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1 Chng 1

TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN DI


NG
1.1 Gii thiu chng
Trong chng ny s trnh by cc vn
1. Lch s pht trin h thng thng tin di ng
2. Cc vn c bn trong thng tin di ng
3. M hnh knh pha inh a ng

1.2 Lch s pht trin ca h thng thng tin di ng


S gia tng ca cc thit b di ng thng minh thc u s tng trng ca
cc dch v p ng nhu cu trao i thng tin gia ngi vi ngi, hi h
thng thng tin di ng phi c nhng bc pht trin tng ng. Tnh n nay, h
thng thng tin di ng tri qua ba th h, ang s dng rng ri th h th ba
(3G), chun b ph bin th h th t (4G) v ang tng bc th nghim th h th
nm (5G) .
Th h th nht (1G) c xy dng theo quy m mng li quc gia v lm
vic da trn nn tng cng ngh tng t. Nhng h thng 1G c xem nh nn
mng, nh hng cho vic xy dng cc th h thng tin di ng sau ny.
Th h th hai (2G) l th h u tin s dng cng ngh k thut s. H
thng 2G a ngi s dng trao i thng tin vt qua ranh gii mt s quc
gia nh cc thng s c tiu chun ha ton cu theo cc Cng c quc
t.Ngoi vic truyn ting ni, 2G cn cn m ra cc loi hnh truyn s liu tc
thp v nh du s ra i ca h thng v tuyn in, radio di ng, WLAN. S
xut hin ca nhng dch v a phng tin di ng l bc tin gip con ngi
tip cn gn hn n th h th ba (3G).

Cng ngh truyn thng 3G l th h th ba ca chun cng ngh in thoi


di ng, cho php truyn c d liu thoi v ngoi thoi (ti d liu, gi email, hnh
nh).im mnh ca cng ngh 3G so vi cng ngh 2G l cho php truyn nhn
cc d liu, m thanh, hnh nh cht lng cao cho c thu bao c nh v thu bao
ang di chuyn cc tc khc nhau.
Yu cu ca h thng 3G l:
Tng dung lng h thng.
- Tng thch vi cc h thng thng tin di ng trc y (2G).
- H tr a phng tin.
- Dch v d liu gi tc cao.
- Vi thng tin v tinh (kh nng ph sng rng) tc ng truyn s liu
c kh nng thay i.
Cng ngh 3G l mt chun IMT-2000 ca T chc Vin Thng Th Gii
(ITU). Tuy nhin, trn thc t cc nh sn xut thit b vin thng ln trn th gii
xy dng thnh 4 chun 3G thng mi chnh:
- W-CDMA: Da trn k thut CDMA tri ph, l gii php thch hp vi cc
nh khai thc dch v di dng s dng GSM,tp trung ch yu chu u v mt
phn chu ( trong c Vit Nam).
- CDMA 2000: L th h k tip ca 2G CDMA. CDMA 2000 cung caaos
tc d liu t 144 kbit/s ti trn 3 Mbit/s. Chun ny c chp nhn bi
ITU.
- TD-CDMA: L mt chun da trn k thut song cng phn chia theo thi
gian (Time-division duplex). y l mt chun thng mi p dng hn hp ca
TDMA v CDMA nhm cung cp cht lng dch v tt hn cho truyn thng a
phng tin.
- TD-SCDMA: c xem nh l mt gii php thay th cho W-CDMA. TDSCDMA pht trin da trn giao thc ca S-CDMA.
Do hn ch ca 3G v tc ng truyn v kh nng truy cp khi ngi
dng di chuyn vi tc ln, nhng nghin cu gn y ang tp trung vo vic
ng dng cng ngh 4G ti mt s ni trn th gii nh Nht Bn, Hn Quc,Vi
cng ngh ny, tc d liu t trn 2M v c th ln ti 155Mbps trong mt s

iu kin mi trng nht nh, m rng cc loi hnh dch v, ng dng, nng cao
cht lng h thng v hiu qu s dng bng thng.Mng 4G t c nhng c
im vt tri so vi 3G nh:
- Kh nng truy cp mi lc, mi ni, bt k ngi s dng thit b di ng
no.Mng 4G s l s hi t u im ca cc cng ngh hin c.
- Ly ngi dng lm tm im. Mng 4G cung cp kt ni bng rng v
bo m cht lng h thng trong iu kin mi trng thay i cho cc dch v
a phng tin trong thi gian thc.
Gii thiu 1 cht v mng 5G

1.3 Cc vn c bn trong thng tin di ng


1.3.1 Suy hao ng truyn (Path Loss)
S suy hao trn ng truyn l s suy gim mt ng nng lng ca sng
in t khi n lan truyn trong khng gian. Suy hao trn ng truyn c th do
nhiu nguyn nhn: do s m rng, lan truyn v mi hng ca sng v tuyn
trong khng gian t do, hoc do sng in t b hp th v phn x bi nc, mt
t, cy ci, cc ta nh v nhng vt th xung quanh khc. Khi tn hiu c
truyn t mt pht qua khng gian n my thu, gi s rng khng c bt k mt vt
chn no v tn hiu truyn trn mt ng thng t my pht n my thu (y gi
l s lan truyn ca tn hiu trong khng gian t do). Khi , cng sut tn hiu thu
c ti my thu l
(2.5)
Trong :
(2.6)
(2.7)

