Hvac 2015 - 2

3105/2015/ " "(*)
e.hosam2000@gmail.com
HVAC system
H = Heating, V = Ventilation, A = Air, C = Conditioning

...............................................
Course contents
Manual ASHRAE
1- Load Estimation
HAP
2- Different HVAC systems
D-X Direct Expansion
Chilled water system
" " "
"
"
Split
Package
i.e. 4 components in the

Mini , concealed , same package
central split
Window ,central package
3 central package
central split
selection factor
" "
()1
) " "(*2015/05/31
Type catalogue
3- Air out lets
Design location, number, type, size
4- Duct design Duct Seizer

Duct Type:Rectangular
Circular
Duct " "

Elbow " "
5- Duct construction Branch \ take off
Accessories: volume, fire damper
Duct weight: manual, Excel
6- Duct connections:
7- Duct test: smoke, light Test
8- Duct insulation: Types, Design
Chilled water net work GPM
Circulation chilled water pump
[Design flow Q, Head H , Pump set]
9- Chilled water system
Balancing system, load variation system

Equipments [Chiller, circulation pump, FCU, AHU, Cooling tower]
101112-
Fans: [ Types, construction]

BMS: Building Manage System design drawings, BOQ
Ventilation:
)2(
" "
3105/2015/ " "(*)

Design Package
1- Design Drawings
Grill: number for each size
Pipes: length for each diameter
Duct: weight
Insulation: area
2- BOQ Bill Off Quantities
3- Specification
:
- 9 12 contents Advanced HVAC
(
) (
)

.

" "
()3
) " "(*2015/05/31
1- Load Estimation
*manual
. 1-1 Types of loads:

a) External loads [solar heat gain, transmittion heat gain]
b) Internal loads [people, lighting, equipments, miscellanies equip.]
c) Ventilation [ fresh air CFM ]
1-2 notes on comparison:
a)
Dry bulb temperature
Wet bulb temperature
Tdb

sensible heat
Twb

latent heat
Humidity Twb ,Humidity
b)
Humidity Ratio
Twb
Relative Humidity
:
c)

1234567-
Solar
transmittion
internal people
internal lights
internal equipments
internal misc. equipments
ventilation
)4(

Sensible
Sensible
Sensible, latent
Sensible
Sensible
Sensible, latent
Sensible, latent
" "
3105/2015/ " "(*)


!

!
" "
()5
) " "(*2015/05/31
1-3 BTU Sheet
- Space name: ..
- Space location: .
- Indoor condition Based on application human comfortable temperature; Tdb = 75F Air at 50% RH
- out door condition: Based on project location design condition {HAP, Ashrae, }
Load
1-solar
2-transmittion
a)people
b)light
3-internal
c)equipment
d)Misc. equip.
4-ventilation
sensible
R.S.H
latent
R.L.H
Room Sensible Heat

=
Room Latent Heat
O.A.S.H
O.A.L.H
Outside Air Sensible Heat
Outside Air Latent Heat
G.S.H
G.L.H
Grand Sensible Heat
Grand Latent Heat
= R.S.H + O.A.S.H
= R.L.H + O.A.L.H
)6(
" "
3105/2015/ " "(*)

1-4 load estimation:

1-4-1 solar heat gain:
" " Walls " ." Glass
Walls [ solar, transmittion] solar transmittion Qs,t
Qs
Qt
Qs,t
- Solar heat gain through glass:

)Qs = A* F * (Solar heat gain \ feet^2
Where:
BTU\hr
Qs
( ) area of glass window
solar heat gain factor
glass type " curtains"
:
- ( -: 16 )
-:-More safe: F= 1
- More applicable: F = 0.35
" "
()7
3105/2015/ " "(*)

( 15 )
)(Solar heat gain \ feet^2
: ( ) - Location of the project latitude

- Timing month, hour
( ) - Direction
From table 15 we get the follow as standard for our design work:
direction
North
N-E
E
S-E
S-W
W
N-W
H
Magnitude in BTU\hr
33
139
165
163
163
165
139
250
* 15
N-E
N-W
S-E
S-W
" "
()8
3105/2015/ " "(*)

1-4-2 Transmittion load:

transmittion
Roof
transmittion only :

Level 2
a) glass,
"" ", floor ", ceiling" b) Partition"
Partition
Ceiling
Level 1
Floor
solar & transmittion :

" a) wall "
Wall
" b) Roof
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
transmittion only :
a) Glass:
Qt = A * U * T
Where:
( ) area of glass window
over all heat transfer coefficient

