11.

0 REACTION KINETICS

Objectives:

1. Define reaction rate, average rate,

instantaneous rate and initial rate.
2. Determine the reaction rate based on a
differential equation.
 REACTION KINETICS
Chemical kinetics is the study of the rates of
chemical reactions, the factors that affect these
rates, and the reaction mechanisms by which
reactions occur.
Important

industrial process

-Time
-Optimum yield
-Optimum conditions
control over reaction,
obtain products economically,
using optimum conditions
 Rate of reaction
• Reaction rate is the change in the concentration
of a reactant or a product with time.
• Unit of rate (mol L-1 s-1 )
1
• rate ∝
Time
Example; A → B

- d[A] d[A] = change in concentration of A

rate =
dt
dt = period of time
d[B]
rate = dt d[B] = change in concentration of B

Because [A] decreases with time, d[A] is negative.

 A B

time

[B] ↑
d[A]
rate = -
dt

d[B]
rate =
dt [A] ↓
 Rate of reaction

• The average rate is the rate over a period of time.

• The rate of reaction at a given time is called an
instantaneous rate of reaction.
• The instantaneous rate at the beginning of a
reaction is called the initial rate of reaction.
• Instantaneous rate is determined from a graph of
concentration vs time by drawing a line tangent to
the curve at that particular time.
Rate of reaction
Reaction:
H2O2(aq) → H2O(l) + ½ O2(g)
Reaction rates are obtained
from the slopes of the straight
lines;
purple
An average rate from the
purple line.
The instantaneous rate at
t =300 s from the red line.
blue red
The initial rate from the blue
line.
Br2 (aq) + HCOOH (aq) 2Br- (aq) + 2H+ (aq) + CO2 (g)

instantaneous rate = rate at a specific time

d[Br2] [Br2]final – [Br2]initial

average rate = - =-
dt tfinal - tinitial
 The differential rate equation

A differential rate equation enables the relationship

between the rate of disappearance of reactants and
the formation of products.

Consider the reaction,

aA + bB → cC + dD

1 d[A] 1 d[B] 1 d[C] 1 d[D]

Rate = − =− = =
a dt b dt c dt d dt

a,b,c and d are the stoichiometric coefficients

 The differential rate equation
Example:
The formation of NH3,
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)

The differential rate equation is;

d[N 2 ] 1 d[H 2 ] 1 d[NH 3 ]
Rate = − =− =
dt 3 dt 2 dt
The equation means that the rate of disappearance
of N2 is 1/3 the rate of disappearance of H2 and 1/2
the rate of formation of NH3.
Example 1:
Consider the reaction, 2HI → H2 + I2,
determine the rate of disappearance of HI when
the rate of I2 formation is 1.8 x 10-6 M s-1 .

Solution:
1 d[HI] d[H 2 ] d[I 2 ]
Rate = − = =
2 dt dt dt
d[I 2 ]
= 1.8 × 10-6
dt
1 d[HI] d[I 2 ]
Rate = − =
2 dt dt
d[HI]
= 2 × 1.8 × 10-6 = 3.6 × 10-6 M s-1
dt
EXERCISE 1:
Hydrogen gas produced nonpolluting product is
water vapour when react in O2 due to this reaction
has been used for fuel aboard the space shuttle,
and may be used by Earth-bound engines in the
near future.
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g)

• Express the rate in terms of changes in [H2],

[O2] and [H2O] with time.

• When [O2] is decreasing at 0.23 mol L-1 s-1 , at

what rate is [H2O] increasing?
(0.46 mol L-1 s-1 )
 Exercise 2:

Consider the reaction,

NO(g) + O2(g) →2NO2(g).

Suppose that at a particular time during the

reaction nitric oxide (NO) is reacting at the rate of
0.066 M s-1
a) At what rate is NO2 being formed?
b) At what rate is molecular oxygen reacting?
Exercise 3:

Consider the reaction,

N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)

Suppose that at a particular moment during the

reaction molecular hydrogen is reacting at the rate
of 0.074 M s-1
a) At what rate is ammonia being formed?
b) At what rate is molecular nitrogen reacting?