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h4 hl + 5h2 > hl h3 > h3 hd > h4 hl - 3h2 > h1 h2 — h2 h3 > h3 h4 > h4 h3 > h3 hl - 2h2 + hl h2 + h2 hl h2 h3 h4 hl - 7h4 + hi h3 > h3 hl h3 hi +. 3h3 +.h1 h2 - 2h3 -» h2 h2 + 3h4 — h2 h3 - 2h4 + hd h2 - 2h2 > h2 3 ~2 7 -38 -2 5 -17 ~2 JE -3 1 ay b) Ta dugc c) 1121-3 tl ~-38 o 1-2 #7 -l. vay A™= lo 09 1-2 0 0 0 1 3.25. 1) 2 -1 1 0 hl 3 1 0 1 h2 1-05 0,5 0.. h1/2 > hl 3 1 0 1 h2 — h2 1 -05 05 0 hl >h1 25 -15 1 h2 — 8hl -> h2 1-05 05 0 hi — hi . 1 -06 0,4 h2/2,5 -» h2 1 0 0,2 0,2 hl + 0,5h2 > hl 1-06 0,4 h2 > h2 02 0,2 . “1 , , Do dé Als [- 06 0, ] 2) 1-1 2 1 o oO hi -l 2 1 6 1 =O ha 2 32 2 0 06 1 h3 1 -l 2 1 0 0 hi > hl 0 1 8 1 21 0 h2 + hi + h2 0 -l -2 2 0 1 h3 ~ 2h1 + b38 1-1 2 + 0 0 - bl > hi i 8 » i 0 h2 — h2 1 -1 1 1 h3 + h2 > h3 -io-l 0 38) (+2 2 hl ~ 2h3 -+ hl 10 #4 -2 -3 h2 - 3h3 > 1 o-t o4 oo hl bl 1 0 0 7 -4 5 hl + h2 > hl 1 0 4 -2 -8 h2 — h2 1-2 2 4 h3 — h8 BBT.TCC.1TT* ss Do dé 7-4 -5 Al=| 4 -2 -3 -l 11 3) . 1 1 2 1 0 0 hl 2 8 2 0 1 0 h2 3 -l 0 0 1 h3 1. 2 1 0 0 hl > hi 0 Too-2) -2 1 0 h2 - 2hi > h2 o 2 -38 -1 #0 1 h3 - hi >h3 1 1 2 1 0 0 hl > hl 1-2 -2 1 0 h2 > h2 1 8 -2 41 h3 - 2h2 > h3 1 1 0 -5 4 -2 hl - 2h3 ~ hi 1 0 4 -3, 2 h2 + 2h3 — h2 h3 — h3 _ os} 4 ny 0 -9 7 -4 ht - h2 >hi 1 0 4 -3 2 h2 — h2 1 3 -2 1 h3 — h3 Do dé ~-9 7 -4 Als 4 -3 3-2 0641 1 2 4) A= [: ‘ “det(A) = 0, A khong cé nghich dao. 114see a 5) 2 3 1 0 hl 1 4 0 1 h2 1 3/2 (1/2 0 hi/2 hl 1 40 0 1 h2 — h2 1 3/2 1/2 9 hl — hl 5/2 -1/2 1 h2 - hl + h2 1 3/2 1/2 0 hl - hil 1 “15 2/5 h2(5/2) — h2 L 0 4/5 -3/5 hl - 3/2h2 >hl 1 “1/5 2/5 h2 — h2 Do dé 4/5 3/5 rls ate [i 2 2 - © a-[2 73 Ta cd 2 -3 det(A) = | al =0 Do dd ma tran A khong cé nghich dao 2 1 -l1 -1 1 £90 © hl -l tl -1 0 1 OF h2 2 2 o 0 0 1 h3 1-1 -1 1 0 0 hl > hl 0 Oo 2 1 1 0 h2 + hl — h2 0 4 2 -2 90 1 h3 - 2hl — hd‘ RS seas est 1-100 +t 1 0 0 hl + hi 4 2 -2 0 1 h3 > h2 -2 1 1 0 h2 — h3 1 = 2 1-0 0 hi > hi 05 -0,5 “0 0,25 2/4 + h2 I 05 -05 0 h3K-2) + h3 to 0 05 -05 0 hl + h8 -» h3 0 -0,25 0,25 0,25 h2 - 0,5h1 > h2 1 -05 -05 0 h3 > h3 1 0 © 0,25°-0,25 025 hl + h2 >hi I 0 -0,25 0,25 025 h2 > h2 1 -05 -05 06 h3 — h3 Ww -Wa 4 Do dé Als |-1/4 vw 4 -172 ~472 0 8) 2 1 1 1 0 0 hl 1 2 1 0 1 0 h2 1 1 2 ° 0 L h3 i oy2 1/2 «20 OO 0 hl/2 > hl 1 2 1 0 1 0 h2 — h2 1 1 2 0 0 1 h3 — h3 1 2 12 12 90 0 hl + hl a 32 2 -172 1 0 h2 - hl — h2 1/2 3/2 -1/2 O 1 h3 - hl + hd 1 if 12 2 0 0 hl > hl 1 #3 -13 28 690 h2/(3/2) —» h2 1 3-1 0 2 h3/(1/2) > h3 1 #12 12 2 0 0 hl > hl 1 Ws -13 2/38 90 h2 — h2 8/3 ~-2/3 -2 2 h3 - h2 — h3 1161 12 12 12 0 0 hl — bi 1 18 -i8 23 © h2 — h2 1-1/4 -1/4 8/4 38/3) > 3 1 t@ O 5/8 1/8 -3/8 hi - 0,5n8 + h1 1 0 -1/4 3/4 1/4 ~ h2 - 1/83 —» b2 1-1/4 1/4 3/4 3 > hB 1 0 0 3/4 -1/4 -1/4 hi - 1/h2 hi 1 0 -I/4 3/4 -1/4 h2 +h2 1-1/4 -1/4 3/4 Bh Do dé 34 -1/4 -1/4 Als |-1/4 34 -1/4 -1/4 -1/4 9/4 9) 3 2 0 1 0 0 hi 2 1 3 0 1 0 h2 4 2-1 0 0 1 h3 1 23 0—~«OO i ) 0 hi/3 > hi 2 1 3 0 I 0 h2 -> h2 4 -2 00-1 0 0 L h3 > h3 1 23 °~«~O ve 0 0 hl = hi 0 -/3 3 -%78 1 0 h2 - 2hi > h2 0 -14/8 -1 -4/8 0 1 h3 - 4h1 > 3 1 273 ~—~(«OO 13 ~~ 0 hi — hi 1 -9 2 -3 0 h2(-8) > he 0 129/14 -12/7 3 -3/14 3 - 14h2 + hB 1 23 0 13 0 0 hl = hl 1 Oo 2 3 0 h2 —> h2 h3 (te 3 1 -8/43 14/43 -1/43 (739) > -AlT1 28 0 WW 0 0 hl = hi 1 0 14/43 -9/43 -9/43 h2 - 9h = 3 . 