BI TP

Ton ri rc
Ti liu hc tp theo hc ch tn ch
dnh cho sinh vin Khoa CNTT
Phin bn 1.0

2011

MC LC

CHNG 1: C S LOGIC ...................................................................................... 2

CHNG 2: PHNG PHP M ........................................................................ 5
CHNG 3: QUAN H .............................................................................................. 6
CHNG 4: I S BOOLE.................................................................................... 7
NI DUNG B SUNG: PHNG PHP HM SINH ........................................... 8
THI TRC NGHIM GIA K (THAM KHO) ......................................... 24
THI KT THC MN HC (THAM KHO) ................................................ 25
MT S THI THAM KHO TRNG KHC ........................................ 26

Bi tp ton ri rc
CHNG 1: C S LOGIC
1. Lp bng chn tr v ch ra cc mnh lun ng:
a. x (y z) x
b. [(a b) (c b)] (a c)
c. [m (n p)] (m p)
d. [ p (r p)] [( p q) (r p)]
2. p dng cc lut logic rt gn cc mnh v ch ra u l cng thc hng:
a. (a c) (b c) (a b)
b. [( x y) (y z)] ( x z)
c. m (n p) (m n p)
d. [[(m n) p] [(m p) p]] n
3. Mt x th bn cung vo mt mc tiu, kt qu c th hin theo cc mnh sau:
Pk = { Pht th k trng ch} k = 1, 2, 3
Hy gii thch cc mnh phc hp sau:
a. P1 P2 P3
b. P1 P2 P3
c. (P1 P2 P3 ) (P1 P1 P3 ) (P1 P2 P3 )
d. (P1 P2 ) (P1 P2 P3 ) (P1 P2 P3 )
4. Cho 4 th sinh A, B, C, D tham gia thi u xp hng. Kt qu xp hng nh th no
nu:
-

Ngi th 1 d on: B hng nh, C hng ba.

Ngi th 2 d on: A hng nh, C hng t.

Ngi th 3 d on: B hng nht, D hng nh.

c bit l mi ngi c phn ng phn sai.

5. Trong mt chatroom, c tng cng 5 ngi An, Bnh, Chinh, Dung, Yn ang tho
lun v ti logic ton vi nhau trn mng.
Bit rng:
-

Hoc An, hoc Bnh hoc l c 2 ang tho lun.

Hoc Chinh, hoc Dung, nhng khng phi c 2 cng tho lun.

Nu Yn ang tho lun th Chinh cng vy.

Bi tp ton ri rc
-

Dung v An, hoc c 2 cng tho lun, hoc khng ai tho lun.

Nu Bnh ang tho lun th Yn v An cng vy.

Hy gii thch xem nu tt c khng nh trn u ng th hin ti ai ang tho lun?

6. Sau khi thu gn, hy tm cc b nghim (x, y, z, t ) cc cng thc hm sau t gi

l 0:
a. F [( yt xz) ( xt y z)] [ x yt ( y z xt )]
b. F [( x y zt ) ( yz xt )] [( xz yt ) ( y z xt )]
c. F [( x y z yt ) ( xt y z)] [( yt xz) x y z]
7. Chuyn tt c cc cng thc sau thnh dng chun tuyn hon ton v chun hi hon
ton:
a. (m n) (n p)
b. [m (n p)] (n p)
c. n (m (m n p))
d. [(m n) (n m)] (m n)
e. m (n p) (m n p)
f. [m (n p)] [(m p) (n p)]
8. Tm chn tr ca cc v t ng vi cc gi tr tng ng sau:
m(x): x > 2
n(x): x-1 l
p(x): x < 0
a. m(2)
b. n(210)
c. m(1) n(3)
d. m(0) n(4)
e. [m(7) n(1)] p(1)
f. [m(1) n(1)] p(1)
g. [m(3) n(3)] p(3)
h. m(1) [n(1) p(1)]
9. Xc nh chn tr ca v t sau:
p(x,y) : x l c ca y
a.
b.
c.
d.

p(1,5)
p(3,4)
x, p( x, x)
y, p( y, y)
3

Bi tp ton ri rc
e. xy, p( x, y)
f. yx, p( x, y)
g. xy,( p( x, y) p(y, x)) ( x y)
h. xyz,( p( x, y) p(y, z)) p( x, z)
10. Xc nh chn tr ca cc mnh sau :
a. x R,[( x2 6 x 5 0) ( x 5 0)]
b. x R, y R,[( x 2 y 1) ( x y 3)]
c. x R, y R, z R,[( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) ( x z)]
d. x R, y R, z R,[( x 2 y z) (2 x y z 2 0)]
e. x R, y R, z R,[( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) ( x z )]
f. x , y , z ,[( x 2 y z) (2 x y z 0)]
g. x R, y R, z R,[( x2 y 2 z 2 ) ( x z)]
11. Xc nh cc suy lun ng v cho bit qui tc suy din c p dng:
a. Nu Bnh i chi th Bnh khng hc logic ton. Nu Bnh khng hc bi th s
thi trt mn logic ton. M Bnh li i chi nn Bnh thi trt mn logic ton.
b. Nu l sinh vin CNTT ca trng i hc S Phm th phi hc ton ri rc.
Hng khng hc Ton ri rc nn Hng khng phi l sinh vin ngnh cng
CNTT ca trng i hc S Phm.
c. Mi sinh vin nghim tc u khng np bi cha lm xong. Minh khng np
bi cha lm xong. Vy Minh l sinh vin nghim tc.
d. Mi sinh vin li hc u khng chu n lp hc thng xuyn.
Tn n lp hc thng xuyn.
V th Vn l sinh vin khng li hc.
12. Dng cc qui tc suy din chng minh cc kt lun sau:
a. {p q , (s q) , (r s) , p u }

r, u
b. {(x y) z , z(w u) , (t w) , w t }

x
13. Trong 1 trn thi u i khng v thut Vovinam, th sinh s c tnh l 1 im nu
nh c t nht 2 trong s 3 trng ti pht c. Ngi ta thit k 1 my chm im cho
cc trn u vi th thc thi u nh vy.
a. Tm cng thc logic tng ng vi my chm im ny.
b. Hy v mch in t tng ng vi cng thc ny (khng rt gn cng thc).

Bi tp ton ri rc

CHNG 2: PHNG PHP M

1. Cho tp X={5, 6, ..., 200}
a. C bao nhiu s chn, l.
b. C bao nhiu s chia ht cho 5.
c. C bao nhiu s gm nhng ch s phn bit.
d. C bao nhiu s khng cha s 0.
e. C bao nhiu s ln hn 101 v khng cha s 6.
f. C bao nhiu s c cc ch s c sp tng thc s.
g. C bao nhiu s c dng xyz trong 0 x y, y z
2. C 10 cun sch khc nhau, trong c 5 cun sch thuc lnh vc tin hc, 3
cun sch thuc lnh vc ton hc, 2 cun sch thuc lnh vc vn hc.
a. C bao nhiu cch ly ra 4 cun sch bt k?
b. C bao nhiu cch ly ra 4 cun sch trong c t nht 2 cun sch tin hc?
c. C bao nhiu cch ly ra 4 cun sch vi c 3 loi sch?
d. C bao nhiu cch xp cc cun sch ny trn 1 gi sch?
e. C bao nhiu cch xp cc cun sch ny trn 1 gi sch sao cho ng theo th
t lit k?
f. C bao nhiu cch xp cc cun sch ny trn 1 gi sch sao cho 3 cun sch
ton hc khng c xp cnh nhau?
3. Mt ngi lm vic trn my tnh qun mt mt khu ng nhp vo ti
khon s dng, anh ta ch cn nh mt khu c dng XXXX-YYY trong
XXXX l cc ch s khc nhau ly t 10 s, v YYY l cc ch ci khc nhau ly
t 26 ch ci. Hi trong trng hp xu nht phi th bao nhiu ln c c
mt khu ban u?
4. C 6 ngi cng mt lc ng k th ti tin hc l A, B, C, D, E, F:
a. C bao nhiu cch xp th t thi u DEF ng cnh nhau?
b. C bao nhiu cch xp th t thi u lun bt u bi A v kt thc bi F
5. C bao nhiu chui 8 bit bt u bng 1100?
6. C bao nhiu chui 8 bit trong bit th 2 v bit th 4 l 1?
7. C bao nhiu chui 8 bit c xui hay ngc u ging nhau?
8. C bao nhiu xu nh phn c di 8 bt u bi 110 v 101?
9. C bao nhiu chui 8 bit hoc bt u bng 100 hoc c bit th 4 bng 1?
10. C bao nhiu chui 8 bit hoc bt u bng 10 hoc kt thc bi 01?
11. C bao nhiu xu nh phn di 16 m trong c ng 4 s 1?
12. Cc k th ABCDEF dng to thnh cc chui c di l 3?
a. C bao nhiu chui nh vy nu cho php lp.
b. C bao nhiu chui nh vy nu khng cho php lp.
c. C bao nhiu chui bt u bng A nu cho php lp.
d. C bao nhiu chui bt u bng A nu khng cho php lp.
e. C bao nhiu chui khng cha A nu cho php lp.
f. C bao nhiu chui khng cha A nu khng cho php lp.
13. C bao nhiu xu k t c th c to t cc ch ci Telecommunication?
14. Phng trnh x1 x2 x3 x4 23
C bao nhiu b nghim t nhin ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) sao cho 2 x1 5
15. Phng trnh x1 x2 ... x10 100
C bao nhiu b nghim t nhin ( x1 , x2 ,..., x10 ) sao cho x1 1, x2 2,..., x10 10
5