:
- ( -: 33 )
-:-More safe: U= 1
- More applicable: U = 0.45
Temp. diff. = 29F, for Egypt

" "
()9
3105/2015/ " "(*)

"" ", floor ", ceiling" b) Partition"

Qt = A * U * T
Where:
( ) area of Partition, ceiling, floor

:
- ( -: 26 )
-:-More safe: U= 1
- More applicable:
*partition U = 0.33
* Ceiling, floor U= 0.1: 0.2
T
3 :

T= Tdb Tdb
T= Tdb Tdb

T = 0
:
room= 75F
room= 75F
Where:
"Tdb = Tdpout
- 2 spaces conditioned
with the same unit
- administration building
Where:
Tdb = Tdpout -10F
Where:
Where:

104F

104F
Tdpout Tdpout
" "
()10
) " "(*2015/05/31
solar & transmittion :

a) wall ""
b) Roof "
Qs,t = A * U * Teq
Where:
area of wall or roof ) (
Teq = teq + t correction

Where:
teq
from table 20
t correction
from table 20-a
...
From table 20 we get the follow as standard for our design work for teq:
Condition
Magnitude of teq
Exposed to sun wall & roof

Covered with water roof only
Sprayed roof only
Shaded roof only
46
22
18
14
t correction for Egypt = 12

)11(
" "
) " "(*2015/05/31
1-4-3 internal loads:

1-4-3-1 people: sensible, latent
Qs = no. of person * sensible heat gain for each person

Ql = no. of person * latent heat gain for each person
Where:
- No. of person
From table 63 we get No. of person \ feet ^2 which it depends on type of application.
- Sensible, latent heat gain for each person:

It depends on type of application. From table 48
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
1-4-3-2 light: sensible

:
incandescent normal lights
Fluorescent lights
Light load = wattage * 3.4
Light load = wattage * 3.4 * 1.25
Locke @ table 49
: wattage light *
1- Electrical drawing: lighting fixture :
2- Electrical engineer
3- Range Assumption :
Residential
20: 25 wattage\m^2
)12(
Malls
25: 30 wattage\m^2
Factories
35 wattage\m^2
" "
3105/2015/ " "(*)

1-4-3-3 Equipments: sensible
Qs = total wattage of equipments * 3.4

Where:
Qs
BTU
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
1-4-3-4 Miscellanies Equipments: sensible, latent:

Locke @ table 50, 51, 52
S, L :
Electrical burning table 50
Gas burning table 51

" - hooded
- not hooded
* . not hooded
* hooded not hooded
0.5
* : 52 S, L
Qs = sum [sensible load for each equipments].

Ql = sum [latent load for each equipments].
" "
()13
) " "(*2015/05/31
1-4-4 Ventilation load:

Fresh air CFM
Return CFM
supply CFM
Exhaust CFM
Step (1): calculate Fresh air CFM from table 45
no. of persons * CFM per person

area * CFM per sq.feet
Step (2): calculate load from this air [Qs, Ql]
1) Qs = 1.08 * CFM * T
Where:
Qs
BTU\ hr
T = [ Tdp)out Tdp)in ]
CFM
29 = ) 75 104 (
from table 45
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
2) Ql = 0.6 8 * CFM * (Gr \ lb)

Where:
Ql
BTU\ hr
CFM
from table 45
(Gr \ lb)
)14(
" "
" "
3105/2015/ " "(*)

] (Gr \ lb) = [(Gr \ lb)out - (Gr \ lb)in

:

Tdb)out = 104F , at 52% RH
5 Tdb)out = 104F , at 52% RH = 165
(Gr \ lb)out = 165

" " :
Tdb)in = 75F , at 50% RH
5 Tdb)in = 75F , at 50% RH "" =65
65
= (Gr \ lb)in
)(Gr \ lb

.

" "
()15
) " "(*2015/05/31
*
: BTU Sheet -
BTU Sheet
- Space name: ..
- Space location: .
- Indoor condition Based on application human comfortable temperature; Tdb = 75F Air at 50% RH
- out door condition: Based on project location design condition {HAP, Ashrae, }
Load
1-solar
2-transmittion
a)people
b)light
3-internal
c)equipment
d)Misc. equip.
4-ventilation
sensible
R.S.H
latent
R.L.H
Room Sensible Heat

=
Room Latent Heat
O.A.S.H
O.A.L.H
Outside Air Sensible Heat
Outside Air Latent Heat
G.S.H
G.L.H
Grand Sensible Heat
Grand Latent Heat
= R.S.H + O.A.S.H
= R.L.H + O.A.L.H
Air conditioning capacity = G.S.H + G.L.H =
TR 12000 BTU\hr
)16(
" "
3105/2015/ " "(*)