1.3.2 Hiu ng bng rm (Shadowing)


Nu ch c s nh hng ca suy hao trn ng truyn, cng sut tn hiu
nhn c s bng nhau ti cc im cch my pht cng mt khong cch. Trn

thc t, iu ny khng xy ra v ngoi suy hao ng truyn cn c cc yu t nh


hng khc. Cc vt chn trn ng truyn t cc ta nh, cy ci lm sng in
t b phn x nhiu ng khc nhau, nhiu trn nhng ng n cng khc nhau
lm cng sut n cng khc nhau. Vic cng sut nhn c khc nhau trong cng
mt khong cch cn gi l Shadowing. Vn Shadowing s gy nh hng
chm khi ngi dng i t v tr ny sang v tr khc. V do nh hng chm nn
Shadowing cn c gi l Slow fading.

1.3.3 Hiu ng Doppler


Khi c s chuyn ng tng i gia my thu, tn s thu c s thay i
tng ln hay gim i ty thuc vo s di chuyn hng vo nhau hay ra xa nhau
gia my pht v my thu. Hin tng ny c gi l hiu ng Doppler. Hiu ng
Doppler lm cho ph tn s bn thu b lch so vi tn s trung tm mt khong, gi
l tn s Doppler.
Tn s Doppler (1.3.3)

1.3.4 Fading a ng
Fading c nh ngha l s thay i cng tn hiu sng mang cao tn
ti anten thu do s thay i khng ng u v ch s bc x kh quyn, phn x
mt t, nc trn ng truyn sng.
Cc yu t gy ra hin tng fading bao gm:
- S hp th ca mi trng (cc phn t kh, hi nc, sng m). Mc
suy hao ph thuc vo di tn s ta chn d truyn sng in t.
- S thay i chit sut ca tng in ly nh hng n h thng truyn tin
s dng bc sng ngn
- Phn x nhiu ng t mt t, nc v vt cn trn b mt Tri t gy ra
s lan truyn a ng.
- Cc hin tng khc x, tn x, nhiu x, sng in t khi gp vt cn gy
nn giao thoa v tr ng truyn ca cc tn hiu.
Phn x: Khi sng p vo cc b mt bng phng.
Tn x: Khi sng p vo cc b mt khng bng phng v cc vt
ny c chiu di so snh c vi chiu di bc sng

Nhiu x: Khi sng va chm vo cc vt c chiu di ln hn nhiu so


vi chiu di bc sng.

1.3.4.1 Fading phng v fading la chn tn s


Fading phng (Flat fading)
L fading m suy hao ph thuc vo tn s khng ng k v hu nh l
hng s vi ton b bng tn hiu dng ca tn hiu.
- Fading phng do truyn dn a ng:
Hnh thnh do phn x ti vt cn, s thay i ca khc x kh quyn v
s di chuyn trong qu trnh truyn dn lm cho cng trng thu c u
thu b suy gim.
Trong cc h thng chuyn tip s, s bin thin ca khc x l nguyn
nhn ch yu dn n hin tng truyn dn a ng m kt qu ca n l tn hao
fading thay i theo tn s.Tuy nhin, h thng c bng tn hiu nh nn tn hiu
suy hao fading a ng nh, do c th b qua v fading a ng c xem l
fading phng.
- Fading phng do hp th:
L hin tng sng in t b hp th v b tn x do ma, tuyt, sng m,
hay cc phn t khc tn ti trong mi trng truyn dn nn tn hiu vo u thu b
suy gim. Hin tng fading ny thay i ph thuc vo thi gian.
Hnh (1.4)
nh hng ca fading tc ng ln ton b di tn tn hiu truyn trn knh
l nh nhau, do vic tnh ton d tr fading (fading margin) d dng hn (cc
tn s trong bng tn u b tc ng nh nhau nn ch vic tng thm cng sut
pht cho tt c bng tn).
Fading la chn tn s (Frequency-selecting fading)
L fading m suy hao thay i ph thuc vo tn s, xy ra khi bng tn
ca tn hiu ln hn bng thng ca knh truyn. Do h thng tc va v ln
c rng bng tn hiu ln (ln hn rng knh) s chu nhiu tc ng ca loi
fading ny.

