Professional Documents
Culture Documents
KHOA S PHM
B MN TON
BAI GIANG
M A PL E
" Bien soan
Th.S Trng Quoc Bao
NM 2004
LI GII THIU
Ngy nay, cng vi nhng thnh tu tuyt vi trong lnh vc cng ngh thng
tin, ngi ta xy dng nhiu phn mm h tr cho cng tc hc tp v nghin
cu. Mt thc tin c bit t lu l nhng bi ton t ra trong thc tin thng
khng c gii quyt bng nhng mo tnh ton th cng m phI dng n nng lc
tnh ton ca my tnh in t. Phn mm tnh ton ra I nhm p ng yu cu ca
thc tin, a cc tnh ton phc tp (c ph thng ln cao cp) tr thnh cng c lm
vic d dng cho mi ngi.
Ton hc l thng nht nn cc phn mm tnh ton cng c cu trc c bn
ging nhau. V vy, nu bit s dng phn mm ton hc no th cng d dng s
dng c cc phn mm khc. Phn mm tnh ton Maple lm cho vic gii cc
bi ton tr nn n gin v nhanh chng gp phn lm tng hiu sut lm vic ca
chng ta trong hc tp, nghin cu v ging dy. Maple l phn mm do mt nhm
cc nh khoa hc ca Canada thuc trng i hc Waterloo lm ra vi mc ch gii
quyt mi cng vic lin quan n tnh ton.
Tp ti liu ny ch cp n nhng vn c bn, ri t chng ta c th
khm ph ra nhng kh nng tnh ton v biu din v cng phong ph ca Maple.
iu cn lu l vic s dng cc phn mm tnh ton hin i khng i hi ngi
dng phi c k nng lp trnh cao cp m ch yu cu ngi s dng nm vng cc
kin thc l thuyt c bn.Vi Maple ta ch cn thc hin nhng cu lnh n gin
ch khng phi nh lp trnh cc ngn ng khc trong tnh ton. Thng qua hm tnh
ton trong mi trng Maple, chng ta rn luyn k nng s dng my tnh gii
quyt vn c th v ton hc. Maple c kh nng tnh ton trn s thc ln s phc,
ngoi cc hm ton hc dng sn trong Maple v mi lnh vc: Lng gic, gii
tch, hnh hc, i s tuyn tnh, l thuyt s, thng k, th, phng trnh vi phn v
o hm ring, Maple cng cho php thit lp thm cc hm hoc th tc chuyn
dng theo mc ch ca ngi s dng.
Nhng yu cu ti thiu khi s dng Maple:
- Bit s dng my tnh (Tt, m my, g vo lnh)
- Bit cch gii cc bi ton
- Bit ting Anh ti thiu.
Yu cu v cu hnh my: Bi ging ny gii thiu Maple Version 6.0 i hi
my c dung lng RAM t 8MB tr ln, dung lng a cng dng ring cho n
khong 70MB i v i cc my chy trn mi trng Windows v c th chy trn
mi trng mng NT, UNIX.
Bi ging ny c vit da trn cc sch hng dn s dng Maple t cc ti
liu ting Anh cng nh ting Vit, nhng ch yu c dch t phn Help ca chnh
chng trnh ny. Do nu c g cha r chng ta c th tham kho phn Help ca
chng trnh (bm t hp phm ALT + H) hiu r hn.
Trang 1
CHNG I
Biu
thc
lnh
Cum
x
l
th
Kt
qua
tnh
[> sin(Pi/3):
[> sin(Pi/3);
1
3
2
Mun thc hin dng lnh no th a con tr v dng lnh nhn phm Enter
Nu c nhiu dng lnh trong cm x l th khi ta nhn phm Enter tt c cc
lnh trong cm x l u c thc hin.
Khi cn xung dng vit cc lnh trong cng mt cm x l (Khng phi
thc hin cc lnh trong cm x l) ta dng Ctrl + Enter.
Cn thc hin dng lnh theo th t t trn xung di, v mt s tnh ton
trong cc bc sau c th ly kt qu t bc trc, ngc li th khng th c.
Lnh ca maple c hai loi: Lnh tr v lnh trc tip
+ Lnh trc tip: Cho ta bit ngay kt qu ca lnh.
V d:
[> sum(k,k=1..n);
1
n (n + 1)
2
+ Lnh tr: Khi s dng lnh tr ta ch thu c biu thc tng trng v mun
bit tr s ca biu thc ta dng thm lnh Value( )
V d:
[> S:=Sum(k,k=1..n);
n
S :=
k=1
Trang 3
[> value(S);
1
n (n + 1)
2
Php tr
Php nhn
Php chia
Php ly tha
>
Nh hn
<
Nh hn hay bng
<=
Ln hn hay bng
>=
Bng
Khc
<>
Dathuc:=2x+1;
Dathuc:=`dathuc`
Phuongtrinh_12:=x2-x+2;
local <tenbien1>,[<tenbien2>],..;
Th d:
local x, y, tong;
global <tenbien1>,[<tenbien2>],..;
Th d:
global
a, b, tongcong;
2.Lnh gn
C php:
V d 1:
a:=3;
b:=2;
b:= a;
V d 2:
tamthuc:=x^2-3*x+1;
x2-3x+1
delta:= discrim(tamthuc,x);
5
cat(delta cua tam thuc,tamthuc,la,delta);
delta cua tam thuc x2-3x+1 la 5
V d 3:
hamtich:=proc(x,y)
local a,b;
global c;
Trang 5
a:=x*y;
b:=a*x*y
c:=a*b
end proc;
3. Lnh iu kin r nhnh
if <iu kin> then
<Nhm lnh 1>;
else
<Nhm lnh 2>;
end if :
V d: Th tc n gin kim tra s dng hay m
> g:=proc(so)
if so>0 then
print(`So duong`)
else
if so=0 then
`So khong`
else
`So am`
end if
end if
end proc:
4. Cclnh vng lp:
a. Vng lp FOR (vng lp c s ln xc nh)
C php:
[for <tn bin>] [from <gi tr u>] [by <bc tng>] [to <gi tr cui>] do
<nhm lnh thc hin> end do;
Hoc:
[for <bin>] [in <expr>] do <Nhm lnh> end do;
Vi expr l mt chui cc gi tr, hay mt chui cc biu thc no
b.Vng lp While ( vng lp c s ln khng xc nh)
C php:
While <iu kin> do < Nhm lnh> end do;
c. Vng lp hn hp FOR v While
C php:
[for <tn bin>] [from <gi tr u>] [by <bc tng>] [to <gi tr
cui>] [while<iu kin>] do <nhm lnh> end do;
V d:
a. Tnh tng t 6 n 14 vi mi ln tng hai
Trang 6
10
12
14
t := 15
x := 225
t := 24
x := 576
V := 0
V := x
V := x + y
V := x + y + a
V := x + y + a + 3
x:=a^2;
a:=a-1;
end do;
a := 10
x := 100
a := 9
x := 81
a := 8
x := 64
a := 7
x := 49
a := 6
x := 36
a := 5
III. Hm v th tc
1. Hm trong maple
Hm trong maple l mt hnh thc c bit ca th tc, c hai loi hm dng
sn v hm do ngi dng xy dng.
a.Hm dng sn:
Trong maple c rt nhiu hm dng sn, mt s c np sn trong b nh
khi chng trnh chy, khi dng ta ch cn goi tn hm, mt s hm khng c np
sn vo b nh m n c cha trong nhng gi cng c (package) hoc trong th
vin khi s dng nhng hm ny th ta phi np n vo b nh ri sau mi gi tn
hm s dng.
Khi s dng nhng hm m maple np sn trong b nh nh sin, cos, exp,
int ta ch cn gi trc tip vo cm x l
V d:
A:= sin(x)+tan(x)-x^2;
B:= exp(34);
C:=int(x^2-1,x=1..4);
readlib(tn hm)
+ Dng th tc
C php:
proc(vars) expr end proc;
vars: cc bin ca hm
expr: biu thc xc nh hm
V d 1: Xy dng hm hai bin y=3x3+ey-sin(x)+2
+ Dng php nh x:
> f:=(x,y)-> 3*x^3+exp(y)-sin(x)+2;
f := ( x, y ) 3 x3 + e y sin( x ) + 2
+ Dng hm unapply
> g:=unapply(x^3+sqrt(y)+7,x,y);
g := ( x, y ) x3 + y + 7
>g(a,1);
a3 + 8
+ Dng th tc
> h:=proc(x,y) x^3+sqrt(y)+7 end proc;
> h(1,4);
10
+ Xy dng hm s a tr
C php:
piecewise(k 1,biu thc1, k 2,Biu thc 2, ..., k N,Biu thc N,
Biu thc cho iu kin cn li);
V d: Xy dng hm du ca x
-1
y = 0
x<0
x=0
otherwise
> y(1/2);
1
c. Th tc trong maple
Ta c th to nhng th tc ring cho mnh gii quyt mt cng vic no ,
v lu vo trong th vin dng nh nhng hm c sn trong th vin ca maple.
Cu trc ca mt th tc:
proc (tn bin)
[local <tn bin>;]
[global <tn bin>;]
<Cc cu lnh>
end proc;
V d 1: Th tc v th
> restart:
with(plots):
f := proc (hamso)
plot(hamso,x=10..10);
end proc:
[ a, b, k, m ]
[ 5, 6, 3, 2 ]
Gi gi tr ca a t b nh.
> a;
5
Trang 11
Gi gi tr ca b t b nh
> b;
6
Gi gi tr ca k t b nh
> k;
k
Gi gi tr ca m t b nh
> m;
m
restart:
with(plottools):
with(plots):
dothi := proc( a, b, leq, req )
local r, M, v1, v2, wid, bar, Axesplot, leftpt,
rightpt, pt_color, leftend, rightend, LT, RT, textpos;
r := b-a ;
M := evalf( 1.2 * max( b-a, abs(a), abs(b) ) );
v1 := [a, 0];
v2 := [b, 0];
wid := ceil( M/5) ;
bar := arrow( v1, v2,wid, 0, 0, color = red ):
textpos := max(wid, 2) ;
LT := textplot( [a, textpos, a] ):
RT := textplot( [b, textpos, b] ):
leftend := min( a - 2*wid, 0);
rightend := max( b + 2*wid, 0);
Axesplot := plot( 0, x = leftend..rightend ,
y = (-wid)..(2*wid), axes = none,
thickness = 2,scaling = constrained,
tickmarks = [1,1] ):
if leq=1 then
pt_color := red;
else
pt_color := white;
end if;
leftpt := disk([ a, 0], wid/2, color=pt_color):
if req=1 then
pt_color := red;
else
Trang 12
pt_color := white;
end if;
rightpt := disk([ b, 0], wid/2, color=pt_color ):
display(leftpt, rightpt, bar, Axesplot, LT, RT);
end proc:
Gi th tc thi hnh
dothi(0,20,0,1);
libname;
"C:\\PROGRAM FILES\\MAPLE 6/lib
: hm m c s e
- ln(x)
: hm logarithm c s e ca x
- log[b](x)
: hm logarithm c s b ca x
Trang 13
- log10(x)
: hm logarithm c s 10 ca x
- sqrt()
: hm cn bc 2 ca x
- root[n](x)
: hm cn bc n ca x
- round(x)
- trunc(x)
: hm ct ly phn nguyn ca mt s
: hm ly tr tuyt i ca mt s.