1-843 14/43 -1/43 3 —» 3 1 0 0 8/43 2/43 6/43 hl -3/dh2—> hi 1 0 14/43 -3/43 -9/43 2 > he 1 8/43 14/48 -143 h8 > ha" 5/43 2/48 6/43 Do ds A) = | 1443-348 ~9/43 “843 14/43 ~1/43 10) 1-2 1 4 1 000 °n “lr 4 2 8 0 1 0 60 be 2 0 1 3 0 0 1 6 43 2 6 0 5 0 0 0 1 ww to -2” 1-1 1 0 00 hI > hi o 2 -1. 2 1 1 6 © be4hl>ne 0 4 -l 5 -2 0 1 0 43 -2ht +n o 2 2 38 2 60 0 1 h442ht >h4 1 2 1-1 i 000 hI > hi 1-172 1 12 2 0 © ha2—ne 4-1 5 -2 0 1 0 h3—h3 22 8 2 09 0 1 h4—h4 r 72 1 -1 20 0 0 hihi I-12 1 12 12 0 0 henge 0 1 2 -4 -2 1 0 kB -4h2 +n 0 83 2 Lt -1 0 1 hd = 2h2 -> 4 1 2 1 -! 1 0 0 0 bl hi 1-172 1 12 V2 0 0 h2 nD 11 -4 2 1 0 hens 0 -2 138 5 -3 {1 h4- Shs —+h4 1181 -2 1 -1 1 0 0 0 hl >hl 1 -V/2 1 1/2 1/2 0 QO h2 —» h2 1 1 -4 -2 1 0 h3 -» h3 1 -19/2 5/2 3/2 -1/2 h4M(-2) +» h4 1-2 1 O -1/2 -6/2 93/2 -1/2 hi+h4 —hi 1-1/2 0 7 3 -3/2 1/2 h2 - h4 > h2 1 0 +452 12 -1/2 Y2 h3- h4 hs ‘1 -19/2 -5/2 3/2 -1/2 h4 > h4 1-2 0 O -6 -8 2 -1 hi-h2—-nhi 1 O 0 33/4 13/4 -7/4 3/4 h2+1/2h3— h2 1 0 5/2 1/2 -1/2 1/2 h3 —»h3 1 -19/2 -5/2 9/2 ~1/2 h4 +h4 1 0 0 6 172 72 -3/2 W2 hi+2h2 — bi 1 0 0 39/4 19/4 -7/4 3/4 h2 +h? 1 0 5/2 2 -1/2 12 h3 +h 1 19/2 -5/2 9/2--1/2 h4 —»h4 17/2 U2 3/2 1/2 - 33/4 19/4 -T/4 3/4 1 Dods A=) 52 12 -12 12 -192 —5/2 3/2 -1/2 Wo, 2-1-0 38 1 60 0 0 ft 1 1 2 -1 0 1 00 we “1 2 3 1 0 0 1 0 h3 o 1 2 #1°0 0 60 1. hé 1 2 2 -1 0 1 0-0 h2—-hI 1 2 3 #1 0 0 1 0 h8+h2 0 i 2 J 0 0 Q 1 h4 —-h3 2 -1 6 38 1 0 0 O | hi—-h4 1 1 2 -1 0 1 0 0 hl >hl 0 38 5 0 0 1 1 O h2+hl +h? 0 1 2 1 Qo 0 0 1 h3 > h3 0 -3 -4 5 I -2 0 0 h4 — 2hi -—» h4 119 '. seh 1 1 2 -1 0 i 6 Oo hl ~ hl 158 0 0 18 13 0 h2is + h2 1 2 1 0 0 0 1 h3 — h3 3-4 5 1 -2 60 Oo h4 — h4 1 1 2 -1 0 1 0 o hi > hl 153 0 O 18 WW oO h2 — h2 oO Ww 1 0 -1/8 -1/8 1 h3 - h2 -» h2 Oo 1 5 4 - 4 0 h4 + 8h2 > h4 1 1 2 -1 0 #42 o °o hi > hl 1538 0 0 18 18 O h2 ~ h2 1 8 0 -1 -1 8 3h3 > h3 1 6 4 o-1 oY 0 h4 > h4 1 1 2 -1 «0 1 0 0 hi — hl 1538 0 oO 18 18 Oo h2 — h2 1 8 0 = +1 3 h3 > h3 0 2 1 o 2 -3 h4 - h3 + h4 1 1 2 -1 40 #2 ar) hl > hi 1.53 0 oO 18 18 0 h2 — he 1 3 0 -1 -1 3 h3 — h3 1 12 0 1-8/2 haf > ha 1 1 2 ° 0 #12 7 1-3/2 =hl+h4 hi 16563 0 0 if Ws 0 h2 — h2 1. 0 ~3/2 -1 -4 15/2 h8 - 3h4 oh3 1 2 0 1 -3 h4—+h4 1 1 0 0 72 8 9 -33/2 hi - 2h3 > hi 1 0 0 52 2 T ~25/2 h2-5/3h3-—> h2 1 0 -3/2 -1 -4 15/2 h8—> hs 1 12 «0 1-3/2 h4—>h4 100 0 f 1 2 -4 hl - b2 + hi 1 0 .0 52 2 7 -25/2 h2 > h2 1.0 -3/2 -1 -4 15/2 h3—>nh3 1 42 0 1-32 h4—h4 120eee "2, “8, Do dé 1 1 2 4 5/2 2 7 -25/2 -3/2 -b -4 15/2 72 0 1 -3/2 Als 3.26. Vi o,,05) ... Gn, = O nén a, ¥ 0 Vi nn Ma tran 3; ao Be] aye 1 Gan ed dc tinh : BA=1,ABsI vay Beal 3.27. Ty At - 3A +7 = 0 ta suy ra T= 3A -A? = A(3I - A) = (81 - ADA Vay 38 - A= Al 3.28. Ta phai chttng minh rang néu B = O thi A khéng thé kha dao. That vay, gid si B # 0 ma tén tai A'. Nhan A} véi 2 vé cla AB = 0 ta suy ra AY(AB) = Av'O (A!A)B = 8 B=0 Diéu nay trai gia thiét B ¥ 0. 