Tc hi ln nht ca loi fading ny l gy nhiu lin k t ISI. Fading chn


lc tn s tc ng ln cc tn s khc nhau l khc nhau, do vic d tr nh
fading phng l khng th. Do khc phc n, ngi ta s dng mt s bin
php:
- Phn tp (diversity): L mt phng php nng cao tin cy ca vic
truyn tn hiu bng cch truyn mt tn hiu ging nhau trn nhiu knh truyn
khc nhau my thu c th chn hoc kt hp nhng tn hiu thu c thnh mt
tn hiu tt nht. Li dng vic truyn trn nhiu knh m ta c c i li phn
tp, thng c o bng dB.
- S dng m sa li gim BER.
- Tri ph tn hiu: K thut tri ph v c bn l s dng mt m c bit
tri ph tn hiu trong bng thng hp (thm ch rt hp) ra mt bng thng cc
rng lm cho tn hiu truyn i rt ging nhiu trng c trong t nhin.
( on ni thiu tri tr vi cc loi nhiu)

1.3.5 Thng tin trng thi knh truyn


Trong truyn thng khng dy, thng tin trng thi knh truyn (CSI) cp
n cc thuc tnh knh bit ca mt ng truyn vin thng. Thng tin ny m
t cch mt tn hiu truyn t my pht n my thu v i din cho hiu ng kt
hp, v d nh tn x, fading
CSI cn c c lng my thu, thng c lng t ha v a tr li
my pht. V vy, my pht v my thu c th c CSI khc nhau, i khi c gi l
CSIT v CSIR, mt cch tng ng.
V c bn c hai mc CSI l CSI tc thi (instantaneous CSI) v CSI thng
k (statiscal CSI).

1.4 M hnh knh fading a ng


1.5 Kt lun chng
Qua chng ny chng ta c ci nhn tng quan v lch s pht trin v
cc vn trong thng tin di ng nh cc yu t gy suy hao tn hiu, mt s loi
nhiu thng gp v m hnh ca mt knh fading a ng c c mt h
thng thng tin di ng hin nay, ngnh vin thng tri qua nhiu bc bin
chuyn ng k, t th h u 1G s khai da trn nn tng cng ngh tng t, n
th h 2G c s ha t tc 50Kbps v hin nay cng ngh 4G tng tc
bit ln ti 1Gbps (vi thu bao ng yn), tc l tng gp 20.000 ln. Vi nhiu u
im vt tri, m rng loi hnh dch v v ti u ha cht lng, h thng thng
tin di ng ang phc v tt nhu cu trao i thng tin ca con ngi thi k hin
i.
Cht lng tn hiu qua knh truyn v tuyn b tc ng bi nhiu yu t,
nhng nh hng ln nht l fading, c bit l fading la chn tn s do s kh
khn trong vic tnh ton c lng cht lng knh cng nh gim t l li bit
bn thu. i vi cc mng di ng th h sau (3G, 4G), do yu cu tc bt ln
nn cng cn phi tch hp nhiu k thut vo qu trnh truyn (m ha, phn tp
) nhm m bo cht lng dch v. Tt c nhng khi nim trong chng ny l
nn tng xy dng m hnh m phng cho chng sau.

2 Chng 2
GII THIU S LC V H THNG IN
BAND FULL DUPLEX
2.1 Gii thiu chng
IBFD c gii thiu nh l mt gii php kh hp dn tng thng lng
trong h thng thng tin lin lc v mng li khng dy. Vi IBFD, mt thit b
khng dy cho php c truyn v nhn tn hiu ng thi trong cng mt bng
tn s. < khc ni phi gii thiu IBFD l chi chi , tnh cht nh rng.>
Chng ny trnh by v cc ni dung sau
- Gii thiu s lc v h thng In band full duplex (IBFD).
- H thng IBFD c th xy dng thnh cng trong thc t.
- nh hng ca self-interference ln IBFD v cch suy gim n.

2.2 C hi tn dng Full Duplex


nh gi cao li t IBFD, ta xem xt ba cu trc ( m hnh ) c bn
trong hnh Fig 3 (a) Relay topology, (b) Bidirectional topology v (c) basestation
topology
Trong mi trng hp, cc thit b u cui c th c nhiu anten v s anten
c th khc nhau. Ba cu trc lin kt c bn c ly cn hng t mng ad hoc v
nn tng c s h tng (infrastructure-based)( v d: cell v WiFi). Trong mng ad
hoc vi thit b IBFD, m hnh lu lng khc nhau dn n cu trc lin kt biu
hin cc thnh phn khc nhau. Tng t nh th, cc cu trc bi-directional v
base station c th c trong mng infrastructure-based vi thit b u cui IBFD.
u tin xem xt cc cu trc lin kt relay th hin trong Hnh 3a, u cui
R hot ng nh mt relay cho php cc dng d liu n gi t ngun S ti ch
D. Nu relay R ch s dng trong knh truyn half-duplex th n s cn lun phin
gia tn hiu nhn c t u cui S v chuyn tip sang u cui D nh th hin