- Pi
- infinity
(-infinity: - )
Lu :
- Cp du mc n ( ) dng nhm cc phn t ca cng thc, phc ha cc
bin ca hm.
- Cp du mc vung [ ] c ngha nh mt danh sch (list).
- Cp du mc nhn { } c ngha nh mt tp hp (set).
- Khi cn khi ng li b nh ta dng lnh restart:
- Ghi ch cho chng trnh bng #
Trang 14
CHNG II
>P:=2^63;
P := 9223372036854775808
6227020800
irem(m, n,q)
iquo(m, n)
iquo(m, n,r)
Trong :
m, n l cc biu thc
V d:
r, q l cc tn.
> irem(23,4,'q');
3
> q;
> irem(23,4,'r');
3
> r;
> r;
-12
> rem(3*x^2+1,x-1,x,'q');
4
> q;
3x+3
f( n ) =
1
1 + 1 5 2
5
1 5
+
1 5
> simplify(%);
f( n ) =
5
( n )
n
1
1 5 1 2
5
1 + 5
1+ 5
5 2 n ( ( 1 + 5 )
( -1 )n + ( 5 1 )
( 5 1) (1 + 5 )
Trang 16
( n )
Mun c cng thc tng minh ca biu thc truy hi ta phI thc hin hai
bc sau y:
+ Bc 1: Dng mt bin gn tn cho biu thc truy hi.
+ Bc 2: Tm cng thc tng qut bng lnh rsolve.
V d: Tm dng tng minh ca cng thc truy hi f (n + 1) = 3 f (n ) 2 f (n 1)
Vi iu kin ban u f(1) = 2, f(2) = 3
> restart:
reqn:=f(n+1)=3*f(n)-2*f(n-1);
rsolve({reqn,f(1)=2,f(2)=3},f(n));
reqn := f( n + 1 ) = 3 f( n ) 2 f( n 1 )
1 n
2 +1
2
y (n + 1) + f (n ) = 2 n + + n
vi iu kin ban u: y (k = 1L5) = 2 k 1 , f (5) = 6
n
f (n + 1) y (n ) = n 2 + 3
> restart:
rsolve({y(n+1)+f(n)=2^(n+1)+n,f(n+1)-y(n)=n2^n+3,y(k=1..5)=2^k-1,f(5)=6},{y,f});
{ y( n ) = 1 + 2 n, f( n ) = n + 1 }
hoc Sum(f, k)
k=1
a. Dng lnh tr
> Sum(k,k);
k
k
1 2 1
k k
2
2
k1
Ch :
k=k
k=1
1 2 1
k k
2
2
Hoc
> Sum(k,k)=sum(k,k);
k = 2 k2 2 k
k
Hay ta c th vit
> Sum(k,k):%=value(%);
1
k = 2 k2 2 k
k
c. Tng cc s nguyn t 4 n 6
> s:=Sum(x,x=4..6);
6
s :=
x=4
> value(%);
15
( i + 1 )2
i=1
> Sum(1/(i+1)^2,i=1..infinity):
%=value(%);
( i + 1 )2 = 1 + 6 2
i=1
Trang 18
2
k=3x +1
K
K
=
k + 1 3 x2 + 2
product (f, k=m..n) hoc Product (f, k=m..n) Tnh tch t f(m)..f(n)
product (f, k=alpha) hoc Product (f, k=alpha)
product (f, k=expr) hoc Product (f,k=expr)
f: Biu thc cn ly tch
k: ch s ly tch
m..n: cn cn ly tch
alpha:L nghim ca mt phng trnh no . alpha = RootOf(expr=0)
expr: mt biu thc no khng ph thuc vo ch s ly tch v dng
thay vo ch s ly tch.
V d:
(k + 1)
k=1
(k + 1)
k=1
b
k=a
( b + 1 )
( a )
k=
k=a
e ( t ) t ( z 1 ) dt
GAMMA l hm s sau: ( z ) :=
( k ) 2
Ak
k=0
3 + 5I
7 + 4I
> (3+5*I)/(7+4*I);
41 23
+ I
65 65
gi tr t
Vi
+ e l biu thc i s
+ m l mt s nguyn khc 0.
Trang 20
j^(-1) mod m
V d: Tnh
> 12 mod 7;
> modp(12,7);
> mods(12,7);
-2
> 1/(11+5*3)mod 7;
> 1/3 mod 7;
3
5
a := 4 x2 + 4 x + 8
Trang 21
x+5
( x2 + 2 x 1 ) ( x 2 )
x3 + 2
Trong :
Lnh msolve thc hin vic gii phng trnh trong Z theo m.
Lnh msolve gii cc phng trnh eqns trn cc s nguyn (theo mod q). N
gii theo mi n bt nh c trong cc phng trnh.
Nu l nghim v nh, th h cc nghim c biu din thng qua cc bin c
tn c cho trong tp bin vars, nu nh vars c b qua th c thay th bng cc
tn mc nh ton cc _Z1~, _Z2~, _Z3~,Nhng tn ny khng trng vI cc n v
nh v c php ly mi gi tr nguyn.
V d:
> restart:
msolve({3*x-4*y=1, 7*x+y=2},19);
{ x = 15, y = 11 }
> restart:
msolve(8^i=2,17);
{ i = 3 + 8 _Z1~ }
> msolve(sum(x[i],i=1..9),3);
expr :=
> expand(expr);
x3
x2
+ x2 +
+x
y
y
> expand(expr,expr1);
( x + 1 ) x2
+ (x + 1) x
y
> factor(x^4-2);
x4 2
( x2 + 2 ) ( x2 2 )
> factor(x^4-2,root[4](2));
( x2 + 2 ) ( x 2
( 1/4 )
) (x + 2
( 1/4 )
Phn tch biu thc y2 8 thnh tch trong c cc tha s cha s hng
> factor(y^2-8,alpha);
Trang 23
( y + 2 ) ( y + 2 )
Lng gic
Power
Ly tha
Ln
Logarit neber
Exp
Hm e m
Radical
Cn thc
RootOf
> expr:=exp(a+ln(b*exp(c)));
expr := e
c
( a + ln( b e ) )
(a + c)
( 1 + x )
ea
> simplify(a*x^2+b*x+c,{a=2,b^2+c=1,b-c=3});
2 x2 + 3 x + ( x + 1 ) c
S := x1 + x2
> S:=simplify(S,dk);
Trang 24
S := 52
C php:
k=1
> sum(k,k=1..n);
1
1
1
( n + 1 )2 n
2
2
2
> normal(%,expanded);
1 2 1
n + n
2
2
V d 3:
> f:=(x-1)^2*(x-3)-2*x*sin(x+y);
f := ( x 1 )2 ( x 3 ) 2 sin( x + y ) x
> normal(f);
x3 5 x2 + 7 x 3 2 sin( x + y ) x
Trang 25
a3 c
> subs({x=a,y=2*x},x^3-y);
a3 2 x
y := 3 x + 5
p := 3 x + 5 = ( m + 1 ) x3 x + m2
> vp:=rhs(p);
vp := ( m + 1 ) x3 x + m 2
> vt:=lhs(p);
vt := 3 x + 5
> pt:=vt-vp=0;
pt := 4 x + 5 ( m + 1 ) x3 m2 = 0
Trang 26
> collect(pt,x);
( m 1 ) x3 + 4 x + 5 m2 = 0
lhs (f)
b. Hm trch ly v phi:
rhs (f)
f := m3 x + x m x4 m + m4 = 0
Gom nhm biu thc theo x, trong cc s hng ca x c phn tch thnh
tch:
> collect(m^3*x+x*m-x^4*m+m^4=0,x,factor);
x4 m + m ( m 2 + 1 ) x + m4 = 0
sort(L) hoc
sort(L, F)
sort(A) hoc
sort(A, V)
+ L l dy cc gi tr
+ F l kiu sp xp
+ N u L l dy cc s hng th F l > hoc <
+ N u L l dy dng chui th F l lexoder
+ A l a thc hoc mt dy gi tr
+ V l mt hoc nhiu bin ca A
[ 1, 2, 3 ]
> sort([3,2,1],`>`);
[ 3, 2, 1 ]
> sort(1+x+x^2,plex);
1 + x + x2
> sort(1+x+x^2);
x2 + x + 1
> restart:
sort([g,c,a,d,e,f],lexorder);
[ a, c, d, e, f, g ]
> p := y^3+y^2*x^2+x^3:
sort(p,[y,x]);
y2 x2 + y3 + x3
> sort(p,[y,x],plex);
y3 + y2 x2 + x3
> sort((y+x)/(y-x),x);
x+y
x + y
Trong :
+ f l mt biu thc bt k.
+ vars l cc bin mi
+ form c th c cc dng sau y:
f := x1, x2 , x3 , x4
Trang 28
x1 x2 x3 x4
> f := (x^3+x)/(x^2-1);
f :=
x3 + x
x2 1
1
1
+
x1 x+1
> s := series(f,x,4);
s := x 2 x3 + O( x5 )
x 2 x3
> f := sinh(x)+sin(x);
f := sinh( x ) + sin( x )
1 x 1 1 1 (I x)
1
I e
e
( I x )
x
2
2e
2
e
1
tan x
2
1
1 + tan x
2
Trang 29
op(i, expr);
op(i..j, expr);
op(expr);
op(list, expr);
Trong :
+ i, j l cc s nguyn xc nh v tr ca cc phn t.
+ expr l mt biu thc.
sin( x )
w := [ 2, 5, 36, 29 ]
36
C php:
nops (expr)
V d:
> B:=tan(y)*ln(x)+sin(x)-expr(x^2)+2;
B := tan( y ) ln( x ) + sin( x ) expr( x2 ) + 2
> op(B);
> nops(B);
discrim (expr)
numer (expr)
b. Trch ly m u s:
C php:
denom (expr)
5. Trch ly h s ca mt a thc
a. Trch ly tt c cc h s ca mt a thc:
C php:
coeffs (P, x, t)
Trong :
+ P l mt a thc
+ x l bin ca a thc
+ t l tn lu danh sch cc bc ca bin x
b. Trch ly h s bc n ca a thc p:
C php:
coeff (P, x, n)
V d:
> s := 3*v^2*y^2+2*v*y^3;
s := 3 v2 y2 + 2 v y3
> coeffs( s );
3, 2
2 y3, 3 y2
> t;
v, v2
> evalf(b(1,1));
.4400505857
> F(3);
F( 3 )
add(f, i = s)
phng trnh.