1-5 Supply CFM:

1-5-1 By pass factor:
fresh " - " coil
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1-5-2 Effective Sensible Heat Factor ESHF:
E S H F = (room sensible heat \ room total heat) + by pass factor
Where:
sensible + latent
Room total heat
]))E S H F = [(R.S.H + 0.1 O.A.S.H) \ (R.S.H + R.L.H + O.1 (O.A.S.H + O.A.L.H

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1-5-2 Temperature Apparatus Dew Point TADP:
coil
- TADP 65 ESHF
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
])Supply CFM = [(R.S.H + 0.1 O.A.S.H) \ ((1.08 * 0.9) (Tdp in TADP
CFM
()
" "
()17
) " "(*2015/05/31
2- Cooling cycle & Different HVAC Systems
2-1 cooling cycle:
Liquid
Liquid
outdoor unit
Condenser
Evaporator
Expansion valve
Compressor
Indoor unit
Vapor
vapor
Low pressure zone
high pressure zone

)18(
" "
) " "(*2015/05/31
2-2 HVAC Systems:

2-2-1 Types of HVAC Systems
D-X Direct Expansion
"
"
" " "
wall
ceiling
free stand
Split
Package
i.e. 4 components in the
Mini , central split, same package
concealed
Window ,central package
ducted unit grill mini Ducted
return duct
" free return

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
2-2-2 comparison between central package & central split:

central package
central split
Disadvantage:
Advantage:
- required additional space for duct

risers
- no separate control
- dont required additional space for

duct risers
- separate control
Advantage:
Disadvantage:
- easier in installation
- no oil trap is required
- high cost for refrigerant pipes pipes,

welding, test, insulation
- oil trap is required
" S " S

)19(
" "
) " "(*2015/05/31
2-2-3 Factor affecting for selection:

2-2-3a Block load full project load:
required System
Available Full load
Window & mini split

Concealed
Central package, split
Chiller
7 TR
7: 15 TR
15: 70 TR
> 70 TR
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
2-2-3b Capital cost:

L.E per TR
Window
mini
1000
1500
concealed central package central split
2000
3000
3500
chiller
4500
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
2-2-3c Running cost:

L.E per TR
Window
mini
concealed central package central split
chiller
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
2-2-3d Available duct space:

central package, central split -
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
2-2-3e previous design:

)20(
" "
3105/2015/ " "(*)

2-3 load control system:

3 :
VRV
VAV
CAV
Variable Refrigerant
Volume
Variable Air Volume

system
Constant Air Volume

system
compressor

- control in air flow
chilled water system
damper
:
damper

- control in chilled
water flow

" .
" "
()21
3105/2015/ " "(*)

3- Air out lets

3-1 functions of air out lets:
Its function is; diffusion for air inside the space.
- Air out lets called diffuser, air terminals
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
3-2 types of air out lets:

" "
4
"
"
" "
grill
- Colure, Shape
3-2-1 ceiling diffuser
3-2-2 linear grill
3-2-3 jet diffuser
3-2-4 fresh air lover
3-2-5 exhaust air valve
* Exhaust air
:
exhaust air-

100
" "
()22
3105/2015/ " "(*)

3-3 factors roles affecting air out lets design:

3-3-1 types of ceiling:
" ":
3-3-1a ceiling tiles:
( ) 24 * 24 ( cm ) 60 * 60" " Neck area
" Effective area
" Register
" Face area
Ex:
- Grill 24 * 24 face area
- Grill 18 * 18 neck area
:
- neck inch 3 ~ face
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
3-3-1b gypsum pored:

" "
()23
3105/2015/ " "(*)

3-3-2 CFM for each air out let :

)CFM each air terminal = (total CFM \ no. of air terminal
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
3-3-3 size of grill

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
3-3-4 noise level:

Max. Accurate sound
db 32 =
: db 48 =
ceiling diffuser CFM each air terminal : size Nc size .