3.29. Nhan A”! véi 2 vé cla ding thie AB = AC A’4AB) = A™}(AC) (A 'A)B = (AIA)C B-c 3.30, 1) det(A2) =-det(AA) = det(A)det(A) det(A3) = det(A2A) = det(A2)det(A) 33-9; 93° 27. 121AA =I det(AA-!) 2) 8 tac det) = 1 det(A)det(A7}) = 1 det(A7!) = ‘det(B?) = det(A) det(BB) ‘= det(A) 3) det(A) ~ 1: 1 of det(B)det(B) = det(A) det(B).= + tic 1a det(B) 4) det(A'A) Vdet(A) aa = V5 hay- V5 = det(A')det(a) det(A)det(A) = 107 = 100. 2 -1 3.31.1) A = E 3 2 -1 awa) = [f a) - 848-950 Vay A kha dao : 1/3 2 acl Aw =5 [-8 2| -1 2 2) A= 3 | -1 2 det(A) = | 3 | = 0. Ma tran A kh6ng co nghich dao. 21-1 3) A=|0 1 8 21 1 122sige det(A) = 4 # 0. Ma tran A co nghich dao . 1 2 -2 4 Als a| 4 -6). 2 0 2 1-1 2 4) A= |0 12 o O28 det(A) = 1 # 0. Ma tran A cé nghich dao 11-4 Ales [0 1 -2). oo t 14 2 5) Azf{-l 01 223 det(A) = 14 # 0. Ma tran A co nghich dao 1/2 3% 4 Al=—| 65 -1 -3 Milo 6 4 3.4. Hi PHUONG TRINH TUYEN TINH 3.32. 2 65 va= {i 3| =25-45=-10#0 => hé cd nghiém duy nhét : 15 _ [-5 5] | 5 +25 n= a = T1907 -3 2 2 4 -5 -10-4 yates ea 8 12312 2if=73 aa | #0 =» hé cd nghiém duy nhat : ote 42 31 ~2 2a sy 23 14 23 ~ Yo Qn = Te = 98. 2 -2 -1 3A = oO 1 I} =120 -1 1 1 => hé ed nghiém duy nhat : ~1 -2 -I 1121 1141 2 x= =, 72 2-1-1 oid -1-101 4 yoga apa 2-2-1 o1it -l 1-1 -3 FEE Fp = 8 [bob 4) A = [2 1 1 =1#0 3 1 2 => hé ed nghiém duy nhat : 1-11 2 11 012 Rey eT eT 124big. 2 5) A= [3 4 -2| = 6040 3-2 4 = hé cd nghiém duy nhat : 4-1-1 11 4 -2 11-2 64 180 = ao = Ge = 3 2 4-1 8 11 -2 3 11 41 60 y= E = wT! 2-1 4 3 4 11 3-2 11 60 zat—_ = BGT 321 6 A= |2 3 1] = 12 #0 2138 = hé cd nghiém duy nhat : 621 131 11131 94 cet eRe? 125ae a ' of W li x wis als | I il} ! a=ae] woe Waa 7 leg = Mogae DAN mnX a I W a a 2 3 +2 -1 -2 -3 2 ~) 9{ = 324% 0 3 2°41 1 2 3 2 DA = =.hé cd nghiém duy nhat 3-2 -2 -3 2 6 8-1 2-1 -8-3 2 126“oh, 01 3 4 10 -2 3 8 A= |3 9 0 5| = 24 #0 4 3 -6 0O = hé cs nghiém duy nat : -5 1-3 4 -4 0-2 3 1 2 0-5 5 3-5 Oo] o4 ay eo yg 0 5-3 4 1-4-2 3 B12 0-5 4 5-5 Ol 4g aya 01-5 4 10-4 3 3 2 12 ~-5 43 5 Ol 4 eR gt "10 1-3 =5 1 0-2-4 32 0 12 43-5 5 ~24 xy => =o 70) 3.33. 1) Khong dung vi dinh li Cramer chi khang dinh rang néu det(Ai # 0 thi hé Ax = 6 es nghiém duy nhat, khong noi dén truang hgp dettA) = 0. Mat khie hé [ = 8y = 8 | 4x - Gy = 16 cé dinh thueAe OC) nhung lai cé vo 6 nghiem : y tay ¥ x = (8 + By)/2. 2) Ding vi néu det(A) # 0 thi theo dinh li Cramer hé AX = 0 co nghiém duy nhat ; nd da cd nghiém tdm thuong nén khong thé cd nghiém khéng tm thudng. Do dé det(A) phai bang khong. 3.34. a) Dat x= i | % Y2 thi hé tach thanh 2 hé Ta cé thé ap dung phuong phap Gauss dé gidi hai hé do déng thdi 2 5 4 ~6 1 3 2 1 1 5/2 2 -3 1 3 2 1 1 5/2 2 -3 oO 1/2 0 4 1 5/2 2 -3 1 0 8 1 0 2 -23 1 0 8 128Do do nghia la 2 xf b) Tim X 4é 1 1-1 x42 0} = 1-101 tite l& XA=B Ta ed (XA)! = Bt . AIX! = Bt Dat X' = Y ta cd A'Y = Bt, tite ia 12 1 1 1 ~lfye= -1 0 1 1 2 1 » o-oo 1 0 1 ~“T 2 1 o 1 -2 0 2. 2 1 2 41 1 2 lou 1 2 1 1 2 71 SBT.TOC.T1 1 -1 3 1 -2 4 1 2 2 1 2 0 ewe! wae 129ame Vay Do a6 38-(4 +5 4 2 3 1304) [2] 3.36. 1) y = 2 1 z= 54 -%) 254 -@=-1 Qa,=-1 1 aye RCL =) = GCA tH 21 131et 25: =_7@-2+44+2)= hl -» hl -1,5 =h2 + 1,5hl > h2 Do dé hé da cho tuong.duang véi 12x ~O8y= 2 - 0,75y = -1,5 Ta suy ra = 25 _, Y= 5 = 1 z= 728 + 0,8] 1 3,6 = 73h [2 + 0,8.2) = 127 3 x=3, y=2 2) 1 1 i 1 hl 1 2. 