca thng tin quang. iu ny thun li
cho vic t b khuych i cho mi khong cch trn ng truyn m khng cn
chuyn sang tn hiu in bc trung gian, do gim c gi thnh v c phc tp
ca h thng.
1.2 Tng quan v khuych i quang
i vi tn hiu quang, khi khong cch truyn dn ln, s suy gim tn hiu l
khng th trnh khi. Suy hao ca si quang l nguyn nhn gii hn c ly truyn ca cc
h thng thng tin quang. Gii hn v suy hao c khc phc bng cch s dng cc
trm lp quang in (optoelectronic repeater). Trong cc trm lp quang in ny, qu
5

trnh khuych i tn hiu quang c thc hin qua nhiu bc. u tin tn hiu quang
s c bin i thnh dng in bi cc b thu quang (optical receiver) s dng linh
kin tch sng quang nh PIN hay PAD. Dng quang in thu c s c ti to li
dng xung, nh thi v khuych i bi cc mch phc hi tn hiu v mch khuych i.
Sau , tn hiu in s c bin i thnh tn hiu quang thng qua cc ngun quang
trong b pht quang (optical transmitter) v c truyn i trong si quang. Nh vy, qu
trnh khuych i tn hiu c thc hin trn min in.

Hnh 1.2. B lp quang in

Cc trm lp quang in c s dng ph bin trong cc h thng truyn dn
quang mt bc sng nh h thng truyn dn quang SDH. Tuy nhin, khi s dng cho
cc h thng truyn dn a bc song nh h thng WDM, rt nhiu trm lp quang in
cn c s dng khuych i v ti to cc knh quang c bc sng khc nhau. iu
ny lm tng phc tp cng nh tng gi thnh ca h thng truyn dn quang WDM.
Cng vi s pht trin ca khoa hc cng ngh, ngi ta thc hin c qu trnh
khuych i trc tip tn hiu quang m khng cn phi thng qua qu trnh bin i v
tn hiu in, gi l k thut khuych i quang (Optical Amplifier). K thut khuych
i quang ra i khc phc c nhiu hn ch ca trm lp. So vi cc trm lp, cc
b khuych i quang c cc u im sau:
- Khuych i trc tip tn hiu quang, khng c mch ti to thi gian hay mch
phc hi (cc b bin i E/O hoc O/E). Do khuych i quang s tr nn linh hot
hn.
- Khng ph thuc vo tc bt v phng php iu ch tn hiu nn nng cp
h thng n gin hn.
-

Khuych i nhiu tn hiu c bc sng khc nhau cng truyn trn mt si

quang.
Vic nghin cu khuych i quang ngy cng pht trin v c ng dng rng
ri. C nhiu xu hng nghin cu v b khuych i quang, v trong thi gian qua cc
nghin cu thnh cng ch yu tp trung vo hai loi chnh:
-

Khuych i quang bn dn SOA (Optical Semiconductor Amplifier)

Khuych i quang si pha tp Erbium (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier)

Tuy nhin, do yu cu nng cp mng thng tin quang DWDM ln hng trm knh,
vic nghin cu pht trin cc loi khuch i quang khc c y mnh, trong
khuch i quang trn c s hiu ng tn x Raman cng bc (ROA) c c bit quan
tm trn th gii.
1.2.1 Nguyn l b khuch i quang
Nguyn l khuch i quang da trn nguyn l pht x kch thch v khng c
cng hng trong khuch i.
Hin tng pht x kch thch l mt trong ba hin tng bin i quang in c
ng dng trong thng tin quang.Cc hin tng ny c minh ho trong hnh:

Hnh 1.3. Cc hin tng bin i quang in

Hin tng hp th xy ra khi c nh sng ti c nng lng E v =hf12 tc ng vo
vt liu c rng vng cm Eg =E2-E1 bng nhauEv=Eg). Khi , in t s nhn nng
lng v c nhy ln mc nng lng cao hn. y chnh l nguyn nhn chnh gy ra
hin tng suy hao cho tn hiu quang.
Hin tng pht x t pht xy ra khi mt in t mc nng lng cao chuyn
xung mc nng lng thp, ng thi pht ra mt photon c mc nng lng Ev bng
ln di cm Eg. Mi mt vt liu s c mt thi gian sng khc nhau, khi ht thi gian
sng n s thc hin bc x t pht. y chnh l nguyn nhn gy ra nhiu ca b
khuch i.
Hin tng pht x kch thch xy ra khi c mt nh sng c nng lng photon E v
chnh bng nng lng di cm E g. Khi , mt in t mc nng lng cao s b
chuyn xung mc nng lng thp hn v pht ra photon c cng pha vi nh sng kch
thch. y chnh l nguyn l khuch i ca b khuch i quang.
C th d dng nhn thy rng, hin tng bc x t pht c th xy ra bt k lc
no, v s gy ra nhiu cho b khuch i, c gi l nhiu t pht(ASE). Hin tng
hp th th s gy ra suy yu b khuch i. Nh vy, nu mt nng lng trong vt
liu khuch i l thp s gy ra hin tng hp th ln. iu dn n, nu mun
khuch i ln chng ta phi thc hin o mt ht.

1.2.2 ng dng ca khuych i quang

Hnh 1.4. Cc ng dng khuch i

a) Khuch i cng sut(Booster Amplifier)
b) Khuch i trn tuyn (in-line amplifer)
c) B tin khuch i(Preamplifier)
Khuch i quang c ng dng trong cc h thng truyn dn quang nh cc b
khuch i nhm lm tng cng sut ca tn hiu quang trn ng truyn, khc phc suy
hao do si quang v cc mi hn, ni xy ra trn ng truyn. Tu theo v tr lp t, cc
b khuch i trn tuyn truyn dn quang c chia lm ba loi:
Khuch i cng sut (Booster Amplifier): l b khuch i quang c t ngay
sau thit b pht nhm mc ch lm tng cng sut quang n mc cao nht lm cho
khong cch truyn cc i. Yu cu ca cc b khuch i cng sut l to ra cng sut
u ra cc i ch khng phi li cc i v cng sut tn hiu ng
vo ln.
Khuch i trn tuyn (In-line Amplifier): l b khuch i quang c t ngay
trn tuyn quang nhm mc ch b mt mt cng sut gy ra bi suy hao si, suy hao do
kt ni v suy hao do vic phn phi tn hiu quang trong mng. Cc b khuch i
ng dy c th c lp t ni tip nhau trn ng truyn lm gia tng khong
cch lp t. Tuy nhin, vic lp t ni tip cc b khuch i quang s lm gim h s
SNR nh hng n cht lng ca h thng truyn dn quang.
Tin khuch i (Preamplifier): l cc b khuch i quang c t ngay trc
thit b thu quang nhm khuch i tn hiu ngay trc khi tin hiu c a vo thit b.
8