V d 1: Tnh tng t 1 n 5
> add(i,i=1..5);
15
V d 2: Tnh tng t 1 n n
> add(i,i=1..n);
Error, unable to execute add
4 a 2 2 + y2
Trang 32
b. Tnh tch dy cc gi tr xc nh
C php:
Trong :
mul(f, i = s)
phng trnh.
V d: > mul(j,j=3..4);
12
> mul(j,j);
Error, wrong number (or type) of parameters in function mul
> mul(j^2,j=f[1..2]);
36
> mul(1/j,j={1,2,6,4});
1
48
8. Gn gi tr cho bin
C php:
assign (a, b)
Trong :
assign (a = b)
assign (t)
+ a l mt tn bin no
+ b l mt biu thc bt k.
+ t l mt danh sch lit k hoc tp hp cc phng trnh.
V d 1: Gn gi tr a = 2
> restart:
assign(a,2);
> a;
V d 2: Gn gi tr b = e x 2 , sin (x ) = 1 2 , c = 3a
> assign(b=exp(x-2),sin(x)=1/2);
assign(c=3*a);
> a,b,c;
2, e
> sin(x);
(x 2)
,6
1
2
s := { y = -1, x = 2 }
> assign(s);
x,y;
2, -1
9. ng nht cc h s ca 2 a thc
C php:
> assign(s);
> a;
> m;
> y;
-4
> match((a-3)*x^2-(b+3)*x+c=0,x,'s');
false
degree (P, x)
+ P l a thc
+ x l bin ca a thc
b. Hm cho bc thp nht ca a thc:
C php:
ldegree (P, x)
V d: > degree(2/x^2+5+7*x^3,x);
3
> degree(x*sin(x),x);
FAIL
> degree(x*sin(x),sin(x));
1
> degree((x+1)/(x+2),x);
FAIL
> ldegree(2/x^2+5+7*x^3,x);
-2
Trang 34
readlib (rationalize):
rationalize(expr)
x
x+2 3 5
> a:=x/(sqrt(x+2)-3*sqrt(5));
a :=
x
x+2 3 5
> realib(rationalize):
a:=rationalize(a);
a :=
x (3 5 + x + 2 )
43 + x
> is(b,positive);
false
> a;
> assume(x<1,y<1);
is(x*y < 1);
false
> assume(x>-1);
additionally(x<1);
is(1-x^2, positive);
true
> sin(n*Pi);
> cos(n*Pi);
0
( -1 )n~
> is(5,RealRange(5,infinity));
true
> is(5,RealRange(Open(5),infinity));
false
Trang 36
> assume(a,SquareMatrix);
assume(n,integer);
is(a^n,SquareMatrix);
true
> coulditbe(a^n,tridiagonal);
true
Trang 37
CHNG III
Trong :
> isolve(2*x^2-4*x-6=0,x);
{ x = -1 }, { x = 3 }
{ x = 1, y = 2, z = 3 }
Lu :
Nu s phng trnh t hn s n s th ta cn thm vo cc h s t do cho
s bin ca phng trnh.
> eqns:={3*x-2*y+z=2,x-y+2*z=3};
isolve(eqns,{a});
eqns := { 3 x 2 y + z = 2, x y + 2 z = 3 }
{ x = 2 + 3 a, y = 3 + 5 a, z = 2 + a }
eqns := { 3 x 2 y + z = 2, x y + 2 z = 3 }
{ x = 2 + 3 a, y = 3 + 5 a, z = 2 + a }
eqns := { 3 x 2 y + z = 2, x y + 2 z = 3 }
Trang 37
{ x = 5 4 t, y = 2 + 3 t }
pt := 2 x 5 y + 5 z + 3 = 0
{ y = t1, x = 4 5 t2, z = 1 + t1 + 2 t2 }
II. Tm nghim gn ng
C php:
Trong :
-4.536168981, -.6371813185
5.333333333
Tm nghim gn ng xp x vi gi tr ca x
> fsolve(sin(x),x=7.0);
6.283185307
Tm nghim gn ng xp x vi gi tr 1.0
> fsolve(f,1.0);
-1.414213562, 1.414213562
> restart:
solve(x^3+x-2);
1 1
1 1
1, + I 7 , I 7
2 2
2 2
2x - y = 1
3x + 2y = 0
> restart:
solve({2*x-y=1,3*x+2*y=0});
Trang 39
{y =
-3
2
,x= }
7
7
Ch :
+ RealRange (Open(2), Open(3)) l khong s thc m (2, 3).
+ RealRange (2, 3) l khong s thc ng tc on [2, 3 ].
x 2 2 x < 0
x + 2 > 0
> restart:
solve({x^2-2*x<0,x+2>0},{x});
{ x < 2, 0 < x }
4
= 10
x+m
> y:=normal(%);
x2 + 2 x m + m 2 + 4
y :=
= 10
x+m
> VT:=lhs(y);
VT :=
x2 + 2 x m + m 2 + 4
x+m
> VP:=rhs(y);
VP := 10
> TU:=numer(VT);
TU := x2 + 2 x m + m2 + 4
> MAU:=denom(VT);
MAU := x + m
> y:=collect(y,x);
y := x~2 + ( 10 + 2 m~ ) x~ 10 m~ + m~2 + 4 = 0
> delta:=discrim(lhs(y),x);
:= 84
Xc nh cc h s a, b, c:
> a:=coeff(lhs(y),x,2);
Trang 40
a := 1
> b:=coeff(lhs(y),x,1);
b := 10 + 2 m~
> c:=coeff(lhs(y),x,0);
c := 10 m~ + m~2 + 4
> x[2]:=(-b-sqrt(delta))/)(2*a);
x2 := 5 m~ 21
Ch :
+ My thng cho ta tt c cc nghim k c nghim phc i vi phng trnh
i s.
+ Khi gii cc phng trnh lng gic, i khi my ch cho ta mt vi nghim
tng qut i din ch khng phi l tt c cc nghim).
+ Kt qu ca vic gii h s c hin th dng kt qu nu my tm c
nghim chnh xc (nghim c th c biu din thng qua cc hm chun c sn ca
Maple nh SQRT, EXP, GAMMA, BESSEL,). Nu khng tm c nghim chnh
xc, hoc khng tm c nghim th kt qu s khng hin th ln mn hnh. Khi ,
ta c th tm nghim ca phng trnh bng cch tm nghim gn ng bng hm
fsolve(), hm cho gi tr gn ng evalf() hoc mt s phng php gn ng khc.
V d: Tm nghim ca phng trnh sau:
> y:=2*x+x^x-5=0;
y := 2 x + xx 5 = 0
> solve(y,x);
RootOf( 2 _Z + _Z _Z 5 )
RootOf (expr)
RootOf (expr, x)
RootOf (expr, x, c)
+x
Bin
+ a, b, c
Cc gi tr hng s
+i
+e
Mt biu thc no .
+ evalf (f)
+ evalf (f, n)
> RootOf(a*x^2+b*x+c,x);
RootOf( a _Z 2 + b _Z + c )
RootOf( _Z 2 x 1 )
1
mod 7
3
1+ 7 8
=
3
3
tip tc
8 + 7 15
=
=5
3
3
dng
+ 5 mod 7 = 5 vy
1
mod 7 = 5
3
( 1/3 )
( 1/3 )
1 ( 1/3 ) 1
1 ( 1/3 ) 1
, 2
+ I 3 2 , 2
I 32
2
2
2
2
( 1/3 )
RootOf( _Z 3 2, 1 .. 2 )
( 1/3 )
( 1/3 )
1 ( 1/3 ) 1
2
+ I 32
2
2
> evalf(r3);
RootOf( _Z 4 _Z 2 1, label = 1 )
> allvalues(r3);
1
1
1
1
2+2 5,
2+2 5,
22 5,
22 5
2
2
2
2
Trang 44
CHNG IV
TH TRONG MAPLE
I. th trong khng gian 02 chiu (02 Dimension)
1. th hm thng thng y = f (x)
C php:
with (plots):
plot([expr1,expr2..], rangeH,rangeV, options)
Trong :
+ expr1,expr2: Biu thc biu din mt hay nhiu hm s hay cc hm
dng tham s.
+ rangeH: Xc nh min v th trn trc honh (x = a ..b)
+ rangeV: Xc nh min v th trn trc tung (y = c..d)
V d:
plot(x^2+1,x=-1..3,y=-2..10);
+ axes = normal:
+ axes = boxed:
+ axes = frame:
+ Mc nhin l normal
b. T mu cho th (color): color = red, green, blue, black,....
c. Chn kiu ng cho th (linestyle): linestyle = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
+ 1: ng lin (solid)
+ 2: ng chm (dot)
+ 3: ng gch (dash)
+ 4: ng chm gch (dash-dot)
+ Gi tr mc nhin l 1.
d.Chn s lng im v cho mt th:
numpoints= <n>
Mc nhin l 50
e. Kiu im v th: ng, im hay symbol
+ style = line, point, patch , patchnogrid
style=line: th dng ng
style=point: th dng im
Trang 45
to cc
+ coords = polar
to cc
+ Mc nhin l to cc
Mt s cc h to khc: bipolar, cardioid, cassinian, elliptic, hyperbolic,
invcassinian, invelliptic, logarithmic, logcosh, maxwell, parabolic, polar, rose, tangent
i.Tiu ca th (title):
title = tn tiu ca th
j. Ch gii cho th (legend):
legend = text
k.Vit tiu cho trc tung v trc honh:
labels=[Tiu trc x,Tiu trc y]
V d: labels=[thi gian,qung ng]
l. Hng vit ch cho tiu trc tung v trc honh:
labeldirections = [x, y]
x,y: nhn cc gi tr l horizontal (ngang) hoc vertical (dc)
Mc nhin l horizontal
Trang 46
with (plottools):
display (L, insequence = true, options)
Trong :
+ L: mt th hoc nhiu th
+ options: cng c cc ty chn nh trong plot
+ insequence = true: cho hin th nhiu th th cc th s hin th
theo th t trong dy lit k L. th c lit k trc s hin th trc, tu chn ny
ch c tc dng trong v th ng (animation), cn trong th tnh th n ch hin
th th u tin trong dy lit k.