3 -1 h2 1 4 9 -9 h3 1 1 1 I hl + hl 1 2 -2 h2 - hi > h2 3 8 -10 «=b3 - hl +h3 1 1 1 1 hl + hl 1 2 -2 h2 > h2 2 -4 BS - 3h2 — hS 1382“ef Vay hé da cho tugng duong véi Ta suy ra z= y= x= vay x= 3) 1 1 1 -1 2 hl 1 0 -1 2 0 hz -1 2 -2 7 “7 8 2 -1 -1 0 3 h4 1 +1 1 -1 2 hl > bl 0 1 -2 3 -2 h2 - hl — b2 0 1 -1 6 -5 h83 + bl ~ h8 0 1 -3 2 -1 h4 - 2hl — h4 1 -1 1 1 2 hil — hl 1 -2 3 -2 h2 — h2 0 1 3 -3 h3 - h2 — b3 0 -1 “1 i h4 - h2 > h4 1 -1 1 “1 2 hl > hl 1 -2 3 -2 h2 — ha 1 3 -3 h3 > h3 0 2 -2 h4 + h3 — h4 Hé da cho tuong duong véi Xy7 ty 4%, - %y ty ~ 2ay + Ox, = >2 = 2 x, + Sx, = -8 2x, -2 133Ta suy ra —2 yaptt x3, = 3 - Be, = -3+3=0 Ry = -2+2x,~ Oe, = 1 4, = 242, -x, +4, = 2 4) 1 -1 2 2 1 3 hl 2 1 5 2 2 6 h2 -1 4 0 -6 1 -3 h3 -2 -4 -4 -1 1 -3 h4 2 4 4 7 a1 9 h5 1 - 2 2 1 3 hl ~ hl 0 3 1 -2 Oo} 0 h2 - 2hi ~ h2 ° 3 2 -4 2 0 b8 + ht > h3 9 -6 0 3 3 3 h4 + 2hl + h4 o 6 Qo 3 -3 3 h5 - 2h] + hd 1 -1 2 2 1 3 hl > hl 3 1 -2 oO 0 h2 — h2 0 1 -2 2 0 h3 - h2 + h3 0 2 -1 3 3 h4 + 2h2 — hé 0 -2 7 -3 i 3 hS - 2h2 > hd 1 ol 2 2 1 3 hil > hi 3 1 -2 9 0 h2 — h2 1 -2 2 0 h3 — h3 oO 3 -1 3 h4 - 2h3 — h4 Oo 3 1 3 h5 + 2h3 — hd 1 -1 2 2 1 3 hihi 3 1 -2 0 0 h2 ~» h2 1 -2 2 9 h3 — h3 - 3 -1 3 h4 + h4 2 9 hd - h4 > h5 134Bie er Vay hé d@ cho tuong ditong vdi x) ~ x, +2, +2x,+%, = 3 Bx, + X34 - 2x, =0 X4 — 2xgt Bs = 0 Bx4- 4%; = 3 2x, = 0 Ta suy ra x, = 0 x, =l a, =2 x, =0 x,2-3 1 - 3.38.1) A= ig ¢ asus) = |§ 2 =at6. Hé khéng cd nghiém duy nh&t khi det(A) = a +6 = 0, tde ]A khia = -6 2) He khong ed nghiém duy nh&t khi 1 -1 2 2 a 3/=0 8 31 tite 1a khi a = -4/5.— 3.39. Hai hé tuong duong khi nghiém cia ching tring nhau. Ta gidi hé thit nh&t : nd cd nghiém duy phat : 185yoo aet Nghiém nay thda man phuong trinh thif hai cia hé thi hai : 3 + 2-1) = -5 Mu6n cho hai hé tuong duong ta cho nghiém trén théa man phuong trinh thi nhat cia hé thi hai dé tim a : 3t+a(-1l)=4 Ta suy ra a=-l. 13 2 g| = 49 3.40. 1) A= | => hé cd nghiém duy nhat phu thuée @ vad : a3 [22] _-% 1 3 x= = 4 = a 4 2 4 1 la _ 125) 6-2 1 1 YOR = Wp = Be Ze 2 1-1 QAa=]1 2 -2)21%0 2-41 2 2-2 e-~l 2 x= x = 2a -b la-l 16 -2 2e¢ 2 ‘ys *« = 4a +46 +e 136-0. 816 e 1 la 1 26 2-le zal qs oe tH te a -3 1 . 3.41. 1) A=12 1 1) = -4a - 20 3.2 -2 Diéu kién cm va di dé hé thudn nh&t da cho cd nghiém khong tam thuéng lA A = 0, téec la -4a-20=0>a=-5 l-a 2 2) a= [5 4-a (1 ~ a)4 ~ @) ~ 4 = a? - Ba, Diéu kién can va du dé hé thufin nbha&t d# cho cé nghiém khéng tam thudng la A = 0, ttc la a -5a=0 au hay a = Ovae = 5. 3.5. HANG CUA MA TRAN - HE TUYEN TINH TONG QUAT 3.42. 1) Hé d& cho la mét hé thudn nh&t cd sé dn (4) nhiéu hon sé phugng trinh (3) nén cé vé sé nghiém va do dé cé nghiém khéng tém thuong. 2) He da cho la mét hé thudn nh&t co ba phuong trinh ba an véi dinh thitc ‘ 12 1 3 Az 44=520 5 Do dé né chi cd nghiém tdm thudng. 