iu ny lm gim yu cu nghim ngt ca b nhy thit b thu v cho php h thng

truyn dn quang hot ng vi tc bit cao hn. Do v tr lp t, cc b tin khuch
i hot ng vi cng sut tn hiu vo yu v mc nhiu u thu cao. Do vy, yu cu
ca b tin khuch i l nhy ln, h s G trung bnh nhng thng s nhiu phi rt
thp. Khuch i quang Raman c thng s nhiu nh, v vy chng lun c s dng
cho tin khuch quang.
Tuy nhin khuych i quang ch b c cng sut quang b suy hao trong
tuyn truyn dn. Do khuych i quang khng ci thin c cc tp m, tn sc v cc
hiu ng quang phi tuyn, cho nn tuyn thng tin quang s dng khuych i quang vn
b hn ch v khong cch do cc hiu ng nu trn to ra.
S dng khuych i quang trong h thng thng tin quang a bc sng WDM c
ngha cng ngh quan trng v khuych i quang c th khuych i tt c cc bc
sng ti trong bng tn khuych i.
1.2.3 Cc thng s chnh ca si quang
1.2.3.1 H s li, h s khuch i
Hu ht cc b khuch i quang u c thc hin thng qua hiu ng bc x
kch thch. Khuch i t c khi b khuch i quang thc hin bm quang, hay bm
in o ln mt . Nhn chung khuch i quang khng ch ph thuc vo bc
sng truyn m cn ph thuc vo cng bm,mt ht c trong vt liu. Chng ta
coi vt liu l ng nht, ta c c phng trnh sau:

(1.1)
Trong g0 l gi tr nh ca li, l tn s ca tn hiu quang ti, 0 l tn s
truyn trung tm, P l cng sut ca tn hiu c khuch i P s l cng sut bo ho .
Cng sut bo ho Ps ph thuc vo cc tham s ca mi trng khuch i. H s T 2
trong phng trnh 1.1 c gi l thi gian hi phc phn cc, thng nh hn 1 ps.
Phng trnh 1.1 c th dng m t cc c tnh quan trng ca b khuch i nh l
bng tn li, h s khuch i v cng sut u ra bo ho.
ch d cha bo ho, coi P/Ps <<1, khi phng trnh 1.1 tr thnh:

(1.2)
T phng trnh ny c th nhn thy, h s li ln nht khi tn s khuch i
=0 tn s trung tm.

Nu gi Pin, Pout ln lt l cng sut u vo v u ra ca b khuch i.Vy

th h s khuch i l :

G=

(1.3)

H s khuch i l mt thng s quan trng ca b khuych i. N c trng cho

kh nng khuych i cng sut nh sng ca b khuych i. Tuy nhin, h s khuch
i ca mt b khuych i b gii hn bi cc c ch bo ho khuch i. iu ny lm
gii hn cng sut quang ra cc i ca b khuych i.
Mt khc ta li c cng thc sau
(1.4)
Suy ra:
P(z) = Pin exp(gz)

(1.5)

Vi P(z) l cng sut tn hiu ti v tr z so vi u vo.

Gi s khong rng ca b khuch i l L, khi P out =P(L). Suy ra h s khuch
i ca tn hiu quang c di L l:
G()=

(1.6)

D dng nhn thy rng, g() t gi tr ln nht ti =0 nn G() cng t gi tr

ln nht ti 0. V gi tr hai h s ny cng u gim khi (-0 ) tng, Ta c biu sau:

Hnh 1.5. Mi tng quan h s khuch i v h s li

1.2.3.2Bng thng li
Bng thng li c nh ngha l

10

=2/T2 hay l:

(1.7)
Nh vy, nu

vi b khuch i quang bn dn c T 2 =60fs. B

khuch i bng rng thch hp vi cc h thng vin thng thng tin quang, v li ca
c bng tn gn nh l hng s, thm ch c khi l tn hiu a knh. Bng tn khuch
i
c nh ngha l mt FWHM(full width at half maximum- rng xung ti na
gi tr cc i), v lin quan vi

theo cng thc sau:

(1.8)
Vi G0 = exp(g0L).
D dng nhn thy, bng tn khuch i nh hn bng tn li, v s khc bit
ny cn tu thuc vo li khuch i.
1.2.3.3 Cng sut ng ra bo ho
li bo ho
bo ho ca li ph thuc vo gi tr g() trong phng trnh 1.1. D
dng nhn thy rng, khi P tin ti P s th gi tr g gim dn, ng thi h s khuch i G
cng gim theo tng ca cng sut tn hiu. Chng ta coi gi tr nh xy ra khi = 0 .
Theo 1.1 v 1.4, chng ta c:

(1.9)
Xt phng trnh vi chiu di b khuch i l L, v coi P0=Pin v
P(L)=GPin =Pout , t ta c phng trnh:

G=G0 exp (

(1.10)

D dng nhn thy, G bt u gim dn t gi tr nh G 0 khi gi tr Pout t gn

ti gi tr cng sut bo ho Ps m t trong hnh 1.4.

11

Hnh 1.6. S ph thuc ca cng sut ra (theo Ps) theo G(theo G0)
Cng sut ng ra bo ho (Saturation Output Power)
Khi hot ng ch tn hiu nh, cng sut quang ng ta s tng tuyn tnh
vi cng sut quang ng vo theo h s G: P out = G.Pin. Tuy nhin, cng sut ng ra
khng th tng mi c. Bng thc nghim, ngi ta thy rng trong tt c cc b
khuych i quang, khi cng sut ng vo P in tng n mt mc no , h s G bt u
gim. Kt qu l cng sut ng ra khng cn tng tuyn tnh vi tn hiu ng ra na m
t trng thi bo ho.
Cng sut ra bo ho
ca mt b khuych i quang cho bit cng sut ng ra
ln nht m b khuych i c th hot ng c. Thng thng, mt b khuych i
quang c khuch i cao s c cng sut ra bo ho cao bi v s nghch o nng cao
c th c duy tr trong mt di cng sut vo v ra rng.
T cng thc 1.10, chng ta xem xt n cng sut ng ra bo ho,l cng sut ln
nht to c cng ra, k hiu l
. C th nhn thy rng, gi tr li ny t c
khi li khuch i gim t 2 n 3 dB, tng ng vi gi tr G=G 0/2. Khi , ta c
cng thc:

(1.11)

1.2.3.4 H s nhiu
Cng ging nh cc h thng thng tin quang khc, b khuch i ny cng c
nhiu. Nguyn l ca b khuch i l da trn nguyn l bc x kch thch. Nhng trong
qu trnh khuch i, c rt nhiu cc in t ht thi gian sng, chuyn i t mc nng
lng cao xung mc nng lng thp, hay t di dn sang di ho tr, y chnh l bc
12

x t pht. Bc x ny, khi c phng cng lung in t, s gy nh hng ln bin

v pha ca tn hiu. Hin tng ny c gi l hin tng nhiu x t pht ASE. Do vy,
cng sut ca ra gm c cng sut vo khuch i v cng sut bc x t pht:

Pout=G.Pin+PASE

(1.12)

nh hng nhiu i vi b khuch i quang c biu din bi h s nhiu NF,

m t s suy gim t s tn hiu trn tp ti u ra v u vo:
NF

SNRin
SNFout

Hay NF=SNRin(dB)-SNFout(dB)