Bi tp ton ri rc

CHNG 3: QUAN H
1. Cho 2 tp hp X={a, b, c} v Y = {b, c, d, e}
a. Tnh X x Y
b. Tm s quan h 2 ngi trn Y
c. Tm s quan h gia X v Y cha (b, c), (b, d)
d. Hy tm 1 quan h trn X c tnh phn x v bc cu nhng khng i xng
e. Hy tm 1 quan h trn Y c tnh phn x v i xng nhng khng bc cu.
2. R l mt quan h trn A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} vi:
R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 5), (3, 1), (3, 3) , (4, 1), (4, 2), (4,
4), (5, 2), (5, 5)}
R c phi l 1 quan h tng ng hay khng?
3. Cho R l 1 quan h trn tp hp cc s t nhin vi R = {(x, y): x+y chn}
Chng minh R l 1 quan h tng ng
4. Cho R l 1 quan h trn A x A vi A= {1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9} sao cho :
(a, b) R (c, d) b = d
a. Chng minh R l 1 quan h tng ng
b. Tm lp tng ng cha (1, 3)
c. Phn hoch A x A thnh cc lp tng ng tch bit phn hoch trn R
5. R l mt quan h trn A x A vi A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}:
R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 5), (3, 3), (3, 5) , (4, 4), (4, 5), (5, 5)}
R c phi l 1 quan h th t hay khng?
6. Cho

l 1 quan h trn X={ 2, 3, 4, 5, 12, 15, 60} xc nh bi:

x, y X , x
a. Chng minh

y y kx, k Z

l 1 quan h th t

b. Tm cc phn t ti i, ti tiu, ln nht, nh nht xc nh bi quan h trn

c. V biu Hasse tng ng
7. Cho

l 1 quan h trn A x A vi A ={2, 4, 6, 12, 24} xc nh bi:

( x, y),( z, t ) A,( x, y) ( z, t ) x y z t
c phi l 1 quan h th t hay khng? Nu l 1 quan h th t th xc nh cc
phn t ti i, ti tiu, ln nht, nh nht xc nh bi quan h trn

Bi tp ton ri rc

CHNG 4: I S BOOLE
1. Cho (A, , ) l 1 i s Boole hy chng minh:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

x A, x x x
x A, x x x
x A, x x
x A, x 1 x

x, y A, x y x y

x, y A, x y x y
x, y A, x ( x y) x
x, y A, x ( x y) x

2. Cho U30 = (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, 30)

Trn U30 ta nh ngha 2 php ton v nh sau:
x, y U30 , x y UCLN ( x, y)
x, y U30 , x y BCLN ( x, y)

Chng minh (U30, , ) l 1 i s Boole

3. n gin cc hm Bool sau v v mch ca hm n gin:
a.

f ( x, y, z ) x y z x y z x y z x y z x y z

b. f ( x, y, z, t ) x y zt x y z t x y z t x y z t x y zt x y zt x y zt x y z t x y z t
c.

f ( x, y, z, t ) x y z t x y z t x y z t x y z t x y zt x y zt x y zt x y z t x y z t

d. f ( x, y, z, t ) x y z x y z x y z t x y z t x y zt y zt x y zt x y z t x y t
e.

f ( x, y, z, t ) x y z t x y z t x y z t x y z x y zt y zt x y z y z t

Bi tp ton ri rc

PHNG PHP HM SINH

Hm sinh l mt trong nhng sng to thn tnh, bt ng, nhiu ng dng ca ton ri
rc. Ni mt cch nm na, hm sinh chuyn nhng bi ton v dy s thnh nhng bi ton
v hm s. iu ny l rt tuyt vi v chng ta c trong tay c mt c my ln lm
vic vi cc hm s. Nh vo hm sinh, chng ta c th p dng c my ny vo cc bi ton
dy s. Bng cch ny, chng ta c th s dng hm sinh trong vic gii tt c cc dng ton
v php m. C c mt ngnh ton hc ln nghin cu v hm sinh, v th, trong bi ny,
chng ta ch tm hiu nhng vn cn bn nht v ch ny.
Trong bi vit ny, cc dy s s c trong ngoc < > phn bit vi cc i tng
ton hc khc.
1. Hm sinh
Hm sinh thng ca dy s v hng <g0, g1, g2, g3,> l chui lu tha hnh thc
G(x) = g0 + g1x + g2x2 + g3x3
Ta gi lm sinh l chui hnh thc bi v thng thng ta s ch coi x l mt k hiu thay th
thay v mt s. Ch trong mt vi trng hp ta s cho x nhn cc gi tr thc, v th ta gn
nh cng khng n s hi t ca cc chui. C mt s loi hm sinh khc nhng trong
bi ny, ta s ch xt n hm sinh thng.
Trong bi ny, ta s k hiu s tng ng gia mt dy s v hm sinh bng du mi tn hai
chiu nh sau
<g0, g1, g2, g3, > g0 + g1x + g2x2 + g3x3 +
V d, di y l mt s dy s v hm sinh ca chng
<0, 0, 0, 0, > 0 + 0.x + 0.x2 + 0.x3 + = 0
<1, 0, 0, 0, > 1 + 0.x + 0.x2 + 0.x3 + = 1
<3, 2, 1, 0, > 3 + 2x + x2 + 0.x3 +

= x2 + 2x + 3

Quy tc y rt n gin: S hng th i ca dy s (nh s t 0) l h s ca x i trong hm

sinh.
Nhc li cng thc tnh tng ca cc s nhn li v hn l
1 z z 2 z 3 ...

1
.
1 z

ng thc ny khng ng vi |z| 1, nhng mt ln na ta khng quan tm n vn hi

t. Cng thc ny cho chng ta cng thc tng minh cho hm sinh ca hng lot cc dy s
<1, 1, 1, 1, > 1 + x + x2 + x3 + = 1/(1-x)
8

Bi tp ton ri rc
<1, -1, 1, -1, > 1 - x + x2 - x3 + = 1/(1+x)
<1, a, a2, a3, > 1 + ax + a2x2 + a3x3 + = 1/(1-ax)
<1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, ...> 1 + x2 + x4 + = 1/(1-x2)
Cc php ton trn hm sinh
Php mu ca hm sinh nm ch ta c th chuyn cc php ton thc hin trn dy s
thnh cc php ton thc hin trn cc hm sinh tng ng ca chng. Chng ta cng xem
xt cc php ton v cc tc ng ca chng trong thut ng dy s.
2.1. Nhn vi hng s
Khi nhn hm sinh vi mt hng s th trong dy s tng ng, cc s hng s c nhn
vi hng s . V d
<1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, ...> 1 + x2 + x4 + = 1/(1-x2)
Nhn hm sinh vi 2, ta c
2/(1-x2) = 2 + 2x2 + 2x4 +
l hm sinh ca dy s
<2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, >
Quy tc 1. (Quy tc nhn vi hng s)
Nu <f0, f1, f2, f3, > F(x) th <cf0, cf1, cf2, cf3, > cF(x)
Chng minh.
<cf0, cf1, cf2, cf3, > cf0 + (cf1)x + (cf2)x2 + (cf3)x3 +
= c(f0 + f1x+f2x2 + f3x3 + )
= cF(x).
2.2. Cng
Cng hai hm sinh tng ng vi vic cng cc s hng ca dy s theo ng ch s. V d,
ta cng hai dy s trc
<1, 1, 1, 1, >

1/(1-x)

+ <1, -1, 1, -1, > 1/(1+x)

<2, 0, 2, 0, > 1/(1-x) + 1/(1+x)
By gi ta thu c hai biu thc khc nhau cng sinh ra dy (2, 0, 2, 0, ). Nhng iu
ny khng c g ngc nhin v thc ra chng bng nhau:
1/(1-x) + 1/(1+x) = [(1+x) + (1-x)]/(1-x)(1+x) = 2/(1-x2)
Quy tc 2. (Quy tc cng)
Nu <f0, f1, f2, > F(x), <g0, g1, g2, > G(x)
9

Bi tp ton ri rc
th <f0+g0, f1+g1, f2+g2, > F(x) + G(x)
Chng minh.
<f0+g0, f1+g1, f2+g2, > f0+g0+ (f1+g1)x + (f2+g2)x2 +
= (f0 + f1x + f2x2 + ) + (g0 + g1x + g2x2 + )
= F(x) + G(x)
2.3. Dch chuyn sang phi
Ta bt u t mt dy s n gin v hm sinh ca n
<1, 1, 1, 1, > 1/(1-x)
By gi ta dch chuyn dy s sang phi bng cch thm k s 0 vo u
<0, 0, , 0, 1, 1, 1, > xk + xk+1 + xk+2 +
= xk(1+x+x2 + )
= xk/(1-x)
Nh vy, thm k s 0 vo u dy s tng ng vi vic nhn hm sinh vi x k. iu ny
cng ng trong trng hp tng qut.
Quy tc 3. (Quy tc dch chuyn phi)
Nu <f0, f1, f2, > F(x)
th <0, , 0, f0, f1, f2, > xk.F(x) (c k s 0)
Chng minh.
<0, , 0, f0, f1, f2, > f0xk + f1xk+1 + f2xk+2 +
= xk(f0 + f1x + f2x2 + )
= xkF(x)
2.4. o hm
iu g s xy ra nu ta ly o hm ca hm sinh? Chng ta hy bt u t vic ly o
hm ca mt hm sinh tr nn quen thuc ca dy s ton 1:
d
d
1
(1 x x 2 x 3 x 4 ...)
(
)
dx
dx 1 x
1
1 2 x 3 x 2 4 x 3 ...
(1 x) 2
1
1, 2, 3, 4,...
(1 x) 2

Ta tm c hm sinh cho dy s <1, 2, 3, 4, > !

