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iu kin mi trng nht nh, m rng cc loi hnh dch v, ng dng, nng cao
cht lng h thng v hiu qu s dng bng thng.Mng 4G t c nhng c
im vt tri so vi 3G nh:
- Kh nng truy cp mi lc, mi ni, bt k ngi s dng thit b di ng
no.Mng 4G s l s hi t u im ca cc cng ngh hin c.
- Ly ngi dng lm tm im. Mng 4G cung cp kt ni bng rng v
bo m cht lng h thng trong iu kin mi trng thay i cho cc dch v
a phng tin trong thi gian thc.
Gii thiu 1 cht v mng 5G
1.3.4 Fading a ng
Fading c nh ngha l s thay i cng tn hiu sng mang cao tn
ti anten thu do s thay i khng ng u v ch s bc x kh quyn, phn x
mt t, nc trn ng truyn sng.
Cc yu t gy ra hin tng fading bao gm:
- S hp th ca mi trng (cc phn t kh, hi nc, sng m). Mc
suy hao ph thuc vo di tn s ta chn d truyn sng in t.
- S thay i chit sut ca tng in ly nh hng n h thng truyn tin
s dng bc sng ngn
- Phn x nhiu ng t mt t, nc v vt cn trn b mt Tri t gy ra
s lan truyn a ng.
- Cc hin tng khc x, tn x, nhiu x, sng in t khi gp vt cn gy
nn giao thoa v tr ng truyn ca cc tn hiu.
Phn x: Khi sng p vo cc b mt bng phng.
Tn x: Khi sng p vo cc b mt khng bng phng v cc vt
ny c chiu di so snh c vi chiu di bc sng
2 Chng 2
GII THIU S LC V H THNG IN
BAND FULL DUPLEX
2.1 Gii thiu chng
IBFD c gii thiu nh l mt gii php kh hp dn tng thng lng
trong h thng thng tin lin lc v mng li khng dy. Vi IBFD, mt thit b
khng dy cho php c truyn v nhn tn hiu ng thi trong cng mt bng
tn s. < khc ni phi gii thiu IBFD l chi chi , tnh cht nh rng.>
Chng ny trnh by v cc ni dung sau
- Gii thiu s lc v h thng In band full duplex (IBFD).
- H thng IBFD c th xy dng thnh cng trong thc t.
- nh hng ca self-interference ln IBFD v cch suy gim n.
trong hnh 3a. Tuy nhin, nu u cui R s dng trong knh truyn IBFD, n c
th nhn v chuyn tip ng thi (trn cng mt tn s), nh th hin trn hnh 3a.
Nh vy, bng cch hot ng ch IBFD, mng relay c th tng gp i hiu
qu quang ph tng i ( the spectral efficiency) ( n v bit/s/Hz) so vi halfduplex. Ch rng, mng relay IBFD yu cu ch c relay R l hot ng ch
full-duplex, cn S v D khng nht thit phi thu pht ng thi.
Tip theo xem xt cu trc hai chiu hnh 3b, ni c 2 lung d liu: u A
gi d liu n u cui B v u cui B gi d liu cho u A. Nu mt trong hai
thit b A hoc B ch c th hot ng ch half-duplex, th giao tip gia AB
khng th xy ra ng thi nh giao tip BA c, v 2 giao tip ny phi c
thc hin qua 2 khe thi gian trc giao, nh trong hnh 3b. Tuy nhin, nu thit b
u cui A v B cng h tr IBFD, th thng tin t AB c th truyn ng thi
vi chiu ngc li. Do c kh nng tng gp i hiu qu quang ph so vi
half-duplex.