(1.13)

Ngi ta cng chng minh c rng, gi tr hng s nhiu tnh c th theo cng
thc sau:

NF=2nsp

2nsp

(1.14)

H s nhiu NF ca b khuch i cng nh cng tt,v gi tr nh nht c th t

c l 3dB. Ti gi tr ny,chng ta gi l gi tr lng t.
1.3 Phn loi khuch i quang
Trong mt b khuch i quang ,qu trnh khuch di nh sng c thc hin
trong vng tch cc. Cc tn hiu quang c khuch i trong vng tch cc vi ln
hay nh th ph thuc vo nng lng c cung cp t ngun bm bn ngoi. Tu theo
cu to ca vng tch cc, c th chia khuch i quang thnh hai loi chnh l: Khuch
i quang bn dn SOA v khuch i quang si OFA.
Trong khuch i quang bn dn SOA, vng tch cc c cu to bng vt liu
bn dn. Ngun cung cp nng lng khuch i tn hiu l dng in.
Trong khuch i si quang OFA, vng tch cc l si quang c pha t him.
Ngun cung cp nng lng l laser c bc sng pht quang nh hn bc sng ca tn
hiu cn khuch i .
Mt trong nhng loi OFA tiu biu l EDFA. EDFA c nhiu u im v c tnh
k thut so vi SOA. Ta s ch yu tp trung nghin cu vo EDFA phn ti.
Ngoi ra, cn c mt loi khuch i c s dng nhiu trong cc h thng WDM
hin nay l khuch i Raman. Khuch i Raman cng s dng si quang lm vng tch
cc khuch i nh sng.
SOA v EDFA u hot ng da trn pht x kch thch cn khuch i Raman
da trn nh hng phi tuyn ca si quang(hin tng tn x Raman kch thch SRS)
hn l hin tng pht x kch thch.

13

1.3.1 Khuych i quang bn dn.

Hnh 1.7. S khi mt SOA

Khuch i quang bn dn (Semiconductor Optical Amplifier - SOA) l h khuch
i tn hiu quang vi mi trng khuch i s dng vt liu bn dn. H khuch i ny
c cu trc tng t nh nhng diode laser Fabry-Perot, nhng c trang b thm cc
lp chng phn x hai gng ca mi trng khuch i (h s phn x nh hn
0.001%) trnh cng hng to nn hiu ng laser.
Hot ng ca SOA da vo nguyn l khuch i sng chy (traveling-wave)
trong vng in tch khng gian nm gia 2 vng bn dn loi p v loi n. Khi c dng
in bm cho SOA, cc in t s c bm vo vng dn (bn dn loi n) v l trng
bm vo vng ha tr (bn dn loi p). Photon n c bc sng thch hp s kch thch
in t v l trng ti hp trong min in tch khng gian v s pht x thm mt photon
na c cng tn s v pha vi photon n, nh vy tn hiu quang c khuch i.
Cc h khuch i quang bn dn c lm t hp cht bn dn nh
GaAs/AlGaAs, InP/InGaAs, InP/InGaAsP, cc vt liu ny c th khuch i quang trong
vng bc sng t 0.85 m n 1.6 m. Bc sng khuch i ca SOA ph thuc vo
rng vng cm v c th thay i ty theo loi vt liu bn dn. Cc loi khuch i
quang bn dn dng trong thng tin quang si l loi c ph khuch i trong vng bc
sng 1310 nm v 1550 nm.
Nhng u im ca SOA:
- Bng tn khuch i kh rng 40 nm 80 nm.
- Kch thc nh gn v d bo tr.
Nhc im ca SOA:
- c im ca SOA l vng khng gian khuch i dn sng c chiu di kh b
(c mm) nn kh t c h s khuch i cao (G < 16 dB).
- Cng sut tn hi u quang li ra thp (P < 10 dBm).
- H s tp m NF kh cao (NF ~ 7 - 10 dB ).
14

- Nhy cm vi phn cc nh sng ca tn hiu quang, nn cng sut quang li ra

khng n nh.
- Cc hiu ng phi tuyn nh hin tng xuyn knh, trn 4 sng xy ra kh mnh.

Hnh 1.8. Cc ng dng c bn ca SOA

Cc ng dng c bn ca SOA trong cc h thng thng tin quang c th phn
thnh ba loi: khuch i cng sut tng cng sut pht ca laser, khuch i ng
truyn b suy hao truyn dn ca si quang v tin khuch i ci thin nhy
thu.
1.3.2 Khuch i quang si OFA (EDFA)
Nguyn l khuch i quang ca thy tinh pha tp Er3+, c th tm tt nh sau:
- Ion Er3+ c s cc mc nng lng nh hnh 1.9, qu trnh khuch i quang
ca thy tinh pha tp Er3+ ch yu lin quan n 3 mc nng lng bn di ca ion Er 3+,
l cc mc 4I15/2 , 4I13/2 , 4I11/2.

Hnh 1.9. S cc mc nng lng ca ion Er3+ t do

15

- c im rt quan trng l mc nng lng 4I13/2 c thi gian sng rt ln ( ~ 10

ms) so vi thi gian sng ca cc mc 4I11/2 v 4I9/2 ( ~ s). Khi kch thch thy tinh pha
tp erbium bng laser c bc sng 980 nm hoc 810 nm, cc ion Er 3+ s chuyn di t
mc c bn 4I15/2 ln mc nng lng 4I11/2 hoc 4I9/2, v thi gian sng ca ion Er3+ trng
thi mc nng lng 4I11/2 v 4I9/2 rt b nn cc ion Er 3+ s nhanh chng chuyn di khng
pht x v mc kch thch 4I13/2.
- Thi gian sng ca ion Er 3+ mc 4I13/2 ln hn hng ngn ln so vi cc mc
bn trn, nn khi bm vi mt nng lng ln chng ta d dng to c trng thi
nghch o mt phn b gia mc 4I13/2 v mc c bn 4I15/2.
- Khi mt photon c bc sng trong vng 1550 nm i vo vng dn sng thy
tinh pha tp Er3+ c nghch o mt trng thi gia hai mc 4I13/2 v 4I15/2, hin tng
pht x cng bc s xy ra. Photon ti s kch thch ion Er 3+ chuyn di t mc 4I13/2 v
mc c bn 4I15/2, chuyn di ny pht x thm mt photon na c cng bc sng v pha
vi photon ti, y chnh l nguyn l khuch i quang ca thy tinh pha tp Er3+.
Khuch i quang ca thy tinh pha tp ion Er 3+ gp phn rt ln trong pht
trin thng tin quang si v vng bc sng khuch i ph hp vi ca s thng tin th 3
(1530 nm 1610 nm) ang c s dng, hin nay c rt nhiu cc nghin cu c bn v
tnh cht quang ca thy tinh pha tp Er3+ nhm ch to c cc h khuch i quang c
cht lng ngy cng hon thin.
- Khuch i quang Raman (Raman Optical Amplifier:ROA): da trn c s tn x
Raman cng bc trong mi trng c tn x Raman mnh. Mi trng tn x Raman l
si quang c pha tp Ge vi nng cao v c cu trc dn sng phc tp (si quang b
tn sc DCF). Khc vi khuch i quang si pha tp Erbium, yu cu i vi ROA l
ngun bm c cng sut cao (vi trm miliwatt tr ln) v si quang c di t vi
kilmt n vi chc kilmt. Khuch i quang Raman s dng trong h thng thng tin
quang ch yu da vo sng Stoke pht ra t tn x Raman trn cc phn t trong si
quang. Do sng Stoke t tn x Raman yu, v vy si quang cn phi c di ln (hng
chc kilmt) tch lu sng Stoke dc theo si quang. y l iu khc bit rt c bn
gia ROA v EDFA.
Kt lun chng I
Chng ny gii thiu tng quan v khuch i quang.Nguyn l hot ng ca
b khuch i quang.Mt s thng s ca b khuch i quang. ng dng ca b khuch
i quang.Cc kho st v tn x Raman v khuch i quang Raman c trnh by chi
tit trong chng 2 v mt s kt qu thc nghim v hiu ng Raman trong si quang c
pha tp Ge cao (si nhy quang) kt hp si quang tiu chun s trnh by trong chng 3
ca kho lun ny.

