Chng 7

KET CAU VA TNH TOAN COT

7.1.GII THIEU CHUNG.
7.1.1 Khai niem cot, [09], [08].
Cau kien thang ng cua cong trnh lam viec theo nen hoac nen co uon doc goi la cot.
Can c vao tai trong, chieu cao va ieu kien lam viec ngi ta che tao cot co tiet dien khong oi,
thay oi, kieu dan mat li hoac cot ac bung lien tuc.

7.1.2 - Cac tiet dien thng dung.

a) Cot ac (hnh 7.1; 7.2; 7.3)
Cot ac thng co tiet dien ch I, loai
nay chu uon doc va ngang rat tot. Cac loai
cot thep co tiet dien ch I ch dung khi tai
trong khong ln v chung kem on nh. Cot
phc hp tiet dien hon hp dung khi tai trong Hnh 7.1. Cac dang tiet dien cot ac ch I: a Thep
ln va co u iem hn cot mat li la che tao hnh pho thong rx >> ry; b Loai co canh rong rx
de dang, t h hong.
ry; c Loai ghep t 3 ban thep; d, e, g Ghep t 3
Cac tiet dien phc hp thng gap thep hnh.
nh hnh 7.1. Loai cot co tiet dien hp ly
nhat la tiet dien tron va kn (hnh 7.3). Tuy
nhien can phai co bien phap bao ve e nc
khong lot vao trong lam han r ong.
b) Cot rong (hnh 7.5)
Cot dan mat li bao gom: loai 2
Hnh 7.2 Cac dang tiet dien ch thap cua cot ac.
hoac 4 thanh lien ket vi nhau bang cac
thanh giang. Vi cac loai cot mat li nay
khi thay oi khoang cach gia cac thanh bien
hoac tiet dien cua thanh bien co the tang o
cng cua cot len nhieu. Bi vay cot mat li
rat thch hp khi chieu cao cua cot ln.
chang han thap, cot cua can truc cot, v.v
Mot so loai cot kieu mat li trnh
bay hnh 7.4 co 4 loai au c dung nhieu
nhat, o la loai: khong co thanh cheo, tam
giac co thanh cheo va tam giac. Cac ac
trng tiet dien cua cot mat li hnh 7.5.
Tiet dien pho bien nhat gom 2 thanh bien co
tiet dien kieu ch I hoac ch U. Loai co 4
Hnh 7.3 Cac dang tiet dien kn cua cot ac.
thanh bien bang thep goc dung khi chieu cao
cua cot ln.
Nhng cot nen ung tam thng co tiet dien khong oi theo toan bo chieu cao, khi o ket
cau che tao se n gian. Tuy nhien cot mat li co tiet dien thay oi nhe hn, ong thi nang cao
182

c tnh on nh va kha nang chu tai cua cot, do o loai cot co tiet dien thay oi c dung
nhieu cac loai can cua can truc, cot cua can truc va mot so may nang khac.

Hnh 7.4 Mot so loai cot kieu mat li.

Hnh 7.5 Cac dang tiet dien cot rong.

7.2.TNH TOAN COT CO TIET DIEN KHONG OI

CHU NEN UNG TAM.
7.2.1 Tnh toan cot co tiet dien khong oi chu nen ung tam.
a) Tnh toan cot ac.
Cot co tiet dien phc hp dung trong ket cau thep thng co chieu cao ln, v vay kha
nang chu tai gii han cua chung c tnh toan khi cot mat on nh.
Tnh on nh cua cot chu nen theo cong thc (3.101).[09]:
N
N gh
=
[ ]. ;
hoac:
(7.1)
R.
Fn
Fn
ay Fn

dien tch tiet dien chu nen;

he so giam nho kha nang chu tai khi uon (he so chiet giam ng suat);
He so tra theo bang 7.1 phu thuoc vao o manh :
l
l.
(7.2)
= tt =
r
r
ay ltt
chieu dai tnh toan cua thanh; l chieu dai hnh hoc cua thanh;
r
ban knh quan tnh cua tiet dien;

he so chieu dai tnh toan, phu thuoc vao cach lien ket 2 au cua cot (hnh 7.6)
Ban knh quan tnh cua tiet dien thep can nh hnh tra trong cac so tay vat lieu, cung co
the tnh cho bat ky kieu tiet dien nao theo cong thc sau:
J
(7.3)
r=
Fn

