BOL VAN NGUYEN — HA MINH BUC 47 rad CAC THE THO CA vA SY’ PHAT TRIEN COA HINH THUC THO CA TRONG VAN HOC VIET-NAM (In tin thie hai, 06. BB sang, sita ehitay ae Ge toft [972 wad xudt BAN KHOA HOC XA HOT AA.NOI—1071LOT NOL BAU bidu rf ich str phat trita cia vin hge Vielnam, viee nghién cif ede hinh thize tho ¢a ofa ta vu Oi dirge gt ra tir lau, Rat tie th cudn sich o3 nhdt va eb 18 Li cudn ich fy tién viét 68 vin & nay, cudn Vein thank bit phdp cha Vi Quynh #01 Lé Thénb tng, hig nay cbira tim thay. Lé Quy Dan trong Van dai logi ngit eding nh Phen Huy Cha trong Lich tritu hit churang loni chi (aye Vin tich cht) laf Gi vio mbiing Khia canh khie eda tho ca, Riéng Pham Binh HB trong Vil trung tiy bit, Khi néi én wd th, c6 aim qua v8 tha, tir lye, kinh nghia, van sich. Théi Phap thuge, ngoal mot «6 sich cha nguél Phap ¢6 not aén hinb thire tho ca nhtr Khdo v¥ win hoe Vigt-nam (Etude sur la littérature annamite) cha Cordier hoje cha Villard, Trick iayBa van hoe Viét-nam (Morceaux choisis d'auteurs annamttes) cling cia Cordier ©. c6 miy cu6n trich tuy8m khie ding trong nbA trrong cha Li ‘Thanh ¥, cia Duong Quing Ham, feu co nbi_qua v8 che the ogi adng chi ¥ 28 quytn Vigenam van hoe sir yéu cha Duong Quing Ham. Riéng sich ndi kY v8 hink thike tho ca {t ohidu 6 tinh eich chuyén 48, phii K2 dn che quytn 6 gid tr] nhw Vigt Han van khdo cia Phan KE Binb. Quéc van cv thb che Bai KJ. Ngoai ra cling ca mot s6 sich thie cb dB cip dén tim mat cha vin a8 ubw Nam thi hop tuyen, Bao nzong ca, cela Nguydn Vin Ngoe v.v... Tuy nbién, che soan gid truae day cehua frink bay mOt céch tat o6 hg théng vk May ad moi hish thie tho ca cing voi sy phat trign cia md trong vin hoe vigt-nam. © (1) Sich che Villard efing tring tén voi sich eda Cordier. @) Cordier edn vist mol s6 adch Khke abu Nghf thugt sdn Abin Vigt-nam (Le thésire annarnite).NOI Uép abiing cong trlah cia ngudi trae va dya vio nhiing tim tol va suy nghi riéng eda minh, chting t61 6 ging trinh bay trong cuén sich may mét sé ¥ kién v8 sy phét tridn vA v8 hinh thie cau tae ca cae loel vin vin Vigtanam ti the ca din gian én ther ea ehinh théng trén vin @ain tir xwa aén nay, bude dau d@ ra whiing quy Iuét phat trifa v8 binh thre, nhiing yéu 15 KE thira va sing tgo, nhing phong céch vA hil php tidu bia, nbiing thank tyu v8 sing tao trong ngoo ng tho ca. BBng thet chang 61 cing buire au giél thie die trung va cdu tgo ede hinb thie ther ex trong Ung lovi thE cia no, vol ¥ thite phn Diét tinh sing tgo vol Uh md phdng. yb {6 dan tée voi yéu t6 ngodi Tai, Di vao phan tich sy phat trim cia che inh thie the ca ching toi ludn theo ding nguyén tie hinh thike ludm gin bé voi ngi_dung va phyo wy cho ngi dung va Iudn lay eo s8 noi dung a gidl thtch sy phat frida eds binh thite, Tuy nhién cong trinh may khong phi 1a mot cusn vin hoc sit ma 18 mét chuyén a& vB binh thite ofa ther ea, nén chang 101 nghiéng hn vé viée phim tich binh thie trén co sé gin chit wil noi dung Chiing toi xin cm om tit c& cic ban, cic img cbt A% gop cho nhitog y kién quy biu, va mong tit of cdc ban bd sung cho ubiing chd thin sot Heécndi, ngdy 2 théng 9 ndm 1965 NHONG NGUOI BIEN soANPHAN THO NHAT SU’ PHAT TRIEN CUA HINH THUC THO CA TRONG VAN HOC VIET-NAM Gurl VIN TORNNES vin héa din tdc bao gdm mbigu mit, trong a6 vin hoe chim mét dia vi kh4 quan trong. Muén bide thiu noi dung, ¥ ngha cha vin hoc, khong tht khOng liry y dén cdc hinh thie vin hoc trong dé cé tho ca. Khong phai ngiv nhién ma xa kia Tao Phi a nbdn manh dén dic trung céc th8 loai khi Ong déoh gid wu Khuyét dim cia cde nha vin Kién-an: « Vin viét vb tig, bidu phai trang abd, v the va nghi ludn phi cho chit, v8 bia va vin t# phai cho that, vé tho phi phai cho dep. Bén thé oai dé khéng gidng nbau cho nan kho ma gidi duge hét ch» (Bidn Iudn Indn van). Sau ndy Leu Hiép, tée gid cudn Van fam diéu long, di chiu Anh hung khé sau sfc quan ditm mj hoc cia cha con Tao Théo. Cé digu, néu Tao Phi qué chi trong dén vé dep cba binh thifc, dong nhw sa vo chi ngbfa vin th, thi Luu Higp tai khong quén zbin manb d&n tinh x4 hoi va tinh thai dai cle vin chuong: « Vin chong thay 48i do su nbudm thim tinh dai va thin suy (cha vin churcog) lai gan lign voi thoi dai» (Van tam dieu Tong, Thoi te) , Qua vay, vi ndi dung va binh thire luda luda GQ Tao Phi (187~226); com ofa Tho Théo va 18 mot mh tho kiém nha pha biah xuit sie trong vin hge 8 dol Trung-quée thoi Nguy Tén Nam Béc trlgu. Nguyén vin edu trén: ¢ Cal téu nghi ngbi nh; ther, luda nghi ly; minh, 181 hwdng thye ; thi, pho doe Ig. Thit e# khoa bat dng, eS ning chi gid bitn ak», @) La Higp: cling ngwbi theh Nevy ‘Tén Nam Bde triBu. Nguyén vin chu trén: Vin bign whim hb thé th, hug phé 1g DB thot tayg4n chat voi mbau nhu hin voibéng, cho nén gidng nh cée hin théi viin héa néi chong, binh thire tho ca cting c6 tinh x4 hi va tinh thi dai ciia né trong ting ching dung lich str efia dio tc. Bat cir hinh thike the ca nto cfing du c6 qué trink phat sinh, tin tridn va bién hoa cia né. Trong qua trinh dé, né duge bai dip bai site séng dan toc, nhung né ciing khong ngieng thu bit nhiing tinh hoa cia van nghé noc ngoai, trong qué trinb bin thanh va phat tit cia Meh si. CO ai chi cdi duge ring tho ca ¢3 Vigt-nam lai khong cé quan bé mat thiét voi tbe ca cd Trung-quée? Va cé ai khdng céng nhan inh, hudng cia tho ca phrong Tay, nhit 1a cia the ca Phap, trong tho ca méi cia ta? Di nhién day cling 14 met nhin 18 cn teu y. Nhung cin ph&i noi ring ohan din ta, khi d& quyét djnh vin ménh cia minh, thi efing quyét dinh c& nn vin hoc cia minh, trong vie thita ké cdi off cling ulur trong viec tip thu va séng tao cdi moi. Lich si di chieng minh ring dan tc ta co mdt site sng phi thuéng, nhan dan ta.cé mét sire sing tao phong phi v8 moi mil vat chiitva tink thin. Cho nén, bén canh dong theca dan gian cd truyén, dang tho ca bac hoc che ta tuy c6 chiu anh burdng lic nhigu Iie it cla tho ca nuéc ngoai, nhung cin ban van chan chira ctam hbn va tinh cdch cha ngwoi Viét-nam », (@) Loi dbng cht ‘Trudag-Chinh x4i v8 con ngwel mol Viet nam trong lip Téng ciréng tink Ding, dl aéa vdo eugc sng mét a2 phyc vg nhén din, phue vu cdch mang tt hon nika. Nha xuit bin Si that, H3-n9i, 10CHUONG 1 QUAN HE Gita Sy XAC DINH TINH THAN DAN TOC VA sy TIEP THU TINH HOA NUGC NGOAT TRONG HINH THUC THO CA VIET-NAM AT nurée ching ta giau dep, nban dan ta anh hing trong sin xudt va chién du, Sire séng cia din toc ta veron Ién manh mé tir dei nay qua doi khée, tir thé ‘hé nay qua thé he khdc. Strc sing dé la co s& cba nén van