16

Chng 2. Hiu ng tn x Raman v b khuch i

quang si Raman
2.1 Hiu ng tn x Raman
Hin tng tn x Raman c nh khoa hc Raman pht hin ra vo nm 1928.
Khi hi t chm sng vo mi trng vt cht (cht lng) ng pht hin ra rng, trong
chm sng th cp sau khi i qua mi trng, ngoi thnh phn c tn s bng tn s nh
sng ti cn c hai thnh phn nh sng c tn s ln hn v nh hn.
Hiu tn s ca cc thnh phn chnh bng tn s dch chuyn gia cc mc nng
lng dao ng hoc quay ca phn t mi trng. Nh vy khi chiu mt chm nh
sng c tn s 0 vo mt mi trng gm cc phn t s xy ra hin tng sau: Tn x
Rayleigh t pht, l nh sng th cp, tn s bc x ca n bng tn s nh sng chiu
vo 0;

17

Hnh 2.1. Hin tng tn x Raman

Tn x Raman t pht: l kt qu tng tc ca nh sng ti vi nhng kiu dao
ng hoc quay ca phn t mi trng. Tn x Raman bao gm hai thnh phn Stokes
v i Stokes. Thnh phn Stokes ng vi tn s nh hn tn s nh sng ti S = 0 R,
thnh phn i Stokes c tn s ln hn tn s ca nh sng ti A = 0 + R

J
Mc trung gian
bm

stokes

i stokes

bj
b
E b - Ea = hR

18

aj

Hnh 2.2. S cc mc nng lng v cc chuyn dch trong tn x Raman a,b:

cc mc dao ng; aj, bj: cc mc quay; J: l cc mc in t kch thch cao

Hin tng tn x Raman t pht c gii thch da trn s lng t cc mc

nng lng ca phn t trnh by trong hnh 2.1. Cc mc nng lng ca in t bao
gm cc mc in t c nh s a,b trong J l cc mc in t kch thch cao.
Trong mc in t c bn cha nhiu mc dao ng. Cc mc dao ng ny cch nhau
mt khong bng nhau ng vi tn s d nm trong vng hng ngoi trung.Trong mi
mc nng lng dao ng ny li c nhiu mc quay. Cc mc quay ny cch nhau mt
khong bng nhau ng vi tn s q nm trong vng hng ngoi xa. i vi mi trng
tn x Raman cc mc kch thch cao J c gi l cc mc cng hng xa khi c iu
kin 0 << (Ej Ea)/h; v gi l kch thch
S
S
0
A
A
Hnh
2.3.
Cc
qu
trnh
tn
x
Ngun sng chiu vo mi trng c tn s 0, l tp hp cc photon c nng lng
h0. Sau khi hp th photon, cc phn t ang trng thi a hoc b s chuyn di ln mt
mc nng lng trung gian no (E tg<Ej). Nguyn t hay phn t tn ti trng thi
trung gian mt thi gian nht nh ri chuyn di v trng thi c mc nng lng a hoc
b v ti bc x ra photon. Ph thuc vo trng thi ban u v trng thi cui ca cc dch
chuyn m c th bc x th cp Rayleigh, Stokes hay i Stokes.
Nu trng thi ban u v trng thi cui u l a hoc u l b (cng mc nng
lng) ta c tn x Rayleigh. Nu trng thi ban u c mc nng lng thp hn mc
nng lng ca trng thi cui th ta c tn x Raman Stokes. Ngc li nu trng thi
ban u c mc nng lng ln hn trng thi cui ta c i Stokes. Cng nh sng
tn x khc nhau i vi tn s khc nhau. Trong mnh nht l tn x Rayleigh vi tn
s 0.

19

iu ny c th gii thch trong trng thi cn bng nhit: phn ln cc phn t nm

trng thi nng lng thp nht a tun theo phn b Boltzmann. S phn t nm trng
thi dao ng kch thch b l rt nh. Do khi cc photon ti tc ng vo mi trng
th s lng phn t c nng lng thp s hp th nhiu photon hn. T nguyn tc ny
ngi ta lun nhn c cng nh sng Stokes ln hn cng i Stokes. Chng
ta ch quan st c sng i Stokes khi kch thich bng nh sng khng n sc c
cng rt cao.
2.2 Hiu ng tn x Raman cng bc (SRS)
Tn x Raman c trnh by tng qut trn l loi tn x t pht c trng cho
mt qu trnh tn x Raman ph rng c cng yu v hiu sut khng ln, thm ch
i vi nhng cht ngng t mnh (mt cao) th tit din tn x trong mt n v th
tch i vi tn x Raman Stokes cng ch t 10 -6 cm-1, c ngha l nu c 106 ht i qua
1 cm mi trng th ch c mt ht c tham gia tn x. Di s kch thch bi chm
laser vi mt photon rt ln hiu sut tn x Raman trong mi trng s c nng
cao ln rt nhiu ( c th t n 20-30 %). Tn x Raman cng bc tiu biu cho mt
qu trnh tn x mnh vi tc dng ca trng laser v vt cht.
Hiu ng tn x Raman cng bc (Stimulated Raman effect) l hin tng xy ra
khi a vo mi trng dn sng hai ngun nh sng l ngun laser bm c tn s v
tn hiu quang tn s Stokes ( d). Trong m hnh bm quang ny cc photon tn hiu
c tn s ( d) s cng bc cc phn t cng dao ng v lm pht sinh thm mt
photon na c cng tn s v pha vi photon n. Qu trnh tn x cng bc s c
tip tc nhn ln bn trong li si quang.
Bn cht ca hin tng tn x Raman cng bc l cc nguyn t ca si quang
hp th nng lng t cc photon pht ra t ngun bm c bc sng nh hn bc sng
tn hiu. Khi , cc nguyn t s nhy t trng thi c mc nng lng thp sang trng
thi c mc nng lng cao hn (mc nng lng trung gian). Khi c photon ca tn hiu
n th n s kch thch cc nguyn t ang trng thi c mc nng lng cao. Kt qu
l cc nguyn t nhy xung mc thp hn pht pht ra photon mi c cng bc sng v
pha vi photon tn hiu n.