Tng qut, vic ly o hm ca hm sinh c hai tc ng ln dy s tng ng: cc s hng
c nhn vi ch s v ton b dy s c dch chuyn tri sang 1 v tr.
Quy tc 4. (Quy tc o hm)
Nu <f0, f1, f2, > F(x)
th <f1, 2f2, 3f3, ..> dF(x)/dx
10

Bi tp ton ri rc
Chng minh.
<f1, 2f2, 3f3, ..> f1 + 2f2x + 3f3x2 +
= (d/dx)(f0 + f1x + f2x2 + f3x3 + )
= dF(x)/dx
Quy tc o hm l mt quy tc rt hu hiu. Trong thc t, ta thng xuyn cn n mt
trong hai tc ng ca php o hm, nhn s hng vi ch s v dch chuyn sang tri. Mt
cch in hnh, ta ch mun c mt tc ng v tm cch v hiu ho tc ng cn li. V
d, ta th tm hm sinh cho dy s <0, 1, 4, 9, 16, >. Nu ta c th bt u t dy <1, 1, 1,
1, > th bng cch nhn vi ch s 2 ln, ta s c kt qu mong mun
<0.0, 1.1, 2.2, 3.3, > = <0, 1, 4, 9, >
Vn l ch php o hm khng ch nhn s hng dy s vi ch s m cn dch chuyn
sang tri 1 v tr. Th nhng, quy tc 3 dch chuyn phi cho chng ta cch v hiu ho
tc ng ny: nhn hm sinh thu c cho x.
Nh vy cch lm ca chng ta l bt u t dy s <1, 1, 1, 1, >, ly o hm, nhn vi
x, ly o hm ri li nhn vi x.
<1, 1, 1, 1, > 1/(1-x)
<1, 2, 3, 4, > (d/dx)(1/(1-x)) = 1/(1-x)2
<0, 1, 2, 3, 4, > x/(1-x)2
<1, 4, 9, 16, > (d/dx)( x/(1-x)2) = (1+x)/(1-x)3
<0, 1, 4, 9, 16, > x(1+x)/(1-x)3
Nh vy hm sinh cho dy cc bnh phng l x(1+x)/(1-x)3.
3. Dy s Fibonacci
i khi chng ta c th tm c hm sinh cho cc dy s phc tp hn. Chng hn di y
l hm sinh cho dy s Fibonacci:
<0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, > x/(1-x-x2)
Chng ta thy dy s Fibonacci bin i kh kh chu, nhng hm sinh ca n th rt n
gin.
Chng ta s thit lp cng thc tnh hm sinh ny v qua , tm c cng thc tng minh
tnh cc s hng tng qut ca dy s Fibonacci. D nhin, chng ta bit cng thc tnh s
hng tng qut ca dy Fibonacci trong phn phng php gii cc phng trnh sai phn
tuyn tnh h s hng. Nhng iu ny khng ngn cn chng ta mt ln na tm cch gii
thch s xut hin ca phng trnh c trng, cch x l trng hp nghim kp thng qua
cng c hm sinh. Hn na, phng php hm sinh cn gip chng ta gii quyt hng lot
cc bi ton v dy s quy khc na, trong c nhng phng trnh m chng ta hon
ton b tay vi cc phng php khc.
3.1. Tm hm sinh
Ta bt u bng cch nhc li nh ngha ca dy Fibonacci:
f0 = 0
11

Bi tp ton ri rc
f1 = 1
fn = fn-1 + fn-2 vi n 2
Ta c th khai trin ng thc cui cng thnh dy v hn cc ng thc. Nh th dy s
Fibonacci xc nh bi
f0 = 0
f1 = 1
f2 = f 1 + f 0
f3 = f 2 + f 1
f4 = f 3 + f 2

By gi, cch lm tng qut ca chng ta l: nh ngha F(x) l hm sinh ca dy s bn

tri ca cc ng thc, chnh l cc s Fibonacci. Sau chng ta tm c hm sinh cho dy
s v phi. Cho hai v bng nhau v ta gii ra c hm sinh F(x). Ta hy cng lm iu
ny. u tin ta nh ngha
F(x) = f0 + f1x + f2x2 + f3x3 + f4x4 +
By gi, ta cn tm hm sinh cho dy s
<0, 1, f1+f0, f2+f1, f3+f2, >
Mt trong nhng cch tip cn l tch cc dy s ca chng ta thnh cch dy m chng ta
bit hm sinh, sau p dng Quy tc cng
<0, 1, 0, 0, 0, >

<0, f0, f1, f2, f3, > xF(x)

+

<0, 0, f0, f1, f2, ...> x2F(x)

<0, 1+f0, f1+f0, f2+f1, f3+f2, > x + xF(x) + x2F(x)

Dy s ny gn nh l dy s nm v phi ca dy Fibonacci, ch c 1 khc bit duy nht

l 1+f0 v tr th hai. Nhng do f0 = 0 nn iu ny khng c ngha g.
Nh vy, ta c F(x) = x + xF(x) + x2F(x) v t F(x) = x/(1-x-x2), chnh l cng thc
m chng ta ni n phn u.
3.2. Tm cng thc tng minh
Ti sao chng ta li phi tm hm sinh ca mt dy s? C mt vi cu tr li cho cu hi
ny, nhng di y l mt trong nhng cu tr li : nu ta tm c hm sinh cho mt
dy s, trong nhiu trng hp, ta c th tm c cng thc tng minh cho cc s hng
ca dy s , v y l iu rt cn thit. V d cng thc tng minh cho h s ca xn
trong khai trin ca x/(1-x-x2) chnh l cng thc tng minh cho s hng th n ca dy s
Fibonacci.
Nh vy cng vic tip theo ca chng ta l tm cc h s t hm sinh. C mt vi cch tip
cn cho bi ton ny. i vi cc hm phn thc, l t s ca cc a thc, chng ta c th s
dng phng php phn tch thnh cc phn thc s cp m chng ta bit phn tch

12

Bi tp ton ri rc
phn cc hm hu t. Ta c th tm c d dng cc h s cho cc phn thc s cp, t
tm c cc h s cn tm.
Ta s th lm cho hm sinh ca dy s Fibonacci. u tin, ta phn tch mu s ra tha s
x/(1-x-x2) = x/(1-1x)(1-2x)
trong 1

1 5
1 5
. Tip theo, ta tm cc hng s A1, A2 sao cho
, 2
2
2

A1
A2
x

2
1 1 x 1 2 x
1 x x

Ta c th lm iu ny bng phng php h s bt nh hoc thay x cc gi tr khc nhau

thu c cc phng trnh tuyn tnh i vi A1, A2. Ta c th tm c A1, A2 t cc
phng trnh ny. Thc hin iu ny, ta c
A1

1
1
1
1

, A1

.
1 2
1 2
5
5

Thay vo ng thc ni trn, ta c khai trin ca F(x) thnh cc phn thc s cp

x
1 1
1

2
1 x x
5 1 1 x 1 2 x

Mi mt s hng trong khai trin c chui lu tha n gin cho bi cng thc
1
1 1 x
1
12x

1 1 x 12 x 2 ...
1 2 x 22 x 2 ...

Thay cc cng thc ny vo, ta c chui lu tha cho hm sinh

F ( x)

1
5

1 1
1

5 1 1 x 1 2 x

((1 1 x 12 x 2 ...) (1 2 x 22 x 2 ...))