hién vé vang cha la, voi nhing ditn chiang, nhieng ludt 1g, voi mot nén lich sit tr trong vi Ich sit du tranh lau dai va cd mot n¥n vin ngbé pbong phi; nén vdn hién 46 that ding ty hio nhw nha vin Nguyén Trai dA ndi trong doan mé dan bai Bink Ngé dai cdo: Nite muge Bat Vigl ta tte tribe Von xung nén vin hién 3 lu Chinb nhé c6 a xé¢ dinh tinh thin dan te ddc lap va dan chi trong déu tranh, ma ede th8 tho ca dan gian ola ta tny c6 bj giai cp phong kién coi ré, vin duoc quin ehiing nang niu, do dé ctr diin dn duge phat tridh va nang cao, tién téi lin at va thay thé tig phn che thé tha ca béc hoc c6 yéu (8 ngoai lai. Va cfing chinh nba tiép thy duge tinh thin dan toc dic lap va dan chi dé ma ede nha the lon ciia ta qua cic thai ky niwr Nguyén Trai, Nguyén Binh Khiém, Nguyén, Da 1“‘Ta Xtrong, Sao Nam, Té Hu... mot mat st dung duoc ting ndi quan ching va digu tho dan tOc trong sang tc cia minh, mat kbéc, dia vao sty phong phi ve hinh twgng va am thanh cia tigng ta cing abe sx uytn chuyén cia Joi néi va cia ngé digu dién cAm cia tiéng tama vigt hoa mOt 86 hinb thite the ca cd Trung-quée, Su mé phéng hay viet héa than cng the ca cd Trung- qude dé khong thé xudt phat tir mot au tity tien, ma phai dya vao quy Iuat cia tir vi, cit phép, ng digu tiéng Han, tren co 86 tigp thn cia tir vi, oti phdp, ng& digu tigng Viet. Néu mun so s4nb két cifu cdc 18i tho ca dan tc cba ta wi cic 16i tho ca mo phdng tho ca Trung- quéc, tat nbién ta phai dira trén nhitu mit nhw sb cau trong bai, 8d tir trong cau (cd han dinh hay khong han diob), nh thanh diéu (bing, tric), nhur hip dign (16i ngét dogn), niu van digu (via htrng, van chdn) v.v. Digu nbi bat din dén ch8 tho ca cha ta mé phong kha dé dang tho ca Trung-quéc 14 méi quan he gin gidng va 4m tiét va thanh digu gitta tiéng Hén va tigng Vigt. Ting Hén va ting Viet cht yéu thud vé loai ngon ngé don Am tiét® ; don yj fm tiét trong titng Han vi tiéng Vigt phn nhiu cfing 1a don vj tir, diy 18 mot thuan gi cho vide han dinh duge $6 tw trong cau tho, Thutn lgi nay cang sé khong gp khi chiing ta mo phéng tho ea Phép néu cin ct s6 chan (pied) trong tho Phap d@ tinh 86 tir trong tho Viét, thi dy the 12 chan eda Phép khé ma dp dung cho thanh cong d6i voithe Viet. Mat kbdc, () Gling co ¥ kién cho ring tiag Han va eng Viet khong thuin ty 1a don am tét, (2) M@t chan (pied) trong the Phap c6 th8 gdm mot bo%e hal. ba Am tiét thizoag khdng tiob trong am, tho Nga thi cé tinh trong am va trang Dink trong am roi vao ba fm tiét, nén céeh tinh chm cling ¢6 ch8 Kkhkc x6i tho: Phap. V8 ther Vigt, xem myc Tho méi & phin saue 2thanb digu cia ting Han va thanb diga cha tiéng Viet c6 nbitu ché gin giii nhac: ch hai bén déucé dieu bang, digu tric, cho nén céch xép d¥t tir trong cfu dong uhién la phai theo ngit nghia va ngé dio, nbwag fing khong th8 khong chiéu cS dén quy iuat bing tric ty theo mic 46 cia u2 (ho. Bay cing la mot yu td dic bigt cia tho Han va tho Viet. Sdu thanh trong ting Vigt ® s& twong ting d& dang voi nim thenh trong ling Han ©, Thudn igi cia sx tiép thu tinh boa nghé thuat tho ca neve ngoai lai due ting Ién do tinb ehdt phong pho cia don vi nguyén am va phy am trong ting Vigt. Tigng ta co mudi mgt nguyen am don ® va hai muoi ba pha am don, Chua néi sr 1 hgp gitte piu am voi nguyén Am, hay noi céch két hop am tiét trong ting ta khd Tit leo va khé the vi nh ey t8 hop gidta ban nguyen am / va u voi nguyen fm cé thé xudi nguoc hai chién, cling di lam cho thanh Am Uéng ta rt ddi dao ®, thi dy: ny va ia oe va eo ué va éu ‘Su td hop vé dim cong thém voi su td hop vé thanh di néiétrén, lam cho tigng Viet taco dae tinh hét ste uyen cbuyén dé mo pbéng ede hinh thitc tho ca mde ngoai. Trong cau tho cia ta, tho cd truyén eting nhu tho mo phéng, thanh digu va quy luat bing trée c6 the dung din tigt tin nhip ming cia ctu tho va mite 40 ofa ngit dige trong céu the. Nhung quy Iuat thanb digu (1) Cling 6 ¥ kiém cho ring ting Viet c6 a6 tim thank @) Theo sich Quing vgn édi Tong, tiéng Han xua c6 nim thanb, tibag Han hign del o6 bon thank. 3) Kem chwong Tinh eh ching & sav, G) Diy 18 chuwa kb ba nguyén dm d6t Cia, wo, wa}.va bling tréc d6 clin phai duge fc quy ludt v8 vin va hé tro thi sur phét huy tée dung mdi dirge hoan chink. Néi v2 vin, chung ta thudng néi trong tho ca cd truyfn cia ta o6 hai loai van 1A vin chan va vin lug. Van chan bay van lung tuy ¢6 khdc nhau ve vi tr trong cau tho, déu cé mot chite ning '& lap lai ngit Gm, d& lam ting sr nhjp nhang cia cau tho, va dé lam cho mach tho gin chit véi nbau, déng nay chuyén sang dong kde, ¥ nay ndi voi ¥ kia ding hur Maiaképxki trong cnén Lim tho nhur thé ndo? d& néi la: « Vin digu kbién ching ta quay tre v2 voi dong truéc, bat chung ta phdi nhé dén nd, bat tét cA nhitng dong trinb bay mot tr tung phi gn lai voi nban » ©, Van chan 1a Iéi vin phd bién trong tho es, efing nb tho ahi@u mréc trén thé gigi, con wan hung la mot hién bugng khd dic bidt trong tho ca tay khong phai 1a day nhét, vi 1i vin nay cling c6 trong ca dao déi Hin ®, Vin lung & cau tém (thé lye bat) gieo & tir thir tur hoge tir thirséu, kbigén cho ching ta ngbt dgn quy Iuat t8 hop cia thd bén Ur vei bén ty, bn Ur voi sdu tir hay séu te voi s4u tit, ciing nhw vin ltmg trong cau song that gieo & ti thir nim, khién chring ta nghi toi quy at (3 hop cha thd nim ti voi sdu ta hay nim tir voi bay tir ©, C6 th I6i van img nay 1a ding dp cha nhiing su th hop trén, nhung da dwoe bin béa di, Di sao thi day cfing 18 mét céch bal viin de biét ciia tho ca Vit-nam. Cé didu, xét ve két edu cfia cu tho, ofing nhu xét ve vitricia van, thiréng gico vao tir cudi cia dong tha, thi 76 rang vin lng khdng cé tie cdch déc lap eta mét loai () Trich thoo Timafiep trong cubn Sa thio nguyén lj va lich sk tho Nga, Phin (chong 1), Mac-tu-kboa, 1958 (bin Uéng Nga). (2) Xem chueng Tink chd chung & sau. ) SE nd) & sau. 4“vin, ma chi duge xdc nban va air dung trong khudn khd phdi hop véi vin chdn va hé try cho viin 86, Nhu vay su xdc dinh tinh thin dan toc trong pham vi nay vin khong téch roi tho ca cia ta ra khdi quy luat van digu cia tho ca néi chung 6 cfc niroc. Khi so sé thoca ciba ta v6i tho ca Trung-quée, ngoai vige so sdnb v8 vin nhw da noi & trén, chting ta cdn 90 sanh vé cach ngat nhip, chia ra don vi, tigt (fu, thi du ninr so cau tho niim tir cia ta (thd hat gitim Nghé-Tinh) voi chu tho ngii ngon efa Trung-quéc hay so clu tho song that cia ta (th8 song that Iuc bat) voi cau tho that ngon cla Trung-quéc, ching ta thay nhip cla tho ta 1a é true chin