+ insequence=false: hin th cng mt lc tt c cc th trong dy L.
3. Vit ch trong th
C php:
with(plots):
textplot ([x, y, text])
Trong :
+ (x, y): V tr bt u xut chui k t ra mn hnh.
+ text: Chui cn xut ra mn hnh.
V d :
Trang 47
Ch s khc nhau khi t bin t trong ngoc vung cng vi hai hm (trong
v d 2) v t bin t ngoi ngoc vung (trong v d 3)
V d 4: V th hai hm sin(t) v cos(t) trn cng mt h trc to , min v
c xc nh trn trc tung v trc honh
> restart:
with(plots):
plot([sin(t),cos(t)],t=-Pi..Pi,-2..2,
thickness=[1,3],linestyle=[1,2]);
Trang 48
> restart:
with(plots):
plot([sin(t),cos(t)],t=-Pi..Pi,-2..1,
view=[-2..2,-1..1]);
V d 5: V th hm y= sin(3x) trong h to cc
> restart:
with(plots):
plot (sin(3*x), x = -Pi..Pi, coords = polar, scaling = constrained);
V d 6: V th hm s gin on c xc nh
1
f( x ) := -1
2<x
x<2
otherwise
Bc 1: khai bo hm s
> f(x):= piecewise(x>2,1,x<2,-1,0);
1
f( x ) := -1
2<x
x<2
otherwise
Bc 2: V th
plot(f(x),x=-5..5);
with (student):
showtangent (f(x), x = a)
Trong :
+ f (x) l hm s cn v
+ a l honh tip im.
V d:
> with(student):
showtangent(x^2+5, x = 2);
Trang 50
with (plots):
plot ([x (t), y(t), t = a..b], options)
x = t sin(t )
y = 1 cos(t )
V d: V ng xycloide
> restrat:
with(plots):
plot([t-sin(t),1-cos(t),t=2*Pi..2*Pi],
scaling=constrained);
5. ng cong trong ta cc
Mc ch: V ng cong trong ta cc r = f ( ) vi [a, b]
C php:
with (plots):
polarplot ( r(theta), theta = a..b, options)
V d: V ng xon c Archimede r =
> restart:
with(plots):
polarplot(theta,theta=0..4*Pi);
6. th hm n
Hm n l hm khng c cng thc biu din mt cch tng minh m ch bit
c phng trnh biu din mi quan h chng v cc bin c lp f(x,y,z,...) = 0
V d: phng trnh Ellipse:
x2 y2
+
1 = 0
9 16
Trang 51
with(plots):
Implicitplot (f (x,y) = 0, x = a..b,y = c..d, option)
Trong :
+ x = a..b: min v th trn trc honh
+ y = c..d: min v th trn trc tung
+ option: tng t nh khi v th vi hm thng thng m ta s
dng phn trn.
Khi s dng cc hm trong gi cng c th ta ch np gi cng c (package) mt
ln v cc hm ca gi cng c vn cn lu trong b nh cho n khi ta dng lnh
restart khi ng li b nh.
V d1: V ellipse c phng trnh
x2 y2
+
=1
9
4
> restart:
with(plots):
implicitplot(x^2/9+y^2/4=1,x=-4..4,y=-3..3,
scaling=constrained,view=[-5..5,-3..3]);
V d 2: V th hm s c xc nh bi phng trnh
1 2 1 2
x y =1
3
4
> restart:
with(plots):
implicitplot(x^2/3-y^2/4=1,x=-5..5,
y=-5..5,coords=cartesian);
> restart:
with(plots):
implicitplot(r = 1 - cos(theta),r=0..2,
theta=0..2*Pi,coords=polar,
scaling=constrained);
Trong :
+ f,g,h
nhng hm v th
+ a, b
hng s thc.
+ c, d
+ x, y
tn cc bin ca hm
CONSTRAINED
or
with (plots):
display3d (L,options)
Trong :
+ L: mt hoc nhiu th.
+ options: Cc ty chn tng t nh hm plot3d
V d 1: V mt phng z = x 2*y trong h to cc.
> restart:
with (plots):
plot3d(x-2*y,x=-2..2,y=-2..2,axes=box);
V d 2: V th hm s z = e x
y2
> restart:
with(plots):
plot3d(exp(-x^2-y^2),x=-2..2,y=-2..2,
title="MAT HAM MU",axes=frame,
gridstyle=triangular,
labels=["truc-x","truc-y","truc-z"],
scaling=constrained,shading=xyz,
light=[30,30,1,0.8,0.5],scaling=constrained,
filled=true, contours=30,
orientation=[60,30], thickness=1);
Trang 56
Trang 57
Th d 5: V th trong to cu (coords=spherical)
> restart:
with(plots):
plot3d({r*sin(phi)},r=0..2*Pi,phi=0..2*Pi,
axes=box,labels=["truc-x","truc-y","truc-z"],
scaling=constrained,orientation=[119,71],
coords=spherical);
V d 6: V th trong to tr (coords=cylindrical)
> restart:
with(plots):
plot3d({2},phi=0..2*Pi,r=0..2,axes=box,
labels=["truc-x","truc-y","truc-z"],
scaling=constrained,orientation=[119,71],
coords=cylindrical);
Trang 58
3. th hm 3D n
C php:
with (plots):
implicitplot3d ({exprs}, x =a..b, y = c..d, z = p..q,< options >)
Trong :
+ exprs: mt hay nhiu phng trnh v th
+ x = a..b, y = c..d, z = p..q: min v th.
+ a, b, c, d, p, q: l cc s thc
+ < options >: cc ty chn (nh phn th 3D)
V d 1: V hai th ca hai hm n x2 + y2 + z2 = 4, y = e-xz trn cng mt h
trc to .
> with(plots):
implicitplot3d({x^2 +y^2 + z^2 = 4,y = exp(-x*z)},
x=-1..2,y=-1..2,z=-1..1,axes=box,orientation=[161,60]);
V d 2: V hnh cu trong h to tr
> with(plots):
implicitplot3d(r^2+z^2 = 9, r=0..3,theta=-Pi..Pi,z=-3..3,
coords=cylindrical,scaling=constrained);
4. V th trong h ta tr
x = r cos( )
Trang 59
C php:
with (plots):
cylinderplot (r = a..b, theta = c..d, z = e.. f, options)
Trong :
+ r, theta, z l cc bin ca phng trnh.
+, a..b, c..d, e..f l cc khong bin thin ca r, theta, z.
+ options: Cc ty chn nh plot3D
V d:
> restrat:
with(plots):
cylinderplot(1,theta=0..2*Pi,z=-1..1);
> restrat:
with(plots):
cylinderplot(1+z^2,theta=0..2*Pi,z=-1..1,style=patch,
shading=zhue,thickness=1);
5. V th trong h ta cu
Mc ch: V ng cong trong h ta cu c phng trnh
x = r cos( )sin ( )
y = r sin ( )sin ( )
z = r cos( )
C php:
with (plots):
with (plottools):
sphereplot (r = a..b, theta = c..d, phi = e..f, options)
Trang 60
Trong :
+ r, theta, phi l cc bin ca phng trnh.
+, a..b, c..d, e..f l cc khong bin thin ca r, theta, phi.
+ options: Cc ty chn nh plot3D
V d:
> restart:
with(plots):
with(plottools):
sphereplot(1,theta=0..2*Pi,phi=0..Pi/2,
axes=boxed,style=patch);
> restart:
with(plots):
with(plottools):
display(sphere([0,0,2]),torus([0,0,-2]),
style=patch,axes=frame,scaling=constrained);
III. th ng
1. th 02 chiu ng
C php:
with (plots):
animate(expr, x =a..b, t =c..d, options);
Trang 61
Trong :
+ expr: hm v th ng
+ x = a..b: khong v trn trc honh
+ t: bin thay i dng ca th
+ t = c..d: khong thay i ca bin t.
+ options: Cc ty chn nh th 2D
+ frames = n: s lng frame dng cho hin th ng
Khi mun cho th chuyn ng sau khi v xong ta click chut vo th ta
s thy mt dy cc nt dng
iu khin cho vic
chuyn ng ca th xut hin,
click vo nt play th
th s chuyn ng.