E3
Laser bm
h

Tn hiu
( d)

E2
E1
20

Hnh 2.4. M t qu trnh tn x Raman cng bc

Hnh 2.4 m t hiu ng tn x Raman cng bc trong mi trng c 3 mc nng
lng, trong :
E1 : mc nng lng nn.
E2 : mc nng lng dao ng.
E3 : mc nng lng trung gian.
Nhiu kt qu nghin cu tn x Raman trong thu tinh SiO 2 :GeO2 ch to si
quang cho thy: dch chuyn Raman ~ 80nm - 100 nm, ph thuc vo nng v
cu trc si quang. Nu ta dng bc sng bm p = 1450 nm th tn hiu quang c bc
sng s = p + =1550 nm (trng vi vch Stokes) s c khuch i.
Khi cng nh sng kch thch hay cng laser bm mnh hn mt gi tr
ngng xc nh th nh sng Stokes pht ra c khuch i theo hm m. Qu trnh ny
gi l tn x Raman cng bc.
Biu thc th hin s thay i cng sut sng bm v sng tn hiu theo khong
cch z.
dPS
g R PP PS S PS
dz
dPP

P g R PP PS P PP
dz
S

(2.1)

s, p : hao ph ca sng tn hiu, sng bm khi truyn trong si quang.

r : h s khuch i Raman trong si quang.
Nu chng ta b qua s hng th nht bn v phi ca phng trnh (2.1) (s hng
th hin s suy gim ca sng bm ), ta c.

P
PS ( L) PS (0) exp g R 0 Leff S L

Aeff

1 exp( P L)
Leff
P

Aef :tit din hiu dng cho s tng cng Raman.

Lef: Chiu di hiu dng i vi sng bm.
H s khuch i Raman i vi sng tn hiu:

P0
G 4,34 g R Leff
S L
KAeff

21

(2.2)

(2.3)
Hiu ng tn x Raman cng bc khng nhng c u im v mt cng m
cn c u im v mt cu trc chm tia pht x. Nh hiu ng pht x cng bc m
cc photon pht x s cng pha v cng hng vi photon kch thch.
2.3 Khuch i quang Raman
2.3.1 Khuch i quang Raman.
Thit b khuch i quang Raman (Raman Optical Amplifier) s dng trong h
thng thng tin quang da trn nguyn l tn x Raman cng bc trong si quang vi
cc loi si c cu trc dn sng c bit (si DCF) hoc si pha tp Ge nng cao (si
nhy quang).
M hnh l thuyt gii thch hiu ng tn x Raman cng bc s dng trong
khuch i quang da trn h thng cc cp phng trnh vi phn m t s tin trin ca
cng sut ngun bm, cng sut pht x ngu nhin v cng sut tn hiu khuch i dc
theo trc si quang (trc z). Cc h phng trnh ny c th p dng cho kiu bm mt
hoc bm nhiu bc sng cho khuch i Raman, ng thi cng ch ra s nh hng
ca bm ti bm, bm ti tn hiu, tn hiu ti tn hiu v s nh hng ca nhit ti
bc x Raman t pht c khuch i (ASE)

k g r ( j , k )

p
( p j p ASE
,j)
Aefc k p
j k 1 j

k g r ( j , k )
p
4h k i , k (T )
Aefc k p
j k 1 j

22


ASE , k

k g r ( j ,k )

( p j p ASE

,j)

A
k
j k 1 j
efc p

ASE , k

k g r ( j ,k )
4h k i ,k (T )

Aefc k p
j k 1 j

P
p

k 1

g r ( j , k )

j 1

Aefc k p

2h k ( p j p ASE
, j )i , k (T )

(2.4)
Trong Pk l cng sut ca bm hoc tn hiu gi tr k, PASE,k l cng sut ca
nhiu ASE dc theo hng lan truyn , h l hng s Planck, Pp l phn cc ca nh
sng tn hiu, Aefc l din tch hiu dng ca si quang, (T) l h s giam gi phonon.
Vi vic la chon cc gi tr = 0.2 dB/Km; kp = 2; (300K) = 0.1226 v
Aefc = 80 m2 .Tnh c h s khuch i Gon/off v ch s tp m.

(2.5)
Trong PS l cng sut tn hiu; PASE l cng sut ASE thun; l bng thng;
l tn s ca tn hiu.
H s khuch i Raman thay i theo chnh lch bc sng gia tn hiu v
ngun bm c biu din bi hnh 2.5. H s khuch i Raman tng hu nh tuyn tnh
vi chnh lch bc sng gia tn hiu v ngun bm (wavelength offset) v t gi tr
nh ti 100 nm v gim nhanh chng sau .
Bng thng khuch i ny c th t t 45-50 nm tnh t h s khuch i
cc i.

23

45- 50

Hnh 2.5. S ph thuc h s khuch i Raman theo chnh lch bc sng

gia tn hiu v ngun bm theo n v bc sng
2.3.2 li bng thng gr ca ph Raman trong si thy tinh Silica tinh khit v
trong si nhy quang , si b tn sc DCF
Qu trnh chuyn i nng lng gia ngun bm v Stokes c c trng bi mt
thng s c gi l h s li Raman g R . Gi tr ny ph thuc ch yu vo cu trc
vt liu ca li si quang v thnh phn pha tp trong . th biu din li bng
thng i vi thy tinh silica tinh khit c mt vng chnh v nhiu vng nh cc i
xung quanh. Nu tnh n cc nh nh trong ph th h s li Raman t bng thng
rng n khong 40 Thz. H s li cc i gn nh l khng i trong vng bng tn
t 9Thz n 16 Thz. N c ngha l vng h s khuch i cao ny dch chuyn xung
quanh 13 Thz (ti bc sng 1550 nm th ng vi dch bc sng ln cn khong
112 nm ). Gi tr h s li bng thng Raman cc i trong thy tinh nguyn cht
l g R max 1.9 1013 m/W .

24


li bng
thng Raman
c
chun ha

BW

dch tn (THz)

Hnh 2.6. li bng thng Raman c chun ha ng vi dch

tn s tnh t tn s nh sng ngun bm
li bng thng Raman t l nghch vi bc sng ngun bm v ph thuc vo
trng thi phn cc ca sng. li ny i vi qu trnh phn cc song song (nh sng
ngun bm v nh sng tn hiu c cng cc) th cao hn nhiu so vi trng hp phn
cc trc giao (v d nh khi nh sng ngun bm phn cc trc giao vi sng Stokes ).
Tuy nhin trong si quang th do hin tng lng chit m cc trng thi phn cc
ca ngun bm v sng Stokes thay i lin tc v nu si quang di th h s khuch
i Raman hiu dng l gi tr trung bnh ca cc h s khuch i song song v trc
giao.
Khi pha tp thm GeO2 vo si quang Silica khi chit sut ca li si tng ln.
Vi vic pha GeO2 s to ra si nhy quang hoc si b tn sc vi nng pha GeO 2
khc nhau. Khi bm chm laser c bc sng thch hp vo 2 loi si ny, chng ta nhn
c nh ca li bng thng Raman cao hn, ng thi dch bc sng cng ngn
hn so vi si thy tinh Silica thun.
Chng ta nhn thy rng chnh lch gia chit sut li v v cng cao th thu
c nh li Raman cng ln. Trong si nhy quang v b tn sc c lch chit
sut t i ln hn so vi si thng khong mt bc (10 ln).