sau, con nhip cia the Trung-quée I chin trage 18 sau, Khong ai ch6i cf duge rang 46 khong phaj 14 mot nét dc sic cilia tho ca cia ta. Tuy nbién, nghién ciru nbip digu cau the, khong thé may méc ma téch nhjp digu ra khdi hé thng eda léi n6i, ma vin phai thiy chite ning chi yéu cite né 1A truy2u cdm mdi dung cia cau tho. Do d6, ching ta khong mgac nbién khi thy thd tho hat giém, néu téch ra kbdi yéu t6 ohac eta hai ca, thi dé Kin 1dn voi tho ngil ngon ve nhip digu, con tinh chit khde wa chic trong cau tho song thét (ba tir 18 & (urbe, bn tir chin & saul) sé duoc bd sung bing tinh uy@n chuyn trong cau tho hét ndi, néu olor dirge sir dung trong tht nay, ho¥e trong cau tho uc bét, néu nb phéi hop voi thd nay. Sau day, hay Idy thi du ve ct lug bat voi tinh ayén chuy2n cia né trong ar biku hin loi noi va ngit digu digm cim, rAt thich hyp cho nghé thuat séng tdc truyén tho va nghé thudt séng tée ngim kbic®, Su td hgp cia th® sdu tt v6i tdm tir to ra thé tho luc bat dic bigt ca Vigt-uam, khéng c6 trong (@) Xem chong Tinh chit chung & sav, () Diy noi ctw Iwe bat trong thd song that Ipc bat.the ca Trung-quéc ’. Néi dén tinh uyan cbuyén ciia thd Ine bat, tit nhién khong i chia mot each may méc cou tho ra ting nhip déi mot: Lue: 2-2-2 Bat :2—-2—2-2 Vi néu lam nhir vay, cau tho chi con mot cai khung lich khdi loi ndi, ma that ra nbjp dign di tinh theo don ‘vi nao cing gin chat voi cdm xtc va tu duy duoc dién dat qua loi tho. Va xét theo ngtt ngbia va ng di¢u cfu tho We bat qua cé chite ning bién hoa theo nbiéu dang khéc nbawt. Thi dy : Cho cau Iyc mang ky higu S, cdo bat mang ky higu 7, ching ta s@ thiy: a) Cau tue c6 ede dang phd bib nhwr sau: L S =6 2 S=s2®@+242 BRB S = 244 4 XS = 4 42 BS, = 8 +B & S S145 b) Cau bat c6 dang phd bién nh sau: LT = B QM 2@e2- 242 3. 246 4, 842 5 aed 6 a+ 5 z B43 8 147 G) Xem sy td hop & sau. (2) Timofiep 45 ndt rat ding: «Bon vi c6 nbjp Au kbdng th? tach ra iehdi 104 n6i, ma phAil& don vi cha 1ot néi, nghTa i& dom vi ota ngtt ngbTa va ngtt igus (xem: Sach G3 din, Ph3u I.chwong 1). 16OT = 2+ 442 10.7, = 1 +3 4+ 4m Sw 13 hop cau Inc voi cau bat sé cho ta t6i thidu la 60 dang cau Ive bat khéc nhau. Sau day 1a séu thi dy twrong 46i pha hop voi séu dang co thay ddi v8 tiét (du sma gid thigt 1a T 06 Qjnh vA S thay adi: ‘Thé 1a tan mot gide mo, o ‘ThE IA eh mot DAL tho nfo nung (Nguyn Binh) Rot tole div ju... rot roi. Trim muon gtot 1¢ n6i Loi vu vo. (ituy Can) Sinh ring: Gla cfu 1a duyén Xwa nay nban @juh thing thién cfing nbidu, (sguyén Du) Troi cao xenb ngit. 0 kia Mal con bac tring bay v8 Bong lai, (Thé Lt) Mot nghin nam mdt van ndin, Con tim vin kiép con tlm virong to. (Nguyén Binb) Ring: Sao trong tit thank minh, Ma ady bong khot ving tenb thé ma? “¢Nguyén Du) G) Ngoat ra, © th cd cée dang khic abr 6 +1; 7+ 1; 145+ 2 mbung khong phd bin. LOt ait mél tir & sau rit idm trong €4 dao ta, thi dy: = Chia héi thie gl? Ring: Con chim chich né dda canh chank. “a dao) ~ Nguyén Bdn am 1 rang: Bay Nghi¢p thin hdn ditt tir dag ching agi. = Ma gid da bidt 16 teang, Thi xem bén hdi ddi chang” rang: bay. (Thitn nam ngé tue) * Bol chang tite 1a Nguy&n Minh Khong va Tt By anh. (2) Bin mél: giot nhe. are f oeC6 mét di8u c¥n cho ¥ 1a cdu tho ye bét, hay nd4 cho chinh xéc [a cup tho luc bét, durge coi nh mot chink thé v8 nhip digu xét trong toan déng tho; do a6, qua andy thi dy tren, chiing ta thiy tiét tu e6 thay d8i cho hgp voi noi dung cau tho, nhung khdng he phd vo nhip diéu cia cdn tho, xét trong toin bé két ciu cha nd, Bat cr ching ta doc mét clip Iyc bét mao qua m&y thi dy trén, ching ta cfing nan dinh duge d6 la nbip di¢u cu the lye bat chir khong phai cau tho ndo khéc. Sir pho dién ngé nghia & day rat nbdt tri trong toan bo voi ar phi hop ngtt Am eta cdu tho. Tinh uyén chuyén cha cfu tho luc bat tgo cho né kha ning bidu bi¢n duce nhida mat eda cude sing. Nhu vay, nhin chung khi xét v8 de trung ciia hinh thitc, clu tho ta cé nhiing ché gin gili vai cau the cb Trung-quéc do ché ging nhau vé ting ndi don am tiét, vé quy ludt bing tric, v8 thanh digu & mot mike 46 twong d8i, Nhung cau tho ta lai cling cé nbitng nét ridng biét ve 16i gieo vin, vé 16i nglt nbip, ndi bat nbat a trong cau tho lye bat. Dua vio cde die trung dé cha titng Han va ting Viet cia hink thite tho-Trung-quéc va hinh thie tho Viet, biréc dau céc nha tho tir xira chi md phéng ©, rdi din din én toi viet hoa tirng mit cia hin thire tho, d& tao ra nbitng thé the mei. Céch viet héa don gin nit la sy phdi hyp nhip digu gitfa tho ta va tho Trung-quée, bing céch xen hai ciu thor tht ngon cita ta vao trong mét bai tht ngdn bat ct Dirong luat, thi du nhw bai Hanh Thién trirong hank cung cha Trin Nhan tong: (1) Tho mo phéng: Xem & phao eau. FyHai cdu ngii lye theo digu song that (lé trrge chia sav): > sgt wo ay | ida abte v0 a ‘Thay hw thu | bam thién hitw thu (Nghia: Tring vo sy | ebiéu ngeét vo sp Nuée ed thu | lng tréi e6 thu). 16i dig nhip digu song thit dua vio tho that ngon Duong ludt v8 san durge Nguyén Trai, Lé Thanh tong, Nguyén Binh Khiém... 4p dung ohiéu trong tho quéc am, thi dy hai ciu tam tir trong bai Ngén cht XII cia Nguyén Trai: Ban cit thféu | ham den min sich ‘Tinh quen ehing | k’6m trie eong mai Tir cach viét héa tren, ede nha tho ta lai nang lén mot céch vigt héa cao hon bang cich phéi hyp cde thé tho khéc nhau, dé tao ra mot th tho mai. Str phéi hop thé luc ngon vai th® thét ngon Dirong luat ® din ti mot thd that ngdn xen luc ngén die bigt cia Vigt-nam. Bay khong phii 1d nbing bai lye ngon thulin ty, cir méi cau e6 sdu tir, cling khong phai nhiing bai trirong don ei c6 xen Ine ngén, thi du nh nhing bai Deong chi thity, Citu vic trong Kink Thi, nhitng bai Ly tao, Cita chong trong Sé tir hay nhiing bai dan ca, nbae pha, tir kbc cia doi Hin, Duong hay nita la mot (@ Trong quyéa NguyEn Trai todn tap (tr. 862), ong Pro Duy Anh a3 phién lol mot each sof Lim haf cfu dé nb sau Bon cit thia dau dén tin séch, Tink quen ching kém tric cing mai (2) Ciing 06 vai DBL ding mgt ngon vor thSt ngon, tht dy bak Rio kink cinh gidt 56 55 cha Nguy8n ‘rst Gid mite 36 tro dt Dia ai qua vg con. Sor bG théng ké, trong Quée dm thi Ip c6 359 cha Tye ngon va trong Héng.dite qui'e dm thi tp c6 272 cau Ie ngdn (theo cae sich Qa in). 