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
3-3-5 air through:
X = (3\4) L
Where:

L ........... Grill
" "
()24
3105/2015/ " "(*)

3-4 air out lets design:

:
Reflected ceiling plane
Architectural plane
RCP
CFM noise
: RCP grill Grill
noise
grill noise
CFM each air terminal...
size RCP CFM each air terminal Size

.
" "
()25
3105/2015/ " "(*)

4- Duct design Duct Seizer

4-1 Duct Type: - width
Depth
Circular
Rectangular
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Rectangular depth plane depth -:
D
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Rectangular width plane -:
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
" "
()26
3105/2015/ " "(*)

4-2 The factors which affected on design of ducts:

CFM
Size W * D , diameter
Velocity V
Friction f
1234-
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
4-3 Rules of duct sizing selection:
= 4-3-1 Aspect Ratio A.R
heat losses
duct weight
Aspect Ratio
- round square
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
2-3-4 width depth
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
3-3-4
D2 > D1 - D1 = D2 Tee
- The role is: D1 > D2 2

depth width branch depth main " "
()27
) " "(*2015/05/31
4-3-4 Reduction:
. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
4-4 steps of design:

4-4-1 load estimation
TR
4-4-2 air out lets design
CFM for each grill
4-4-3 design drawing
CFM
single line from ACU to air out lets simple, symmetrical
4-4-4 calculate CFM in each duct section

4-4-5 use the Duct Sizer program
4-4-6 constant friction
4-4-7 @ each section by CFM, f we get sizing
Note that:
*@ van which is nearest to compressor;
- max. Velocity 1200 fpm.
- CFM = total CFM
- By max. Velocity, total CFM; we get duct sizing friction
)28(
" "
3105/2015/ " "(*)

duct sizer
-1
75F Air at 50% RH and 1 atm
-2 CFM 500 Flow

rate 1200 velocity .
-3 head loss 0.276

.
-4 head loss
. 0.276
friction .
" "
()29
3105/2015/ " "(*)

-5 flow rate 500
-6 Duct size Equivalent diameter
" "
()30
3105/2015/ " "(*)

-7
"< branch 2
-8 D D .
-9 Duct size .
- Section flow rate.987
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Ex1: - Grill grill CFM 500
single line from ACU to air out lets simple, symmetrical
- Design drawing
- calculate CFM in each duct section
" "
()31
3105/2015/ " "(*)

- use the Duct Sizer program

- Constant friction
- @ each section by CFM, f we get sizing
- 9
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Ex2:
700 CFM for each air out let:
" "
()32
3105/2015/ " "(*)

single line from AHU to air out lets simple, symmetrical
- Design drawing
- use the Duct Sizer program

- Constant friction
- @ each section by CFM, f we get sizing
- 9
" "
" "
()33
""split depth
- calculate CFM in each duct section
3105/2015/ " "(*)

-:
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

600 CFM for each grill
" "
()34
) " "(*2015/05/31
5- Duct construction :
5-1 Volume damper:
duct -
5-1-1 Function:
- Balance for air quantities inside duct network
- Equalizing to friction or pressure drop in all baths

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
5-1-2 Type of volume damper:
)35(
" "
3105/2015/ " "(*)

5-1-3 Location volume damper:

- Supply ducts at entering of each branch.

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

5-1-4 Smacna cad standard:
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Note that:
volume damper .
- Volume damper must be accessible BY access panel from air outlet.

Because of:
Testing & commissioning

- TAB
Testing & Balancing & Adjustment

" "
()36
3105/2015/ " "(*)

5-2 fire damper: smoke damper

" " Spring

spring
:
Return branch
" "Fire rated wall" "
Fire rated wall " " duct ( ) Duct
Fire sealant material Fire damper

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Note that:
- Return CFM is from supply CFM for the same space.
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
5-3 Branch take off:
curve flow
" "
()37
3105/2015/ " "(*)

5-4 Reducer:
: 10 duct .-Its location: After 10cm from the branch take off
- Its length:
)L= 4(W1 W2
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
5-5 Elbow:
Guide vanes
" "
()38
) " "(*2015/05/31
Design of Guide vanes: from table as shown
width plane
riser depth
Table of Guide vanes
Depth for the elbow
No. of Guide vanes
Up to 10
12 : 16
16 : 24
More than 24
No Guide vanes
one Guide vanes
two Guide vanes
three Guide vanes
Ex:
1
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
)39(
" "
3105/2015/ " "(*)

- Guide vanes
width

or
Where:
Rt
) throat radius ( 3 : 6
RH
Heel radius
RH= Rt +
Depth
Rt RH -:
:
Guide vanes Rt RH Guide vanes R2 R1

" "
()40
3105/2015/ " "(*)

5-6 Canvas:
AHU Supply Return
AHU
(To prevent Horizontal Vibration
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
- Vertical Vibration construction element
Rubber bad
spring cup
Floating floor
AHURubber bad
AHUspring