trong hnh 3a. Tuy nhin, nu u cui R s dng trong knh truyn IBFD, n c
th nhn v chuyn tip ng thi (trn cng mt tn s), nh th hin trn hnh 3a.
Nh vy, bng cch hot ng ch IBFD, mng relay c th tng gp i hiu
qu quang ph tng i ( the spectral efficiency) ( n v bit/s/Hz) so vi halfduplex. Ch rng, mng relay IBFD yu cu ch c relay R l hot ng ch
full-duplex, cn S v D khng nht thit phi thu pht ng thi.
Tip theo xem xt cu trc hai chiu hnh 3b, ni c 2 lung d liu: u A
gi d liu n u cui B v u cui B gi d liu cho u A. Nu mt trong hai
thit b A hoc B ch c th hot ng ch half-duplex, th giao tip gia AB
khng th xy ra ng thi nh giao tip BA c, v 2 giao tip ny phi c
thc hin qua 2 khe thi gian trc giao, nh trong hnh 3b. Tuy nhin, nu thit b
u cui A v B cng h tr IBFD, th thng tin t AB c th truyn ng thi
vi chiu ngc li. Do c kh nng tng gp i hiu qu quang ph so vi
half-duplex.
Cui cng, xt trn cu trc cc trm gc ca hnh 3c, ni cng tn ti 2
lung d liu: thit b u cui TU gi d liu trn ng uplink n trm gc BS
v BS gi d liu trn ng downlink c lp n thit b u cui TD. Nu BS
ch half-duplex th n phi lun phin gia tn hiu thu c t u cui TU
trong 1 khe thi gian v tn hiu pht t u cui TD trong khe thi gian trc giao
vi n (nh hnh 3c). Tuy nhin, nu BS c th hot ng ch IBFD, th n c
th h tr ng thi trong bng tn uplink v downlink,lm tng gp i hiu qu
quang ph. Ging nh cu trc relay, ch phn t BS mi cn h tr IBFD, thit b
u cui TU v TD khng cn phi truyn nhn ng thi.

2.3 Self-interference
Trong hnh 3, mi tn en i din cho tn hiu mong mun truyn i v mi
tn ch s giao thoa.C 2 trng hp giao thoa, mt l self-interference xy ra
khi cc tn hiu c truyn bi thit b u cui IBFD cn tr vic tip nhn cc
tn hiu mong mun ti cng u thu. Hai l inter-terminal interference xy ra trong
h thng gia cc thit b u cui khng h tr IBFD. V d, trong cu trc relay

hnh 3a, truyn tn hiu u cui S c th gy nhiu giao thoa n u thu D, trong
khi cu trc trm gc, hnh 3c, u pht TU c th gy nhiu cho u thu TD,
inter-terminal interference khng th pht sinh trong cc mng ny khi ch
half-duplex. t c gp 2 hiu sut quang ph l tng trong IBFD, yu cu
phi kim sot c c self-interference v inter-terminal interference. V t can
nhiu l yu t hn ch ca mng IBFD ( nhiu hn hn inter-terminal interference)
nn trong n ny, ta s tp trung tm hiu v self-interference.

2.4

Mt s phng php suy gim self-interference

2.4.1 Cu to ca mt b thu pht IBFD


Cu to ca mt thit b u cui IBFD nguyn mu v mi trng hot
ng ca n c biu din hnh bn di. Hnh 4a trnh by s mt anten tch
IBFD vi nhiu anten pht v nhiu anten thu. M hnh anten shared cng c cu
trc tng t ngoi tr mi cp anten pht thu trong hnh 4 s thay th bi mt
circulator gn lin vi mt anten thng, nh trong hnh 2b. S khc bit gia anten
tch v anten shared s c trnh by phn tip theo
a v y ci BFD system vi anten share..

Cc thit b u cui IBFD chp nhn mt dng bit truyn c m ha v


iu ch trong min s, to ra mt tn hiu s di nn ring bit cho mi anten pht.
Mi tn hiu s ny u c chuyn i sang analog vi b DAC, upconverted n
mt tn s sng mang cao, khuch i bng b khuch i cng sut cao (HPA), v