086 bai tho cha Tdo Thre, Phé Huyn, Khdng Dung, Ké Khang... doi Nyy Téa, Nam Bac trifu® ma day 1a nhiing bai that ngon céch Iuat cd xen Iuc ngon, ma ching ta thay kha phd bién trong tho quéc Am ea Nguyén Trai, gla Le, Thdoh tong, eis NguyEn Binh Kbiem, oe Trinh 7... Cich phi hgp trén méi cht la céch phot hop don thutin gira hai thé tho Trung-quéc d& tao ra mét thé tho céch luat thir ba, céch phdi hyp sau day Iai tién hon mét bude 14 phdi hop nbigu thé tho Truag-quée voi th8 tho Vigt-nam. Vi dy: bai BB d® théng cénh thi gdm ba kh3: khd diu 1a mot bai luc ngon bét et edch Indt, kbd hai 1a mét bai tht ngén céch Inal, hoa Iei dung nim van bai luc ngén trén, khd ba 1a 18 cu Inc bat gidn thit bién cdch, nghia la vin edu thét— trde gieo & tr thir ba chit Khong phai & tir thir nim nh throng 18: «=, Doanh 1s dong bac phau phau, Binh dang my phét khoan mau diu léng hot nguge tréng Dieu didu quin dich... hay bai BO dé thi® gdm hai khd, khd dau ta mot bai that ngon bat ci cach luat, khd hai 1a mot bai vio br luc bign thé, thi du hai cau au: Ngang BBA don chén LA thio dosh, khen nio xt cong ‘Thanh «3 bink Ng di vol, Qua Ba da lee chi8a Tin ngoe vil, tebng cing ghé tai NF vwrong phye Vidt nhiom nhon,.. G) Gie mba tho owe ta ah NguyBn Hie, Phing Khge Khoan Pham This, Tay DB... cht mo phdng 16i tir khie trong 46 ed diing 161 Ive ngn, chit khéng lim theo th® Ie ngén pha that ‘ugon n6i tréi (2) Xem Trinh Can trong tap Naw d2 Thién hda doanh béch Dinh. Sau Tejoh Can binh nbu kbdng com at lam ahe thé my nia, 3) Trich vtch Zé trifu ng ché quée dm thi (sich cba Thue vién Khoa hge xi hoi Trung wong), (@) Xem thé song thit & phin UL. (5) Ging trich & sich @& din & teen 20Nhin chung, cée th8 tho mdi sdng tg0 tréa, do qué trinh vigt hoa, chi méi dat dén mire do ting hyp thap- Ban dau céc nha tho ta xen bai cau song thé cha ta vio mot bai tho bat ci Burong ludt, sau lai tién toi ding cd thd luc ngon xen vio néta dé tgo ra mot Idi tho céch Inat pha cdch c6 mite dd, chi pha céch 46 tir hen dink trong cau, chtr vin tuan theo niém Inat. The tho Bo dé thing cénh thi hay Bé 2 thi, goi chung 1a thé tho BS 4, tuy cd nét dye déo hon la phéi hop duge voi he thng luc bét gién tht ca ta, nhung ciing chi mirc 46 phdi hop vé timg kh, khd tho logi nto dé rieng logi 6 trong he théng toan bai, chir cha dat dén tin chit 48ng hgp cao ad tao ra mot thé tho hoan toan méi v8 két cu fia bin thire (>, Hinh thire t8ng hop cao gita th8 ngi ngén hay that ngén Trung-quéc voi th? ndi sit va th8 luc bét cia ta, 46 1a th8 Adt ndi®, ThE duge sing tao do su phéi hgp khéo Iéo v8 cde quy Inat thanh digu va nhip digu gifta ting ta va ting Hin, gitta tho ta va tho Han. Cau tho Viet va cau tho Hén & day khong demg tach réi nhau nh @ cdc thé di néi & irén, ma g4n chat voi nhau v8 nhip, v8 vin, v8 khd trong chinh thé cia bai tho. Bimg vé tho cing nhir v8 nhee, khong ai c6 th8 phi nhén duge sy hai héa tuyét ditu v8 thanh didu va nhip digu eta th¥ hat néi, thi du: .. Trém mot tring, dur6i mot tring Xul long ké hi tink ngao ngan, ‘Thiy bi kim boi phan Indng dosn, (1) MQt 46 binh thite the do cde aba tho Viel-nam sing ty theo khudn khd cia tho Budng nbu 161 trigt ha, song Aigp, VF tam thanh (xem phn ID). (2) ThE nét sir dhege ding vio 16i tho hat chic nhw 8 Bél glép thudng déo vin cia La Dike Mao thi chua dat én binh thie th8 bit néi voi quy lust ch§t ch cia nd. aBin trim thiy 48 bn thién thai Ving tring al xé lim bai, Nita in g6t chide niva edi trén ehdng? Nuge may thim thim mot dong, Of day, hai cau th&t ngén Trung-quéc xen vao mot eéch nhip nhang gitta nhéng cau tho Viétnam. Céch phéi hgp gitta cdc thé tho Trung-qudée va tho ta duge 4p dyng nbi’u trong ca khtic, thi du nhur cde digu TI ba, Thién thai, Ngay bin than thd hét ndi ciing 14 mot loai ca kbc, NOi.dén ca kbc, 18 ph&i néi dén tinh nhac va tinh nhac ela ca khiic trong mot chirng mue nbit din van khong téch roi quy Indt cia ting néi, quy luat a6 trong ting Viet 1a quy luat ¥8 thank digu va nbip di¢v. Chinh nhé dua vio quy luat dé ma nl tho Nguyén Cong Trt trong bai hét n6i Cong khai thac, 3 lam mot vige nguge Lai 1a ding chi Han trong toan bai ma 6 xen nhiing cau tho céch luat bing quéc tm vao: « Nhi kim thi hw dinb ain se Phung chi kha Son, Hil eht ahi atta. Sorn giai kim ni hii giai En. Nomling thanh dite nhie son nhir hii, BE bge vin len trong mg bit Non vang dig diy chic tam bd... () Nahi Ai BE chén wang (tite mat tring) déi dogn d6, Nika chlm diy mede, nita trén khéng. Q) Bhi Mita thu choi thaytn dudi tring. Khuyét denb, (8) Xem & phn san, (4) Nei Nay méi 6 chite dinh dién sit Phung chia di khai hoang & Kim-som, Tien-bii, eit la wing, ma BE ta tn Mong dice ven nbur ritl his BE... Noii bai: ndm tay. Tam bb: ba tn chL6i nay efing cht la mét bidt 1¢, nhung Nguyén Cong ‘Tri d& than cong vi nba tho tuy ding chit Hén, nhung vin theo nbip digu cba tho Vidt, ta 1é trade chin sau tong cau song that “, Quy fugt v8 thanh digu va nbip didn, cing nbw quy luat vé I6i gieo van hén hop giita viin chin va vin lung trong cu luc bat, cfing thé bign trong mét sé ca khic ed nhwr ca Hué @, Ca Hué 6 thé trong mot mite 46 ndo dé ehju dnb huang nhac Trung-quée trong cdc bai hét bc mhu Lara thiy, Haérk-vdn..., bay dob bong nhac Chiém-thanh trong cfc bai hét nam nh Nam ai, Nam binh... ®. Nhung néu chi xét v8 mat cfu két fia inh thie céu tho, thi r rang ca Hué mang dge trung cia ce khie Vigt-oam, do quy Iu@t vé thanh digu va nhip di¢u cia tigng Viet chi phi, Nei v8 thanh digu, ca Hug cd niidu mau she ‘Vigt-nam, nhur thién vé gieo van bang “, trong khi dé thica kbc Trung-quée lai kha niu bai gico vin tréc ©, Ve ubip digu, ca Hug c6 ch6 Léy theo nhip digu cau Ine bt, thi du: Nhé khi eude rug edn tho, ‘Them cing thuong tie, phong leu at bi. (Nam bang) bay theo hip digu tho luc bat chwa oan chink, thi dy: Minh gigt minh 401 com Bigt Dao lal quan som mgt during. Tinh (tinh) throng. to virong moi duéng. (Lira Whig) ) Tike 12 haf cau thir 2, thir 3 & tren, @) Day nol ca Hug cB, chir khong phi bd Hué dan gian. (3) ¥ kién aby cn duge che nb& nghién itu tranh Inge. (@) Trong digu Te dai ednh c6 val chd gieo vin tric. (3) Xem myc Tir khiéc & phn eau.hay nita JA theo nbjp digu cha cu song thét (18 tree chin sau), Khde voi cu ca khic Trung-quée 1a o6 nhip digu nguge lai, tht du: so sinh may chu trong trd t ‘bai Hanh van cha ta voi may cau trong trd 1 béi Hank 16 nan cba Trung-quéc: — Cau song thit trong bai Hanh wan cé nbip 3 —~ ‘ThE non vubs | glso ude Két Ad, Tram nha tae de, Diu xa etch, Song tink thong | ebb phy thi thoi. — Cau that ngOn trong bai Hank if nan ob ubip 4 — 3: Ba Mao kinb ce | tedng man man, Kj da kbit kh | hina bank she BB pho quyén tuy | Ky nhén hotn,.. Now vay, loi ca vn theo adt mbip digu ctu the cha mdi dan toc Khdc nhau, 48 bibu hién tinh céch cia dn. toe 46 &, Trén day 18 mot s6 nban xét so bd ve aw xc dink Yinb thin dan tc trong qué trinh tiép thu tinh hoa cha nghe thuat the ca Trung-quéc. Trai hang nghin nim titp xiic voi mn vin hoa Teung-quéc, the ca cha ta chit Anh huéng the ca Trung-quée khé nhitu 1a 18 dwong nbién. Nhung phai chi ¥ rfng trong qué tring nhan din ‘Bi mhiba méi Biét cai kND KE durong trong. ao KE méi mit khéng tré v8 dirge. 