T suy ra
fn

1n 2n
5

n
n
1 1 5 1 5

5 2 2

y chnh l cng thc m ta cng tm c trong phn gii cc phng trnh sai phn
tuyn tnh h s hng. Cch tip cn mi ny lm sng t thm mt s vn ca phng php
cp ti. Ni ring, quy tc tm nghim ca phng trnh sai phn trong trng hp
phng trnh c trng c nghim kp l h qu ca quy tc tm khai trin phn thc s cp!
4. m bng hm sinh
Hm sinh c th c p dng trong cc bi ton m. Ni ring, cc bi ton chn cc phn
t t mt tp hp thng thng s dn n cc hm sinh. Khi hm sinh c p dng theo
cch ny, h s ca xn chnh l s cch chn n phn t.
13

Bi tp ton ri rc
4.1. Chn cc phn t khc nhau
Hm sinh cho dy cc h s nh thc c suy ra trc tip t nh l nh thc
Ck0 , Ck1 , Ck2 ,..., Ckk ,0,0,... Ck0 Ck1 x ... Ckk x k (1 x) k

Nh vy h s ca xn trong (1+x)k bng s cch chn n phn t phn bit t mt tp hp

gm k phn t. V d, h s ca x2 l C2k, s cch chn 2 phn t t tp hp k phn t.
Tng t, h s ca xk+1 l s cch chn k+1 phn t t tp hp k phn t v nh th, bng
0.
4.2. Xy dng cc hm sinh m
Thng thng ta c th dch m t ca bi ton m thng sang ngn ng hm sinh gii.
V d, ta c th chng t rng (1+x)k s sinh ra s cc cch chn n phn t phn bit t tp
hp k phn t m khng cn dng n nh l nh thc hay cc h s nh thc!
Ta lm nh sau. u tin, ta hy xt tp hp c mt phn t {a1}. Hm sinh cho s cch
chn n phn t t tp hp ny n gin l 1 + x. Ta c 1 cch chn khng phn t no, 1
cch chn 1 phn t v 0 cch chn hai phn t tr ln. Tng t, s cch chn n phn t t
tp hp {a2} cng cho bi hm sinh 1 + x. S khc bit ca cc phn t trong hai trng hp
trn l khng quan trng.
V by gi l tng chnh: hm sinh cho s cch chn cc phn t t hp ca hai tp hp
bng tch cc hm sinh cho s cch chn cc phn t t mi tp hp. Chng ta s gii thch
cht ch iu ny, nhng trc ht, hy xem xt mt v d. Theo nguyn l ny, hm sinh
cho s cch chn cc phn t t tp hp {a1, a2} l
(1+x). (1+x) = (1+x)2 = 1 + 2x + x2
C th kim chng rng i vi tp hp {a1, a2} ta c 1 cch chn 0 phn t, 2 cch chn 1
phn t, 1 cch chn 2 phn t v 0 cch chn 3 phn t tr ln.
Tip tc p dng quy tc ny, ta s c hm sinh cho s cch chn n phn t t tp hp k
phn t
(1+x).(1+x)(1+x) = (1+x)k
y chnh l cng thc hm sinh m ta nhn c bng cch s dng nh l nh thc.
Nhng ln ny, chng ta i thng t bi ton m n hm sinh.
Chng ta c th m rng iu ny thnh mt nguyn l tng qut.
Quy tc 5 (Quy tc xon). Gi A(x) l hm sinh cho cch chn cc phn t t tp hp A v
B(x) l hm sinh cho cch chn cc phn t t tp hp B. Nu A v B l ri nhau th hm
sinh cho cch chn cc phn t t A B l A(x).B(x).
Quy tc ny l kh a ngha, v cn hiu chnh xc cch chn cc phn t t mt tp hp c
ngha l th no? Rt ng ch l Quy tc xon vn ng cho nhiu cch hiu khc nhau
ca t cch chn. V d, ta c th i hi chn cc phn t phn bit, cng c th cho php
c chn mt s ln c gii hn no , hoc cho chn lp li tu . Mt cch nm na, gii
hn duy nht l (1) th t chn cc phn t khng quan trng (2) nhng gii hn p dng
cho vic chn cc phn t ca A v B cng p dng cho vic chn cc phn t ca A B
(Cht ch hn, cn c mt song nh gia cc cch chn n phn t t A B vi b sp th t
cc cch chn t A v B cha tng th n phn t)
14

Bi tp ton ri rc
Chng minh. nh ngha

n 0

n 0

n 0

A( x) a n x n , B( x) bn x n , C ( x) A( x).B( x) cn x n .

u tin ta hy tnh tch A(x).B(x) v biu din h s cn thng qua cc h s a v b. Ta c th

sp xp cc s hng ny thnh dng bng
b0

b1x

b2x2

b3x3

a0

a 0 b0

a 0 b1 x

a0b2x2

a0b3x3

a1 x

a 1 b0 x

a 1 b1 x2

a1b2x3

a2x2

a 2 b0 x2

a 2 b1 x3

a3x3

a 3 b0 x3

Ch rng cc s hng c cng lu tha ca x xp trn cc ng cho /. Nhm tt c cc s

hng ny li, ta thy rng h s ca xn trong tch bng
cn = a0bn + a1bn-1 + + anb0
By gi ta chng minh rng y cng chnh l s cch chn n phn t t A B. Mt cch
tng qut, ta c th chn n phn t t A B bng cch chn j phn t t A v n-j phn t t
B, trong j l mt s t 0 n n. iu ny c th c thc hin bng a jbn-j cch. Ly tng
t 0 n n, ta c
a0bn + a1bn-1 + + anb0
cch chn n phn t t A B. chnh xc l gi tr cn c tnh trn.
Biu thc cn = a0bn + a1bn-1 + + anb0 c bit n trong mn x l tn hiu s; dy <c0,
c1, c2, c3, > l xon (convolution) ca hai dy <a0, a1, a2, a3, > v <b0, b1, b2, b3, >.
4.3. Chn cc phn t c lp
Xt bi ton: C bao nhiu cch chn 12 cy ko t 5 loi ko? Bi ton ny c th tng qut
ho nh sau: C bao nhiu cch chn ra k phn t t tp hp c n phn t, trong ta cho
php mt phn t c th c chn nhiu ln? Trong thut ng ny, bi ton chn ko c th
pht biu c bao nhiu cch chn 12 cy ko t tp hp
{ko sa, ko s-c-la, ko chanh, ko du, ko c-ph}
nu ta cho php ly nhiu vin ko cng loi. Ta s tip cn li gii bi ton ny t gc nhn
ca hm sinh.
Gi s ta chn n phn t (c lp) t tp hp ch c duy nht mt phn t. Khi c 1 cch
chn 0 phn t, 1 cch chn 1 phn t, 1 cch chn 2 phn t Nh th, hm sinh ca cch
chn c lp t tp hp c 1 phn t bng
<1, 1, 1, 1, > 1 + x + x2 + x3 + = 1/(1-x)
15

Bi tp ton ri rc
Quy tc xon ni rng hm sinh ca cch chn cc phn t t hp ca cc tp hp ri nhau
bng tch ca cc hm sinh ca cch chn cc phn t t mi tp hp:
1
1
1
1
.
...

1 x 1 x 1 x (1 x) n

Nh th, hm sinh ca cch chn cc phn t t tp hp n phn t c lp l

1/(1-x)n.

By gi ta cn tnh cc h s ca hm sinh ny. lm iu ny, ta s dng cng thc

Taylor:
nh l 1 (nh l Taylor)
f ' (0)
f ' ' (0) 2 f ' ' ' (0) 3
f ( k ) (0) k
f ( x) f (0)
x
x
x ...
x ...
1!
2!
3!
k!

nh l ny ni rng h s ca xk trong 1/(1-x)n bng o hm bc k ca n ti im 0 chia

cho k!. Tnh o hm bc k ca hm s ny khng kh. t
g(x) = 1/(1-x)n = (1-x)-n
Ta c
g(x) = n(1-x)-n-1
g(x) = n(n+1)(1-x)-n-2
g(x) = n(n+1)(n+2)(1-x)-n-3

g(k)(x) = n(n+1)(n+k-1)(1-x)-n-k
T , h s ca xk trong hm sinh bng
g ( k ) (0) n(n 1)...(n k 1) (n k 1)!

C nk k 1
k!
k!
k!(n 1)!

Nh vy s cch chn k phn t c lp t n phn t bng C nk k 1 .

5. Mt bi ton m bt kh thi
T u bi n gi ta thy nhng ng dng ca hm sinh. Tuy nhin, nhng iu ny ta
cng c th lm c bng nhng cch khc. By gi ta xt mt bi ton m rt kh chu.
C bao nhiu nhiu cch sp mt gi n tri cy tho mn cc iu kin rng buc sau:

S to phi chn
S chui phi chia ht cho 5
Ch c th c nhiu nht 4 qu cam
Ch c th c nhiu nht 1 qu o

V d, ta c 7 cch sp gi tri cy c 6 tri:

To

Chui

Cam

Cc iu kin rng buc ny qu phc tp v c cm gic nh vic i tm li gii l v vng.

Nhng ta hy xem hm sinh s x l bi ton ny th no.
16

Bi tp ton ri rc
Trc ht, ta i tm hm sinh cho s cch chn to. C 1 cch chn 0 qu to, c 0 cch chn
1 qu to (v s to phi chn), c 1 cch chn 2 qu to, c 0 cch chn 3 qu to Nh th
ta c
A(x) = 1 + x2 + x4 + = 1/(1-x2)
Tng t, hm sinh cho s cch chn chui l
B(x) = 1 + x5 + x10 + = 1/(1-x5)
By gi, ta c th chn 0 qu cam bng 1 cch, 1 qu cam bng 1 cch, Nhng ta khng
th chn hn 4 qu cam, v th ta c
C(x) = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 = (1-x5)/(1-x)
V tng t, hm sinh cho s cch chn o l
D(x) = 1 + x = (1-x2)/(1-x)
Theo quy tc xon, hm sinh cho cch chn t c 4 loi tri cy bng
1
1 1 x5 1 x2
1
A( x).B( x).C ( x).D( x)
.
.
.