bc x ra mi trng bng anten. Trong thc t, qu trnh ny s a vo mt s


non-idealities trong tn hiu pht (v d, DAC lng t ting n, nhiu dao ng
pha v khuch i mo), dn n cc khc bit nh, nhng quan trng gia tn hiu
truyn thc t (actual) v tn hiu d nh (intended).
ng thi, cng mt bng tn s, cc chc nng ca thit b u cui IBFD
nh l mt my thu. Mi tn hiu c chn bi anten thu l thng lng vo ca
chui phn cng ring bit, trong bao gm b khuch i tp m thp
(LNA),downconverter,v analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Cc kt qu tn hiu s
di nn s c x l trong min s (lin quan n gii iu ch, cancellation selfinterference, v gii m bt) cung cp cc dng bit nhn. Mt khc, cc mch
Canceler c th nhn thy trong hnh 4, cng nh cc ty chn khc khng th nhn
thy t s s c tho lun trong phn tip theo.
% C hai cch pht v thu x l dy chuyn c th c giao tip vi
anten. Mt l kin trc (cu trc) anten-tch, minh ha trong hnh 2b. Trong kin
trc anten tch, mi chui truyn s dng mt anten bc x chuyn dng v mi
chui nhn c n nh mt anten cm bin. Trong khi cu trc anten shared,
mi cp chui pht/ chui thu chia s anten chung. Shared anten hot ng i hi
mt b song cng mi nh tuyn tn hiu pht t my pht ti anten v nh tuyn
tn hiu thu trn anten ti my thu, trong khi c lp tt c cc chui my thu n
chui my pht. Mt phn quan trng trong anten shared song cng l circulator,
l mt thit b ferrite, c th nh tuyn trc tip bng cch khai thc truyn dn phi
tuyn tnh trong vt liu t tnh[]. Cc thit b ng dn sng nh: b ghp nh
hng, my bin p Hybrid cng c th c s dng nhn ra mt anten shared
song cng.% ci ni a ln trn, u mc
Mt thit b u cui IBFD vi N chui pht v N chui thu s yu cu 2N
anten trong h thng anten tch hay N anten cng N circulator trong h thng anten
shared.

2.4.2

Propagation-domain Self-interference Suppression


K thut c lp truyn lan khng dy nhm mc ch in t ha c lp cc

chui pht t chui thutc l, ngn chn self-interference trc khi n xut
hin trong chui mch thu. u im u tin thc hin suy gim

self-

interference trong min lan truyn l phn cng cc dng downstream thu c
khng cn phi x l tn hiu 1 cch trung thc vi phm vi hot ng rt ln.
Trong cc h thng anten tch, min lan truyn cch ly c hon thnh bng cch
kt hp ng path loss, phn cc cho, v anten directionality, trong khi h thng
anten shared thc hin bng cch s dng mt circulator.
Trong h thng anten tch, suy hao ng truyn gia cc thit b u cui
IBFD ca anten pht v thu (hoc anten mng) c th c tng ln bng cch t
khe chn hp th gia chng. Mc d k thut path loss rt hp dn v l do n
gin, nhng vn b mt s hn ch nh: cc thit b nh hn, phng thc hin cc
k thut khng c nhiu.

2.4.3 Analog-circuit-domain Self-interference Cancellation


K thut analog circuit domain cancellation nhm mc ch ngn chn selfinterference trong chui thu analog, trc b ADC. S ngn chn ny c th xy ra
trc hoc sau b downconverter v LNA. Hnh 4 cho thy, khi tn hiu pht c
khai thc ti ngun cp anten pht, x l trong min analog v tr vo ngun cp d
liu anten thu hy b self-interference. % Nhng c mt vi cch khc, chng
hn nh khai thc tn hiu pht trong min s, p dng nhng iu chnh cn thit
nh li, pha,tr. Sau chuyn i n sang min analog circuit s dng trong
self-interference cancellation.% thuyt trnh%.
Ging nh cc i tc trong min lan truyn, k thut cancellation analog
circuit domain hoc c th l knh nhn thc hay l knh v thc. K thut knh v
thc ch c th hy b interference trn ng dn trc tip, cn k thut knh nhn
thc c kh nng hy b c interference trc tip v phn x.
i vi tn hiu hp, cc self-interference (trc tip hoc phn x) c th
c m hnh ha nh mt h s phc v tr gia mi cp anten pht v thu. Trong

trng hp ny, mt anten ring bit thit b u cui IBFD vi anten thu pht n
ch iu chnh h s ko nn phc n v tr n. Knh truyn v thc s iu
chnh 1 ln, khi h thng c thit k/hiu chun, trong khi knh nhn thc s iu
chnh lin tc h s ny v tr b p cho nhng thay i trong knh phn x.
i vi tn hiu bng rng, cc ng dn trc tip t can nhiu c th c
gim nh bng cch s dng cng mt k thut analog circuit domain m t trn
nu li anten v p ng pha thit k c tn s phng. Knh truyn phn x
t giao thoa s l knh chn lc tn s nh kt qu ca truyn lan a ng. Vic
la chn tn s ny s lm cho mch analog circuit domain cancellation ( mch
hy b can nhiu min tng t) thm nhiu thch thc, c bit khi cc tn hiu
truyn ti c khai thc v x l trong min analog, k t n s yu cu mt b
lc tng t thch ng cho mi cp anten thu pht. Mt khc, khai thc tn hiu
truyn trong min k thut s to iu kin cho vic s dng thch ng lc k thut
s cho ng cancellation phn x thng d dng hn nhiu, nht l trong cc tn
hiu bng rng nh OFDM.
2.4.4 Digital-domain Self-interference Cancellation
K thut hy b cancellation nhiu min s nhm mc ch hy b
cancellation nhiu sau khi ADC bng cch p dng k thut x l tn hiu (DSP)
phc tp vo cc tn hiu nhn c. u im ca vic lm ny trong lnh vc k
thut s l x l phc tp tr nn tng i d dng. V d, trong khi nhn c
chm tia (beamforming) trn nguyn tc c th thc hin trong mch tng t, n
ph bin hn trong thc t thc hin bng k thut s, v nhng l do mch phc
tp v cng sut tiu th. Tuy nhin, nhc im ca mch hy b k thut s l
vng hot ng ca ADC gii hn s lng self-interference c th ngn chn.
Bc u thit k mt b hy b cancellation nhiu k thut s l xy
dng mt m hnh h thng ri rc m gi li tt c mi th gia DAC v ADC ca
IBFD u cui, k c k thut lc b giao thoa trong min truyn lan v min
tng t c m t trc . Mt m hnh chnh xc s cn phi nm bt khng