2) Tae gli sheh Que vin ew ME (Nha xudt bin Ton Vial; Sai gon) vi chi cha ¥ dén 36 tir cha Iéi ca, mA quén mit nhieu jo dim quan trong ola ca kiuée nh thanh &igu, ab|p 4igu, vin igu, nhge Agu v.v. nén aX nhdn din mgt cach sei im ‘ring che bai ce Hué cila ta Mu sa0 chép b6n aigu bit Trung-qube la Ming tring pking, Dich thiy khéch, Hank 18 nan, Béng phong fodmy thi du trd 1 bai Hanh dn Ub theo ted 1 bat Hanh 16 nan ahy di din & trén. Sy that, oa Ruf da o6 cbfu inh burdng nét fabge mite ngoai, abung cia bin vin la DM bit ca ngudt Vigt.ta dita tranb cho nén dge lap dan toc, thi nhdp dan ta cfing du tranh cho n&n vin héa dan thc, trong 46 co ngh¢ thuat tho ca. Qué trinh vigt héa mot a6 hinh thie tho ca'cd Trung-quée song song voi sy tigp tho tinh hoa nghé thuat tho ca dé, khong mim ngoai pham vi cuge d&u tranh chung néi tren. Gan day hon, tho ca cia ta lai chju Anh hudng tho ca Phép, nbung anh hurdng khong edu sé nbu 416i voi tho ca Trung-quéc. Si di nhu vay 1A do nbigu nguvén phan, thi dy nhu thoi gian dé ho cia thie dan Phép khong dai b&ng thoi Bic thudc, hay tiéng Phép va tiéng la, tho Phép va tho ta khéng cé duge nhing diém tong ing (iéng Phép thudc loai da am tét, khong c6 giong bing, giong tr&c. Tuy nhién, hoan toan khong phai vi nbitng ly do dé ma cau vin Phép, hinh thee the ca Phép khong dnb buéng dén céu vin ta bey ede th? tho ca cia ta. Sy that, 161 dat cau, 165i dong tir, 18i gieo van, li ng&t nhip trong tho Phép déu tham nbap vao tho ta, Chia néi nhtng cau tho méi cé cfu rie céu tho Phép nbw: Boe nay Igob, mat trot at ng sém.. (Tong tw chiba, Xudn Digu) hose: Chitu hom nay, bing mhién, ta Ige bode Vao not day, thé gi6i ven oo bon (ThE gidi von 6 hbny Ché Lan Vien) Hay noi nbitng bai tho that ngon bat ci Duong luat cha Quéch Tan trong Mia cé dién, di c6 bj gd vao khuén khd d6i thnk, déi y, bing tric phan minh, vin khong thoat duge sy ddi mi trong cfu tric loi vin. Chung ta s8 thay ré diéu dé, néu chting ta so sinh mot 86 tho eéch lust cda Quéch Tan voi tho cB, thi dy so adnnhiing chu mé, ctu két trong bai Méng thay Han Mac Tit voi nbting ciu ma, cdu két trong bai Khéc Bang cia On Nhu Hau Nguyén Gia Thidu : Ot Le Thank ®t Of Le Thanbt { Mot gic trize nay lai g&P minh... Tat khde, toi cubs veng c& mong Nh& thuong Qua lec gié qua man | K2 (Mong thdy Han Mac OF Tai Bing of, 63 mBt rat Gitinh, ot ngbto, 6t duyéa ov. 5 MF Mot tinh muén dit cdng them ban) Léo 110 theo hoai et ehfing thoy { KEE (Khbe Bang Céch c&u tr cia hai nha tho 6 ché giéng nhau, dé mi va ket 06 chd ging nhau; nhung tim to, phép cia hai ngwoi & hai thai dai khée nhau, do c&u tric cau tho Han Mac Tit méi hon céu tric the On Nhu Hau la di nbién, va On Nhu Hau lam vit duge cau: Tot khéo, (i ewdi, vang ef mong viv. Voi ¥ thite c4 phan 16 rét. Néi chung ede nbd phi Th) phi) do bat 6, cau sao tho ta vita thira ké va nang cao céc hinh thire-the ca cB truyén, vira tiép thu cé sing lao cdc thé tho méi du nhap ti phurong Tay. C6 ditu chéc chan la cic tho cia dan tdc ta nhw luc bat, song that luc bat, th’ die bigt duoc cde nha tho ta coi trong va dé cao. Trix mot s6 bai tho «Tay qué», khong hop voi phong vi dan tho, nén da roi rung trong thoi gian; con lai bat ctr () Gang cé huy8t n6i ring bai nay cia Nguyén Dye. (tite vua Ty Bik Q) Tee mot danh cba Hin Mge Tix 6 the tongtha méi nao ma thira ké duge hoi tho din toc trong nhip digu va ng digu, déu la nhitng thé tho thanh c6ng, thi dy nhifng ctu the theo thé ty do sau day cha TS Hitu trong bai Ta di toi: ‘Ta di tOl tren awing ta bude Lip; Rin whw thép, ving nbw ang. Dit ng ta tring trimg aiép Miép Cao nbnr nid, Adi nhur song, Chi ta low nbw bids Bong trebe mit. R6 rang trong cdi méi cla cdu tho van c6 cdi cB trayn, dé la nhip digu cla 1h? ndi sit ma chiing ta da thay phang phat trong thé hat néi trén kia(®, Sw xde dinh tinh thin dan toc trong tho ca cia ta tiga trign trén co sé dau tranb cho n&n déc lap dan t0c; sit xéc dinh dé khong h8 loai trir kha nang tigp thu tinh hoa cia ngh@ thuét tho ca nude ngoai, mién 1a nhan té hén ngoai dé cé tée dung bdi bd cho n&n van boa cba ta. Truyén thing yeu nuae va yéu tién bd cia nhdn dan ta xura, trong qua trinh déu tranh va rén lnyén cla minh, 48 din toi sir sing tao nbitng dng tho ca bat hi nbu dong chi ‘Trugng-Chinb da noi: « Nhiing tée phim cd didn la tinh boa cia n8n vin nghé dan toc, qua nbi’u thé kj, do doi sing va tiéng ndi dan toc ngay cing phong phi méi dn dan tao nem, ) ThE néi sittheo nbip 3/¢ Auge 4p dung mot cich Unk hoat vio thd hat noi va th hat nt [gh 1B mgudn gde cha thE tho m61 tam tir hay tam tt bigm eich sau niy. Xen phn IL @) Teich cudaPhiin déin cho mét nn vannght ddn ide phong hit, died ngon co céa ché nghta yéu rurde va chi nghta xd hi, (ba xudt bin Siz tbit a-ag1). 2CHUONG It sy PHAT TRIEN CUA HiNH THUC THO CA TRONG VAN HOC VIRT-NAM 1. Himh thie the ea dan gion, eo sé eta hink thee the en ed truydn dan toe. Now 43 néi & mye trén, cha Ong ching ta vai ¥ ebi tw curgng manb mé, khi du tranh cho n&n (de lap dan gc, th! cfing du tranh cho nn doc lap vin hoa, trong dé cé nén vin hoc vA nghé thuat. NEn vin boc doc lap cha ta ma co sé ld ede hink Unite tho ca cd truybn duge xéc djnh tri qua abing thir théch cia hon bén ngbin nm lich sit. ‘Nhin lai sur phat tridn tho ca, ta thay ring che thé tho ca od truytn dan toe la nbing th8 dirge sir dung phd bign va lam co sb cho sx ra di cia tho moi. Sé di nb véy la vi tho ca cia ta gin chit voi tiéng ndi cle ta, voi cude s®ing cia ta, cOn nhieng hiah thtte tho ca nude ngoai, dit cd duge giai cap thing tri phong kign hay thie dan d@ cao trong nhitng thoi ky lich st nh&t (1) Khai niém Tho ca & day @uge hitu theo ngbfa rong la {at cde tol win vin Venom, mht 45 m6 18 trong Ln Qn,dinh bing céch dem ding vio vide gido dyc & mha trwong, viée thi cir hay vige tuyén traytn cho ché 49 théng tri qua béo chi, sdch v&..., nhurng endi cing cfing khong trénh khdi sy gat bd qua sy sing loc cla nban dan ta trong qué trinh tiép thu nhiing cdi t6t dep cha ‘vin nghé nwéc ngoai, trén co sé n&n vin ngh¢ cd truyén dan toc. Cée binh thie tho ca cd truyén