1 2 x 3x 2 4 x 3 ...
2
5
2
1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x (1 x)

Gn nh tt c c gin c vi nhau! Ch cn li 1/(1-x)2 m ta tm c chui lu

tha t trc . Nh th s cch sp gi tri cy gm n tri cy n gin bng n+1. iu
ny ph hp vi kt qu m ta tm ra trc , v c 7 cch sp cho gi 6 tri cy. Tht l
th v!
6. Cc hm sinh thng gp
6.1. nh l nh thc m rng.
u

Vi u l mt s thc v k l s nguyn khng m. Lc h s nh thc m rng c

k

nh ngha nh sau
u u (u 1)...(u k 1) / k!, k 0

k 1, k 0

nh l 2. Cho x l s thc vi |x| < 1 v u l mt s thc. Lc

u
(1 x) u x k .
k 0 k

nh l ny c th c chng minh kh d dng bng cch s dng nh l Taylor.

V d. Tm khai trin lu tha ca cc hm sinh (1+x)-n v (1-x)-n
Gii: Theo nh l nh thc m rng, c th suy ra

n
(1 x) n x k .
k 0 k

Theo nh ngha
n (n)(n 1)...(n k 1)
n(n 1)...(n k 1)

(1) k
(1) k C nk k 1
k
k
!
k
!

17

Bi tp ton ri rc
T

(1 x) n (1) k C nk k 1 x k .
k 0

Thay x bng x, ta c

(1 x) n C nk k 1 x k .
k 0

V d. Tm khai trin lu tha ca (1-x)-1/2

Gii: Theo nh l nh thc m rng, ta c

1/ 2 k
x .
(1 x) 1 / 2
k 0 k

Theo nh ngha
1 1 1

1 3 2k 1
1...
k 1 (1) k ...
.

1
/
2

2 2
2
2 2 2

k C2k

(1)
k!
k!
4k
k

(1 x) 1 / 2 (1) k
k 0

C 2kk k
x .
4k

Thay x bng x, ta c

C 2kk k
x .
k
k 0 4

(1 x) 1 / 2

6.2. Bng cc hm sinh thng gp

Hm s

Khai trin lu tha

ak

1/(1-x)

1 + x + x 2 + x3 +

1/(1+x)

1 x + x 2 x3 +

(-1)k

1/(1-ax)

1 + ax + a2x2 + a3x3 +

ak

(1-xn+1)/(1-x)

1 + x + x2 + + xn

1 nu k n, 0 nu k >
n

(1+x)n

1 Cn1 x Cn2 x 2 ... Cnn x n

C nk

1/(1-x)n

1 nx

k
n(n 1) 2 n(n 1)(n 2) 3
x
x ... C n k 1
2
3!

1/(1-x)2

1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 +

k+1

1/(1-ax)2

1 + 2ax + 3a2x2 + 4a3x3 +

(k+1)ak

1/(1-xr)

1 + xr + x2r + x3r +

1 nu r | k v 0 trong
18

Bi tp ton ri rc
trng hp ngc li
1/(1+xr)

1 - xr + x2r - x3r +

(-1)s nu k=sr v 0
trong trng hp
ngc li

ln(1+x)

x x2/2 + x3/3 x4/4 +

0 khi k = 0 v (-1)k/k

ln(1-x)

- x x2/2 x3/3 x4/4

0 khi k = 0 v -1/k

arctgx

x + x3/3 + x5/5 +

0 vi k chn v
1/k vi k l

7. Cc v d c li gii
7.1. Cp s nhn cng
Ta th tm li cng thc tnh s hng tng qut cho cp s nhn cng, tc l dy s xc nh
bi a0 = a, an = axn-1 + d vi mi n = 1, 2, 3,
t F(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + a3x3 +
Ta c F(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + a3x3 +
= a0 + (qa0 + d)x + (qa1+d)x2 + (qa2+d)x3 +
= a0 + qx(a0+a1x+a2x2+) + dx(1+x+x2+)
= a + qxF(x) + dx/(1-x)
T suy ra
F ( x)

a (d a) x
(1 x)(1 qx)

Ta tm phn tch dng

a (d a) x
A
B

(1 x)(1 qx) 1 x 1 qx

Quy ng mu s chung, ta c a + (d-a)x = A + B (B+qA)x. T

A + B = a, B + qA = a d
Suy ra A = d/(1-q) v B = a d/(1-q).
Cui cng, p dng cc cng thc khai trin quen thuc, ta c

d n
d
q
a n a
.
1 q
1 q

7.2. Phng trnh sai phn khng thun nht

Tip theo, ta xem hm sinh lm vic th no i vi cc phng trnh sai phn khng
thun nht.
Xt bi ton: Tm cng thc tng qut ca dy s cho bi a0 = 1, an = 2an-1 + 3n vi n = 1, 2,
3, ..
Theo ng s trn, ta xt F(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + a3x3 +
19

Bi tp ton ri rc
V thc hin vic khai trin v phi:
F(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + a3x3 +
= a0 + (2a0+3)x + (2a1+32)x2 + (2a2+33)x3 +
= (1 + 3x + (3x)2 + (3x)3 + ) + 2x(a0+a1x+a2x2+)
= 1/(1-3x) + 2xF(x)
T suy ra
F ( x)

1
3
2

(1 3x)(1 2 x) 1 3x 1 2 x

p dng cng thc khai trin lu tha cho cc hm s thng gp, ta tm c

an = 3n+1 2n+1.
Ta xem xt mt v d khc: Tm cng thc tng qut ca dy s cho bi a0 = 1, an = 2an-1 +
n.3n.
t F(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + a3x3 + Xt
F(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + a3x3 +
= a0 + (2a0+1.3)x + (2a1+2.32)x2 + (2a2+3.33)x3 +
= 1 + 3x(1 + 2.(3x) + 3(3x)2 + ) + 2x(a0+a1x+a2x2+)
= 1 + 3x/(1-3x)2 + 2xF(x)
T suy ra
9 x 2 3x 1
F ( x)
(1 3x) 2 (1 2 x)

Dng phng php h s bt nh, ta tm c phn tch

F ( x)

9
7
3

1 3x 1 2 x (1 3x) 2

V t
an = 3(n+1)3n 9.3n + 7.2n = (n-2)3n+1 + 7.2n.
7.3. Trng hp phng trnh c trng c nghim kp
Tip theo, ta xem xt hm sinh x l trng hp phng trnh c trng c nghim kp
nh thn no.
Xt bi ton: Tm cng thc tng qut ca dy s xc nh bi a 0 = 1, a1 = 4, an = 4(an-1-an-2)
vi mi n = 2, 3, 4,
Theo s chung, ta xt F(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + a3x3 + a4x4 +
B qua hai s hng u, cc s hng t a2 tr i c tnh theo cc s hng trc
F(x) = a0 + a1x + (4a1-4a0)x2 + (4a2-4a1)x3 + (4a3-4a2)x4 +
20

Bi tp ton ri rc
= 1 + 4x + 4x(a1x+a2x2+a3x3+) 4x2(a0+a1x+a2x2+)
= 1 + 4x + 4x(F(x)-1) 4x2F(x)
T
F(x) = 1/(1-2x)2 = 1 + 2.2x + 3.22x2 +
Suy ra an = (n+1)2n.
7.4. Mt ng dng ca quy tc xon
Quy tc xon cn c mt cch pht biu khc: Nu <a0, a1, a2, a3, > c hm sinh l F(x),
<b0, b1, b2, b3, > c hm sinh l G(x) th xon ca chng, dy <c0, c1, c2, c3, > vi cn =
a0bn + a1bn-1 + + anb0 c hm sinh l F(x).G(x).
Ta s dng quy tc ny gii mt dy s quy kh c bit: Cho dy s {a n} xc nh bi
a0 = 1, a0an + a1an-1 + + ana0 = 1 vi mi n = 1, 2, 3 Hy tm cng thc tng qut tnh
an.
Ta tnh th cc s hng u tin ca dy s: Vi n =1, ta c a 0a1+a1a0 = 1 suy ra a1 = 1/2, vi
n = 2, a0a2 + a1a1 + a2a0 = 1 suy ra a2 = 3/8. Tng t, a3 = 5/16, a4 = 35/128 Quy lut kh
l phc tp!
Ta th dng phng php hm sinh. Mi vic vn bt u t cch t F(x) = a 0 + a1x + a2x2
+ a3x3 +
Tuy nhin, nu dng php th thng thng an = (1 (a1an-1+a2an-2++an-1a1))/a0 th chng
ta s khng thu c phng trnh tm F(x) nh mong mun. Tuy nhin, h thc a0an +
a1an-1 + + ana0 = 1 gi cho chng ta ngh s dng quy tc xon. C th nu <a0, a1, a2, a3
> c hm sinh l F(x) th theo quy tc xon, F2(x) s l hm sinh ca dy bnh phng
xon ca <a0, a1, a2, a3 > tc l dy <c0, c1, c2, c3, > vi cn = a0an + a1an-1 + + ana0.
Nhng, theo nh iu kin bi th cn = 1 vi mi n = 0, 1, 2, 3, c ngha l
F2(x) (1, 1, 1, 1, ) 1 + x + x2 + x3 + = 1/(1-x)
F2(x) = (1-x)-1, suy ra F(x) = (1-x)-1/2.

p dng cng thc tm c trong phn 6.1, ta tm c a n

C 2nn
.
4n

8. Bi tp
1. Xc nh hm sinh cho cc dy s sau
a) <2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, >
b) <0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, >
c) <1, 1, 0, 1, 1, >
d) <0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 3, >
e) <1, 4, 7, 10, >
f) <1, 8, 27, 64, >
2. Tm khai trin lu tha cho cc hm s sau

21

Bi tp ton ri rc
a)

1 x
1 5x 6 x 2

d) 1 x2

b)
e)

1
(1 x)(1 x 2 )

1 1 4x
2x

c)

1
(1 x) 2 (1 x)

f ) ln(1 x 2 )

3. Gi s

an x n .