V d: V th hm sin(x) v cho th chuyn ng di ngang mt chu k
(t=0..2* Pi), s frame hin th l 100 frame
> with(plots):
animate(sin(x+t),x=0..2*Pi,t=0..2*Pi,frames=100);
V d 2: V th hm s y=e-x/t bin i
> with(plots):
animate(exp(-x/t),x=0..2,t=1..100,frames=100);
Trang 62
2. th 03 chiu ng
C php:
with (plots):
animate3d (F, x = a..b, y =c..d, t =e..f, options)
Trong :
+ F: hm v th ng
+ x, y: khong v trn trc x v y
+ t: bin ng
+ t = e..f: khong gii hn ca frame
+ options: Cc ty chn tng t nh plot3d
Cch cho th chuyn ng tng t nh th ng hai chiu
V d 1:V th ng trong to cc, bin ng l u
> restart:
with(plots):
animate3d([x*u,t-u,x*cos(t*u)],x=1..3,t=1..4,u=2..4);
Trang 63
Trong :
+ c: to ca tm ng trn
plots[display](dt);
2. Hm v Ellipse
C php:
ellipse(c, a, b, options)
Trong :
+ c: tm ellipse
+ a: na di ca trc ellipse trn trc honh
+ b: na di ca trc ellipse trn trc tung
+ filled = true: t ellipse (false: khng t). Mc nhin l filled = false
1
4
V d: v ellipse c t eq := x2 + y2 = 1
>restart:
with(plottools):
eq := (x-x0)^2/a^2 + (y-y0)^2/b^2 = 1;
a := 2: b := 1: x0 := 0; y0:=0;
e := ellipse([x0,y0], a, b, filled=true, color=gold):
plots[display](e, scaling=constrained);
1
eq := x2 + y2 = 1
4
x0 := 0
y0 := 0
3. Hm v hnh ch nht
C php:
rectangle([x1, y1],[x2,y2],options);
Trong :
+ [x1, y1]: to nh di bn tri
+ [x2, y2]: to nh trn bn phi
+ options: tng t nh hm plot( )
Trang 65
4. V on thng ni hai im
C php:
with (plottools):
line([x1,y1], [x2,y2], options);
Trong
+ [x1, y1] l im u ca on thng
+ [x2, y2] l im cui ca on thng
V d: V on thng t A:=[-1,1] n B:=[3,4]
> dt:=plottools[line]([-1,1],[3,4],style=line):
plots[display](dt,view=[-2..5,0..5],
color=red,thickness=2);
5. V hyperbol
C php:
with(plottools):
Hyperbola ( [x0,y0], a, b, range);
Trong :
+ [x0, y0]: to tm i xng
+ a, b: l mt n a di cc cnh ca hnh ch nht c s a^2+b^2=c^2
+ range: min v x = a..b,y = c..d
V d: V hyperbol c xc nh bi phng trnh
> restart:
with(plottools):
with(plots):
Trang 66
x2
y2 = 1
4
a := 2: b := 1: x0 := 0: y0 := 0:
eq := (x-x0)^2/a^2 - (y-y0)^2/b^2 = 1;
h := hyperbola([x0,y0], a, b, -2..2):
display(h);
6. V a gic
C php: with (plottools):
polygon([[x1,y1], [x2,y2], [x3,y3],....], options);
V d: V a gic bn cnh
> with(plottools):
dagiac := polygon([[0,1], [3,4], [3,1],[1,0]],
color=red, thickness=2, scaling=constrained):
plots[display](dagiac, view=[-1..4,-1..5]);
7. V cung ellipse
C php:
with (plottools):
ellipticArc([x0,y0], a, b, arc1..arc2, options);
Trong :
+ [x0, y0]: to tm ellipse
+ a, b: di mt na cnh ca hnh ch nht c s
+ arc1: gc u
+ arc2: gc cui
V d: V cung ellipse t gc u 00 n gc cui 4 /3
> restart:
with(plottools):
d := ellipticArc([0,0], 4, 2, 0..4*Pi/3,
filled=true, color=green):
plots[display](d,scaling=constrained,
view=[-5..5,-5..5]);
Trang 67
8. V cung trn
C php:
with(plottools):
arc(c, r, a..b, options);
Trong :
+ c: to tm cung trn
+ r: bn knh
+ a..b: t gc bt u n gc cui
V d: V cung trn tm [1,0] bn knh r=1 t gc
> with(plottools):
a := arc([1,0], 1, Pi/2..Pi):
plots[display](a,scaling=constrained);
with(plots):
PLOT(CURVES([[x1,y1],[x2,y2],[x3,y3],..]));
V d: V th qua cc im sau
> A:=[1,2]:B:=[3,5]:C:=[3,2]:E:=[1,2]:
PLOT(CURVES([A,B,C,E]),COLOR(RGB,0,0.5,1));
Trang 68
CHNG V
Limit(f, x=a): Hm tr
Limit(f, x=a, dir): Hm tr
limit(f, x=a): Hm cho gi tr trc tip
limit(f, x=a, dir) : Hm cho gi tr trc tip
Trong :
+ f l mt biu thc i s (an algebraic expression)
+ x l bin ca hm f
+ a l mt gi tr, hoc infinity ( + ), hoc -infinity (- )
+ dir ch hng ly gii hn
left - gii hn bn tri
right - gii hn bn phi
real - gii hn thc
complex - gii hn phc
V d 1:Vit gii hn di dng hm tr
> f:=Limit(sin(x)/x, x=0);
f := lim
x 0
sin( x )
x
f := 1
Trang 69
V d 3: Tnh gii hn ca hm s y =
1
khi x 0
x
lim
x 0,complex
x 0-
1
=
x
x 0+
1
=
x
x +1 2
x
> limit((sqrt(x+1)-sqrt(2))/(x^(1/3)-1),x=1);
3
2
4
> (Limit(1/x,x=0)*Limit(x,x=0));
lim 1 ( lim x )
x 0 x x 0
> combine(%);
lim 1
x 0
2. V d ng dng
2
3
> restart:
with(student):
f:=x->-2/3*x^2+x;
2
f := x x2 + x
3
> (f(x+h)-f(x))/h;
2
2
( x + h )2 + h + x2
3
3
h
> Limit(%,h=0);
2
2
( x + h )2 + h + x2
3
3
lim
h
h0
> value(%);
4
x+1
3
> kq:=subs(x=0,%);
kq := 1
2 2
x + x , x = 0 ) = , 1
x 3
II. O HM CA HM S
1. o hm ca hm thng thng
a. o hm mt bin
C php:
Trong
+ f l hm s cn ly o hm
+ var l bin ly o hm
x2 + x +1
V d 1: Tnh o hm ca hm s f =
x 1
> f:=(x^2+x+1)/(x-1);
f :=
x2 + x + 1
x1
> diff(f,x);
2 x + 1 x2 + x + 1
x1
( x 1 )2
Trang 71
V d 2: Tnh o hm ca hm s y=xsin(cos(x))
> Diff(x*sin(cos(x)),x):%=value(%);
> g:=piecewise(x>=0,x^3+x,2*(x-1)^2);
g := {
x3 + x
2 (x 1)
0x
2
otherwise
> diff(g,x);
4x4
undefined
3 x2 + 1
x<0
x=0
0<x
> Diff(g,x);
x3 + x
{
x 2 ( x 1 ) 2
0x
otherwise
b. o hm bc cao v o hm ring:
C php:
diff(expr,x1,x2,...,xn);
diff(expr,[x1,x2,...,xn]);
Diff(expr,x1,x2,...,xn);
Diff(expr,[x1,x2,...,xn]);
Trong :
+ expr l biu thc cn ly o hm
+ x1,x2... cc bin ly o hm
V d 1: Tnh o hm
2
(xy sin (x ) sin ( y )) ta thc hin nh sau
x 2
> expr:=x*y-sin(x)-sin(y);
expr := x y sin( x ) sin( y )
> diff(expr,[x,x]);
sin( x )
Trang 72
3
f ( x, y , z )
y 2 x
> Diff(f(x,y,z),x,y,y);
3
y 2 x
f( x, y, z )
> Diff(y^3*cos(y),y$2):%=value(%);
2
y
2. o hm ca hm n
Hm n l hm khng c cng thc biu din mt cch tng minh m ch bit
c phng trnh biu din mi quan h gia chng v cc bin c lp.
a. Hm n v hng:
L hm xc nh bi phng trnh f(x,y)=0, trong y l bin ph thuc mt
chiu (hm) cn x l bin c lp.
C php:
thc hin
>
f:=y - x^2/z=0;
f := y
x2
=0
z
> implicitdiff(f,y,x);
2
Vy ta c
x
z
2x
y=
x
z
x2
=0
o hm ca y theo z c xc nh bi phng trnh y
z
> implicitdiff(f,y,z);
Vy ta c
x2
z2
x2
y= 2
z
z
Trang 73
V d 2: Cho x 2 + y 3 = 1
> g:=x^2+y^3=1;
g := x2 + y3 = 1
Tnh
y ta thc hin
x
> implicitdiff(g,y,x);
2 x
3 y2
( 1/3 )
+ Ly o hm ca y theo bin x
> Diff(y,x):%=value(%);
( 1/3 )
2
( 1 x2 )
=
3
x
Tnh
x
( 1 x2 )
( 2/3 )
x
y
> implicitdiff(g,x,y);
3 y2
2 x
Tnh
y
z
> implicitdiff(g,y,z);
0
> implicitdiff(g,y(x),x);
2 x
3 y2
Ch
> implicitdiff(f,y(a),x);
Error, (in implicitdiff) 2nd argument, y(a), must be a function of, x
My bo li v y=y(a) bin theo a cn ly o hm th theo x
Trang 74
> implicitdiff(g,y,x,x);
2 3 y3 + 4 x2
9
y5
2 3 y3 + 4 x2
9
y5
2y
z2 = 0
z
> f := a*x^3*y-2*y/z-z^2=0;
f := a x3 y
o hm ring
2y
z2 = 0
z
y ( x, z )
x
> implicitdiff(f,y(x,z),x);
3
a x2 y z
a x3 z 2
y ( x, z ) . Trong y,
zx
2y
z 2 = 0 . Ta thc hin nh sau:
z
> implicitdiff(f,y(x,z),x,z);
6
a x2 ( 2 y z 3 )
a 2 x6 z 2 4 a x3 z + 4
b. Hm n vect:
Hm n vect c xc nh bi h phng trnh {f1, f2,,fm}, trong mi fi
l mt phng trnh theo bin ph thuc {y1, y2,,yn} (cc hm n) v cc bin c
lp x1,x2,, xk.
ly o hm ca hm n vect ta thc hin nh sau:
+ Tnh o hm ca cc hm thnh phn {u1 , u 2 ,L, u r } trong vect hm
{y1 , y 2 ,L, y n } theo bin x
Trang 75
> implicitdiff({f,g},{y(x),z(x)},{z,y},x);
{ D( y ) =
1 x (1 + 6 z x)
x (1 + 6 x)
, D( z ) =
}
1 + z
2 y ( 1 + z )
dng
y
x
> implicitdiff({f,g},{y(x),z(x)},{z,y},x,notation=diff);
{
1 x (1 + 6 z x)
x (1 + 6 x)
y=
, z=
}
x
1 + z
2 y ( 1 + z ) x
g := x2 e
(z x)
=y
(z x)
(z x)
D( z ) x e
z}
y=2xe
x
> implicitdiff({f,g},{y,z},{y},x,notation=Diff);
{
Ta tnh cng mt lc
x
}
y=2
(
z
x)
x
ye
+1
z v
y . Bit x, y, z c xc nh trong h {f,g}
x
x
> implicitdiff({f,g},{y(x),z(x)},{y,z},x,notation=Diff);
(z x)
z+z
x
z = 2 y x + y e
,
y
2
=
x
(z x)
(z x)
x (y e
+ 1)
ye
+ 1
> g := u+v+w+x=z;
g := u + v + w + x = z
> h := u*v+w*x=z;
h := u v + w x = z
{ u =
}
( a cos( u v ) + b sin( w x ) ) ( u v ) x
z x
w
u ( w + x )
v (w x)
, D1( u ) =
, D1( v ) =
}
x
x (v u)
(u v) x
> implicitdiff({f,g,h},{u(x,z),v(x,z),w(x,z)},{u,v,w},
x,notation=Diff);
u ( w + x )
w
v (w x)
{ u =
, w = , v =
}
x x
x ( v u ) x
(u v) x
x z
z
z
> implicitdiff({g,h},{u(x,z),v(x,z),w(x,z)},{u,v,w},
x,notation=diff);
x v =
z
u x + u v + w x
x z
x z
ux
, w =
x z
u v u u u + w
x z
x z
ux
u = u
x x
z
z
int(f, var);
Int(expr, x);
Trong :
+ f: biu thc di du tch phn.
+ var: bin ly tch phn.