Dung cac cong thc (7.3) va bang 7.1, ta de dang tnh kiem tra on nh cho cot chu nen
co tiet dien a biet. Tuy nhien la chon tiet dien theo cong thc nay se dan en mot so tr ngai,
bi v khong biet c la dien tch tiet dien Fn hay he so phu thuoc vao o manh . Do vay khi
chon tiet dien theo cong thc (7.1) phai theo phng phap ung dan theo trnh t sau ay:
183

Bang 7.1 He so khi uon doc cua cac cau kien chu nen ung tam, (B.15).[07], (B.3.8).[03].
o
manh
cua
cau
kien
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200

Thep
CT3,
CT 4
1,00
0,99
0,97
0,95
0,92
0,89
0,86
0,81
0,75
0,69
0,60
0,52
0,45
0,40
0,36
0,32
0,29
0,26
0,23
0,21
0,19

Hp kim nhom

CT 5

142, 102C1,
15C, 102C,
102C, 15XCH,

10XCH

AM6

AM61

16

1,00
0,98
0,96
0,93
0,89
0,85
0,80
0,74
0,67
0,59
0,50
0,43
0,37
0,32
0,28
0,25
0,23
0,21
0,19
0,17
0,15

1,00
0,98
0,95
0,92
0,89
0,84
0,78
0,71
0,63
0,54
0,46
0,39
0,33
0,29
0,25
0,23
0,21
0,19
0,17
0,15
0,13

1,00
0,98
0,95
0,92
0,88
0,82
0,77
0,68
0,59
0,50
0,43
0,36
0,31
0,27
0,23
0,20

1,000
0,998
0,997
0,943
0,830
0,726
0,628
0,538
0,460
0,388
0,332
0,283
0,243
0,210
0,184
0,160

1,000
0,998
0,996
0,900
0,780
0,660
0,557
0,463
0,387
0,332
0,285
0,236
0,200
0,171
0,147
0,128

1,000
0,990
0,980
0,835
0,700
0,568
0,455
0,352
0,290
0,227
0,185
0,153
0,127
0,110
0,095
0,083

Hnh 7.6 Xac nh he so chieu dai tnh toan.

*) Phng phap 1:
Bc 1 Chon trc gia tr nao o cua 1 (chang han 1 = 0,5 0,7). Dung cong thc
(5.1) e tm dien tch tiet dien yeu cau Fn1. Biet Fn1 ta chon ta chon loai tiet dien theo cac cong
thc a biet va xac nh ban knh quan tnh r va o manh .
184

Bc 2 Can c vao ban knh quan tnh r va o manh ta tra bang tm c 2; neu 2
tm c gan bang 1 th tnh toan coi nh ket thuc. Trng hp neu 2 tm c ln hn tr so 1
gia nh th ta lai chon tiep 3 co gia tr trong khoang 1 2 roi tnh toan tiep tuc nh ban au
cho en khi nao co ket qua thoa man 2 1.
*) Phng phap 2:
Co the chon trc cac kch thc cua tiet dien roi tnh toan theo cong thc (7.1). Ket qua
tnh toan c neu cha thoa man yeu cau th lai thay oi mot so kch thc cua tiet dien chon
ban au, roi tiep tuc tnh toan en khi nao co tiet dien thoa man.
*) Phng phap 3:
Co the chon trc o manh roi xac nh ban knh quan tnh cua tiet dien yeu cau theo
cong thc (5.2). Ban knh quan tnh cua tiet dien lien quan en kch thc cua tiet dien theo quan
he sau (xem hnh 7.7):

Hnh 7.7.a Mot so tiet dien cua cot va cach xac nh cac ban knh quan tnh rx , ry.
rx = x.h
ry = y.b
ay (x, y) la cac he so; h, b la cac kch thc cua tiet dien (xem hnh 7.7).
T cong thc (7.4a) va (7.4b) ta xac nh c tr so cua h va b.

