nh tuyn tnh (static route)

nh tuyn tnh (static route)

Bi vit trc review mt cch tng quan v cc giao thc nh tuyn c cp ti
trong chng trnh CCNA. Trong bi vit ny, chng ta s cng nhau review li k thut
nh tuyn tnh (static route) ca hc phn ICND 1 ca chng trnh CCNA.
Nh chng ta bit, router thc hin vic nh tuyn da vo mt cng c gi l bng
nh tuyn (routing table). Nguyn tc l mi gi tin IP khi i n router s u c tra
bng nh tuyn, nu ch n ca gi tin thuc v mt entry c trong bng nh tuyn th
gi tin s c chuyn i tip, nu khng, gi tin s b loi b. Bng nh tuyn trn
router th hin ra rng router bit c hin nay c nhng subnet no ang tn ti trn
mng m n tham gia v mun n c nhng subnet y th phi i theo ng no.
hiu r vn , ta cng xem xt v d 1:
192.168.12.0/30
.1
R1

.2

S2/0

S2/0

F0/0 .254

R2

.254

192.168.1.0/24

PC1

PC2

`
.1

192.168.2.0/24

PC3

PC4

`
.1

.2

F0/0

`
.2

Hnh 1 S v d 1.
Trn hnh 1 l hai router i din cho hai chi nhnh khc nhau ca mt doanh nghip : R1
cho chi nhnh 1 v R2 cho chi nhnh 2. R1 s dng cng f0/0 ca n u xung mng
LAN ca chi nhnh 1, mng ny s dng subnet 192.168.1.0/24. Tng t, R2 s dng
cng f0/0 ca n u xung mng LAN ca chi nhnh 2, mng ny s dng subnet
192.168.2.0/24. Subnet s dng cho kt ni leased line ni gia hai chi nhnh (qua cc
cng serial ca hai router) l 192.168.12.0/30.
Mc nh ban u, khi ta cha cu hnh nh tuyn trn cc router R1 v R2 th hai mng
LAN ca hai chi nhnh R1 v R2 cha th i n nhau c (tc l, nu ly mt PC
trong LAN 1, chng hn nh PC1 ping th n mt PC trong LAN 2, v d PC4, ping s
khng thnh cng). L do ca iu ny l cc router R1 v R2 cha c thng tin v cc
mng LAN ca nhau trong bng nh tuyn do khng th chuyn gi tin i n cc
mng LAN ny. Ta kim tra bng cch hin th bng nh tuyn trn cc router R1 v R2.
Cu lnh hin th bng nh tuyn trn router l "show ip route" :

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nh tuyn tnh (static route)

Bng nh tuyn ca R1:
R1#show ip route

( b bt mt s dng)
Gateway of last resort is not set
C
C

192.168.12.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets

192.168.12.0 is directly connected, Serial2/0
192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

Bng nh tuyn ca R2:

R2#show ip route

( b bt mt s dng)
Gateway of last resort is not set
C
C

192.168.12.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets

192.168.12.0 is directly connected, Serial2/0
192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

T kt qu hin th, ta thy rng mi router ban u ch hc c thng tin v nhng

subnet kt ni trc tip vi n. V d: router R1 bit rng c mng 192.168.12.0/30 kt
ni trc tip vo cng serial 2/0 v mng 192.168.1.0/24 kt ni trc tip vo cng fast
ethernet 0/0 ca n. Cc router hon ton khng c thng tin g v cc subnet xa, khng
kt ni trc tip vi mnh. Do , gi s PC1 mun ping PC4, n s ng gi mt gi tin
IP ICMP vi a ch ngun l 192.168.1.1 v ch n l 192.168.2.2. Khi gi tin ny i
ln n router R1, R1 tra bng nh tuyn thy rng ch n 192.168.2.2 khng thuc v
bt k subnet no m R1 c trong bng nh tuyn nn n drop b gi tin ny.
Vy hai mng 192.168.1.0/24 v 192.168.2.0/24 c th i n nhau c, cc router
phi in c thng tin v hai mng ny vo trong bng nh tuyn ca mnh. C hai
cch thc thc hin iu : mt l ngi qun tr t in tay cc thng tin nh
tuyn tnh, hai l cc router t trao i thng tin nh tuyn vi nhau v t in cc thng
tin cn thiu vo bng nh tuyn ca mnh nh tuyn ng. y ta kho st cch
thc hin l nh tuyn tnh.
Vic cu hnh nh tuyn tnh trn router Cisco c thc hin bng cch s dng lnh c
c php nh sau:
Router(config)#ip route destination_subnet subnetmask {IP_next_hop |
output_interface} [AD]

Trong :
destination_subnet:
Subnetmask: subnet
IP_next_hop: a

mask ca mng ch.

ch IP ca trm k tip trn ng i.

output_interface:
AD:

mng ch n.

cng ra trn router.

ch s AD ca route khai bo, s dng trong trng hp c cu hnh d phng.