2
1 2x x
n 0

Chng minh rng vi mi n 0, tn ti s nguyn m sao cho

a2n + a2n+1 = am.
3. Tm h s ca x10 trong chui lu tha ca cc hm sau y
a) (1 + x5 + x10 + x15 + )3
b) (x4+x5+x6)(x3+x4+x5+x6+x7)(1+x+x2+x3+x4+)
c) (1+x2+x4+x6+)(1+x4+x8+x12+)(1+x6+x12+x18+)
d) 1/(1+x)2

e) x4/(1-3x)3

f) x3/(1+4x)2

4. S dng hm sinh, gii cc h thc quy sau

a) a0 = 1, an = 3an-1 + 2
b) a0 = 1, an = 3an-1 + 4n-1
c) a0 = 6, a1 = 30, an = 5an-1 6an-2
d) a0 = 4, a1 = 12, an = an-1 + 2an-2 + 2n
e) a0 = 2, a1 = 5, an = 4an-1 4an-2 + n2
f) a0 = 20, a1 = 60, an = 2an-1 + 3an-2 + 4n + 6.
6. Hi c bao nhiu cch trao 25 phn thng ging nhau cho bn s quan cnh st mi
ngi nhn c t nht ba nhng khng qu by phn thng.
7. Tm hm sinh cho dy {ck}, trong ck l s cch i k l ra cc t 1$, 2$, 5$ v
10$.
9. a) Gi an l s cc xu tam phn (xu gm cc ch s 0, 1 hoc 2) di n c cha hai
ch s lin tip ging nhau, v d a2 = 3 v c 3 xu nh vy l 00, 11, 22. Ngoi ra, a 0 = a1
= 0 v cc xu nh vy phi c di t nht l 2. Hy tm mt cng thc truy hi cho an.
b) Chng minh rng
x
1

1 2 x (1 2 x)(1 3x)

l hm sinh cho dy <a0, a1, a2, a3, >

c) Tm cc hng s r v s sao cho
1
r
s

(1 2 x)(1 3x) 1 2 x 1 3x

d) Tm cng thc tng qut tnh an.

10. Gi s c 4 loi ko: s-c-la, chanh, du v sa. Tm hm sinh cho s cch chn n vin
ko tho mn cc iu kin khc nhau sau y
22

Bi tp ton ri rc
a) Mi mt loi ko xut kin s l ln.
b) S mi mt loi ko chia ht cho 3.
c) Khng c ko s-c-la v c nhiu nht mt vin ko chanh.
d) C 1, 3 hay 11 vin ko s-c-la, 2, 4 hoc 5 vin ko chanh.
e) Mi mt loi ko xut hin t nht 10 ln.
11. V hnh phc. Mt chic v xe but c nh s t 000000 n 999999. V xe but
c gi l v hnh phc nu tng ba ch s u ca s c ghi trn v bng tng ca ba
ch s cui. V d 000000, 999999, 123006 l nhng v hnh phc. Bi ton ca chng ta c
mc ch i tm s nhng chic v hnh phc trn tng 106 v (t 000000 n 999999).
a) Chng minh rng s nhng chic v hnh phc bng s nghim ca phng trnh
a1 + a2 + a3 = a4 + a5 + a6, trong 0 ai 9.
b) Gi ck l s nghim ca phng trnh
a1 + a2 + a3 = k vi 0 ai 9.
27

Chng minh rng s nhng chic v hnh phc bng N c k2 .

k 0

c) Tm hm sinh cho dy ck.

d) Chng minh rng ck = c27-k vi k=0, 1, , 27.
e) Chng minh rng s nghim ca phng trnh
a1 + a2 + a3 = a4 + a5 + a6 vi 0 ai 9.
bng s nghim ca phng trnh
a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 + a6 = 27 vi 0 ai 9.
f) T N l h s ca x27 trong khai trin ca (1+x+x2++x9)6. Suy ra gi tr ca N.
12. S Catalan. S Catalan l s c xc nh mt cch truy hi nh sau
C0 = 1, Cn = C0Cn-1 + C1Cn-2 + + Cn-1C0 vi n = 1, 2, 3,
S Catalan c nhiu nh ngha t hp khc nhau, chng hn, s Catalan l s cc cch ni
2n im trn ng trn bng n dy cung khng ct nhau, l s cy nh phn c gc c n+1
l, l s ng i ngn nht trn li nguyn t im (0, 0) n im (n, n) khng vt qua
ng thng y = x
a) Gi F(x) l hm sinh ca dy Cn. Chng minh rng
F(x) = 1 + xF2(x)
T suy ra F ( x)

1 1 4x
2x

b) S dng kt qu bi tp 2e, suy ra cng thc tng qut tnh Cn l

Cn

1
C 2nn .
n 1

23

Bi tp ton ri rc

THI TRC NGHIM GIA K (THAM KHO)

MN: TON RI RC
Thi gian: 45 pht khng k thi gian pht
1. Pht biu no l mnh ?
a. Hm ny tri tht p qu!
b. Ngy mai l th 7, bn c bit khng?
c. Mt con nga au c tu b c.
d. Thi em hy v, qu hng ang ch em .
2. Chn tr ca mnh x R,[( x 3 0) ( x2 4 x 3 0)] l:
a. ng.
b. Sai.
3. Chn tr ca mnh lng t ha x R, y R,[( x 2 y 5) (2 x y 4)] l:
a. ng.
b. Sai.
4. Ph nh ca mnh x R, y R, z R,[( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) ( x z)] l:
a. x R, y R, z R,[( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) ( x z )]
b. x R, y R, z R,[( x2 y 2 z 2 ) ( x z)]
c. x R, y R, z R,[( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) ( x z )]
d. x R, y R, z R,[( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) ( x z )]
e. Tt c u sai
5. Ph nh ca biu thc mnh xz [( y z ) xy]
a. xz [( y z ) x y]
b. xz [( y z ) x y]
c. xz [( y z ) x y]
d. xz [( y z ) x y]
e. Tt c u sai
6. F = x y [yz y x )] , biu din F di dng chun hi hon ton l:
b.

f ( x y z)( x y z)( x y z)

c.

f ( x y z)( x y z )

d.

f ( x y z)( x y z )

e.

f ( x y z)( x y z)( x y z)

e. Tt c u sai
7. F = xz ( yz y z) , biu din F di dng chun tuyn hon ton l:
a.

f x y z x y z x y z x y z x y z

b. f x y z x y z x y z x y z x y z x y z
c.

f x y z x y z x y z x y z x y z x y z

d. f x y z x y z x y z x y z x y z x y z

24

Bi tp ton ri rc
e. Tt c u sai
8. Cng thc l [ x ( y x)] [( x z) ( xy)] ( x z)
a. Cng thc hng ng.
b. Cng thc hng sai
c. Cng thc kh ng/sai
9. Cng thc l ( x y) ( xz xy) ( y z) x
a. Cng thc hng ng.
b. Cng thc hng sai
c. Cng thc kh ng/sai
10. Khng nh no l ng i vi tp hp A = { 0, {1}, {2}}
b. {{2}} A c. {{ }} A

a. {{1}} A

d. 0 A

11. Chn tp hp rng:

a. {x N/ 2x2-7=1} b. {x Z/ 3x2-7=2} c. {x Q/4x2+3=1} d. {x R/ x2+3=5}
12. Chn nh x no l song nh:
a. f : R R, f ( x) 2 x 2

b. f : R R, f ( x) x3

c. f : R Z , f ( x) 2 x3 2

d. f : Q Q, f ( x) 2 x 2 2

13. C bao nhiu cch ghp cp ga 7 nam v 7 n?

a. 77

b. 7*7

c. 7 !

d.77

e. Kt qu khc

14. C bao nhiu xu nh phn c di 10 bt u bi 110 hoc ht thc bi 011?

a. 28

b. 26

c. 28-26

d. C106

e. Kt qu khc

15. C bao nhiu s cha s 0 trong khong (1911, 2008)

a. 16

b. 61

c. 17

d. Kt qu khc

16. C bao nhiu s c sp tng thc s trong on [111, 234]

a. 34

b. 36

c. 38

d. Kt qu khc

17. S sinh vin d thi mn ton ri rc khng th t hn l bao nhiu t nht 234 th
sinh c cng s im nu nu ly thang im 100.
a. 23301

b. 23401

c. 22999

d. Kt qu khc

18. S b nghim nguyn dng ( x1, x2 , x3 ) ca phng trnh :

x1 x2 x3 20, x1 3, x2 4

a. 18.19.20

b. C2620

c. 5. C203

d.