AHU
( )
" "
()41
) " "(*2015/05/31
6- Duct test: smoke, light Test

Smoke Test
-
light Test
:-
fire damper 1- fall darkness

2- Test to be done for separate straight
: - Network branches need to be closes duct.
3- when silica used it must be opaque
before test.
- Smoke equipment to be provides
In case of leakage
- Reconstruction or used Silica (opaque or Transparent)
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
In case of no leakage
Contractor
WIR
consultant
Work inspection Request
)42(
" "
) " "(*2015/05/31
7- Duct insulation: Types, Design

7-1 Sound insulation
- In supply Duct branch.
- In return Duct branch.
- Elbow
* Sound insulation is in side duct.
Duct Arm flex -
** Its Function is damping sound level

It from 1cm to 3cm
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
7-2 Heat insulation:
- For the whole network
* Heat insulation is outside the duct
Fiber glass Duct installation -
** Its Function is:

- Decrease heat transfer.
- Prevent water vapor condensation on the outer duct surface.
Return Supply . Duct
)43(
" "
) " "(*2015/05/31
*** Density of Heat insulation:

3
12
Density
24 3
48
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
**** Thickness of Heat insulation:
1
2
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Duct insulation
In door duct
Air condition region
- Density 12
- Thickness 1
outdoor duct
- duct is on roof or shaft
- Density 24 3
- Thickness 2
- Density 48 3
- Thickness 4
) (outdoor duct
) ( Cladding
)44(
" "
3105/2015/ " "(*)

***** Duct insulation steps

- 1 " " foster
- 2 4

5
over lap
5 duct tape:
- 3
- 4 5
Duct tape
- 5 Duct Belt:

" "
()45
) " "(*2015/05/31
8- Design Package
1- Design Drawings
2- BOQ Bill Off Quantities
Grill: number for each size

Pipes: length for each diameter
Duct: weight
Insulation: area
3- Specification SPCS
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
8-1 Duct: weight
2- General
3-
W= 0.4 (w + H) T * L
1- equations
excel sheet -
@ duct Rectangular:
W D L T
@ Elbow:
Rt RH
Kg
inch mm m
1.1 safety factor
**
:
- Branch , - Reducer , - Take off
Larger size
Duct thickness T
Required thickness
Up to 12
14 : 30
32 : 40
More than 40
0.6 mm
0.7 mm
0.8 mm
1 mm
- Scrap percentage:
15 : 25 %
)46(
" "
3105/2015/ " "(*)

8-2 Insulation area:
A = .05 ( W + H ) L
m
inch
A = A * 1.1 safety factor

=
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
" "
()47

Hvac 2015 - 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Hvac 2015 - 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

3105/2015/ " "(*)

Chilled water system

" " "

i.e. 4 components in the

Window ,central package

Design location, number, type, size

4- Duct design Duct Seizer

Duct " "

9- Chilled water system

Balancing system, load variation system

Fans: [ Types, construction]

3105/2015/ " "(*)

2- BOQ Bill Off Quantities

. 1-1 Types of loads:

3105/2015/ " "(*)

1-3 BTU Sheet

Room Sensible Heat

Room Latent Heat

Outside Air Sensible Heat

Outside Air Latent Heat

Grand Sensible Heat

Grand Latent Heat

3105/2015/ " "(*)

1-4 load estimation:

- Solar heat gain through glass:

( ) area of glass window

solar heat gain factor

glass type " curtains"

3105/2015/ " "(*)

)(Solar heat gain \ feet^2

: ( ) - Location of the project latitude

3105/2015/ " "(*)

1-4-2 Transmittion load:

solar & transmittion :

( ) area of glass window

over all heat transfer coefficient

Temp. diff. = 29F, for Egypt

3105/2015/ " "(*)

"" ", floor ", ceiling" b) Partition"

( ) area of Partition, ceiling, floor

over all heat transfer coefficient

Tdb = Tdpout -10F

solar & transmittion :

area of wall or roof ) (

over all heat transfer coefficient

Teq = teq + t correction

Exposed to sun wall & roof

t correction for Egypt = 12

1-4-3 internal loads:

Qs = no. of person * sensible heat gain for each person

- Sensible, latent heat gain for each person:

1-4-3-2 light: sensible

Light load = wattage * 3.4

Light load = wattage * 3.4 * 1.25

3105/2015/ " "(*)

1-4-3-3 Equipments: sensible

Qs = total wattage of equipments * 3.4

1-4-3-4 Miscellanies Equipments: sensible, latent:

Qs = sum [sensible load for each equipments].

1-4-4 Ventilation load:

no. of persons * CFM per person

Step (2): calculate load from this air [Qs, Ql]

2) Ql = 0.6 8 * CFM * (Gr \ lb)