cia ta ndm trong pham trit vdn hoc dan gian tran miéng, do dé ta chia thd hitu rd durge xust xi va nien dai cia nd, Co ditu moi ngwéi ching ta déu biét ring khong phai ngay mot Ie ma ching ta 48 cé duge nhéng cdu tuc ngé, chu a6 hay nhitng bai ca dao, dan ca trong cae dang hoan chinh va 8n dinh cia n6. Nén tho ca dan gian cite ta chi cé thé duge sing tqo va din din duge ning cao theo sir tin trién cia ché do kinb té va xf hoi va su tién tritn cha ling néi din toc voi chire ning biéu bi¢n ckm mic va tu duy trong qué trinh sin xuit va chién d&u. Nghe thuat hat mia cia ta eiing vao loai phat trién sm, ngang véi nhitu dan tc trén thé giéi. Sir sich cia ta, oting nhu sich Cé kim nhac luc cba Trung quéc, 6 chép ring: i Chu Thanh vwong, khi sir nude Viet-thwoug (tke nude ta thai xua) hign.chim tri trang, Chu Cong Bin 6 thing cho sit ta mét bai dan hat goi la Vigt-thiong thao. Truy’n thuyét cia ta Iai cing néi ring Long quan hay dan hat va vua Hang thi 13 nghe dugc titng sdo trai trong mot cdi bang nui, ve sau mii &6 got 1a Thién ciim (Ban trei) ©, Ngoai ra, trén m&t trong ddng Dong Son dvi Hing, c6 hoa vin yé nhdy mua... Rat tiée la ( Nai Thién elm ngay nay da & huygn KG-anh (Ha-tTah), mot ving cia meee Vigt-thwémg xia, VE sau, cha con Hd Qiy Ly bj quan Minh bat & day, qudn Minh a3i chit cllm Ie an ra cht elim Id bot 2%ngay nay ching ta khéng biét duoc nhiing céu hdt, digu mia nao dich xée tr dei Hing cn Iai trong von efi dan tc. Chic chin rng nbitng cau hét ban ddu tir thei throng ed, chua h8 tch khdi qué trink lao dong ma gin chat v6i qad trinh a6 ; c6 thé n6i, d6 1a mot chi ti€ cba cong vige lao dong. hing digu ho chit efi, hd chéo thayén, hd kéo ludi, bd dap dat, nhiing can goi bé, goi nghé, nhing cau tré em hat, tré em choi... 1a ning cu chia tach rei ku ngé, thi dy nhimng cau ddng dao: Xue xe Ke xb Nha nao Con Aen Con lira vv. hay nhiing cau ca dao: ‘Tay km con dso Lam sao cbo sfc BE ma dé cht BI ma af chit Chit ly cbf canh... Khong nha thigt 14 sé tir trong dong tho a8 duge han dink du din ngay tir bude du, ma that ra dong tho dai agin khde nhau, cling nbu khau ngit throng dai ngin kbde nban(®, Nhéng cau hdt dé khong thiéu gi trong tho ca dan gian ciia ta, ma thuong durgc goi 1a Idi fre (D Trong cudn Nghé thadl the ex. Avixt6t ob okie Ain bi ta n6l chuyén voi nhau, ta rSt hay ding trizdng dos céch, obit ft kht sir dung Igc bi cach, va néu e6 thi efing xa Ania ng& rBi> (Chwrong IV, Noh wht bin Vin héa Nghé thujt — Handi), 30chi ti. Vi mang tinh chat khiu ngé, cho nén céu bat dai ngfn thi c6 th8 tay y, nbung nhat thigt ph&i dugc ghép tron trong mgt dong tho, ma khong duge bite clu sang mot dang khic , Nhu vay, edu tho din gian trong qué trinh tign tri8n c6 tink chit tir phat ciia nd, dege chia ra hai huéng: hode la tay tign duge dién dat kitu tric chi tir, hoi 1a tim téi mot hinh thir dn dinh va thich hyp voi Ii digs cim nhiéu mau sfc hon, Huong thir hai dé, dige xéc dinh bang cdc t8 hyp thé nay voi thé khdc d2 hinb thanh ra mot thé moi, rdi thé moi nay lai 8 hop mot laa nia vei mot thd khic, dé tr’ thaoh m6t th8 moi hon v.v. Tt nbién, ay t8 hop nay khong thé vo han dinb, ma ngirng lai khi 44 dat dén mot thé dn dinh va thich hop voi quy lat cia su dién dat ng ngbia va-ngit digu, Cém wie va tur duy 06 the bidu hign bing mét tir va mot tir cé th? 18 mot don vi ciia dong tho, nhung trong vin hoc dan gian ota ta khong c6 thé tho mét tir nhw vay, ma chi c6 the tho voi don vi déng tho nhé mbit la hai ir, cdi kitu nbur bai Xie xe, xtic xé... noi trén, hay mbur bai Ve ve—Ve ve— Nghe vé—Chim cé--Chim si —C4 thu—Chim cu— Ga giée... Vi khong cé th? mgt lir cho nén khong thé ndi thd ba ter 1A sur 18 hop cia thé mot tir voi th8 hai fir, ma thre ch&t thé ba tir, cai kidu nh bai Xia cA me— DE cé chép—Chan nao dep—Bi budn men—Chan mao (1) Tie cau dit chu ngin ging nhw edb tre 66 ast dai ast agin Ging 6 thE goi Ia 161 fririmg dodn cick. (2) Rhi ban ve chin the dan gian Nga, Thmdfiep ai din vottdeap va Verié G2 xbe nhgn ring khong cé hign tugng bic clu dong may sang dong khde trong tho ca dim gian Nga, cing nhtr tho ca dan glan cic mube Tay Au (Phin I, churong 2, sich a3 din. aden—G nha lam ché... hay nhw bai Rong rin © chi durge coi nhw cing voi thé hai tir, 1a hai th co ban: mét chin mgt Ié hay néi theo thual ngt trigt hoc phucog Bong'la mét dm mét dirong. Sur t hop & bac thép la str tB hop don thuin mgt dm vai mt dm nbw: thé hai ter voi hai fir thanb th? bén ti nur kidu bai: BB cu, bd che ‘Tha ric len chy Gi6 diab tung lay... hay 1a m6t duong vdi mét dirong nh thd ba tir voi ba tir thanh thd sdu te nbw kidu cde cdu tue ngit: — An com méi, néi chuy¢n ef — Bét cho sgch, rach cho thom. hay 1a mgt dm véi mét 4m nhw tht hai ti voi bén tie thanh thé sdu tir nhur cu din ca: = Min em mé mfang em — Anh sé chting tir lao khd ©, hay nita 1a mét dm véi mgt ditong nbw: th® hai tir vo; ba tr thanh thé nam tir nite kido ede cau tue ngt: — Com treo, méo nbja at. = An x01 choa, ngong migng ho&e nbu 181 Adt gidim Ngh¢-Tinh, s® noi & pbln hei. () Rbng rin la 161 ang dao, tht dg may cau abu ‘Thiy thude : Rbng rdn dé dan? Rbng rin: Bi Idy thuéc cho con. Thy thude: Con tén may? RBng rin: Con lén mét. Thay tha Rong xin (2) Teich Dan ea mitn Nam Trang-bé (Nbd xuit bin Van hoa. Ha-n60) 32So voi th bén tir thi thé niim tir va thé sdu tir di cao hon vé chat Iugng. Ding la nh vay, vi sé Iyong tt trong dong tho ting lén, sé din dén sw phdi tri kbong phai chi don thuin v8 nbip digu Am tigt, ma con cd v8 nbip digu ciia sux biéu hign chm xic va tr duy. Six phéi tri nay nang tinh da dang cha hinh thitc tho lén mot béc. Tinh da dang nay sé dirge mang diin léa, khi sir td hgp tin Ién bac cao hon, nhur sir td hop cha th ba te voi bdn tir than thé bay 1‘, thi du: Mam son uhip, mam nan efing abip, Phugng hoang dus, bim bjp cing dua hay str {8 hop cha thé bdn fe voi bdn tir thanh th® tam tr, thi du: ‘Thin toi 66 qué, tir thog Len ba; Mt mg may cha, tai chira thmg thay Bung cay durang cy. 101 chira tieng quent hay nifa 1a sir t8 hop cia cde th8 phu bn tir voi ndim tir thanh chin tr, ndm ti voi ném tir thanh mardi tit v.v, Tuy nbién, nhu 44 ndi & dogn trén, su 18 hop khong thd tin tridn mot cach vo han dd duoc, ma phai ding lai kbi gp mot hinb thitc thich dang, Hinb thire dn dink cao nhiit trong nghé thuat the ca cB truy8n cba la chinh la hai th? luc bat va luc bat gidn that, trong 46 thé luc bat durge coi mhwr th? co sé, vi ban than né c6 thé ding riéng m6t minh trong ede thd loai lon nhw di8n ea, trayén