12!
3

e. Kt qu khc

19. H s ca x3y7z trong khai trin (3x-7y+z)11

20. Tng tt c cc h s ca khai trin: (2x-2y+z)8
25

Bi tp ton ri rc
THI KT THC MN HC (THAM KHO)
MN: TON RI RC
Thi gian: 90 pht khng k thi gian pht
Cu 1 (2 im) Xt cc mt m c dng ABC-XYZ, trong A, B, C l cc ch ci khc
nhau (c 26 ch ci trong bng ch ci ting Anh) cn X,Y,Z l cc ch s khc nhau (c 10
ch s thp phn t 0 n 9).
a. C tt c bao nhiu mt m nh vy?
b. C tt c bao nhiu mt m m tng 3 s 3 v tr tn cng lun bng 13?
(VD: mt m RAS-319 l mt m hp l. Mt m RAS-271 l khng hp l)
Cu 2 (1 im) Tm phn t x7 y3 z2 trong khai trin (4x - 5y + 2z)12
Cu 3 (3 im) Cho

l 1 quan h trn X={2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 15, 16, 30} xc nh bi:

x, y X , x
d. Chng minh

y y kx, k Z

l 1 quan h th t

e. Tm cc phn t ti i, ti tiu, ln nht, nh nht xc nh bi quan h trn

f. V biu Hasse tng ng
Cu 4 (3 im) Tm a thc ti tiu v v mch logic tng ng vi kt qu tm c vi

f ( x, y, z, t ) yzt xzt xyzt xyzt xyt xyzt xyzt

Cu 5 (1 im) Cho ( A, , ) l 1 i s Boole
Chng minh: x, y A x y x x y y
--- Ht --MT S THI THAM KHO TRNG KHC
THI MN TON RI RC - Thi gian: 90 pht - (khng s dng ti liu)
1 :
Cu 1. Kim tra suy lun sau y bng 2 cch khc nhau:
p (q r)
qp
p
---------------r
Cu 2.
a) Hy tnh s dy 6 bit khc nhau trong s bit 1 l mt s chn.
b) Cho n l mt s nguyn dng. Tnh s dy n bit khc nhau trong s bit 1 l mt s
chn.
26

Bi tp ton ri rc
Cu 3. Cho X = a,b,c,d,e.
a) Tm mt quan h th t trn X sao cho a l phn t nh nht, d v e l 2 phn t ti i.
b) Hi c bao nhiu quan h th t trn X tha iu kin c yu cu trong cu (a).
Cu 4.Tm cng thc dng chnh tc v cc cng thc a thc ti tiu ca hm Bool
f(x,y,z,t) c bng gi tr nh sau:
x

Cu 5. Tnh s cc hm Bool theo 3 bin f(x,y,z) tha iu kin

f(x,y,z) = f(x,z,y) = f(y,x,z) vi mi x, y, z.
2 :
Cu 1. Cho biu thc logic E theo 4 bin p, q, r, s nh sau:
A = (p ( q r) s ) ( s r p )
Hy rt gn biu thc A v tm cc gi tr ca cc bin p, q, r, s cho A = 1.
Cu 2. Cho n l mt s nguyn dng v t Sn = 1, 2, . . ., n.

27

Bi tp ton ri rc
a) Tnh s tp hp con ca Sn cha t nht mt s chn trong trng hp n = 14 v trong
trng hp n = 15.
b) Tnh s tp hp con ca Sn cha t nht mt s chn trong trng hp tng qut (n ty ).
Cu 3.
a) Nu ln nh ngha v quan h th t trn mt tp hp v cho mt v d.
b) Cho X = a, b, c, d, e. Tm tt c cc quan h th t trn X tha mn iu kin: a l phn
t nh nht v e l phn t ln nht.
Cu 4. Tm cng thc dng chnh tc v cc cng thc a thc ti tiu ca hm Bool
f(x,y,z,t) c bng gi tr nh sau:

Cu 5. Cho X = x1, x2, . . ., xn l mt tp hp hu hn c n phn t. Gi s R l mt quan

h th t trn X. Hy vit mt thut ton tm tt c cc phn t ti i ca X theo
quan h th t R.
3 :
28

Bi tp ton ri rc
Cu 1: Xt cc v t theo bin nguyn sau y:
p(x) :

x2 5x + 6 = 0

q(x) :

x2 4x 5 = 0

r(x) :

x>0

us(x, y) :

x l c s ca y

Hy xc nh chn tr ca cc mnh sau y:

a)
b)
c)
d)

x : p(x) r(x).
x : q(x) r(x).
y, x : us(x,y).
y, x : us(x,y).

Cu 2: Cho m v n l cc s nguyn dng. Tnh s dy bit gm n bit tha iu kin sau

y: Tng s bit 1 cc v tr chn t nht l bng m. Hy tnh s dy bit theo iu
kin trn trong trng hp n = 32, m = 8.
Cu 3:
a) Nu ln nh ngha v biu Hasse ca mt tp hp X c th t (tc l c mt quan h
th t ang c xt trn X). V biu Hasse ca tp P(a,b,c) theo quan h th t ,
trong P(a,b,c) l tp hp gm tt c cc tp hp con ca a,b,c.
b) Nu trn tp hp P(a,b,c) ta xt quan h th t th biu Hasse c dng nh th
no? Khi hy cho bit phn t ln nht v phn t nh nht l g?
Cu 4: Cho mt hm Bool f(x,y,z,t) theo 4 bin x, y, z, t. Gi s f c biu Karnaugh nh
sau:
1

1
1

Hy tm cng thc dng ni ri chnh tc v cc cng thc a thc ti tu ca hm

Bool f.
Cu 5: Cho X l mt tp hp c n phn t. Tnh s quan h 2 ngi trn X c tnh cht phn
x v c tnh cht i xng.
4 :
Cu 1: Xt cc v t theo bin nguyn sau y:
p(x) :

x2 5x + 6 = 0

q(x) :

x2 4x 5 = 0

r(x) :

x>0

us(x, y) :

x l c s ca y

Hy xc nh chn tr ca cc mnh sau y:

x : q(x) r(x).
29

Bi tp ton ri rc
x : p(x) r(x).
x, y : us(x,y).
x, y : us(x,y).
Cu 2: Mt lp hc c 12 hc sinh gii vn hay gii ton trong c 2 hc sinh gii c 2
mn (Vn v Ton) v c 8 hc sinh gii Ton. Hi c bao nhiu hc sinh ch gii
Vn m khng gii Ton.
Gi s ta phi chn 2 t hc sinh i din i thi hc sinh gii: t hc sinh gii Vn v
t hc sinh gii Ton, mi t gm c 4 ngi v mi hc sinh c chn i thi ch tham
gia vo mt t m thi. Hi c bao nhiu cch chn 2 t hc sinh nh th?
Cu 3: Nu ln nh ngha v phn t nh nht v phn t ti tiu trong mt tp hp X theo
mt quan h th t R. Cho mt v d minh ha.
Gi s X = x1, x2, . . ., xn l mt tp hp hu hn c n phn t v R l mt quan h th t
trn X. Vit thut ton tm phn t ti tiu v phn t nh nht (nu c) ca X theo quan h
th t R.
Cu 4: Cho mt hm Bool f(x,y,z,t) theo 4 bin x, y, z, t. Gi s f c biu Karnaugh nh
sau:
1

Hy tm cng thc dng ni ri chnh tc v cc cng thc a thc ti tu ca hm Bool

f.
Cu 5: Cho X l mt tp hp c n phn t. Tnh s quan h 2 ngi trn X c tnh cht cht
i xng nhng khng c tnh cht phn x.
5 :
Cu 1. Kim tra suy lun sau y bng 2 cch khc nhau:
p (q r)
ps
q
r
---------------s
Cu 2. Mt lp hc c 14 hc sinh gii vn hay gii ton trong c 10 hc sinh gii Ton
v c 8 hc sinh gii Vn. Hi c bao nhiu hc sinh ch gii Vn m khng gii Ton.

30

Bi tp ton ri rc
Gi s ta phi chn 2 t hc sinh i din i thi hc sinh gii: t hc sinh gii Vn v t
hc sinh gii Ton, mi t gm c 4 ngi v mi hc sinh c chn i thi ch tham gia
vo mt t m thi. Hi c bao nhiu cch chn 2 t hc sinh nh th?
Cu 3. Cho X = a, b, u, v.
Tm mt quan h th t trn X sao cho a v b l cc phn t ti tiu nhng khng ti i, u
v v l cc phn t ti i nhng khng ti tiu.
Hi c bao nhiu quan h th t trn X tha iu kin c yu cu trong cu (a).
Cu 4. Tm cng thc dng chnh tc v cc cng thc a thc ti tiu ca hm Bool
f(x,y,z,t) c bng gi tr nh sau:
x

Cu 5. Cho X l mt tp hp hu hn v R l mt quan h th t trn X. Chng minh rng

X c t nht mt phn t ti tiu. Hi c phi trong X lun lun c phn t nh nht khng?
6 :
Cu 1:
Pht biu mt nguyn l qui np dng chng minh mnh c dng:
31

Bi tp ton ri rc
n 1 : p(n)

trong p(n) l mt v t theo bin s t nhin n.

Hy dng nguyn l qui np chng minh cng thc di y ng i vi mi s nguyn

dng n:

Trong cng thc trn, k hiu C(n,k) l s t hp n chn k.