ch bn thn thit b u cui IBFD m cn gia cc knh truyn lan anten, thm ch
c cc thit b nm ngoi mng IBFD.

3 Chng 3
C LNG KNH TRUYN TRONG H
THNG FULL DUPLEX
3.1 Gii thiu chng
H thng ful duplex trong thc t rt kh c to ra do phn ln nh hng
ca self-interference, kh c hon ton self-interference trong h thng ta cn
thit phi bit c p ng knh truyn gia my pht v my thu. V th, chng
ny chng ta s tp trung c lng knh truyn ti di nn trong mt b thu pht
duplex.

3.2 K thut tin m ha Zero Forcing (ZF)


V c bn, cc c lng d self-interference c tr vo tn hiu nhn
c trong min s. Mt s k thut s self IC s dng li trung bnh bnh phng
v a anten, nh zero forcing.
Trong truyn dn v tuyn, s phn tp ngi dng l yu t chnh lm tng
nh k lu lng h thng. Do cn c nhng k thut m ha ti u pht trc
khi pht tn hiu i trn knh truyn t c li v thng lng. c gi
l k thut tin m ha.
C hai loi tin m ha chnh: tin m ha khng tuyn tnh (nhiu lon
vector..) v tin m ha tuyn tnh ( ti thiu bnh phng li MMSE, zero-forcing
ZF)
Sau y ta ch kho st k thut tin m ha tuyn tnh ZF
Tn hiu thu c ti anten thu c th c biu din nh sau:
M

m 1

m 1

y u su w u ,m hu ,m su ' w u ',m hu ,m zu ;

u ,u' 1, 2

su ' w u ',m hu ,m

Trong ,

m 1

l thnh phn can nhiu, lm suy gim ng k hiu

sut ca h thng.

w
u ,m

Nhim v khi thc hin k thut tin m ha l tm cc trng s

2
u1

sao cho tha iu kin sau ti thiu ha thnh phn can nhiu:
M

w
m 1

u ', m u , m

0; u , u ' 1, 2

tm c cc trng s, ta biu din di dng vector nh sau:

y HWs z
Vi
y1
.

y .

.
yu

h1,1 ... h1,u


.
.
.

.
.
,H= .

.
.
.
hu ,1 ... hu ,u

s1
.

.
,s

.
su

w u w u ,1 ,...w u , M

w1,1 ... w 1,u

.
.
.

.
.
.
,W

.
.

.
w u ,1 ... w u ,u

, z u z1...zU

ti thiu ha can nhiu ma trn tin m ha W c th c tm bng cng


thc:
W H H ( HH H ) 1 @H

y HWs z s z
Do :
Vector y c th vit li

y Hx z

x x1 ,...xM Ws
T

Vi

l dng vector ca tn hiu c pht i ti M

anten trm gc.


V trm gc c gii hn cng sut pht ti a l

Pmax

. Do vy vic xc nh

ma trn W phi tha mn iu kin

|x

m 1

|2 || x ||2 Pmax

P diag
Vi

P1 ,..., PU

P P
u 1

Voi

u u

u ( HH H )

max

u ,u '

Sau tin m ha ZF, tn hiu nhn c ti D la

y1


y .

yU

P1 s1

.
.

PU sU

z1

.
.

.
zU

Thit k ma trn tin m ha


Vic thit k ma trn tin m ha ti S v D phi tha mn hai iu kin:
- Cng sut pht phi tha mn iu kin gii hn
- Mi thu bao khng thu c thng tin ca thu bao khc
Thit k ma trn tin m ha ti S - P
Ma trn tin m ha P c xc nh:

P H11H 2 Ds

Ds l ma trn ng cho c tc dng m bo cng sut pht ti trm gc tha


iu kin gii hn. Khi , tn hiu thu c ti D

r H1 ( Ds x1 x2 ) nR

Cng sut pht tng cng ti trm gc vi ma trn tin m ha P:

trace PP H trace H11H 2 Ds 2 ( H11H 2 ) H

trace ( H 1H 2 ) H H11 H 2 Ds 2

Mi anten c cng sut pht bng 1, ta chn

h11R H ( H11 ) H H 1h11R

Ds

0
1

h1MR ( H ) H h1MR
H

1 H
1

Khi tng cng sut pht ti trm gc

trace PP H trace ( H 1H 2 ) H H11H 2 Ds 2 M


tha yu cu gii hn cng sut.
Thit k ma trn tin m ha ti D - W
m bo khng c nhiu xuyn knh ti thu bao s dng ma trn tin m

ha W ti ch.
Ti ch, bn tin c pht i c dng

(Wr )* (W [H 2 ( Ds x1 x2 ) nR ]) *
Trong cng khe thi gian, tn hiu thu c ti u S l:

yi H 2 HW [H 2 ( Ds x1 x2 ) nR ]+n i
tha cc iu kin, ma trn W c thit k l

W ( H 2 H )1 Dr H 21
Dr L ma trn ng cho tha iu kin gii hn cng sut. Khi cng
sut pht ti D

1
Pow trace WH 2 ( Ds Ds H I M ) H 2 HW H WW H

trace ( H 2 H ) 1 Dr ( Ds 2 I M ) D r H H 2 1

Trong , l t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR, du xp x xy ra khi t s SNR


ln.
Trace c tnh cht hon v vng nn ta c

Pow trace H 2 1 ( H 2 H ) 1 Dr Dr H ( Ds 2 I M )
trace ( H 2 H H 2 ) 1 Dr 2 ( Ds 2 I M )

V cng sut pht ti mi anten bng 1, nn iu kin gii hn cng sut l


Pow M. t iu kin ny, ta chn

([H 2 H H 2 ]1,11 ) 1
2
0

Dr

([H 2 H 2 ]M ,M )

1 1

3.3 Cc k thut c lng


Trong h thng khng dy full duplex, chui bit thng tin c iu ch
thnh cc k t PSK/QAM, truyn qua knh truyn khng dy. Tn hiu nhn c
thng b mo do cc c tnh ca knh truyn. Do cc k thut c lng c
a ra xc nh p ng knh, nhm khi phc li chui bit truyn i mt cch
chnh xc nht.

3.3.1 c lng 1D
c lng 1D l k thut dng cc thng tin mt chiu, thi gian hoc tn s
c lng. Trong min tn s gm cc k thut c lng:
- c lng bnh phng ti hiu (LS estimator)
- Thut ton ni xung p ng xung hu hn FIR

- c lng ti thiu sai li trung bnh bnh phng (MMSE estimator)


- c lng Gaus-Markov.
Di y s gii thiu v k thut c lng LS v MMSE
c lng bnh phng ti thiu (Least Square estimator)
Cc k t dn ng (pilot symbol) c m t bng ma trn

x x (0) x(1)...x( N 1)

X l ma trn ng cho vi cc phn t ca x

x(0) L
X M O

0 L

x( N 1)

c lng LS s tm p ng knh h bng cch ti thiu bnh phng li

| ( y XWN hLS ) |2
hLS arg hLS min( y XWN hLS ) H ( y XWN hLS )
Trong
T suy ra p ng xung c lng ca knh truyn

hLS QWN H X H y
Trong

Q (WN H X H XWN H ) 1
Chuyn qua min tn s, p ng tn s ca knh truyn

H LS WN QWN H X H y
T

H LS X 1 y
Vi X l ma trn cha cc k t dn ng v y l k t nhn c th k
thut c lng LS trong min tn s c n gin bng cch chia bin i
Fourier ca k t nhn c cho k t dn ng truyn i.
c lng ti thiu sai li trung bnh bnh phng (MMSE)
MMSE l k thut ti thiu ha sai li trung bnh bnh phng cho tt c cc
c lng tuyn tnh.

B c lng MMSE c m t mt cch tng qut:

H LMMSE RHH ( RHH

I ) 1 H LS
SNR

Trong

1
| x |2 | |
x
Tt c cc k t block u l k t dn ng, do p ng knh ti v tr
cc k t dn ng trong min tn s cng l p ng ton b knh .

RHH HH H

3.3.2 c lng 2D
Nhng phng php c lng trn ch dng hm tng quan gia cc sng
mang con trong mt mc thi gian c lng. Vic c lng s chnh xc hn
nu ta s dng thng tin c hai min thi gian v tn s, l k thut c lng
2D.
Cch tip cn xy dng b c lng 2D n gin nht l dng hai b
c lng 1D, mt b c lng knh trong min thi gian, mt b c lng knh
trong min tn s. Trong vic c lng trong min thi gian c thc hin
trc. Sau y l thut ton c lng n gin:

H t , LMMSE RHt RHpt RHt RHpt

I
SNR

H LS ,t

Trong

3.3.3 c lng thch nghi


B c lng thch nghi l b c lng thng xuyn cp nht cc thng
s ca knh truyn do h qu ca vic thay i h thng knh truyn. l im

khc bit c bn nht so vi c lng 1D v 2D nh trnh by trn. Trong n,


phn ny ch mang tnh cht gii thiu.