25

 li Raman

Bc sng [m]
Hnh 2.7. Phn b li Raman khi pha tp germanium vo si quang, khi c bm
bng ngun laser c bc sng 1.24 m.n = n2 n1, trong n2, n1 l chit sut li v v
ca si quang
2.3.3 M hnh ca b khuch i quang Raman
Cu trc tiu biu ca mt b khuch i Raman nh sau:
Tn hiu vo

Isolater
WDM

Si nhy quang
hoc si DCF

Laser bm

Hnh 2.8. S b khuch i quang Raman in hnh

B khuch i quang Raman bao gm cc linh kin quang t v quang in t sau:
- Ngun laser bm bn dn c cng sut cao (c th 1 hoc nhiu laser bn dn ghp ni
kiu cng cng sut) dng bm quang vo si to hiu ng Raman
t pht.
- Mi trng khuch i quang trn c s tn x Raman c th s dng si nhy quang
hoc si DCF c di thch hp.
26

- Linh kin cch ly quang (Isolater)dng cho nh sng ch i theo mt chiu trong si
v ngn nh sng phn x chiu ngc vo mi trng khuh i trnh gy nhiu cho
b khuch i.
- Linh kin WDM dng kt hp ngun bm v tn hiu to hiu ng Raman cng
bc cng nh dng a tn hiu vo b khuch i.
C mt s cu hnh bm ph bin cho khuch i quang Raman nh: C th dng
cch bm ng hng tc l bm cng chiu vi chiu tn hiu. Cng c th bm ngc
hng tc l bm ngc vi hng truyn tn hiu. Ngoi ra cn cch bm song cng tc
l bm t c 2 hng. Mi cu hnh bm c nhng u nhc im khc nhau.

Fiber
rr
Signal

Coupler

Pump
pp

Pump

Hnh 2.9. Cu hnh bm ng hng cho khuch i quang Raman phn b

Fiber
Signal

Isolator
rrr
Pump
Hnh 2.10. Cu hnh bm ngc hng cho khuch i quang Raman phn b.
2.3.3 Khuch i di rng ca khuch i Raman
Khuch i Raman vi mt ngun bm c bng thng vo khong 7THz (xp x
60 nm). Ca s truyn qua ca si quang vo khong 400 nm(1200 nm ti 1600). Khuch
i bng thng rng do vy l rt ph hp.

27

S dng nhiu ngun bm,khuch i di rng vi li thng ging nh l c

th thit k c. Tuy nhin cn nh rng trong cu hnh nhiu ngun bm, c s chuyn
i nng lng gia cc ngun bm do hiu ng Raman.
2.4 nh hng ca tn x raman trong h thng WDM
Nu ch c mt knh truyn trong si quang, hiu ng Raman ch c th quan st
c nu nh cng sut ca knh truyn ln hn ngng nht nh. Do vy nu nh mc
ngng qu cao, hiu ng SRS s khng quan st c trong h thng n knh
Mi chuyn s khc trong h thng WDM.Ti sng Stokes ban u khng phi
c sinh ra bi qu trnh t pht bi cc sng c tn s nh hn vn t c trong h
thng. Hn na cng sut u vo ca sng Stoke l ln hay nh nh cng sut ca
ngun bm(knh truyn m c bc sng ngn hn ng vai tr l ngun bm cho knh
truyn c bc sng di hn).
Vi nh li Raman dch chuyn xung quanh 13Thz,cc knh cch nhau 100nm
s nh hng ln nhau mnh nht. Ni cch khc, cc knh t cc bng L, C nh hng
ln nhau nhiu hn. Tuy nhin, cc knh trong mt bng cng nh hng ln nhau d cho
mt mc nh hn.
Vi h thng DWDM ,tng tc Raman l v cng phc tp. Mi mt bc sng
va ng vai tr l mt ngun bm vi bc sng no di hn n, va ng vai tr l
sng Stoke vi bc sng ngn hn n. Do hin tng tn x Raman, mi knh u nhn
nng lng cng nh mt i nng lng. C mt s chuyn i cng sut t cc knh c
tn s cao hn n cc knh c tn s thp hn. Nu nh tt c cc knh c cng cng
sut nh nhau, th cui cng ta c ph nh sau:

WDM Channels with out Raman Scattering

1530nm

1540nm

Hnh 2.11. Cc knh trong WDM khng c tn x Raman

28

WDM Channels with Raman Scattering

1530nm

1540nm

Hnh 2.12. Cc knh trong WDM khi c tn x Raman

S suy gim cng sut ca cc knh truyn l mt vn trong h thng WDM khi
m iu lm gim SNR v lm tng BER.
S suy gim cng sut ca mt knh c th tnh ton khi gi thit ph ca li
Raman t 0 n 15 Thz. Nu s suy gim cng sut chp nhn c ca mt knh l 1dB,
ta c mi lin h cng sut-bng thng:
(nP)(n-1)f<500

(W-GHz)

(2.6)

Vi n l s knh trong DWDM,P l cng sut ca knh, f l khong cch gia

cc knh.
Nu s lng cc knh l nh,cng sut ti a trn mt knh gim theo 1/n, nu s
lng knh l ln, cng sut gim theo 1/n2. Biu ca cng sut ti a trn mt knh l
mt hm ca s knh c ch ra theo hnh:

29

Maximum power per channel vs Number of channels

offachacchannels ccccccchannels

mW

mW

Hnh 2.13. Cng sut ti a trn mt knh v s lng cc knh

Trong mt h thng truyn ti xa vi cc b khuch i c sp xp tun hon,
SNR do s xut hin ca tn x Raman c th tnh ton c. Nu s suy gim ca SNR
trong knh vi bc sng nh nht l 0,5 dB, s lng cc knh truyn n c th c
tnh theo cng thc:

n(n 1)

8.7 10

15

P f Leff

(2.7)

Vi Leff l chiu di tng tc hiu dng ca h thng vi b khuch i.