the... con luc bat gidn that thi ding nhw tén cha no 1a cong them su t8 hop véi thé bay tir, chie bin than th? bay ti ding riéng mot minb thi lai khong phai la the phd bién va néu nhur cd duge dp dung vao truyén tho (1) SE not & phn 1 2) Trich Dan ea mién Nam Trung.bg (Nba xuit Din Vin hoa, Handi) 3 TC 33kidu Lue stic tranh cong‘ thi tinh hoam chinh c tho sé bj phd vir, v}15i ngat nhip cia nd qué ob kbd hin voi 16i ngat nhip sinh dong cia thd Iye bal nhw di n6i & chong Sir wdc dink tink thin dan t6c... Chung ta da thay ré ring tho lye bat Ia 16i tho cd trayén cba ta, khdc bin voi 16i tho cia Trung-quée v8 céch ngat nip, each gieo vin, Hon thé néa, néu can ctr the he, (@) Day ( mot trudng hyp it thy trong vim hoe ta; ngoai Lue sic tranh eéng, cbwa 16 c6 truygn tho mio whi viy aia khong? (2) & aay c6 chen 4 nhtng ciu nim tir, siu tir v, (B) BS [a Ji ngAL nip 3—4. Xem phn It, @) Liu nay e6 nguet ui tyr th dan tie ma of tim mot s6 chu ‘van xuol na nd trong sir sich Trung-quée (thi dy may eAu trong Kinh dich : «Lue tam: ham chang, khé trinh, hoae tong virang ‘sr, 06 thank hea chung >, rghfa I: hao lye tam trong qué Khon n0i dite ké Yam tOi khong chudng phd trwong, ma chi gig dig anh, theo Lénh vua qixo cho, khdmg vi danb loi ma chi vi bn phan), hay m6t vai céu khis e6 tinh cach xuyén tae, edt xén trong sich Trung dung hoge trong Tong sit d® phis whan ngudn adc dan the cia thé Ie bit Vigt-nam, Sy that, may cw noi trén viét bing nin xudi, Cac cm trong sich Trang dong. Ting sié thi ekt xén khong thanh vin d8, cn edu trong Kink dich trén ia chi la mot sy ngdu mhidn va thit ra, chu lye cing khong ‘ing quy Inst am thanh eda thé Ine bat (xem tap chi Van Sit Dia 16 thang 7.1958), hay Mat Neuyat trong bao Gach mang quée gia (che s6 310 313, 1958, Saigon) AX miy mde va phn khoa hoc & chd tach rit ngi dm ra khAi agit nghTa va ng aigu a2 nol ring th8 ge bit va lye bat giin thit eda ta 1b do thé that ngon Buong Injt ma ra. Lap Iugn ein Mat Nyuyét mhw sau: Rae eit ced Ine bit ndo cfing cb thé daira song thiit diege hay nyxoe tai. Thi dy: Iye bat ra song tht : Lam trai rita bit, quit nha, Vor got thi da, bilm ba toi day (ca dao)vao quy luat t3 hop dé xét vé két ciiu cau tho, ta cang thay 16 th8 dé Ja két qua & mite dO cao cia su td hop gitfe th? sau {it voi the tam fir. Toy nhién, chic chén ngay tir hic du, ciin cir yao quy luat phd hgp cia thanh dieu, nhac digu voi ng digu, cha ong ching ta khong thd c6 durgc dang hon chink sdu tam (+) nhw ching ta thong biét, ma phai trai qua nbitu kbhw md mim, chon loc, sip x8p qua che dang e6 tinh chit titn dé, thi dy nbur efe oft ea dao: 4 aan Nardi den aku Wen, ‘Tim nuge dbng Trin, edng xu shu ma, Nur xiu nhor a ‘Thm mute ding Ted, cing dep nh tien — hay dang: 44 bs thing bitt Hy, bly thing BIEL bo, Chin thang 16 49 m6 i e- thi a3i ra Lam trai pita! bat nha quét ve, Goi bl ba! thi da 107 day (1) v.01 Bit ec eu song thit nao ollng co tht adi ra bal cu thit ngon Dubng Wit dupe, hay ngwge Jal. Thi dy : song that dir that ngom Duong Inge Chang tdi tré vin déng hao higt, Xép bit nghién theo vige dao cung (Chink phu ngém kite) et adira Chang vin tubi ding hao kiGt tre. Biit nghién theo vige xép dao cang v-0.. Siz may mée vi phin khoa hoe elia Mat Nguyét xudt_phit tir tink thin ty dan 9c, eho ring tho ta chdng qua ent Ia mo phéng thor Burémg.RO rang thé tho luc bat hoan chinh yoi nhigu nét dic sic cha né ma ehiing ta cé due ngiy may 1a két tink cba sy sing tao cia éng cha ching ta. Thé lye bét voi nhip digu uyén chuyén, t8 hop v6i cdu song thit vei nhip digu rin chic cia nd, tr thanh thd Ive bat _gidn that la mot thé cé nbip digu rat sinh dong. C6 the ndi th luc bat va thd Iyc bat gidn that 14 hai thé xudt side va phd bign nhdt trong ede hinb thite tho ca cd truytn cia ta. ‘Tuy nhién, khi noi cde binh thire nbw lye bit va luc bat gidn thé titn d&n mite do hoan chink, thi khéng cb nghfa ndi ring cdc hinh thire 46 nh&t thiét khong bao gid bit dang nia. Ching ta khong phi nhn tinh loai biét cia tho ca vA hinh hire tho ca. Nhung binb thire tho ca nhw di noi & chirong trén la gin voi cude sdng va cude sng thay di, thi hinh thire tho ca khdng the khong thay adi, khong thé khong c6 nhiing nét bién dang. Trér lai tir budi ban diu thei thugng cd, ching ta thdy ca, vfi, nhac chwa téch roi nhau“), Bai ca ban du gin chit voi diéu bo cia than th’, digu bo cia dong de trong lao dong, nhw vay 14 di bao gdm ba yéu 15 ndi trén vi dign b6 1a fién dé cita vil, giong hd va Am thanh cita nbip digu dong tée phat ra la tin dB aba ca ba nhge. Din dn bai ca khéng phai chi dimng & ché phuc vu trite tigp qué trinh lao dong, ma cé xu hudng viron len bing céch mo phéng no va nghé thudt béa né di, tay tieng mire 4 nhat dink, Ngay nay ching ta nghe nhéng digu hd sOng MA & Thanb-héa, hd hyi & Quing- binh, hd méi nbi, méi day & Thira.thién, ching ta chi (1) «CA ba nghg thudt vii, nbge vA ca ban Alu cht 1 mot. Nawdn géc cita sy hop nhit a6 14 Ang téc nbjp nhang trong lao ‘dong tap th8 » (bal Chi nghifa Mde ui tho ea, tap chi Recherches internationales, $6 88, 1968) 36con nbén duoc bong ding cia digu hé lao dong, chit Joi ca VA nét nbge 80 v6i di¢a bd lao dng thi 6% duge nang cao va bi€n hda di nbi’u. Bude thir nbit, ca nhac téch khdi vi, dén bude thir hai, nhac Jai tach khdi ca. Ngay nay chting ta dua ra khai ni¢m phan biet ca dao voi dan ca du cé ly do chinh séc cia nd. Dan ca bid nbwr vay 88 khéc voi ca dao & chd la din ca c6 nhac digu cu thé, va néu khi ghi lgi ma tuée bé phiin nhac, tht du nhu Kinh thit', tht chf con Idi ca giéng nhwr ca dao. Theo nghia ciia séch Thuyét vd, cing shir theo Idi chi thich cita sich Mao truyén, thi nghia cd cia tir ca la hdt c6 nhac di theo, con nghia cB eta tir dao la bt cing khong c6 dan so di theo. Higu nh vay thi ca dao 1a mot thudt ng chi bao trim nhing bai hét hoe co nhac, hoge khong cé nhac, Nhung trong thuc t& whiing bai bét cb cia Trung-quéc cing nhwz cia ta thoi rua, vi qué lau doi khong r6 nét phgc nhw thé nao nita, nén chi cdn truy’n va ghi ai durge lei ca. Vay ndi ca dao cd 1a noi nhitng lai ca 6, con n6i dan ca theo nghia hep 14 ndi nhfing bai hit co nét nhac r5 rang, thi dy cde di¢u trdng qudn, ©6 la, quan ho, v.v... 8 di phan bigt khée nhau gitka ca dao va dan ca, la dé higu riding khudn khd cha cau tho lue bat hay luc bat giém th&t hoan chinh cé khi chi thich hgp cho vige sing téc ca dao hay sing tac (Q) Khi nhing bai ca din glan ma aa bd phn ohge Ai va dura chép vao sich a8 hoe (Kinh), thi trong nhiing Ba ca Mo