V d 1: Tnh tch phn (nguyn hm) ca hm f (x ) = 2 x 2 + sin x
> f:=2*x^2+sin(x);
f := 2 x2 + sin( x )
> int(f,x);
2 3
x cos( x )
3
2 x + sin( x ) d x
> value(A);
2 3
x cos( x )
3
2 x2 + sin( x ) d x = 2 x3 cos( x )
4 x2 + x 2
d x ta thc hin nh sau:
3
3
x
+
2
x
5
> f:=(4*x^2+x-2)/(3*x^3+2*x-5);
Trang 78
4 x2 + x 2
f :=
3 x3 + 2 x 5
> B:=int(f,x);
B :=
3
35
13
1
ln( x 1 ) + ln( 3 x2 + 3 x + 5 ) +
51 arctan ( 6 x + 3 ) 51
11
66
187
51
Rt gn biu thc li ta c:
> B:=normal(B);
B :=
3
35
13
1
ln( x 1 ) + ln( 3 x2 + 3 x + 5 ) +
51 arctan ( 2 x + 1 ) 51
11
66
187
17
kim tra li ta ly o hm ca B
> diff(B,x);
35
78
(6 x + 3)
66
187
3 1
+
+
2
11 x 1 3 x + 3 x + 5
3
1 + ( 2 x + 1 )2
17
Rt gi li biu thc ta c:
> normal(%);
4 x2 + x 2
( x 1 ) ( 3 x2 + 3 x + 5 )
2
V d 3: Tnh tch phn
ln( x + 1 + x ) d x
> C:=int(ln(x+sqrt(1+x^2)),x);
C := ln( x +
1 + x2 ) x
1 + x2
> Int(ln(x+sqrt(1+x^2)),x):%=value(%);
ln( x + 1 + x2 ) d x = ln( x + 1 + x2 ) x 1 + x2
x
V d 4: Tnh tch phn
sin( x ) e d x
> E:=int(sqrt(1-x^2)*sin(x),x);
E :=
1 x2 sin( x ) d x
1 2 1 4
1 6
x x
x + O( x7 )
2
6
180
Trang 79
( x )
ln( x ) d x
V d 5: Tnh tch phn
e
2
2
( x )
ln( x )
> P:=int(F,x);
( x2 )
P :=
ln( x ) d x
e
1
1
P := x ln( x ) x ln( x ) x3 + x3 + O( x5 )
3
9
1
1
P := x ln( x ) x ln( x ) x3 + x3
3
9
b. Tch phn xc nh
C php:
int(f, x=a..b);
Int(f, x=a..b );
Trong :
+ f: biu thc cn tnh tch phn.(f phi lin tc trn an [a,b] hoc c
im gin an loi 1 trn an [a,b])
+ x: bin ly tch phn
+ a..b: khong ly tch phn
1
2
cos( x )
dx
1 + sin( x ) 2
Trang 80
> int(cos(x)/(1+sin(x)^2),x=0..Pi/2);
1
Hoc ta mun nhn dng tng minh ca biu thc tch phn ta dng hm Int():
> p:=Int(cos(x)/(1+sin(x)^2),x=0..Pi/2);
1/2
p :=
cos( x )
dx
1 + sin( x )2
> f:=(1+sin(x))*exp(x);
f := ( 1 + sin( x ) ) e x
> B:=int(f,x=0..1);
1
1
1
B := e e cos( 1 ) + e sin( 1 )
2
2
2
dx
1 + x4
> Int(1/sqrt(1+x^4),x=0..1):%=value(%);
1
1
1+x
dx =
1
1
EllipticK
2
2
2
ngha nh sau:
EllipticF(z,k) =
1
1 t2
EllipticK(k)=EllipticF(1,k)
b
sin( x )
dx
V d 4: Tnh tch phn
a
Trang 81
1 k2 t 2
dt
> Int(sin(x)/x,x=a..b)=int(sin(x)/x,x=a..b);
b
sin( t )
dt
Si(x)=
t
0
2
1x
Tnh tch phn sau
f( x ) d x
0
otherwise
1
V d 1: Cho hm s f( x ) := {
2
> f:=piecewise(x>=1,1,2);
f := {
1
2
1x
otherwise
V ng biu din ca hm s:
> plot(f,x=0..2,y=-2..2,discont=true);
Ta nhn thy rng x=1 l im gin an loi 1 nn n kh tch trong an [0,2]
> s:=int(f,x=0..2);
s := 3
> plot(f,x=0..2,y=-2..2,discont=false,filled=true);
f( x ) d x = lim
f( x ) d x
a
b
a
f( x ) d x = lim
f( x ) d x
a ( )
a
1
1
gin an v cc ti x = 0 trong on [-1, 2]
V d:
d x hm y =
x
x
-1
0
2
tn ti gii hn lim
f( x ) d x hu hn th tch phn l hi t v:
c b-
a
b
f( x ) d x = lim
f( x ) d x
a
c b-
a
tn ti gii hn lim
f( x ) d x hu hn th tch phn l hi t v
c a+
c
f( x ) d x = lim
f( x ) d x
a
c a+
c
c
d
d
c
d
l hi t v
f( x ) d x = lim
f( x ) d x + lim
f( x ) d x
a
c a+ c
c b- a
dx
V d 1: Tnh tch phn sau:
2
1+x
0
Trang 83
> f:=1/(1+x^2);
f :=
1
1 + x2
A :=
dx
1 + x2
Gi tr ca tch phn ny l
> A:=value(A);
A :=
dx
V d 2: Tnh tch phn sau:
( x a )2
a 0
0
a < 2 a +
2 a
0
( 2 + a ) a
0
2 2
0
a 0
a < 2 a 2
2 a
1
( 2 + a ) a
x 1 dx
0
x 1 dx
0
g:=1/(1-x);
f:=Int(1/(1-x), x=0..c):
g :=
1
1x
>Limit(f,c=1,left):%=value(%);
c
1
lim
dx =
c 1-
1x
0
with(student):
Doubleint (f, x, y): tch phn bt nh
hoc Doubleint (g, x, y, Domain)
hoc Doubleint (g, x = a..b, y = c..d ): tch phn xc nh.
Trong :
+ f:biu thc ly tch phn.
+ x, y: Cc bin ca f.
+ a, b, c ,d: Cn ly tch phn.
+ Domain: Tn min ly tch phn.
V d 1:Vit cng thc tnh tch phn bt nh sau:
f( x, y ) d x d y
> with(student):
Doubleint(f(x,y),x,y);
f( x, y ) d x d y
x2 y sin( y ) d x d y
V d 2: Tnh tch phn sau
Ta thc hin
> f(x,y):=x^2*y-sin(y);
with(student):
Doubleint(f(x,y),x,y);
f( x, y ) := x2 y sin( y )
x2 y sin( y ) d x d y
1 3 2
x y + x cos( y )
6
x2 y sin( y ) dx d y
Ta thc hin
> with(student):
Doubleint(f(x,y),x=a..b,y=c..d);
d
x2 y sin( y ) dx d y
x y sin( y ) dx d y
0
1
> with(student):
Doubleint(x^2*y-sin(y),x=1..a,y=0..Pi);
x2 y sin( y ) dx d y
0 1
Kt qu tnh c l:
> value(%);
1 2 3 1 2
a 2a+2
6
6
x 3 y dx dy
D
b.Tch phn 3 lp
C php:
with (student):
Tripleint (g, x, y, z) : tch phn bt nh
Tripleint (g, x, y, z, Domain)
f( x, y, z ) d x d y d z
V d 1: Vit cng thc tnh tch phn sau
Ta thc hin
> with(student):
Tripleint(f(x,y,z),x,y,z);
f( x, y, z ) d x d y d z
sin( y ) x z d x d y d z
V d 2: Tnh tch phn bt nh sau
> with(student):
Tripleint(sin(y)*x-z,x,y,z);
sin( y ) x z d x d y d z
> value(%);
1
1
x2 cos( y ) z z 2 x y
2
2
f( x, y, z ) d x d y d z
V d 3: Vit cng thc tnh tch phn sau
e
c
a
> with(student):
Tripleint(f(x,y,z),x=a..b,y=c..d,z=e..f);
f
f( x, y, z ) d x d y d z
e
c
a
1 dx dy dz
V d 4: Tnh tch phn sau
0
0
0
> with(student):
Tripleint(1,x=0..1,y=0..1,z=0..1);
1
1 dx dy dz
0
0
0
> value(%);
1
1
x2 + y2 + z 2 d x d y d z
V d 5: Tnh tch phn sau
-1-1-1
> with(student):
Trang 87
Tripleint(x^2+y^2+z^2,x=-1..1,y=-1..1,z=-1..1);
value(%);
1
x2 + y2 + z 2 d x d y d z
-1-1-1
with (student):
changevar (s, f);
changevar (s, f, u);
changevar (t, g, v);
Trong :
+ s l mt biu thc dng h(x) = g(u) xc nh x nh hm ca u.
+ f L biu thc c cho di dng thc nh Int(F(x), x = a...b)
+ u Tn bin mi.
+ t - Tp cc phng trnh xc nh php bin i nhiu n.
+ g K hiu hnh thc ca tch phn bi.
+ v Danh sch cc bin mi.
Ch :
Tham s th nht trong cc lnh trn l mt hay nhiu phng trnh xc nh bin
mi theo bin c. Nu c nhiu hn 2 bin th bin mi phi c cho v tr ca tham s
th ba. Tham s th hai l biu thc cha Int, Sum, Limit hay Doubleint hoc Tripleint.
3
V d 1: Dng phng php i bin s tnh tch phn
( cos( x ) + 1 ) sin( x ) d x
u d u
1
( cos( x ) + 1 )4
4
Trang 88
x2 + y2 d x d y
V d 2: Dng phng php i bin tnh tch phn sau
> with(student):
assume(r>0);
changevar({x=r*cos(phi),y=r*sin(phi)},
Doubleint(x^2+y^2,x,y),[phi,r]);
3
r d d r
with assumptions on r
> value(%);
1 4
r
4
with assumptions on r
with(student):
Intparts (f, u);
Trong :
+ f: l biu thc c dng Int (udv, x)
+ u: l tha s kh vi ca biu thc di du tch phn.