Cui cng, xt trn cu trc cc trm gc ca hnh 3c, ni cng tn ti 2
lung d liu: thit b u cui TU gi d liu trn ng uplink n trm gc BS
v BS gi d liu trn ng downlink c lp n thit b u cui TD. Nu BS
ch half-duplex th n phi lun phin gia tn hiu thu c t u cui TU
trong 1 khe thi gian v tn hiu pht t u cui TD trong khe thi gian trc giao
vi n (nh hnh 3c). Tuy nhin, nu BS c th hot ng ch IBFD, th n c
th h tr ng thi trong bng tn uplink v downlink,lm tng gp i hiu qu
quang ph. Ging nh cu trc relay, ch phn t BS mi cn h tr IBFD, thit b
u cui TU v TD khng cn phi truyn nhn ng thi.
2.3 Self-interference
Trong hnh 3, mi tn en i din cho tn hiu mong mun truyn i v mi
tn ch s giao thoa.C 2 trng hp giao thoa, mt l self-interference xy ra
khi cc tn hiu c truyn bi thit b u cui IBFD cn tr vic tip nhn cc
tn hiu mong mun ti cng u thu. Hai l inter-terminal interference xy ra trong
h thng gia cc thit b u cui khng h tr IBFD. V d, trong cu trc relay
hnh 3a, truyn tn hiu u cui S c th gy nhiu giao thoa n u thu D, trong
khi cu trc trm gc, hnh 3c, u pht TU c th gy nhiu cho u thu TD,
inter-terminal interference khng th pht sinh trong cc mng ny khi ch
half-duplex. t c gp 2 hiu sut quang ph l tng trong IBFD, yu cu
phi kim sot c c self-interference v inter-terminal interference. V t can
nhiu l yu t hn ch ca mng IBFD ( nhiu hn hn inter-terminal interference)
nn trong n ny, ta s tp trung tm hiu v self-interference.
2.4
2.4.2
chui pht t chui thutc l, ngn chn self-interference trc khi n xut
hin trong chui mch thu. u im u tin thc hin suy gim
self-
interference trong min lan truyn l phn cng cc dng downstream thu c
khng cn phi x l tn hiu 1 cch trung thc vi phm vi hot ng rt ln.
Trong cc h thng anten tch, min lan truyn cch ly c hon thnh bng cch
kt hp ng path loss, phn cc cho, v anten directionality, trong khi h thng
anten shared thc hin bng cch s dng mt circulator.
Trong h thng anten tch, suy hao ng truyn gia cc thit b u cui
IBFD ca anten pht v thu (hoc anten mng) c th c tng ln bng cch t
khe chn hp th gia chng. Mc d k thut path loss rt hp dn v l do n
gin, nhng vn b mt s hn ch nh: cc thit b nh hn, phng thc hin cc
k thut khng c nhiu.
trng hp ny, mt anten ring bit thit b u cui IBFD vi anten thu pht n
ch iu chnh h s ko nn phc n v tr n. Knh truyn v thc s iu
chnh 1 ln, khi h thng c thit k/hiu chun, trong khi knh nhn thc s iu
chnh lin tc h s ny v tr b p cho nhng thay i trong knh phn x.
i vi tn hiu bng rng, cc ng dn trc tip t can nhiu c th c
gim nh bng cch s dng cng mt k thut analog circuit domain m t trn
nu li anten v p ng pha thit k c tn s phng. Knh truyn phn x
t giao thoa s l knh chn lc tn s nh kt qu ca truyn lan a ng. Vic
la chn tn s ny s lm cho mch analog circuit domain cancellation ( mch
hy b can nhiu min tng t) thm nhiu thch thc, c bit khi cc tn hiu
truyn ti c khai thc v x l trong min analog, k t n s yu cu mt b
lc tng t thch ng cho mi cp anten thu pht. Mt khc, khai thc tn hiu
truyn trong min k thut s to iu kin cho vic s dng thch ng lc k thut
s cho ng cancellation phn x thng d dng hn nhiu, nht l trong cc tn
hiu bng rng nh OFDM.