3.43. Dé tim hang cia ma tran ta dp dung céc phép bién déi so cip vé hang 137=) 8 ah ep 2 -1 8 -2 4 hl 4 2 5 1 7 h2 2 -1 #1 8 2 h3 2 -1 3 -2 4 hl > hl 0 o +1 5-1 h2 - 2hl — h2 0 0 -2 10 -2 h3 - hl + h3 2 -1 8 -2 4 hl + hi -t 6 -l h2 — h2 o 60 96 h3 - 2h2 + h3 Dang bac thang may cd hai hang kh4c khong, ta suy ra . PIA) = 2 b) 1 3 5-1 hl 2 -1 -3 4 h2 5 1 ~1 7 h3 7 7 9 1 h4 1 3 5 -1 hl ~ hl -7 -13 6 h2 ~ 2hl —» h2 -14 -26 12 h3 - 5hl — h3 ~14 -26 8 h4 - 7hl — hé 1 3 5 -1 hl ~ bl -7 -18 6 h2 > h2 Oo o7 0 h3 - 2h2 > h3 oO 0 -4 h4 - 2h2 + h4 1 3 5 -1 -7 -18 6 0 0 -4 0 0 0 Dang bac thang nay cd ba hang kh&c khong. Ta suy ra P(A) = 138 3.“eet a c) 4 38 - 2 3 hl 8 6 -7 4 2 he 4 8 -8 2 7 h8 4 38 1 2 -5 h4 8 6 -1 4 -6 hS 4 3 - 2 3 hi-hbl 0 0 8 0 -4 h2- 2hl + h2 0 0 -8 0 4 -h3- hl +b3 0 0: 6 0 -8 hd - hl + h4 0 0 9 0 -12 nS - 2hi + hd 4 3 5 2 38 hihi 0 0 3 0 -4 h2—-h2 0 0 0 6 OO h8 +h? -+h8 0 0 6 0 O h4 - 2h2 — h4 0 © 0 6 © - h& - 3h2 + hd Dang b&c thang nay co hai hang khac khong. Do do PIA) = 2. 3.44, Ta vin 4p dung céc phép bién déi so cp. Nhung truéc hét ta ddi chd cdt 2 vGi ct 4, réi hang 1 ‘véi hang 4 dé dua A d6n vi tri hang 4 cOt 4, diéu dé khong anh huéng dén hang cia ma tran, vi no khong thay déi tinh khac khong hay bing khéng cia cée dinh thite con cha ma tran. Ta duge 17 24 117 4°10 A+B= |, 3 3 1 3124 Bay gid ta 4p dung cac bién ddi so cap vé hang cia B. 139we Sh ot. 1 7 2 4 ht 1 17 4 10 h2 4 3 3 1 43 3 1 2 a ha 1 7 2 4 hi ~ bl 0 100 2 6 h2 - hl -» h2 0 -25 -5 =15 h3 - 4hl > b3 0 -20 ~4 4-12 hd -3hl o hd 1 7 2 4 hi ~ hl 1002 6 h2 — h2 0 0 0 h3 + 2,5h2 —» h3 0 0 a h4 + 2h2 — h4 1 7 2 4 bl — hl 10 2 6 h2 ~> h2 0 0 a h4 > h8 0 0 0 h3 > h4 Vay néu 1 = 0 thi P(B) = 2 do ds ptA) = p(B) = 2 néu 2 # 0 thi P(B) = 3 do dé P(A) = p(B) = 3. b) Truéc hét ta déi chd hang hay cdt dé dua tham s6 1 vao géc thaép ben phai Ml A 140 OPNF NORE one ~1 -i 1 vi 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 2 1 2} A -1 =B 1 aRs 8, 8 *a Bay gid ta ap dung cdc bién ddi so c&p vé hang cla B. -1 1 i -1 2 hl -1 1 2 1 2 h2 “1 -1 1 a -1 h3 1 1 0 1 a h4 -l 1 1 -1 2 hi > hl 0o 0 1 2 Qo h2 - hi -» h2 0 +2 O A+ -3 h3 - hi > h3 0 2 1 O i+2 h4+hi +h4 -1 1 1 -1 2 hi — hi 0 6G 1 2 og h2 > h2 o -2 o Ati -3 h3 -> h8 0 1 atia-t h4 + h3 > h4 -1 1 1 -1 2 hi > hi ~2 0 Atl -3 h3 — h2 1 2 ° h2 > h3 1 aA+riia-i h4 —» h4 -1 1 1 -1 2 hl > bl -2 0 atl -3 h2 — h2 1 2 a h3 — h3 0 a-i1a-il h4 - h3 > h4 VSy néu A = 1 thi p(A) = 3; néu A # 1 thi p(A) = 4. 3.45. ax ty tz=1 bd xtaytz2=A xtytk =e Dinh thitc cia hé la Ay. lay 114 A= = @-1P0 +2) 141vt sh P50) Néu A # 1 vA # -2 thi A # 0 va hé co nghiém duy nhat : 111 AAd all -a-praty ati - 8 * Grpaty ~ 442 All 1A 4 Lara a-1P 1 2° RT Gia sa) 7 TF Aad laa oUF _ @- wary ati G17 +2) ut2 ° Néu dA = 1 thi co hé jzatyt2= 1 xty t2= 1 xty tz=1 Hé nay cd vé s6 nghiém phu thuéc hai tham sé : ly va z thy ¥ x =l-yr-z Néu A = ~2 thi co hé- Céng 3 phugng'trinh Lai ta duge Ox + Oy + 0z Oa tyta =. Vay hé vd nghiém. 