Lnh trn s cho kt qu di dng uv-Int (vdu, x)
V d 1: Dung phng php tch phn tng phn, tnh tch phn
5
sau
x cos( x ) d x
> with(student):
intparts(Int(x^5*cos(x),x),x^5);
4
x5 sin( x )
5 x sin( x ) d x
2 x
V d 2: Tnh tch phn tng phn sau K :=
x e d x
> restart:
with(student):
K:=Int(x^2*exp(x),x);
2 x
K :=
x e d x
Trang 89
2 x e d x
2 x e d x
2 e d x
2 e d x
> K:=p1+p2+p3;
K := x2 e x 2 x e x + 2 e x
1 2 1
+
8
2
> expand(%);
1 2 1
1
+
8
2
2
1
cos( x ) x2 + x d x
1/2
1/2
cos( x ) x2 d x
Trang 90
x cos( x ) d x
Trang 91
CHNG VI
I S TUYN TNH
Maple cho php ta tnh nh thc ma trn, gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh,
Ngoi ra Maple cn cho php ta tm gi tr ring, vect ring, a thc c trng, tm
dng chnh tc ca ma trn v tnh rt nhiu ma trn c bit nh Hilbert, Toeplitz,
Cc lnh ca i s tuyn tnh c ci t sn trong gi cng c linalg do
trc khi s dng ta phi np gi cng c ny vo trong b nh bng lnh:
> with(linalg):
Warning, the
unprotected
protected
names
norm
and
trace
have
been
redefined
and
2
5
4
1
4
0
Hoc ta c th vit:
> matrix(3,4,[1,2,1,2,3,5,4,6,3,4,0,2]);
1
2
5
4
1
4
0
2
5
4
1
4
0
Trang 92
f( 1, 1 )
f( 2, 1 )
V d 1: To ma trn C :=
> C:=matrix(2,2,f);
V d 2: To ma trn
f( 1, 2 )
f( 2, 2 )
f( 1, 1 )
C :=
f( 2, 1 )
f( 1, 2 )
f( 2, 2 )
x3
x2
A := 2 x3 2 x4
3 x4 3 x5
> g:=(i,j)->i*x^(i+j);
A:=matrix(3,2,g);
g := ( i, j ) i x
(i + j)
x3
x2
A := 2 x3 2 x4
4
5
3
x
3
x
> B:=Matrix(3,2,init);
0
B :=
1
-1
B := 1
-1
> init:={(1,1)=a,(1,2)=b,(2,1)=2,(2,2)=2};
C:=Matrix(2,2,init);
init := { ( 1, 2 ) = b, ( 1, 1 ) = a, ( 2, 1 ) = 2, ( 2, 2 ) = 2 }
a
C :=
2
> Matrix(2,3,[[6,2],[2,5,1]]);
6
2
2
5
f := ( j, k ) j + k
2
3
4
5
4
4
4
4
V d:
> A:=array(1..3,1..2,[[1,2],[2,6],[4,23]]);
1
A := 2
23
> v := array(1..3,1..3);
for i from 1 to 3 do
for j to 2 do
v[i,j] := i^2+j^2
end do;
end do;
print(v);
v := array( 1 .. 3, 1 .. 3, [ ] )
2 5 v1, 3
5 8 v
2, 3
10 13 v
3
,
3
10
5
8
13
v1, 3
v3, 3
> v[2,5]:=a:print(v);
Trang 94
2
5
10
17
26
10 17
8
13
13 20
18 25
20
25 32
29
34 41
v1, 5
v3, 5
v4, 5
v5, 5
e. To vect:
C php:
Trong :
+ n l s phn t ca vect.
+ O: Ty chn row hoc column (mc nhin l column).
V d:
> vector(3,[2,3,32]);
> vector([2,3,32]);
[ 2, 3, 32 ]
[ 2, 3, 32 ]
> s:={(1)=1,(2)=5}:
Vector(2,s);
1
5
> Vector(2,[1,2]);
1
2
> Vector[column]([2,3]);
2
3
> Vector[row](3,[1,2,4]);
[ 1, 2, 4 ]
> Vector[row](3,[1,2]);
> Vector(3);
[ 1, 2, 0 ]
0
0
0
> vector(3);
[ ?1, ?2, ?3 ]
Trang 95
3 4
1
B :=
3
true
b. Tng hai ma trn: Dng lnh nh gi evalm tnh tng ca hai ma trn
C php:
evalm (expr)
> evalm(C+E);
2
C :=
4
1
E :=
9
b
F :=
1
3
13
3 + a
> evalm(C+2*E-F);
4 b 3 + 2 a
21
9
A := [ 3, 4 ]
B := [ 1, 2 ]
11
> multiply(A,B);
11
> C:=matrix(3,2,[[1,2],[2,1],[1,3]]);
E:=matrix(2,3,[[0,2,1],[2,0,2]]);
F:=matrix([[2,0,0],[1,2,3],[4,2,1]]);
1 2
C := 2 1
1 3
0 2 1
E :=
2 0 2
2
F := 1
> multiply(C,E);
2
6
> multiply(E,C);
5
4
0
2
2
2
4
2
1
5
10
Nhn v tnh tng cng mt lc bng lnh lng gi, my s thc hin theo th
t nhn trc ri cng tr sau.
V d:
> evalm(C&*E-2*F);
0 2 5
0 0 -2
-2 -2 5
> A:=matrix(1,2,[1,2]);
B:=matrix(3,1,[1,3,2]);
A := [1 2]
1
B := 3
2
> multiply(A,B);
Trang 97
> multiply(B,A);
Trong :
+ u, v l cc vect.
+ A1, A2,, An l cc ma trn.
V d:
> u:= vector(2, [1,2]);
> w:=Vector([1,3]);
u := [ 1, 2 ]
1
w :=
3
v := [ 1, 2, 3 ]
> innerprod(u,A,v);
1
0
16
> innerprod(A,v);
[ 6, 5 ]
> innerprod(u,w);
7
crossprod (u, v)
Trong :
+ u, v l cc vect cn nhn c hng
+ Mi vect c 3 thnh phn.
V d:
> u:= vector([1,2,0]);
> v:= vector([2,1,4]);
u := [ 1, 2, 0 ]
v := [ 2, 1, 4 ]
Trang 98
>
uxv:=c(matrix([[2,0],[1,4]]),matrix([[0,1],[4,2]]),matrix([[1,
2],[2,1]]));
2 0 0 1 1 2
uxv := c
,
,
1 4 4 2 2 1
> crossprod(u,v);
[ 8, -4, -3 ]
Ch : u x v = (u[2]* v[3] u[3]* v[2], u[3]* v[1] u[1]* v[3], u[1]* v[2] u[2]* v[1])
f. Tnh tch v hng ca 02 vect
C php:
dotprod (u, v)
hoc
Ch :
+ i vi s phc tch v hng ca u v v bng tng cc tch ca u[i]
nhn vi lin hip phc ca v[i]: u.v = u i (conjugate(v i ))
i
u := [ 2 + I, 3 2 I ]
v := [ 1 I, 2 I ]
> dotprod(u,v);
9+2I
> dotprod(u,v,orthogonal);
78I
trace (T)
vi T l mt ma trn
V d: Tm vt ca ma trn sau:
> A:=matrix(2,2,[1,2,4,a]);
1
A :=
4
> trace(A);
1+a
Trong :
Trang 99
2 0 3
> P:=submatrix(A,1..2,2..3);
2
P :=
0
> P:=submatrix(A,[1,2],[1]);
8
P :=
2
i. To mt vect t mt ma trn:
C php:
subvector (A, r, c)
[ 8, 2, 5 ]
> subvector(A,1..2,2);
[ 2, 0 ]
row (A, i)
col (A, i)
Trch ct th i ca ma trn A.
Trch t ct i n ct k ca ma trn A.
Trong :
+ A l mt ma trn
+ i, k l cc ch s nguyn.
V d:
> A:=matrix(3,3,[2,2,5,9,8,5,2,7,2]);
2
A := 9
2
8
7
Trang 100
> u:=row(A,3);
u := [ 2, 7, 2 ]
> v:=row(A,1..3);
v := [ 2, 2, 5 ], [ 9, 8, 5 ], [ 2, 7, 2 ]
> v[2];
[ 9, 8, 5 ]
> c:=col(A,2);
> d:=col(A,1..2);
c := [ 2, 8, 7 ]
d := [ 2, 9, 2 ], [ 2, 8, 7 ]
> d[1];
[ 2, 9, 2 ]
f := ( i, j ) 2 i + 2 j
4
A := 6
6
8
10
8
10
12
10
12
14
B := 4
8
6
10
10
8
12
12
10
14
C := 4 8 6 10
8 12 10 14
Trong :
+ A l mt ma trn
+ r1, r2, c1, c2: Cc dng ct ca ma trn A
Trang 101
V d:
> f:=(i,j)->a(i,j);
A:=Matrix(3,4,f);
f := a
a( 1, 1 ) a( 1, 2 ) a( 1, 3 ) a( 1, 4 )
A := a( 2, 1 ) a( 2, 2 ) a( 2, 3 ) a( 2, 4 )
a( 3, 1 ) a( 3, 2 ) a( 3, 3 ) a( 3, 4 )
5 a( 2, 1 ) + a( 1, 1 ) 5 a( 2, 2 ) + a( 1, 2 ) 5 a( 2, 3 ) + a( 1, 3 ) 5 a( 2, 4 ) + a( 1, 4 )
B :=
a( 2, 1 )
a( 2, 2 )
a( 2, 3 )
a( 2, 4 )
a( 3, 1 )
a( 3, 2 )
a( 3, 3 )
a( 3, 4 )
C := a( 2, 1 ) a( 2, 2 ) t a( 2, 1 ) + a( 2, 3 ) a( 2, 4 )
a( 3, 1 ) a( 3, 2 ) t a( 3, 1 ) + a( 3, 3 ) a( 3, 4 )
> C[2,3];
t a( 2, 1 ) + a( 2, 3 )
V d:
> f:=(i,j)->2*(i+j);
A:=Matrix(3,2,f);
f := ( i, j ) 2 i + 2 j
4
A := 6
10
4
6
B := 6 a + 6 x2 8 a + 8 x2
8
10
Nhn ct th 1 ca A vi 3, ta c:
> C:=mulcol(A,1,3);
12
C := 18
24
10
Trang 102
A := 3
B := [2 5]
1
E := 23
4
3
C :=
4
5
5
F := 23
2
3
4
o. Tm ma trn chuyn v:
C php:
transpose (A)
3
2
4
5
adjoint (A)
Trang 103
> adjoint(A);
3
-2
-1
q. Tm ma trn c trng:
C php:
charmat (C, x)
by kt qu theo bin x
V d:
> C:=matrix(3,3,[2,2,3,2,3,4,5,0,9]);
2
C := 2
> charmat(C,lambda);
-2
-5
2
3
0
-2
3
0
-3
-4
3 14 2 + 32 13
with (linalg):
rref (A);
V d:
> with (linalg):
A:=matrix(3,4,[2,1,3,2,3,5,2,1,1,2,3,5]);
rref(A);
Warning, the protected names norm and trace have been redefined and
unprotected
A := 3
1
5
2
3
2
3
Trang 104
5
-20
9
7
9
17
9
with (linalg):
gaussjord (A, r);
Trong :
+ A l ma trn cn bin i.