(7.4a)
(7.4b)

185

Hnh 7.7.b Mot so tiet dien cua cot va cach xac nh cac ban knh quan tnh rx, ry.
Chieu day tng phan cua tiet dien tnh theo ieu kien on nh cuc bo (hnh 7.8) va phu
186

hp vi cac tieu chuan a neu trc:

h
(7.5)
b
70
h
c
(7.6)
70
Tiet dien tm c kiem tra
theo cong thc (7.1) va neu can thiet
th kiem tra lai.
Khi ng lc nho, bc au Hnh 7.8 Bo tr gan tang cng am bao on nh cuc bo.
tien co the chon o manh trong gii
han = 120 150. Con oi vi nhng cot chu tai ln th nen chon o manh nho trong gii han
= 60 100.
Khi chon tiet dien cua cot chu nen ung tam nen co gang am bao tnh on nh nh nhau
trong cac mat phang chnh th se co li nhat, lam giam hao ton vat lieu. Muon thoa man ieu nay
phai thoa man x = y; hoac la neu chieu dai quy oi cua cac thanh trong cac mat phang nh
nhau th ieu kien can co la rx = ry.
h
h
Khi b
70, e am bao on nh cuc bo (cua cac phan cua cot) nh tam
tc la
70
b
bung, ban canh, ta phai ghep op them cac tam tang cng trong mat phang ngang ca hai pha
cua tam bung (hnh 7.8) theo khoang cach l1 = (2,5 3,0)h. Kch thc cac tam tang cng xac
nh nh oi vi dam, theo cac cong thc sau:
*) Chieu rong phan nho ra cua gan tam bung (khi ch co cac gan tang cng ngang):
h
bg
+ 40mm
(7.7)
30
*) Chieu day cua gan:
1
(7.8)
bg
g
15
Cac ng han lien ket tam bung va ban canh cua cot khi ch co tai trong nen ung tam
th ng suat trong ng han nho, bi vay chieu cao ng han khong can tnh toan ma lay trong
khoang 4 6mm.
b) Tnh toan cot rong (thanh to hp).
Nhng cot kieu mat li hoac kieu han ghep gom hai thanh bien (hnh 7.9.a, b) hoac 4
thanh bien (hnh 7.9.c, d) lien ket vi nhau kieu mat li co thanh cheo hoac khong co thanh
cheo (goi chung la cac thanh giang). Cac thanh giang nay am bao cho cac thanh bien lam viec
ong thi va chu c lc ngang xuat hien do o lech tam khong tranh khoi khi at tai trong, tuy
nhien cot kieu mat li de b bien dang hn so vi cac cot ghep phc hp khi chu xung lc. Do
o cac cot kieu mat li can phai kiem tra o ben khi chu cac xung lc.
*) Tnh toan cot gom 2 thanh bien chu nen (thanh to hp co 2 nhanh thanh):
Mot so nh ngha:
o manh cua cot chu nen co tnh ti anh hng cua cac thanh giang goi la o manh
quy oi.
Truc chnh cua tiet dien cat ngang 2 nhanh goi la truc vat lieu (x x); con truc chnh
song song vi hai nhanh goi la truc t do (y y) xem hnh 7.9.
187

 o manh cua cot kieu mat li ng vi truc vat lieu (truc x x) xac nh nh oi vi cot
phc hp (cot ac) theo cong thc:
l
(7.9)
x =
rx

Hnh 7.9 Cac hnh thc ket cau cot mat li (cot rong): a, b Khong co thanh cheo (dung thanh
ngang tc ban giang); c, d giang co thanh cheo. e, g, h, tiet dien cat ngang dung 2 thanh bien; i
tiet dien cat ngang dung 4 thanh bien.