2) xtayta%z=a x + by +672 = 63 3 3 xtytez=e 142mai Dinh thie cia hé la 1 a a A =]1 6. b2] = © - adhe - ale ~ b). le e& Néu a # 6 # c thi A #0 vA hé co nghiém duy nhét : _ cA(ab+be tea) _ =a y = = ~(ab + be + ea) ; la a ib b Néu trong ba 36 a, 8, ¢ cd hai s6 bang nhau chdng han a = 6 # ¢ thi ba phuong trinh cia hé chi cdn hai x tay ta% = a3 x tey +e% = 3 tic la “az + a3 -e2z + 3 Ix + ay x + cy Dinh thic cia hé nay 1a : la le =e-a#0. ae | 143Vay hé cd vO s6 nghiém phu thuéc 1 tham sé z tuy y -a2+a3 a@ -zt+e ¢ z= 6 = acz —¢ — a); 1 -e%+a3 1 ~c% +e3 yr = a? —e% +a tac te Néu a = b = ¢ thi ba phuong trinh cta hé chi cdn mé6t x tay +a%z = a3 Vay hé cd v6 s6 nghiam phy thuéc 2 tham sé : ¥, 2 thy y x = ~ay - oz +03 x ty t2=1 3) ax thy tez=d ax + by + cle = Gd? Dinh thie cia hé la Rok DL O=|¢ 6 c} = @ —ae - ae =). a? 62 ¢2 Néu o, 6, ¢ khdc nbau thi A # 0 va hé co nghiém duy nh&t ae 1 2 boc fe el b-de-dye-b) _ _ (6-2) —a)e —by ~ _ O-De-d) * @=e)e =a) ° 144ero Pa aR Q Aree ry ed NR _ aye aye -d) _ ¥
:= a,b, + a,b, + ab, Ja mét tich v6 huéng trong P, 2) Ap dung dé tinh tich v6 huéng cha p=rlt&+2449g = 2 ~ 4x2, 3) Kiém tra lai bat dang thite C - S. 4) Ching minh rang 1 1
: = p(0)a(0) + p(5)a(5) + PUa(1)
2 2
cing 1A mét tich vd huéng trong P,.
154et
5) Lam lai phdn 2) vdi tich v6 huéng mdi.
6) Lam lai phan 3) vdi tich v6 hudéng mdi.
5.34. Xét uo = (uj, up, uz), 0 = (uy, vy vg) E R?
Héi biéu thie nao duéi day cd thé 1a mét tich vo huéng
trong R*, néu khéng duoc thi néu li do :
a) 2 = uy, + WyV5 5
b) := uit + ues + wes ;
c) : = 2u yy, + ug, + 4uzyg 5
d) 2 = uy, — uv, + UyV3.
5.35. Trong R? ta xét tich vé huéng Euclid. Hay 4p dung
bat dang thiic C - S dé ching minh
lacos@ + dsing| < Va? + 62
5.36. Vai f = fix), g = g(x) € Ps. Ching minh ring
1
: = J pleaexdx
-1
Hay ap dung qua trinh Gram - Smidt dé bién co sé chudn
tée {1, x, x7} thanh mét co sé truc chudn.
° . 1575.7. TOA DO TRONG KHONG GIAN » CHIEU
5.51. Hay tim ma tran toa dO va vectd toa dé cla w déi véi
co 96 S = {u,, u,} cia R?, trong do
(a) uw, = (1, 0), w= 0,1, w= 3-1;
ib)u, = @,- 4, u,= 3,8), we (Ld;
(c) uw, = (1, 1), uy = (0, 2), w= (a,b).
5.52. Hay tim ma tran toa dé va vecto toa dé cia w déi véi
co 36 S = {u,, uy, uy} cha R? trong do.
(a) w = 2, 4, 3), wy = (1, 0, 0), u, = (2, 2, 0),
uz, = @, 3, 3);
@) w = G, -12, 3), u; = (1, 2, 8), uw, = (4, 5, 6),
u, = (7, -8, 9).
§.53. Hay tim vecto toa dé va ma tr4n toa dé cla A déi vai
ed 86 B = {A,, A,, Ay Aj} cla 0, trong dé
LE afb eB
0 6 0 0
Asef of A |p i}
5.54. Hay tim vects toa dé va ma tran toa d6 cua da thic
p d6i vai co sé B = {p,, p2, pz} cha P, trong dé
p=4-3+2x?,p, = 1, p, = 2,7, = 2.
5.55. Trong R? va R> xét tich vd huGng Euclid vA mot co
sé truc chudn . Hay tim vecto toa d6 va ma tran toa dé cla w
1 i 1 1
(2) w=(3,7), w= Ge. - x): uy = (i. s 3
2 21
(b) w = (-1, 0, 2), uy, = G -3 3}
= {2,1 _2 ={1,2 2
“> \eo a> Bp Ya [ee gal
158
i
RY
at
éig
5.56. Trong R? xét tich v6 huéng Euclid . Xét S = {w,, wo}
au = (2-4 - (3
véi w, = jE Bp 2 = Bat
(a) Ching minh S la mét co sé true chudn -cta R?.
(b) Cho u va v € R? vai (uw), = (1, 1), W), = (~ 1, 4).
Hay tinh u , d(u, v) va .
(ce) Tim u va v réitinh ux, du, v} va mot cach
truc tiép.
5.8. BAI TOAN DOI CO SO
5.87. Xét cic co sb B= {u,, wu} va BY = {v, v2} eda R?
trong dé
1 0 2 ~3
4, = |ol> w= |q)> m= yp by = al:
(a) Hay tim ma tran chuyén co sd ti B sang B’ .
(b) Hay tinh ma tran toa dod [w], trong dé w= (3, -5) va
tinh [w],.