Cu 2: Cho m v n l cc s nguyn dng. Tnh s dy bit gm n bit tha iu kin sau
y: Tng s bit 1 cc v tr chn l mt s chn. Hy tnh s dy bit theo iu kin trn
trong trng hp n = 32, m = 8.
Cu 3: Trn tp hp s t nhin N ta xt mt quan h 2 ngi R c nh ngha nh sau :
a R b n N : b.n = a
Chng minh rng quan h R l mt quan h th t trn N.
t D = 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, 30. Trn tp hp D ta cng xt mt quan h R nh ngha nh
trong phn (a). Hi R c phi l mt quan h th t trn D khng? Nu c th hy v biu
Hasse v cho bit phn t nh nht v phn t ln nht trong D theo th t R.
Cu 4: Cho mt hm Bool f(x,y,z,t) theo 4 bin x, y, z, t. Gi s f c biu Karnaugh nh
sau:
1

1
1

1
1

Hy tm cng thc dng ni ri chnh tc v cc cng thc a thc ti tu ca hm

Bool f.
Cu 5: Tm mt hm Bool f(x,y,z,t) tha iu kin: Nu x+y+z+t l mt s chn th
f(x,y,z,t) = 0. Tnh s cc hm Bool tha mn iu kin trn.
7 :
Cu 1: Pht biu mt nguyn l qui np dng chng minh mnh c dng:
n 0 : p(n), trong p(n) l mt v t theo bin s t nhin n.
Hy dng nguyn l qui np chng minh pht biu p(n) sau y l ng i vi mi s t
nhin n : p(n) : Nu tp hp X c n phn t th s cc tp hp con ca X l 2n
Cu 2: Cho m v n l cc s nguyn dng. Tnh s dy bit gm n bit tha iu kin sau
y: Tng s bit 1 cc v tr chn l mt s l. Hy tnh s dy bit theo iu kin
trn trong trng hp n = 32, m = 8.
Cu 3: Nu ln nh ngha v quan h 2 ngi trn mt tp hp v nh ngha ca cc tnh
cht: phn x, i xng v bc cu. Cho mt v d v mt quan h 2 ngi tp hp cc s
nguyn c cc tnh cht phn x, i xng v bc cu.

32

Bi tp ton ri rc
Gi s X l mt tp hp hu hn v R l mt quan h 2 ngi trn X c cho bng cch lit
k. Vit mt thut ton kim tra xem R c tnh cht bc cu hay khng.
Cu 4: Cho mt hm Bool f(x,y,z,t) theo 4 bin x, y, z, t. Gi s f c biu Karnaugh nh
sau:
1

1
1

1
1

Hy tm cng thc dng ni ri chnh tc v cc cng thc a thc ti tu ca hm

Bool f.
Cu 5: Tnh s cc hm Bool f(x,y,z,t,u,v) tha iu kin:
Nu s cc bit 1 trong dy bit (x,y,z,t,u,v) l mt s nguyn t th f(x,y,z,t,u,v) = 0.
8 :
Cu 1. Cho biu thc logic E theo 4 bin p, q, r, s nh sau:
E = ( ( q r) s p) ( s r p )
Hy rt gn biu thc E v tm cc gi tr ca cc bin p, q, r, s cho E = 1.
Cu 2. Cho n l mt s nguyn dng v t Sn = 1, 2, . . ., n.
Tnh s tp hp con ca Sn cha t nht mt s l trong trng hp n = 11 v trong trng
hp n = 12.
Tnh s tp hp con ca Sn cha t nht mt s l trong trng hp tng qut (n ty ).
Cu 3. Nu ln nh ngha v quan h th t trn mt tp hp v cho mt v d.
Cho X = a, b, c, d, e. Tm tt c cc quan h th t trn X tha mn iu kin: tp hp cc
phn t ti tiu l a, b v tp hp cc phn t ti i l c, d, e.
Cu 4. Tm cng thc dng chnh tc v cc cng thc a thc ti tiu ca hm Bool
f(x,y,z,t) c bng gi tr nh sau:
x

33

Bi tp ton ri rc
0

Cu 5. Cho X l mt tp hp c n phn t. Tnh s quan h 2 ngi trn X c tnh cht cht

i xng nhng khng c tnh cht phn x.
9 :
Cu 1: Kim tra suy lun sau y:
pq
prq
rst
s
-----------t
Cu 2: Trong mt lp c n (n > 5) hc sinh, ngi ta mun chia thnh 2 t m mi t phi
c t nht l 3 hc sinh. Hi c bao nhiu cch phn chia? Tnh s cch phn chia
trong trng hp n = 10.
Cu 3: Biu Hasse ca mt cu trc th t (hu hn) l g? Da vo biu Hasse hy
lit k ra mt quan h th t R trn X = 1, 2, 3, 4 tha iu kin: trong X c phn t
nh nht v c phn t ln nht. C bao nhiu quan h th t trn X tha iu kin
trn?
Cu 4: Tm cng thc dng chnh tc v cc cng thc a thc ti tiu ca hm Bool f(x, y,
z, t) c bng Karnaugh nh sau:
1 1 1 1
1
1 1
34

Bi tp ton ri rc
1

10 :
Cu 1:
Cho biu thc Logic E theo 4 bin sau :
E= (p [ ( q V r) s]) [ s (r p) ]
Xc nh cc gi tr ca p, q, r, s E =1
Cu 2:
Chng minh cng thc sau :

Cu 3:
Lp tin hc c 21 sinh vin phi thc hin 3 bi thc hnh. Bit rng tt c cc hc sinh
u thc hnh c t nht 1 bi, 5 hc sinh khng lm bi th nht, 7 hc sinh khng lm
bi th hai, 6 hc sinh khng lm bi th ba, v c 9 hc sinh lm c 3 bi. Hi c bao
nhiu hc sinh ch lm 1 bi.
Cu 4:
Cho tp X = { 1,2,3,4}. Xt quan h hai ngi R nh ngha nh sau:
R = { (1,1) , (1,4), (2,2) , (2,3), (3,2), (3,3), (4,1) , (4,4) }
Biu din quan h ny di dng ma trn v dng biu d Hasse
Quan h ny c cc tnh cht g ? ti sao ?
Kt lun g v quan h ny (tng ng hay th t ).
Cu 5:
Cho hm Bool f(a.b.c.d) tha :
f-1 (1) = { 0101 , 0110 , 1000 , 1011 ]
V biu Karnaugh ca f
Tm cc cng thc a thc ti tiu ca f
V mch t hp ca f theo kt qu cu b.
11 :
Cu 1:
Cho biu thc Logic E theo 4 bin p, q, r, s sau :
E= (( q V r) V s p ) ( s r p)
Hy rt gn biu thc E v tm cc gi tr ca p, q, r, s E=0
Cu 2:
Hy kim tra suy lun sau:
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Bi tp ton ri rc
Nu A c ln chc v lm vic nhiu th A c tng lng.
Nu c tng lng A s mua xe mi.
M A khng mua xe mi
Vy A khng c ln chc hay A khng lm vic nhiu
Cu 3:
CM : / A B C/ = /A/ + /B/ + /C/ - /AB/ - /AC/ - /BC/ - /ABC/
Lp tin hc c 21 sinh vin phi thc hin 3 bi thc hnh. Bit rng tt c cc hc sinh u
thc hnh c t nht 1 bi, 5 hc sinh khng lm bi th nht, 7 hc sinh khng lm bi
th hai, 6 hc sinh khng lm bi th ba, v c 9 hc sinh lm c 3 bi. Hi c bao nhiu
hc sinh ch lm 1 bi.
Cu 4:
Cho tp X = { 1,2,3,4}. Xt quan h hai ngi R nh ngha nh sau:
R = { (1,1) , (1,3), (2,2) , (2,4), (3,1) , (3,3), (4,2) , (4,4) }
Biu din quan h ny di dng ma trn v dng biu d Hasse
Quan h ny c cc tnh cht g ? ti sao ?
Kt lun g v quan h ny (tng ng hay th t ).
Cu 5:
Cho hm Bool f(a.b.c.d) tha :
f-1 (0) = { 0100 , 0000 , 0110 , 0010 ]
V biu Karnaugh ca f
Tm cc cng thc a thc ti tiu ca f
V mch t hp ca f theo kt qu cu b.
12 :
Cu 1: Cho biu thc Logic E theo 2 bin sau :
E= [ (p V q) V [( p q) V q ]] [ (p q)]
Hy rt gn biu thc E v tm cc gi tr ca p, q cho E =1
Cu 2: Hy kim tra suy lun sau:
Nu B i lm v mun th v anh rt gin d.
Nu A thng xuyn vng nh th v anh rt gin d.
Nu v A hay v B gin d th c H l bn bn hc ca A v B s nhn c li than
phin.
M H khng nhn c li than phin
Vy B i lm v sm v A t khi vng nh.

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Bi tp ton ri rc
Cu 3: N l 1 hng s cho trc. Xc nh gi tr ca bin C sau khi thc hin on chng
trnh
C:=0 ;
For i:= 1 to N do
For j:= 1 to N do
For k:= j to N do C:= C+1;
Cu 4: Cho tp X = { 1,2,3,4}. Xt quan h hai ngi R nh ngha nh sau:
R = { (1,1) , (1,2), (2,1) (2,2) ,(2,4), (3,3), (4,2) , (4,4) }
(a)

Biu din quan h ny di dng ma trn v dng biu d Hasse

(b)

Quan h ny c cc tnh cht g ? ti sao ?

(c)

Kt lun g v quan h ny (tng ng hay th t ).

Cu 5: Tm cng thc dng chnh tc v cc cng thc a ti tiu ca hm Bool f(x,y,z) c

bng gi tr:
X

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