o manh quy oi cua cot kieu mat li ng vi truc t do (y y) xac nh cu the nh sau:
+ Khi dung ban giang (khong co thanh cheo hnh 5.9a, b) (3.47).[03]:

q =
ay (y =

2y + 2y1

(7.10)

l
l
); (y1 = 1 ) lan lt la o manh cua toan cot ng vi truc t do y y va o
ry
ry1

manh cua moi thanh bien tai phan gia cac phan lien ket ng vi truc y1 - y1; l1 khoang cach
gia hai ban giang; ry1 ban knh quan tnh cua tiet dien nhanh thanh oi vi truc y1 y1
(3.48).[03]:
+ Khi dung thanh giang (co thanh cheo hnh 7.9c, d):
F
q = 2y + k. b
(7.11)
Fg
ay Fb dien tch tiet dien cua thanh bien;
Fg dien tch tiet dien cua thanh cheo;
k he so phu thuoc vao goc nghieng gia thanh cheo va thanh bien (tr.243).[03]:
= 30o
k = 45;
o
= 40
k = 31;
= 45o 60o
k = 27;
188

Khoang cach gia cac thanh noi ngang lay:

l1 40ry1
(7.12)
Sau khi xac nh c dang va cac kch thc cua cot ta tien hanh tnh kiem tra on nh
cua cot ng vi truc vat lieu va (x x) theo cong thc (7.1) trong o he so xac nh theo o
manh x.
Trnh t chon tiet dien cua cot mat li cung tien hanh nh oi vi cot phc hp (cot ac).
Sau o t ieu kien on nh nh nhau (q = x) ta xac nh khoang cach a theo cac cong thc
sau:
ly
l
a2
ly = 2ly1 + Fb
;
y =
;
ry =
; y1 40
Fb
ry
4
*) Tnh toan cot gom 4 thanh bien chu nen (thanh to hp co 4 nhanh thanh):
+ Khi dung ban giang, (khong co thanh cheo hnh 7.9 a, b, i) o manh tng ng q
theo phng manh nhat c xac nh (3.49).[03]:

q =

(7.13)

2max + 2x1 + 2y1

ay max o manh ln nhat cua cac thanh tng ng vi mot trong cac truc chnh, max =
max(x, y).
x1, y1 lan lt la o manh cua tng thanh bien ng vi truc trung hoa cua no x1 va y1.
+ Khi dung thanh giang (co thanh cheo hnh 7.9 c, d, i) o manh tng ng q theo
phng manh nhat c xac nh (3.50).[03]:
k
k
q = 2max + Fb ( 1 + 2 )
(7.14)
Fg1 Fg 2
ay max xac nh nh tren.
Fb, Fg1 va Fg2 lan lt la dien tch tiet dien cua cac thanh bien va thanh giang;
k1, k2 la cac he so oi vi cac mat phang tng ng, xac nh tng t nh cong thc
(7.11).
Nhng cot co 4 thanh bien cung phai kiem tra theo ieu kien on nh nh nhau trong 2
mat phang uon; v vay tiet dien cua thanh bien nen giong nhau, cac thanh giang cung giong nhau
va bo tr 4 mat kieu giong nhau.
*) Tnh toan cot gom 3 thanh bien chu nen (tiet dien cot la tam
giac eu, xem hnh 7.10):
+ Khi dung ban giang, (khong co thanh cheo) o manh
tng ng q theo phng manh nhat c xac nh
(3.51).[03]:

q =

2max + 2x1 (1 + 3,3k 3 )

(7.15)

ay max o manh ln nhat cua toan thanh tng ng vi

mot trong cac truc chnh, max = max(x, y).
x1, o manh cua thanh bien ng vi truc trung hoa
cua no x1.
+ Khi dung thanh giang (co thanh cheo) o manh tng
ng q theo phng manh nhat c xac nh (3.52).[03]:
F
q = 2max + k1 . b
Fg

Hnh 7.10 Cot co 3 nhanh

thanh

(7.16)
189

 ay max
Fb, Fg
k1
k3

xac nh nh tren.
lan lt la dien tch tiet dien cua cac thanh bien va thanh giang;
la he so phu thuoc goc nghieng, xac nh tng t nh cong thc 5.11.
la he so c xac nh nh sau, (tr.243).[03]:
J
k 3 = x1
(7.17)
J g .L