Nhiu cng sut ca h thng do khuch i:

N 2m h nsp B0 (G 1)

(2.8)

Vi m l s b khuch i(m=L/LA, L l chiu di lin kt v LA khong cch gia

cc b khuch i), hv l nng lng photon,nsp l h s nhiu ca khuch i, B0 l bng
thng quang hc ca b thu, v G l h s khuch i ca mi b khuch i.
Nu SNR i hi l R, cng sut u vo trung bnh ca mi knh l:
30

P 2( L / LA ) h nsp B0 (G 1) R

Nu nh s lng cc knh l ln, kh nng truyn ti

(2.9)
c th nhn c:

1.8 1014
2( L / LA ) h nsp Leff (G 1) R

(2.10)

Vi gi thit khong cch gia cc knh gp 6 ln tc d liu v v bng thng

b lc 4 ln ln hn tc d liu.
Vi nhng chiu di lin kt vo khong vi nghn Km, kh nng truyn ti
<100Gbps ngay c vi h thng DWDM.
Cng thc trn y khng ng i vi trng hp c hiu ng tn sc hay phn
b tu tin ca cc bit l cc knh khc nhau. Mt s trng hp, kt qu nhn c l rt
km.
li Raman t c ln nht khi cc xung ca cc knh khc nhau xut hin trong
cng thi im.Trong h thng WDM, nu cc knh khc nhau l khng ng b, v cc
bt d liu phn b ngu nhin gia mc 0 v 1, cc mc 1 trong tt c cc knh s khng
xut hin cng lc, mc trung bnh ca mc 1 trong bt k knh no s xut hin vi
mc 1 cc knh khc. Tng tc Raman, do s b suy gim.
Hn na,do si quang l vt liu tn sc, do c s khc bit v vn tc nhm
trong cc knh khc nhau. Xung d liu ca cc knh khc nhau s xung tng ng vi
mi xung gim, iu lm gim tng tc Raman .

31

Chng 3 Kt qu v tho lun

3.1 Cc thit b v linh kin s dng trong thc nghim
Ngun laser bm cng sut cao

Hnh 3.1. Ngun laser bm pht x trong vng 1420 -1480 nm cng sut n 200 mW
B ngun bm l mt laser bn dn c bc sng = 1420-1460 nm c cng sut
cc i l 200 mW, pht x n mt, nhit lm vic lun lun c t 25 0C. Laser
c hn trn mch in t cung cp dng bm n 700 mA, chnh xc +/- 1%.
Laser bm pht x ti bc sng 1460 nm vi rng ph kh hp cho cng sut
pht x tng t n 22, 75 dBm (gn 200 mW) ti dng bm 660 mA.

32

Hnh 3.2. Ph pht x ca m-un laser bmkhi dng bm t 660 mA,

nhit laser 250C
My o ph quang (OSA)

Hnh 3.3. My o ph quang (OSA) vi bng tn t 600 nm n 1700 nm,

phn gii ph 0,01 nm
o ph pht x laser v ph tn x Raman xy ra trong si quang chng ti s
dng phn tch ph quang. Thit b o ph Advantest Q8384 l my phn tch ph chuyn
dng cho si quang s dng cch t nhiu x. Thit b Q8384 c phn gii ph theo
bc sng 10pm, chnh xc ca bc sng o 20pm, vng bc sng hot ng t
600nm n 1700nm, vng cng sut quang o c t -87dBm n 23dBm (tng
ng t 1 pW n 200 mW). S liu o c c ly ra bng a mm 3.5 inch hoc
th qua my in ni.
Si nhy quang (Photoensitive fiber)

33

Hnh 3.4. Si nhy quang vi nng pha tp Ge n 18 mol% s dng trong thc
nghim
Si nhy quang c nng pha tp Ge cao c ch to nhm mc ch s dng
trong mt s linh kin quang si c bit nh: cch t Bragg trong si quang(FBG), b
tr quang Cc nghin cu gn y cho thy si nhy quang s dng nng Ge pha tp
t 14 mol% tr ln c th dng to mi trng tn x Raman mnh cho b khuch i
Raman. Cn lu rng, cc b khuch i Raman ang s dng trn tuyn thc t lun
lun c cu trc si quang tiu chun + si quang c bit (DCF hoc nhy quang), v vy
chng ti cng tin hnh nghin cu theo cu trc ny.
B ghp a bc sng (WDM)
B ghp knh theo bc sng, cho php ghp cc bc sng trong khong 1420
nm - 1490 nm c s dng kho st cu hnh bm tn hiu v cc cu trc bm a
bc sng cho b khuch i ROA.

Hnh 3.5.
bc sng WDM 1480/1550 nm.

B ghp knh theo

3.2 S thit lp cho thc nghim

S kho st hiu ng laser cng bc

34

Laser
bm

OSA

WDM

Si nhy quang
Laser
tn
hiu

Hnh 3.6. S kho st hiu ng Raman cng bc.

S kho st hiu ng Raman cng bc vi ngun tn hiu l laser n mt v
laser a mt c bn ging nhau. Qu trnh thc nghim kho st hiu ng tn x
Raman cng bc c thc hin nh sau:
Hn li ra ca 2 m-un laser tn hiu v laser bm vi 2 u vo ca b ghp knh
theo bc sng (WDM), u ra cn li ca b WDM c hn vi mt u ca si nhy
quang + si quang tiu chun SMF-28, u ra ca cun si oc hn vi conector quang
v ni vi thit b phn tch ph quang Advantest Q8384.
Thay i chiu di si quang vi chiu di tng dn t 14 km cho ti 28km vi mi
s thay i ca chiu di si quang, ph pht x qua si quang c ghi li bng thit b
phn tch ph.
3.3 Cc kt qu thc nghim v tho lun
3.3.1. Kt qu thc nghim
Kho st hiu ng Raman cng bc vi ngun tn hiu l Laser n mt.
B ngun tn hiu

35

Hnh 3.7. B ngun tn hiu quang laser n mt pht x ti bc sng 1552 nm

a)Ngun tn hiu l mt laser n mt.
Ngun tn hiu quang l mt laser DFB pht x n mt c bc sng 1552 nm.
Cng sut ca tn hiu quang qua khuch i EDFA c th t n 16.85 dBm (tng
ng ~ 50 mW). Ngun tn hiu quang vi cng sut quang thay i c t -6 dBm
n +17 dBm rt thch hp kho st hiu ng tn x Raman cng bc trong si quang
Tuy nhin ti cc vng sng chung quanh ph tn hiu c cc nh ph nh, v vy cc
ph ny c th nh hng n thng s tp m ca tn hiu khuch i.

Hnh 3.8. Ph pht x ca tn hiu quang t laser DFB c khuch i

H kho st s ph thuc cng sut ca ngun tn hiu c khuch i dc theo
si quang nh hiu ng tn x Raman cng bc theo s 3.10.Laser bm c bc
sng 1460 nm hot ng n nh 25 0 C, ngun tn hiu l laser n mt c nh l
1552,9 nm, hot ng n nh 250C. Tin hnh kho st th nghim ln lt vi cc si
quang c chiu di khc nhau theo th t:kho st laser tn hiu m khng c laser bm ,
gi tr cng sut ca ngun tn hiu c ghi li, sau tin hnh kho st laser tn hiu
c ngun bm. Gi tr o c nh sau:
Bng 3.1. Kho st cng sut ti nh ca laser n mt

36

Chiu di Cng sut tn hiu ra Pout(dBm)

H
si(km)
khuch
Khng c laser bm C laser bm G(dB)
10

-12,58

-12,14

0,44

14

-13,43

-12,97

0,46

18

-14,62

-14,15

0,47

20

-15,60

-15,01

0,59

24

-17,34

-16,64

0,7

26

-18,52

-17,70

0,82

28

-19

-18,42

0,58

s
i

Bng thng khuch i:=0,580 nm.