2.4.4 Digital-domain Self-interference Cancellation
K thut hy b cancellation nhiu min s nhm mc ch hy b
cancellation nhiu sau khi ADC bng cch p dng k thut x l tn hiu (DSP)
phc tp vo cc tn hiu nhn c. u im ca vic lm ny trong lnh vc k
thut s l x l phc tp tr nn tng i d dng. V d, trong khi nhn c
chm tia (beamforming) trn nguyn tc c th thc hin trong mch tng t, n
ph bin hn trong thc t thc hin bng k thut s, v nhng l do mch phc
tp v cng sut tiu th. Tuy nhin, nhc im ca mch hy b k thut s l
vng hot ng ca ADC gii hn s lng self-interference c th ngn chn.
Bc u thit k mt b hy b cancellation nhiu k thut s l xy
dng mt m hnh h thng ri rc m gi li tt c mi th gia DAC v ADC ca
IBFD u cui, k c k thut lc b giao thoa trong min truyn lan v min
tng t c m t trc . Mt m hnh chnh xc s cn phi nm bt khng
ch bn thn thit b u cui IBFD m cn gia cc knh truyn lan anten, thm ch
c cc thit b nm ngoi mng IBFD.
3 Chng 3
C LNG KNH TRUYN TRONG H
THNG FULL DUPLEX
3.1 Gii thiu chng
H thng ful duplex trong thc t rt kh c to ra do phn ln nh hng
ca self-interference, kh c hon ton self-interference trong h thng ta cn
thit phi bit c p ng knh truyn gia my pht v my thu. V th, chng
ny chng ta s tp trung c lng knh truyn ti di nn trong mt b thu pht
duplex.
m 1
m 1
y u su w u ,m hu ,m su ' w u ',m hu ,m zu ;
u ,u' 1, 2
su ' w u ',m hu ,m
Trong ,
m 1
sut ca h thng.
w
u ,m
2
u1
sao cho tha iu kin sau ti thiu ha thnh phn can nhiu:
M
w
m 1
u ', m u , m
0; u , u ' 1, 2
y HWs z
Vi
y1
.
y .
.
yu
.
.
,H= .
.
.
.
hu ,1 ... hu ,u
s1
.
.
,s
.
su
w u w u ,1 ,...w u , M
.
.
.
.
.
.
,W
.
.
.
w u ,1 ... w u ,u
, z u z1...zU
y HWs z s z
Do :
Vector y c th vit li
y Hx z
x x1 ,...xM Ws
T
Vi
Pmax
. Do vy vic xc nh
|x
m 1
|2 || x ||2 Pmax
P diag
Vi
P1 ,..., PU
P P
u 1
Voi
u u
u ( HH H )
max
u ,u '
y1
y .
yU
P1 s1
.
.
PU sU
z1
.
.
.
zU
P H11H 2 Ds
r H1 ( Ds x1 x2 ) nR
trace ( H 1H 2 ) H H11 H 2 Ds 2
Ds
0
1
h1MR ( H ) H h1MR
H
1 H
1
ha W ti ch.
Ti ch, bn tin c pht i c dng
(Wr )* (W [H 2 ( Ds x1 x2 ) nR ]) *
Trong cng khe thi gian, tn hiu thu c ti u S l:
yi H 2 HW [H 2 ( Ds x1 x2 ) nR ]+n i
tha cc iu kin, ma trn W c thit k l
W ( H 2 H )1 Dr H 21
Dr L ma trn ng cho tha iu kin gii hn cng sut. Khi cng
sut pht ti D
1
Pow trace WH 2 ( Ds Ds H I M ) H 2 HW H WW H
trace ( H 2 H ) 1 Dr ( Ds 2 I M ) D r H H 2 1
Pow trace H 2 1 ( H 2 H ) 1 Dr Dr H ( Ds 2 I M )
trace ( H 2 H H 2 ) 1 Dr 2 ( Ds 2 I M )
([H 2 H H 2 ]1,11 ) 1
2
0
Dr
([H 2 H 2 ]M ,M )
1 1
3.3.1 c lng 1D
c lng 1D l k thut dng cc thng tin mt chiu, thi gian hoc tn s
c lng. Trong min tn s gm cc k thut c lng:
- c lng bnh phng ti hiu (LS estimator)
- Thut ton ni xung p ng xung hu hn FIR
x x (0) x(1)...x( N 1)
x(0) L
X M O
0 L
x( N 1)
| ( y XWN hLS ) |2
hLS arg hLS min( y XWN hLS ) H ( y XWN hLS )
Trong
T suy ra p ng xung c lng ca knh truyn
hLS QWN H X H y
Trong
Q (WN H X H XWN H ) 1
Chuyn qua min tn s, p ng tn s ca knh truyn
H LS WN QWN H X H y
T
H LS X 1 y
Vi X l ma trn cha cc k t dn ng v y l k t nhn c th k
thut c lng LS trong min tn s c n gin bng cch chia bin i
Fourier ca k t nhn c cho k t dn ng truyn i.