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nh tuyn tnh (static route)

C th trong v d ny:
T R1 mun i n mng 192.168.2.0/24 , ta phi i ra khi cng s2/0. th hin iu
vo bng nh tuyn, ta thc hin cu hnh:
R1(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 s2/0

Tng t, T R2 mun i n mng 192.168.1.0/24 , ta phi i ra khi cng s2/0. Cu

hnh:
R2(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 s2/0

Sau khi cu hnh xong cc route cho cc mng 192.168.1.0/24 v 192.168.2.0/24, ta

thc hin kim tra bng cch hin th bng nh tuyn trn mi router:
Bng nh tuyn ca R1:
R1#show ip route

( b bt mt s dng)
Gateway of last resort is not set
C
C
S

192.168.12.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets

192.168.12.0 is directly connected, Serial2/0
192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial2/0

Bng nh tuyn ca R2:

R2#show ip route

( b bt mt s dng)
Gateway of last resort is not set
C
S
C

192.168.12.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets

192.168.12.0 is directly connected, Serial2/0
192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial2/0
192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

Ta thy rng cc thng tin cn thiu trc y xut hin trn bng nh tuyn ca cc
router R1 v R2. Cc entry mi in thm ny c k hin bi k t S u dng th
hin rng cc thng tin nh tuyn ny c hc vo bng nh tuyn thng qua nh
tuyn tnh ( ta cng rng cc dng m t cc mng kt ni trc tip c k hiu bi
k t C connected kt ni trc tip).
Khi cc PC ch default gateway y ln cc cng u ni ca cc router, ping
kim tra gia cc PC thuc hai mng LAN s thnh cng:

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nh tuyn tnh (static route)

Hnh 2 Ping kim tra gia PC1 v PC4 t PC1.

Bn cnh vic ch ng bng cng ra (output interface), ta cng c th ch ng trong
cu lnh bng a ch IP next hop, y chnh l a ch IP ca trm k tip trn ng i
n mng ch.
Trn R1:
R1(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.12.2

Trn R2:
R2(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.12.1

Nh ta thy trn hnh 1, t R1 mun i n mng 192.168.2.0/24 th phi i qua trm

k tip l R2 c a ch IP l 192.168.12.2 v t R2 mun i n mng 192.168.1.0/24 th
phi i qua trm k tip l R1 c a ch IP l 192.168.12.1.
Hai kiu cu hnh ny c tc dng nh nhau, im khc bit l route static c khai bo
theo kiu output interface s c AD = 0 cn route static c khai bo theo kiu IP next
hop s c AD = 1. Ngoi ra nu cng ra l mt cng multi access th ta nn s dng
kiu khai bo IP next hop (vn ny s c cp v gii thch chi tit trong mt bi
vit khc).
V d trn y m t mt cch c bn nht cch khai bo static route trn cc router.
Tip theo, ta cng kho st mt v d khc phc tp hn, s ln ny s c 03 router:
192.168.12.0/24
.1
.2
R1

S2/0

F0/0 .254

192.168.23.0/24
.2

S2/0

.254

192.168.1.0/24

.3

S2/1

R2

S2/1

R3

F0/0
.254

192.168.2.0/24

F0/0

192.168.3.0/24

Hnh 3 S v d 2.

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nh tuyn tnh (static route)

Yu cu t ra l cu hnh nh tuyn tnh trn cc router m bo cho mi a ch trn s
thy nhau.
Tng t nh v d 1, trn mi router ta s thc hin in thng tin v cc subnet khng
kt ni trc tip vo bng nh tuyn ca mi router s dng cu lnh cu hnh static
route:
Trn R1:
R1(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 s2/0
R1(config)#ip route 192.168.23.0 255.255.255.0 s2/0
R1(config)#ip route 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 s2/0

Trn R2:
R2(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 s2/0
R2(config)#ip route 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 s2/1

Trn R3:
R1(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 s2/1
R1(config)#ip route 192.168.12.0 255.255.255.0 s2/1
R1(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 s2/1

Lu rng chng ta phi in y thng tin nh tuyn trn tt c cc router, v nu

nh ch cn mt router no trn ng i ca gi tin b thiu route, gi tin s b drop
gia ng. Chng hn, gi s ta qun cu hnh ch ng i n mng 192.168.3.0/24
trn R2. Gi tin xut pht t mng 192.168.1.0/24 i n mng 192.168.3.0/24 khi i n
R1 s c chuyn tip qua cng s2/0 i tip (v iu ny c ch ra trong cu
hnh nh tuyn tnh ca R1), tuy nhin khi i n R2 n s b drop b v R2 thiu thng
tin ca mng 192.168.3.0/24.
Ta cng xem xt tip v d th 3 v cu hnh ng d phng trong c s dng n
tham s AD trong cu lnh cu hnh:

192.168.12.0/30

LAN 1
192.168.1.0/24

S2/0

F0/0

S2/0

.1

R1

F0/0

.2

S2/1

S2/1

R2

LAN 2
192.168.2.0/24

192.168.21.0/30

Hnh 4 S v d 3.
Ln ny yu cu t ra nh sau: cu hnh nh tuyn tnh m bo R1 i n LAN 2 ca
R2 theo ng i ra cng s2/0 l chnh, ng s2/1 l d phng, ngc li, R2 li i n
LAN 1 ca R1 theo ng i ra cng s2/1 l chnh, ng s2/0 l d phng. C ngha l,
R1 khi chuyn gi tin i LAN 2 ca R2 lun s dng cng ra l s2/0, khi cng s2/0 ny
down th t ng chuyn ng qua s2/1, khi cng s2/0 up li, li chuyn v s dng
cng s2/0. Tng t vi R2.

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nh tuyn tnh (static route)

thc hin yu cu ny, chng ta s dng tham s AD trong cu lnh cu hnh nh
tuyn tnh. Nh ni, static route c th c hai ch s AD l 0 (khi cu hnh ch cng ra)
v 1 (khi cu hnh ch next hop). Ta c th thay i cc gi tr mc nh ny phc v
cho vic cu hnh d phng.
Nhc li rng AD dng so snh u tin gia cc route. Khi tn ti nhiu ng i
n cng mt ch n, ng i no c ch s AD nh hn, ng i s c a
vo bng nh tuyn s dng, nhng ng cn li c AD cao hn s c dng d
phng cho ng chnh thc. Do ta ch vic chn AD nh hn (v d l 5) cho ng
chnh v chn AD ln hn (v d l 10) cho ng ph.
Cu hnh trn R1:
R1(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 Serial2/0 5
R1(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 Serial2/1 10

Cu hnh trn R2:

R2(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 Serial2/1 5
R2(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 Serial2/0 10

Ta thc hin kim tra kt qu cu hnh trn R1:

u tin, ta hin th bng nh tuyn xem ng no c a vo bng:
R1#show ip route

( b bt mt s dng)
C
C
C
S

192.168.12.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets

192.168.12.0 is directly connected, Serial2/0
192.168.21.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets
192.168.21.0 is directly connected, Serial2/1
192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial2/0

Ta thy ng c a vo bng nh tuyn s dng c cng ra l s2/0 ng nh yu

cu.
Tip theo ta th tnh d phng bng cch shutdown cng s2/0 ca R1:
R1(config)#interface s2/0
R1(config-if)#shutdown
R1(config-if)#
*Mar 1 00:15:48.971: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial2/0, changed
state to administratively down
*Mar 1 00:15:49.971: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface
Serial2/0, changed state to down

ng chnh khng cn, ta hin th li bng nh tuyn chc chn rng ng ph

(i ra cng s2/1) c a vo bng nh tuyn:
R1#show ip route

( b bt mt s dng)
C

192.168.12.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets

192.168.12.0 is directly connected, Serial2/0
192.168.21.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets

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nh tuyn tnh (static route)

C
C
S

192.168.21.0 is directly connected, Serial2/1

192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial2/1

Ta thc hin m li cng s2/0 v kim tra rng ng i qua cng ny li c a li

vo bng nh tuyn s dng:
R1(config)#interface s2/0
R1(config-if)#no shutdown
R1(config-if)#
*Mar 1 00:19:36.767: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial2/0, changed
state to up
R1(config-if)#
*Mar 1 00:19:37.775: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface
Serial2/0, changed state to up
R1#show ip route

( b bt mt s dng)
C
C
C
S
R1#

192.168.12.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets

192.168.12.0 is directly connected, Serial2/0
192.168.21.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets
192.168.21.0 is directly connected, Serial2/1
192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial2/0

Thc hin kim tra tng t trn R2.

Nhn chung, nh tuyn tnh c u im l kh d hiu v cng d cu hnh. Thm na,
nh tuyn tnh cn c mt u im khc l khng gy hao tn ti nguyn mng do khng
c s trao i thng tin nh tuyn gia cc router. Tuy nhin nhc im ca nh tuyn
tnh l hon ton khng thch hp vi nhng mng c quy m ln (ta khng th cu hnh
tay khai bo cc route khi s lng ln n hng trm c!) v khng hi t vi mi s
thay i trn s mng khi m cng ra vn trng thi up/up. khc phc cc nhc
im ny, chng ta phi s dng nh tuyn ng bng cch chy mt giao thc nh
tuyn no . Cc giao thc nh tuyn c th trong chng trnh CCNA s c review
trong cc bi vit tip theo.

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