D vo bng s liu ta c s ph thuc ca h s khuch i vo chiu di si
quang cng nh s thay i ca cng sut ra khi c v khng c laser bm.

Hnh 3.9. S ph thuc ca cng sut ra khi c v khng c laser bm

37

Hnh 3.10. H s khuch i khi c tn x Raman cng bc theo

chiu di si quang
Nhn vo th ta c th rt ra nhn xt :ngun tn hiu r rng l c khuch i v
h s khuch i ny c gi tr tng dn n 26 km n t gi tr ln nht nhng h s
khuch i G nh, khng t c gi tr ln nh mong i. iu ny c th gii
thch nh sau:
Khi cng sut quang ca Laser bm khng i, cc photon ca laser bm ch c th
truyn cho mt s lng phn t nht nh chng dao ng v to ra hiu ng
Raman cng bc. Khi tng chiu di si quang, ng thi gi nguyn gi tr cng
sut bm, tc l chng ta tng s lng cc phn t trong mi trng tn x trong
khi khng tng nng lng kch thch, do vy m cng ca tn x Raman cng
bc gim xung dn n h s khuch i gim. Mt khc do hiu ng tn x Raman
cng bc yu cu ngun bm cng sut cao th mi t c gi tr ti u trong khi
ngun laser bm ti a ch t 200mW vn l nh c th t gi tr G cao hn. Mt
im quan trng khc l tn x Raman cng bc s xy ra mnh nht vi =80100nm, do vy kho st vi laser n mt s c hin tng chnh bc sng gia
bc sng c khuch i vi bc sng cn c khuch i. iu ny c th
gim thiu bng cch kho st vi ngun tn hiu l laser a mt phn di y.
Kho st hiu ng tn x Raman cng bc vi ngun tn hiu l mt laser a mt.
b)Ngun tn hiu l mt laser a mt.
Ngun tn hiu l mt laser a mt, trong cc mt chnh c kho st c nh
l 1542,28 nm;1546,6 nm;1545,52 nm. Laser a mt c dng nui ti a l ti 30 mA
,ngng pht l 9,7 mA v c tin hnh th nghim trong iu kin nhit n nh l
250C.

38

Hnh 3.11. B ngun tn hiu l laser a mt v ph ca n

Cu hnh kho st,cch tin hnh ging nh kho st hiu ng tn x Raman cng
bc vi ngun tn hiu l laser a mt,ch khc mt iu l ngun tn hiu l laser a mt.
Kt qu kho st thu c c trnh by di y:
Kho st tn hiu khi qua si quang vi cc chiu di khc nhau ta ln lt thu c
ph ca ngun tn hiu c khuch i bi ngun bm nh sau

(a)

(b)

39

(c)

(d)

(e)
Hnh 3.12 Ph ca tn hiu ti cc chiu di khc nhau:
a)14 Km ; b)16 Km ;

c) 22 Km;

d)26 Km; e)28 Km

Kt qu kho st ti mt s nh nh sau:
Bng 3.2. Kho st cng sut ti 3 nh ca laser a mt

Chiu
di
si
quang
(km)
14

Cngsut(dBm)
ti 1542,28 nm

Cng sut (dBm)

ti 1545,52 nm

Cng sut (dBm)

(dB) ti 1546,6 nm

Khng c C laser Khng c C laser

laser bm bm
laser bm bm
-25,57

-16,51

-11,71

-9,82

40

Khng c C laser
laser bm bm
1,89

-22,65

-22,44

16

-21,60

-20,8

-15,69

-14,86

0,83

-37,92

-35,15

18

-25,84

-21,32

-15,23

-14,34

0,89

-33,99

-33,27

22

-25,63

-25,15

-19,89

-18,88

1,01

-34,35

-32,56

26

-25,53

-25,48

-21,36

-20,17

1,19

-35,53

-32,99

28

-36,97

-36,49

-30,35

-30,15

0,20

-36,93

-36,38

Nhn xt:ti c ba nh ta u nhn thy hin tng khuch i khi c s xut hin
ca sng bm. Xt c th ti bc sng 1545,52 nm, ta c th biu din s ph thuc
ca h s khuch i theo chiu di si quang nh sau:

Hnh 3.13. H s khuch i G thay i theo chiu di si quang.

Ta thy h s khuch i G tng dn khi si quang c chiu di thay i t 16 km
n 26 km, khi si quang c chiu di 26 km th G t gi tr ln nht sau n gim dn
khi chiu di si quang tip tc tng, nguyn nhn v c bn l ging vi trng hp
ngun tn hiu l laser n mt, nhng i vi ring trng hp laser a mt ta trnh
c hin tng chnh bc sng. Mt khc, khi ngun tn hiu l laser a mt th cc
mt c bc sng nh hn cng ng vai tr l ngun bm (sng Stokes), do h s
khuch i s ln hn i vi trng hp l laser n mt

41

Kt lun
Tm li ,nhng kt qu ni bt m chng ti thu c khi tin hnh kho st
ph tn x Raman trn si quang l nh sau:
Trong trng hp ngun tn hiu l laser n mt hay a mt, ph tn x Raman
trong si quang silica pha tp Ge nng cao u dch v pha sng di so vi bc sng
bm l 80-100 nm. Tuy nhin h s khuch i thu c ti mt s mt xc nh ca laser

42

a mt l tt hn rt nhiu so vi trng hp ca laser n mt do hin tng chnh bc

sng gia tn hiu c khuch i v tn hiu c nghin cu.
Cng tn x Raman trong si ph thuc vo chiu di ca si quang, i vi
ngun bm bc sng 1460 nm c cng sut 200 mW chiu di si quang 26 km cho h
s khuch i l ln nht.
Trn c s nhng kt qu thc nghim thu c ti xut hng pht trin ca
ti nh sau:
Tin hnh kho st s ph thuc cng sut vo ngun bm cc si nhy quang
khc vi chiu di ln hn na: 40 km, 50 km hoc hn na.
Nng cng sut bm ln n bc 1 watt v kho st hiu ng Raman vi cng sut
bm ln.
Ghp thm tn hiu vo thng qua WDM kho st hiu ng Raman cng bc
ng thi kho st h s khuch i tn hiu cng nh ch s nhiu.
Trn c s nhng kt qu thu c ch to th nghim b khuch i quang si
Raman.

Ti liu tham kho

Ting Vit
[1] Vn Vit Em K thut thng tin quang 2.
[2] PGS.TS Phm Vn Hi Gio trnh thng tin quang si.
[3] PGS.TS V Don Min C s thng tin quang si ,2001.
Ting Anh

43

[1] A.M. Rocha, B. Neto, M. Facao, P.S. Andre, Low cost incoherent pump solution
for Raman fiber amplifier, J.Opt. Applicata, v.XXXIX, No.2, pp. 287-293 (2009)
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