c lng ti thiu sai li trung bnh bnh phng (MMSE)
MMSE l k thut ti thiu ha sai li trung bnh bnh phng cho tt c cc
c lng tuyn tnh.
I ) 1 H LS
SNR
Trong
1
| x |2 | |
x
Tt c cc k t block u l k t dn ng, do p ng knh ti v tr
cc k t dn ng trong min tn s cng l p ng ton b knh .
RHH HH H
3.3.2 c lng 2D
Nhng phng php c lng trn ch dng hm tng quan gia cc sng
mang con trong mt mc thi gian c lng. Vic c lng s chnh xc hn
nu ta s dng thng tin c hai min thi gian v tn s, l k thut c lng
2D.
Cch tip cn xy dng b c lng 2D n gin nht l dng hai b
c lng 1D, mt b c lng knh trong min thi gian, mt b c lng knh
trong min tn s. Trong vic c lng trong min thi gian c thc hin
trc. Sau y l thut ton c lng n gin:
I
SNR
H LS ,t
Trong
y2 H1x1 H 2 x2 nR
Trong x1, x2 l tn hiu truyn i t v , H1 v H2 l p ng knh
truyn gia
Trong cng thi im, anten T2 bn my thu pht tn hiu qua R1. Tn hiu
nhn c c biu din
y1 H1H ( H 1x1 H 2 x2 nR ) n1
y1 H1H H1 x1 H1H H 2 x2 n1
n i H i H .nR ni
y1 H11 x1 H12 x2 n1
Phn sau chng ta s c lng H da vo k thut c lng LS.
Y2 H1 X 1 H 2 X 2 N R
Trong X1,X2 l ma trn k t dn ng c xc nh
M *N
X i xi1, xi 2 ...xiN p i p
X X 1T X 2T
( M1 M 2 )* N p
c lng LS my thu l
,H
Y X
H
1
2
2
Vi : p ng knh c lng ca H1 v H2
X l ma trn gi o ca ma trn X
Da vo c lng H1,H2 ,tn hiu dn ng ti R2 s c truyn v ti
u cui R1
Tn hiu nhn c ti u cui R1 c biu din
Yi H ii . X i H ij .X j N
i
Khi , c lng ton b knh truyn s l
,H
Y .X
H
11
12
1
dng thut ton LS, mt thut ton khng qu phc tp nhng so snh, nh
gi cht lng knh truyn khi thay i thng s ca knh.
Chng tip theo s tin hnh m phng h thng knh truyn full duplex
ta thy r hn nhng g tm hiu.
4 Chng 4
M PHNG
4.1 Gii thiu chng
Chng ny s trnh by cc kt qu m phng
- c lng knh truyn trong h thng full duplex
- Kho st cht lng h thng full duplex khi thay i s lng bit pilot
- Kho st cht lng h thng full duplex khi thay i kiu iu ch
- Kho st cht lng h thng full duplex khi thay i knh tryn