3.4 c lng knh truyn trong h thng full duplex


3.4.1 M t h thng

M hnh h thng n gin c m t nh trn


Trong , ti my pht v my thu bao gm mt anten pht v mt anten thu.
Gi s ng truyn ca hai thit b u cui l ng truyn trc tip. Tn hiu s
c giao tip ch trong cng pha, trong cng mt khe thi gian v cng tn s.
u tin, my pht truyn tn hiu thng qua anten T1 n anten R2 ca my
thu, cng lc ti my thu cng pht tn hiu t anten T2 n anten R1 ca my
pht.
Tn hiu nhn c ti anten R2 ca ngoi tn hiu mong mun, cn c thnh
phn t can nhiu bi chnh anten T2 nm trong n. c biu din nh sau:

y2 H1x1 H 2 x2 nR
Trong x1, x2 l tn hiu truyn i t v , H1 v H2 l p ng knh
truyn gia

Trong cng thi im, anten T2 bn my thu pht tn hiu qua R1. Tn hiu
nhn c c biu din

y1 H1H ( H 1x1 H 2 x2 nR ) n1
y1 H1H H1 x1 H1H H 2 x2 n1
n i H i H .nR ni

Nu u cui bit c ma trn p ng knh H1 v H2 n c th trit c


nhiu trn ng truyn m n nhn c. V vy chng ta tp trung vo cc thng
s trng thi knh thu ti R1 ti u cui.

y1 H11 x1 H12 x2 n1
Phn sau chng ta s c lng H da vo k thut c lng LS.

3.4.2 c lng knh truyn s dng k thut c lng LS


c lng knh truyn, c hai u cui truyn i chui Np k t dn
ng vi
Tn hiu nhn c ti R2 c biu din

Y2 H1 X 1 H 2 X 2 N R
Trong X1,X2 l ma trn k t dn ng c xc nh
M *N
X i xi1, xi 2 ...xiN p i p

X X 1T X 2T

( M1 M 2 )* N p

c lng LS my thu l

,H
Y X
H
1
2
2

Vi : p ng knh c lng ca H1 v H2
X l ma trn gi o ca ma trn X
Da vo c lng H1,H2 ,tn hiu dn ng ti R2 s c truyn v ti
u cui R1
Tn hiu nhn c ti u cui R1 c biu din

Yi H ii . X i H ij .X j N
i
Khi , c lng ton b knh truyn s l

,H
Y .X
H
11
12
1

Vi iu kin Np>M1+M2 pilot, chng ta c lng c p ng knh


H1 v H2 ti my thu, p ng knh H11 v H21 ti my pht.

3.5 Kt lun chng


chng ny, ta tm hiu c k thut c lng c bn v p dng k
thut LS c lng p ng knh truyn ca h thng thng tin hot ng trong
ch full duplex. H thng ny vn cn kh mi vi hin ti, nhng c nhiu trin
vng trong tng lai. c bit em li li ch gp hai ln hiu qu quang ph.
Trong h thng Full Dupex a anten, gim t l li bit m gip cho h
thng hot ng tt hn, phi s dng k thut tin m ha loi b can nhiu t
cc sng mang ln cn. C nhiu k thut tin m ha khc nhau, nhng trong phm
vi n ch tm hiu k thut tin m ha Zero-Forcing, tc l trc khi pht, tn
hiu s c nhn vi mt ma trn bit trc, c tnh ton sao cho bn thu c th
phc hi li tn hiu ban u, cn thnh phn can nhiu t tn hiu khc s b trit
tiu.
H thng vin thng v tuyn no cng cn phi thc hin vic c lng
knh nh gi kh nng phc v knh c tt hay khng. Trong trng hp
ny l phc v cho vic loi b self-interference trong h thng full duplex.
c lng knh truyn s m phng trong chng sau, em chn k thut c lng

dng thut ton LS, mt thut ton khng qu phc tp nhng so snh, nh
gi cht lng knh truyn khi thay i thng s ca knh.
Chng tip theo s tin hnh m phng h thng knh truyn full duplex
ta thy r hn nhng g tm hiu.

4 Chng 4
M PHNG
4.1 Gii thiu chng
Chng ny s trnh by cc kt qu m phng
- c lng knh truyn trong h thng full duplex
- Kho st cht lng h thng full duplex khi thay i s lng bit pilot
- Kho st cht lng h thng full duplex khi thay i kiu iu ch
- Kho st cht lng h thng full duplex khi thay i knh tryn

4.2 Mc chnh xac ca c lng LS trong h thng full duplex


Thit lp cc iu kin ca knh truyn m phng:
1.Ti my pht v my thu, mi bn dng 1 anten pht v 1 anten thu
2.iu ch theo kiu QPSK
3.Thc hin knh truyn CSI bit, so snh vi knh truyn s dng c
lng LS v knh khng dng k thut c lng
4. Trao i thng tin vi 2 thit b u cui. Tnh BER c thc hin ti
my pht
5. S dng p ng knh theo m hnh knh truyn Rayleigh fading, c xt
n tc ng ca AWGN.

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