Jx1
momen quan tnh cua tiet dien mot nhanh thanh bien oi vi truc x1 x1;
Jg
momen quan tnh cua tiet dien ban giang;
L
khoang cach trong tam hai ban giang (chieu dai mot khoang, xem hnh 7.9)
*) Tnh toan va ket cau he giang:
Khoang cach gia cac ban giang hoac cac iem co nh cua cac thanh giang cheo l1 trong
he giang c xac nh t ieu kien o manh gii han cua mot thanh bien va lay theo
(3.112).[09]:
l1 40rb
(7.18)
ay rb la ban knh quan tnh cua mot thanh bien.
Khi chieu rong gia 2 nhanh thanh a 80 cm va noi lc trong he giang 200 tan th
dung ket cau ban giang. Khi chieu rong gia 2 nhanh thanh a > 80 cm neu dung ban giang ket
cau se nang, khi o nen dung thanh giang (thep thanh).

Hnh 7.11.a Tnh he giang khi dung ban giang: a lien ket han; b lien ket tan inh hoac bu long; c
s o tnh; d s o tnh moi han; e s o tnh bu long.

190

 Khi dung ban giang (thep tam):

Khi tnh ban giang th ban giang c tnh di tac dung cua lc ngang quy c (lc gia
nh) Q, vi Q c tnh theo:
+ oi ket cau lam bang thep cac bon thap va hp kim nhom AM6-M (3.53).[03]:
Q = 20F
(7.19)
+ oi ket cau lam bang hp kim nhom AM61-M (3.54).[03]:
Q = 30F
(7.20)
+ oi ket cau lam bang thep hp kim thap va hp kim nhom B92-T va 16-T (3.55).[03]:
Q = 40F
(7.21)
2
ay F
dien tch tiet dien cua thanh bien (cm )
Q
lc ngang qui c lc gia nh (kG):
Lc ngang sinh ra mot mat li bang (3.56).[03]:
Q
(7.22)
Q1 =
m
vi m = 2 la so mat li trong 2 mat phang song song.
cot dung ban giang, khi ng truc cua thanh bien b cong i th goc gia cac thanh
bien noi cng vi cac ban giang (cac thanh noi ngang) khong b thay oi (van vuong goc) hnh
5.10.c. T ieu kien can bang cua mot mat ta co the xac nh c lc cat tac dung len giang:
Q l
a Q l
Mo = 0 T . . 1 . 1 = 0
2 2 2 2 2
l
a Q
(7.23)
T . .l1 = 0 T = Q 1
2 2
a
l
l a
a
M = T = Q 1 . = Q. 1
t o momen uon tam giang la (3.59).[03]:
(7.24)
2
a 2
2
2
(7.25)
trng hp co 3 nhanh thanh (3.60).[03]:
M= Q.l1
3
Chieu day cua ban giang c xac nh s bo theo ket cau cua cot, lay trong pham vi
610mm, con chieu rong cua ban giang lay bang (0,50,75)a khi dung ket cau han; (0,751,00)a
khi dung ket cau tan inh hay bulong.
Viec tnh toan moi noi lien ket tien hanh
theo momen uon va lc cat tac ong ong thi.
Khi dung thanh giang (thep thanh):
Nhng thanh ngang va thanh cheo trong he
mat li tnh nh cac thanh chu nen vi cac lc
tac dung:
+ Noi lc trong thanh giang ngang (3.57).[03]:
Q
Q
= Q1 =
(7.26)
N1 =
m
2
+ Noi lc trong thanh giang cheo (3.56).[03]:
N1
Q
Q
Nc =
= 1 =
(7.27)
sin sin 2 sin
+ Noi lc trong thanh giang cheo khi he thanh
cheo giao nhau (3.117a).[09]:
Hnh 7.11.b Bieu o momen uon ban giang
Nc
=
va thanh bien.
191

N1
Q1
Q
=
=
(7.28)
2 sin 2 sin 4 sin
Trong trng hp dung inh tan, cac thanh ngang va cac thanh cheo nen dung chung mot
inh tan e ghep vi thanh bien, va e thuan li ve mat che tao co the khong can bo tr giao
iem cua cac thanh giang nam tren ng tam cua thanh bien.