(c) Tinh [w],, true tiép va kiém tra lai két qua trén
(a) Tim ma tran chuyén co sé tit B’ sang B.
5.58. Lam lai bai tap 5.57 véi
u, = (2, 2), uy, = (4, -D, v, = G, 8), oy = (- 1 WD.
5.59. Xét trong R? hai co sé B= (uy, &y, uy hs
B’ = (vj, 0) , v3}, trong do
uy = (3, 6, - 3), u, = 3, 2, D, 4, = (1,6, -D;
vy, = CB, - 6,0), 0, = 2, 8, 9, vy = 2, -3, 7.
(a) Hay tim ma tran chuyén co sé ty B’ sang B,
(b) Tinh ma tran toa do [w], cla w = (-5, 8, -5) va tinh [w]g,
(c) Tinh tryc tiép [w],. va kiém tra lei két qua trén.
5.60. Lam lai bai tap 5.59 véi
wu, = @ 4 D4, = @- 10, 4,=0,2 0
v, = @ 1,-5), vy = G, 1, - 8), vs = © 4, , 2).
159ont.
5.61. Trong P, xét cdc co sd B = tp, py), B’ = {q,, ay}
voi p, = 6 + Sx, p, = 10 + 2x, q, = 2, q, = 3 + 2x
(a) Tim ma trénm chuyén co sé ti B’ sang B.
(b) Tink ma tran toa dé [p], voi p = -4 + x réi suy ra {Plg.
(c) Tinh truc tiép [ply va kiém tra lai két qua trén.
(d) Tim ma tran chuyén co sé tit B sang B’.
5.62. Goi V 14 kh6ng gian sinh béi f, = sinz va fy = cosx
tt tl
(a) Chitng minh rang g, = 2sinx + cosx va 82 = Scosx tao
thanh mét co sé cla V.
(b) Tim ma tran chuyén co sé ti B’ = {8p 8} sang B = {fu fh
(c). Tinh ma tran toa d6 [A} 1g VOI A = Qsinx ~ Scoax va suy ra [h] lp
(d) Tinh true tigp [A]. va kiém tra lai két qua trén.
(e) Tim ma tran chuyén co sé tit B’ sang B.
5.63. Trong mat phang xét hé truc vuéng goc xy, va quay nd
di mOt géc @ = 3/4 quanh géc ta duoc hé truc vuéng géc x’y’
(a) Tim toa ¢6 trong hé mdi cta diém (-2, 6) trong hé ca.
(b) Tim toa d6 trong hé ci cha diém (5, 2) trong hé mdi.
5.64. Hdi trong céc ma tran duéi day ma tran nao la truc giao ?
v6
1 1
10 ~
(a) [2 ih whe ),
v2 Ya!
1 -i 1 2
ool Ye ¥2 ¥s Bo
fro 0} @> oe -% a
1
0 0 1 a2 4
ve os o
Tinh ma tran nghich dao cha céc ma tran tric giao do.
5.65. Ching minh rang hai ma tran dudi day 1a truc giao
yéi moi gid tri cla @ :
160e
cosf = — sind co sind 0
a) [ome “a b) [sind cosh 0].
0 0 1
Tinh nghich dado cua ching. ,
5.66. Xét bién déi toa dé trong mat phang.
fi
~ BY fx
3)
1) Ching minh rang no 1a truc giao.
Oe le
5
2) Tim (x’,-y’} cla nhiing diém ma (@, y) a
a) (2, — 1) ; b) (4, 2) 5 ¢) (-7, -8) 3 a) (0, 0)
5.67. Gidi hé
Be, + Tx, + 2x, — 2x, =
2x, + Bx, + 4x, — Ge, = 2
— Lx, - lie, + 2x, - x, = 1.
5.68. Gidi hé
Bx, — Bx, + Bx, + 4x, = 2
Tx, — 4x, + 4, + Oe, = 5
Sx, + x, - 40, — Gx, = 3.
5.69. Giai hé
2x, + Sx, - Sx, = 8
4x, + Bt, - 9, = 9
Qe, + Br) — Bx, = 7
x, + &, — Tx, = 12.
B. BAI GIA1 VA HUGNG DAN
Muén ching minh tap vecto V trong dé cd dinh nghia phép
céng vectd va phép nhan vects vdi mét sé thc (trong tai Hiéu
41-BT.TCC.T1 16158)
oh9
nay chi xét khong gian vecto tren truang sé thuc) Ia mét,
khong gian vectg ta phai kiém tra lai 10 tién dé cia khong giant
vecto (xem dinh nghia 5. 1.1, Thee/1)}, trong dd-c4ch dinh nghia
phép cong hai vecto cia V va phép nh4n mét vecto cia V véi
mét sé cd thyc su dung din khéng.
5.1. 1) Khong, vi tién dé 8 khong thda man.
That vay, theo ddu bai ta cd
R(x, y, z) = (hx, y, 2); Ux, y, 2) := (lx, y, 2)
(kh + Dx, y, 2) = (hk + Ox, y, 2).
Do dé
Rix, y, 2) + Ue, y, 2) = (ha, y, 2) + (lx, y, 2)
(kx + lx, y +y, 2 +2)
= (k + Ux, 2y, 22)
# (Rk + Ux, y, 2) = (k +0) (x, y, 2)
khi y hodc 2 # 0. Vay noi chung
A(x, y, z) + Ux, y, 2) eR +) (x, y, 2),
nghia 1a tin dé 8 khong thda man.
2) Khong, vi tien dé 10 khong théa man.
That vay, ta cé theo d&u bai
Ix, y, z) s= (0, 0, 0) # fx, y, 2
trit khi (x; y, z) = (0, 0, 0), nghia la tin dé 10 khong théa man
3) Khong, vi tién dé 9 vA tién dé-10 khong théa man. That
vay, theo dau bai thi
R (x, y) = (2kx, 2ky)
Ux, y) = (lx, 2ly)
Do dé
A (Ux, y)) = k (2x, 2ly) = (4klx, 4kly)
(RL) (x, y) = (2klx, Qkly).