+ r cho bit hng ca ma trn.
V d:
2
A := 3
1
5
2
3
2
3
A := 3 5 2 1
1 2 3 5
-20
9
7
9
17
9
with (linalg):
eigenvectors (A);
V d:
> with(linalg):
Warning, the protected names norm and trace have been
redefined and unprotected
Trang 105
A := 3
-3 3
-5 3
-6 4
> v := [eigenvectors(A)];
v := [ [ -2, 2, { [ 1, 1, 0 ], [ -1, 0, 1 ] } ], [ 4, 1, { [ 1, 1, 2 ] } ] ]
v. Tm gi tr ring ca ma trn:
C php:
with (linalg):
eigenvalues (A);
V d: Tm gi tr ring ca ma trn A
> e := eigenvalues(A);
e := 4, -2, -2
w. Tm hng ca ma trn A:
C php:
with (linalg):
rank (A);
with (linalg):
det (A);
with (linalg):
inverse (A);
with (linalg):
Trong :
+ A l ma trn vung.
+ r, d: l cc tham s cho bit hng v nh thc ca A (c hoc khng).
V d:
> with(linalg):
A := matrix(3,3, [3,1,0,2,3,1,1,9,1]);
3 1 0
A := 2 3 1
1 9 1
1
7
3
0
-19
> r;
Trang 106
> d;
-19
with(linalg):
geneqns(A, vars);
geneqns(A, vars, b);
Trong :
+ A l ma trn
+ vars: Tn cc bin ca h phng trnh.
+ b: Vect v phi ca h.
V d:
> with(linalg):
A := matrix(3,3, [3,1,0,3,1,1,1,3,5]);
b:=array([2,9,2]);
3 1 0
A := 3 1 1
1 3 5
b := [ 2, 9, 2 ]
> geneqns(A,[x,y,z],b);
{ 3 x + y + z = 9, x + 3 y + 5 z = 2, 3 x + y = 2 }
with (linalg):
genmatrix (eqns, vars, b);
genmatrix (eqns, vars, flag);
Trong :
+ eqns: H phng trnh
+ vars: Tn cc bin ca h phng trnh.
+ b: Vect v phi ca h.
+ flag: nu c tham s flag th ct vect bn phi cng c ghp chung
vo ma trn.
V d: Lp ma trn t h 02 phng trnh f1 v f2 sau y:
> with(linalg):
f1:=2*x+3*y=13;
f2:=x+y=5;
Warning, the protected names norm and trace have been redefined and
unprotected
Trang 107
f1 := 2 x + 3 y = 13
f2 := x + y = 5
> B:=genmatrix({f1,f2},[x,y],flag);
2 3 13
B :=
5
1 1
> C:=genmatrix({f1,f2},[x,y],`b`);
2 3
C :=
1 1
[ 13, 5 ]
> E:=genmatrix({f1,f2},[x,y]);
2 3
E :=
1 1
f1 := 2 x + 3 y = 13
f2 := x + y = 5
> restart:
with(linalg):
f1:=2*x+3*y=13;
f2:=x+y=5;
Warning, the protected names norm and trace have been redefined and
unprotected
f1 := 2 x + 3 y = 13
f2 := x + y = 5
2
C :=
1
13
U :=
5
linsolve(C,U);
2
3
Vy nghim ca h l: x = 2 v y = 3
Trang 109
CHNG VI
PHNG TRNH VI PHN V O HM RING
I. Phng trnh vi phn
Maple cho php ta tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn, v nghim
c th nu c iu kin ban u no , hay tm nghim gn ng ca phng trnh
bng phng php s, phng php th, phng php tm nghim dng chui...
Nhc li mt s k hiu:
D() : Ton t vi phn
D(y)(x): vi phn cp mt ca hm y theo bin x
D(D(y))(x): vi phn cp hai ca hm y theo bin x [ ]
(D@@k)(y): vi phn cp k ca hm y theo bin x [ ]
diff(y(x),x):
1. Mt s php bin i
a. Bin i Laplace
i. bin i laplace thun
C php:
with(inttrans):
laplace(expr, t, s);
Trong
expr: biu thc cn bin i
t: bin ca hm gc
s: bin ca hm nh
Th d:
> with(inttrans):
> laplace(t^2+sin(t)=y(t), t, s);
2
1
+ 2
= laplace( y( t ), t, s )
3
s
s +1
+
4 s ( 5/2 ) s 1 s 2 a 2
86
(a t)
sin( b t )
+ Dirac( t )
b
b. Bin i Fourier
i. Bin i fourier thun
+ Bin i Fourier
> with(inttrans):
fourier(expr,t,w);
trong :
expr: biu thc hm cn bin i
t: bin ca hm gc
w: bin ca hm nh fourier
Th d:
> with(inttrans):
> assume(a>0):
fourier(3/(a^2 + t^2),t,w);
3
( a~ w )
Heaviside( w )
e
+3
a~
( a~ w )
Heaviside( w )
a~
> fourier(diff(f(x),x$4),x,w);
w4 fourier( f( x ), x, w )
87
+. Bin i fouriersin
C php:
> with(inttrans):
fouriersin(expr,t,w);
Th d:
> with(inttrans):
> fouriersin(f(t),t,u);
fouriersin( f( t ), t, u )
> fouriersin(%,u,s);
f( s )
g( t )
> fouriersin(t*exp(-3*t)*Heaviside(t),t,w);
2
2 w ( 27 + w2 )
( 9 + w2 )
+. Bin i fouriercos
C php:
> with(inttrans):
fouriercos(expr,t,w);
Th d:
> with(inttrans):
> fouriercos(3/(t + a),t,w);
3
> fouriercos(%,s,x);
1
1 + x2
C php:
with(inttrans);
invfourier(expr,w,t);
Th d:
> with(inttrans):
> invfourier( fourier(f(x),x,w),w,x-2);
f( x 2 )
> invfourier(t*exp(-3*t)*Heaviside(t),t,w);
1
1
2 ( 3 + I w )2
> convert(Heaviside(t),piecewise);
>
0
undefined
t<0
t=0
0<t
> convert(%,polynom);
x + x2 + 2 x3 + 3 x4 + 5 x5
89
dsolve(ODE, var)
1
y( x ) =
x
x1
ODE := u( t ) + 2 t = 0
t
> ICs:=u(0)=0;
ICs := u( 0 ) = 0
ODE := 2 y( t ) + 4 y( t ) + y( t ) = 0
t
( ( 2 + 3 ) t )
+ _C2 e
( ( 2 + 3 ) t )
y( x ) = z( x ) y( x ) x
x
pt2 :=
z( x ) = y( x )
x
ini := y( 0 ) = 0, z( 0 ) = 1
> dsolve({pt1,pt2,ini},{y(x),z(x)});
{ z( x ) = 1 + x
+
( ( 1/2
1
5e
5
( ( 1/2
1
5e
10
5 1/2 ) x )
5 1/2 ) x )
( ( 1/2
1
5e
5
1 ( ( 1/2
e
2
5 1/2 ) x )
1 ( ( 1/2
, y( x ) = 1 e
2
5 1/2 ) x )
( ( 1/2
1
5e
10
5 1/2 ) x )
5 1/2 ) x )
Trong :
transform: c cc hnh thc sau y : laplace, fourier, fouriercos, fouriersin
Th du1: Gii phng trnh bng phng php bin i Laplace vi iu kin ban
u y(0)=0,
Cch 1: Gii bng hm dsolve()
+ Khai bo phng trnh
> ODEs:=diff(y(x),x,x)+5*diff(y(x),x)+6*y(x)=0;
ODEs := 2 y( x ) + 5 y( x ) + 6 y( x ) = 0
x
+ Khai bo iu kin u
> ini:=y(0)=0,D(y)(0)=1;
ini := y( 0 ) = 0, D( y )( 0 ) = 1
+ Tm nghim tng qut phng trnh bng phng php bin i Laplace
> dsolve({ODEs},y(x),method=laplace);
y( x ) = e
( 3 x )
D( y )( 0 ) 2 e
( 3 x )
y( 0 ) + 3 e
( 2 x )
y( 0 ) + e
( 2 x )
D( y )( 0 )
( 2 x )
( 3 x )
f := 2 y( x ) + 5 y( x ) + 6 y( x ) = 0
x
Khai bo iu kin u
assign(y(0)=0,D(y)(0)=1);
Bin i Laplace hai v ca phng trnh
> with(inttrans):
A:=laplace(f,x,s);
A := s 2 laplace( y( x ), x, s ) 1 + 5 s laplace( y( x ), x, s ) + 6 laplace( y( x ), x, s ) = 0
{ laplace( y( x ), x, s ) =
1
}
s +5s+6
2
( 2 x )
( 3 x )
ODE := 2 y( x ) y( x ) = e
x
pt := 2 y( x ) y( x ) = sin( x )
x
> with(inttrans):
assume(x>=0);
fourier(pt,x,w);
w2 fourier( y( x ), x, w ) fourier( y( x ), x, w ) = I Dirac( w 1 ) + I Dirac( w + 1 )
> N:=solve(%,{fourier(y(x),x,w)});
N := { fourier( y( x ), x, w ) =
I ( Dirac( w 1 ) Dirac( w + 1 ) )
}
w2 + 1
> invfourier(N,w,x);
93
(I x)
( I x )
1
{ y( x ) = I ( e
e
)}
4
Vn :
3. Tm nghim phng trnh di dng chui v dng s
4. V th nghim ca phng vi phn
II. Phng trnh o hm ring
C php:
> with(PDEtools):
pdesolve(PDE);
Trong :
PDE: phng trnh o hm ring
Th du 1: Tm nghim hnh thc ca phng trnh sau
f( x, y )2 g( x )
PDE := x f( x, y ) f( x, y ) =
h( y )
y
x
Thc hin
Khai bo phng trnh
> PDE := x*diff(f(x,y),y)-diff(f(x,y),x)=f(x,y)^2*g(x)/h(y);
f( x, y ) 2 g( x )
PDE := x f( x, y ) f( x, y ) =
h( y )
y
x
ans := f( x, y ) =
g( _a )
1
d _a + _F1 y + x2
2
1
1
h _a 2 + y + x2
2
2
+ 1/sin(phi)^2*Diff(Diff(F(r,phi,theta),theta),theta) = 0;
with(PDEtools):
ans := pdsolve(PDE,F(r,phi,theta));
F( r, , )
sin( ) F( r, , )
2
2
PDE := r F( r, , ) +
+
=0
sin( )
sin( )2
r r
_F2
(
_F2
(
)
_c
1
sin( )
2
sin( )2
PDE := 2 U( x, t ) C 2 2 U( x, t ) = 0
t
95