7.3.TNH TOAN COT CO TIET DIEN THAY OI

CHU NEN UNG TAM.
Ket cau kim loai cua cot co tiet dien thay oi chu nen ung tam c tnh toan on nh
theo mot trong hai phng phap: phng phap momen quan tnh tng ng va phng phap
chieu dai tng ng.

7.3.1 Phng phap momen quan tnh tng ng:

phng phap nay cot co tiet dien thay oi (mo men quan tnh J thay oi) c thay the
bang cot tng ng. Cot tng ng nay co cung chieu dai vi cot ban au nhng co momen
quan tnh tiet dien khong oi theo suot chieu dai (hnh 7.12a), momen quan tnh tiet dien c
xac nh theo cong thc
(tr.153).[07]:
Jt = .Jmax
(7.29)
ay Jmax momen
quan tnh cc ai cua
thanh co o cng thay oi;
he so momen
quan tnh tng ng, Hnh 7.12 Thay thanh (cot) co mo men quan tnh thay oi bang thanh co
phu thuoc hnh dang cua mo men quan tnh khong thay oi theo suot chieu dai: a phng phap
cot (thanh) tc la phu momen quan tnh tng ng; b phng phap chieu dai tng ng.
thuoc vao qui luat thay
oi o cng cua no, tr so nay c tra theo bang 7.2. Trong thc hanh tnh toan con co the s
dung cac cong thc trong bang 7.3 e tm he so

7.3.2 Phng phap chieu dai tng ng:

phng phap nay cot co tiet dien thay oi (mo men quan tnh J thay oi) c thay the
bang cot tng ng. Cot tng ng nay co mo men quan tnh tiet dien khong oi va bang
Jmax (xem hnh 7.12b) nhng co chieu dai thay oi la l1 (goi la chieu dai tng ng) so vi
chieu dai cot ban au l. Luc nay o manh c xac nh (3.111).[09]:

=
ay
l
l1

.l1
r

(7.30)

he so lien ket xac nh nh cong thc (7.2 ) xem hnh 7.6;

chieu dai hnh hoc cua thanh xac nh nh cong thc (7.2);
chieu dai quy oi tng ng; l1 = 1.l
he so tng ng phu thuoc quy luat thay oi tiet dien thanh va ty so

cu 1 theo bang 7.4).

192

.1 .l

J min
(tra
J max

Nh vay sau khi a quy oi mot thanh co tiet dien thay oi ve mot thanh co tiet dien
khong oi th viec tnh toan on nh cua thanh la tnh toan tren thanh quy oi. Thanh quy oi nay
co tiet dien khong oi theo suot chieu dai thanh tc la o cng hay momen quan tnh khong
oi theo suot chieu dai thanh. Viec tnh toan thanh dang nay hoan toan tuan thu theo muc 7.2.1
tren.
Bang 7.2 He so momen quan tnh tng ng (dung cho phng phap mo men
quan tnh tng ng Jt =.Jmax)
Tt

Hnh dang cua thanh

He so tng ng
Theo (129).[07]:
J min
= 0,34 + 0,66
J max

01

(7.31)

Hnh 5.13 Hnh dang cot (v du nh hnh dang can cua can
truc trong mat phang ng).

02
Hnh 5.14 Hnh dang cot (v du nh hnh dang can cua can
truc trong mat phang ngang).

Theo (130).[07]:
J min
= 0,61 + 0,39
J max
(7.32)

Theo : (B.8.3).[16]:
2

03

04

J
= 0,2 + 0,8 min
J max
(7.33)
3

Theo : (B.8.3).[16]:
J min
= 0,35 + 0,65
J max
(7.34)
Theo : (B.8.3).[16]:

05

= 0,39 + 0,61

J min
J max

(7.35)
193

This document was created with Win2PDF available at http://www.win2pdf.com.

The unregistered version of Win2PDF is for evaluation or non-commercial use only.
This page will not be added after purchasing Win2PDF.