Vay, néu (x, y) # (0, 0) va k + 0, 2 # 0 thi
R(Lx, y)) # ERE) bx yy
nghia la tién dé 9 khéng théa man.
162otis
%, as
1fx, y) = (2x, 2y) * (x, y), (x, y) € (0, 0).
nghia 1a tin dé 10 khéng théa man.
4) Tap cae sé thuc véi phép tinh cong va nhan théng thudng, ki
hiéu 1a R, la m6t khéng gian vecto vi cA 10 tién dé déu théa man :
YxyeEReaxt+yeR
2Qaty=aytuxyyeR
BDat(ytz2 =at+y) +2,4,7,2ER
4) Phan tu trung héa 1a 56 khéng :
. O+x=xt+02x VxER
5) Phan tu déi chax E R la xvi
(a) +x =x+(-x) =0
64 xERkeERth kx ER
Dkaty =kx thy RER xy ER
8) (kR+ Ux =kx +l, k, (ER, x eR
9) k(lx) = (kx, k, LER, x ER
10) lx =x,2 ER
5) Khéng, vi tién dé 5 va tién dé 6 khong thda man. That vay.
Phan ti trung hda 1a (0, 0) vi
x, 9) + (0, 0) = (x, y)
(0, 0) +x, y) = (x, y)
Khi (x, y) © R? thi (-x, -y) © R? va
& y) +x, ~y) = Cx, -y) + y) = 0.
Nhung néu x > 0 thi (x, y) thugc t&p da cho cén (-x, -y)
khéng thuéc tap d& cho. Che nén tién dé 5 khéng théa man.
Hon nia, (x, y) thuéc tap di cho, k © R, & < O thi
R(x, y) = (kx, ky) cd kx < 0 nén k(x, y) khéng thuéde tap da
cho, nghia 1a tién dé 6 khéng théa man.
6) Khéng, vi tien dé 7 va tién dé 8 khong théa man. That
vay, ta cd .
Rix, y) = (kx, hy)
R(x’, y') = thx’, Ry’)
163ot
2%
Ra, Wk’ y) = (hx. + kx’ +1, ky + hy’ +1)
RG, y+’, VY = hate’ t+ ly ty t+
kha +x’ +), ky ty’ + D)
nghia la
«R(x, y) +(x’, y')) % Rw, y) + he’, 9)
khi k # 1. Do dé tién dé 7 khéng théa man.
Hon nita
th +) (, y) = (th + Ox, (hk + Dy)
R(x, y) + Ux, y) = (hx, Ry) + (lx, ly)
sextet ay tly +,
nghia la
h +L) (x, y) # k(x, y) + Ux, y).
Do dé tién dé 8 kh6ng théa man.
Muén ching minh mét tap con W cta khong gian vecto V
la mét kh6ng gian con cia V ta phai chting minh W khép kin
d6i véi phép cong vecto va nhan vecto véi mét sé da dinh nghia
trong V.
5.2. a) Goi W la tap cdc vecto cla R? cd dang (a, 0, 0),
a € R. Ta thay (a, 0, 0) € W, (@’, 0,0) EW =>
(a, 0, 0) + @’, 0, 0) = (a +e, 0, 0EW
R(a, 0, 0) = (ka, 0, 0) € W
Vay W la khéng gian con cia R3.
b) Goi W la tap con cia R? gém cdc vecto cd dang (a, 1, 1).
Ta thay : (c, 1, 1) va (@’, 1, 1) thude W thi
(@, 1, 1)+@’, 1, 1) = (@ +a’, 2,2) ¢ W.
Vay W khéng la khong gian con céa R?. .
c) Goi W la tap cde vecta (a, b, c) voi 6 = 2 +c, Ta thay
@,bc)EW thi b=ate
(b,c) EW thi b’=a'tc’
1644
o.8
nett
Ras
(a, b,c) + {a Oc) = (@ ta, ots, cte’)
b+8' = (atadt(cete)
nén (a, b, c) + (@’, 67, c°) EW;
k(a, 6, c) = (ha, kb, ke)
kb = kha tke
R(a, 6, ¢) © W.
Vay W la khong gian con cla R?.
d) Goi W Ja tap cde vecto cia R? cé dang
(a, 6, c) Vib=atetl.
Gia st (a,b,c) © Wnghialab=atet+ 1;
(a’, 6’, c’) © W nghia la 6' = a’ te? +1.
Khi do >
(a,b, ) +(e’, b,c’) = ata’, b+b,e%+¢)
bt+b'=(atadtetert2,
nén (a, 6, ¢) + (a’, 8, c’) EW.
Vay W khong phai la khong gian con cia R}
5.3. Truéc hét ta ching minh M, 1A mét khong gian vecta.
Mu6én thé ta phai kiém tra lai 10 tién dé.
Gia st
ab a’ b a” b”
: “| & M, [: “| © M, [?: | eM,
1) Ta phai ching minh
ab ae
fF | . f “| « Me
Diéu dé ro rang vi vé trai bang
atabt+B
: aren = ™,.
1652
9)
wt
2s
2) Ta phai chting minh
ab a’ 8 a ab
Eat Pal-Pal+fa
Diéu do r6 rang vi vé trai bang :
ata b6+8’
ete dt+d’
Con vé phai bang
ata B+b
ete dtd
va trong tap cdc s6 thuc R cd
ata’=a’ta, b4+b' =b' +b
ete’ =e’te, d+d'=d’t+d.
3) Ta phai chitng minh
eae (ee) + Ee) - (E+E a))- Ee]
Diéu nay r6 rang vi
ab + ata” b +h” _
ed ete” d+d"| —
. [? +(@ +a”) aiwta)|
vé trai
et(c’ +c) d+(a@+d")
. _ fata o+B° a” 6")
wom = [E27 S28) fot
_ [@tay+a” (6 +6’) +0”
“ leteyte’ (dtd) *a”
va trong tap R ta cd
at@’ +e) =(atajyta b+ O@ +b) = O+b) 40"
et’ +e) =leotedte,dt+i(d'+d) = (at+dj+d”.
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