cht con lal e6 7 ngbfa ela Iai tho atta ma thdi (2, 3) Thuyét véin: Boe ca da viét dao (cbt c6 Idi ca khong thoi 18 dao). ‘Mao [rugén: Khe hop uhge viét ca (kinic hat pho! hop voi rnbgc 1a ca). NAT nhé: Dao: ¥i v6 tl trae chi logi, de oa chi (Dao: khong, 6 tong ter tiéng trie @i theo, chi hat riéng)- 7tho, con néu ap dung vao vie sing tac loi ca trong cdc lan digu din ca, thi tay mie do cu th ma khudn khd dé phai gin ra cho thich hgp. Chink str gif ra d6 43 lam cho ede cau Ie bat hay Inc bat gién thét phai chuy&n tir chinh th8 ra bién thé. Hinh thire luc bat bién th? noi day khic hin v6i fién d® Iue bat noi & tren; tin dB luc bat & giai dogn hinh thanh cia ciu tho cé tinh chit kbip kh8nh khong d&y da. Thi du nbw cau: Quan phuong bila chiing 104 vao nha lang. Mung nha lang ném nay git sang pha quy. Con mha lang bude chin ra aang, Tay cim ey mia, cardi nga tia ed di che... va chinh phu vay né méi tién trién dén mite dd hoan chinh, cn luc bat bin thé & giai doan phat tritn cia cau tho, lai ti mire dé boan chinh ma gifin ra, nhung gidn ra trén co s& duy tri cdi cSt cba thé hoan chink, chit khéag hé phi vo n6, tht dy mAy cau bat xim sau day Lie @ém Khuya, suoag Igoh, tring me, Canh tan sugu Unh Tic Day gid em nghi thiromg than. Em tide thay trong 4a tring ngin, NG gleo mink yao €4m phong trin ling choi, Chin hang séu Tin qust hurong tri, Non xanh muve bige a8 singwei bist cho? ma néu bé nbitng lei dém di, chimg ta s€ c6 nhting cau luc bat hoan chinh : em khuya suong laoh tring mi, nh tin rugu tinh, bay gle theong thin, TiSe thay trong gid tring ngin, Gico minh vio dim phong trin ling choi. Hang siu Tn quit huong tral, Non xanh nue bigc ai ngwit biét cho?... c G@) Trong dan ca ta, nhiing Lot dim thuréng 6 chite ning thay thé cho nhiing ndt nbgo, vi dv logi hat xim not tren got hdi hat that rd let, do dy Wri dem lam cho bal ca ndi bit. 38Nhw vay quy luat cia hién tugng bign thé 1a cau the gidin ra do chd duge ting len mot sé long tir d2 bidu hien cho day di ngit digu va nhac digu dién cdm, nhirng voi nguyén tie 18 86 lwong tr them vao dé khong duoc thay thé vi tri cha h¢ théng tir trong the hoan chinh, cfing nhw khong duge anh huéng toi vin va nhip cia hé théng 46. B8i voi I6i luc bat gidn that, quy luat bién thé efing twong tr nh vay. Néi chung, céc hinh thire biém thé cha lye bat va luc bét gidn that rit cn thiét cho ede lan di¢u dan ca hon la vigc sing tac tho, vi tho thi d& c6 ahidu hinh tinke khde thay thé. hin lai cde hinh thire tho ca ed truytn ela ta tir thd hai tir, th8 ba ti 1a hai th cir ban... cho d&n hai th xudt sic nhat va phd bién mbit 1a (AE luc bat va Tue bat gidn that, ching ta thy ring lic dyng va anh hwing gitta cic thd khong ddng déu. Nhiing th8 hai tir, ba tir hin nay coi nbw mit ban, mbiing thé sau tir, bay tir, tm tir vin cén st dung®, Th? bén tir con c6 trong mot 88 tho boxe vé, nbung cing khong phd bign, Thé nim tir dic dung trong sing the ve hat git Nghe — Tinh, So voi cdc th8 trén, thi thé Iyc bat va lue bat gidn that c6 tée dung va anh hwéng lon hon. ThE luc bat duge ding d8 sing tdc cdc loai dién ca va nbit 1a cdc logi truyén tho, nhitng logi 44 chiém mot dja vi quan trong tir thé ky XVI dén dau thé ky XX. Loai didn ca va trayén tho 14 nbting loai tw sir. Ngoai die trung tri tinh, thd Inc bat cdn c6 dife trung ty su, c6 thd tng dip ding yéu clu cba hai logi tren. Dée (1) Khong phil th8 song that trong binh thire Iye bat glin a that @) Trong ther ea hign dei, cde th8 sha tie, biy tix, tam te duoc khai thée sit dyng dw61 dang nguyén thd hode bién thd £6 sing tg0 va eich tin, 39Diet, the luc bat rit thich hyp cho vite dién ca wa vie k® chuyén, vi ting dung lugng eda nd, vira hira hon vA vira 06 Aan, hitu ban trong hai cdu, gdm mudi bin tir, vira di dién dat mot ¥ c6 dong nao dé, thi dy: Nhigu @iéu phi ly gid gong. Neto trong mét meve tht thong haw cing, nhung lai cing va vo han, vi cd thé k8 mot truyén dai nhw truyén Kige. Co thé so sdmh th? luc bdt cia ta voi thé anh hay thé bai tudé ea Trung- quée. Nhung that ra, trong viin hoc cd Trung-quéc, cing chi moi thily nhiing bai hanh dai khodng vai trim cau ma thoi, chia thy cd cudn ti8u thuyét lon nao dién ra bing tho nhwr & ta. Chinh day 1a mét ign trong d& bigt trong tho ca Vidt-nam. Tinh chit via hiru han, vira vo han ciia th® lac bat rét thich hop cho vide ghi chép su kién, md tA tinh y. Nhu trén 4& néi, theo nguyén ly chung, ¥ tir trong cdu lyc bit thong doe ghép tron trong muoi bén tir 1a cing, khéng duge bic clu sang mot cip khée tinh theo don vj dong tho, thi du cau sau day vira tron $+ Chudn chudn mic phat nga wong, BA trot quiin quit tbl thuong mhau ctng.. Tuy vay, cfu true cau tho din gian cling khong dén ndi qué nghiém khie dén mic gd bé sr phat trig tinh ¥ mhur edu tric edu tho céch lngt, va trong nhing trang hop nao dé, van cé thé vuot qua giéi han cia khuén kbd dong tho, tht dy trong bai ca: Than chj nhw cénh hoa seas Ching em nliw béo, nbtr bot chang chen ange vao! Lay Wi cho ef mua rao, Cho sim, cho ehép, cho bk to gid lon, ho sen chim xuérg, cho béo Ién trén. (D The dy bai mgu ngon 100 van cba Bech Car DI git Vi Chi. 40Cap tho phia tren yom mudi siu tir: mei qué 6 hai ti, nhung vin trong khuén kbd luc bat. Ba cau dudi gdm hai muroi ba tir. Mét sw gifin ra trong sy phd vi dong tho va chink su phd va a6 dién dat ding ndi udt hén trong tranh d&u cfia giai cap clin lao. Thé luc bat gidn that cling phat tridm song song vi th’ Ive bét néi trén, cé nbfing die trung gin gidng nh vay, va duge sit dung 8 sang téc cdc loai ty truyén, cée kinic ngam; so vei th8 luc bat thi th nay ding c6 bi han ché hon. Ci hai th€ luc bat va luc bat gién that ign may vin durge si dung trong nbidu lab wye, va vin gid duge chirc ning bigu bién rieng (Ba muoi néim doi ta cb Béng cha TS Hibu). Trong kbuon kbd cia thé loai, nhiv nha the vin dung vei tinh thin sing tao, céch tan. Trong may ngbin nim lich sit, th ea eda ching ta c6 rat nhi8u th® Jogi, nhung phan lon nbing th? loai bj nhan dan ta lng quén som hon chinb la nhifog thé loai tho ca mé phéng nwoc ngoai, riéng cdc thd the ca cd truyén la nhiing thé séng mAi voi cling ta va lam co s& cho aén vin hoc dan thc. 2. Sy phat tridn ca hink thire tho ca tir thé ky thir X cho dén engi thé ky the XIX. Tir ho Khtic diy nghigp vé sau, kj nguyén tw chi murée ta ma ra véi tritu dai Ngo Quyén. Xia kia nee ta bj phong kién phtrong Bac dé hd bang nghin nim, do dé nn vin hoe dan (6¢ ta cing bj kim him. Chinb quyén phong kién nuréc ta duge cing 8 qua cdc tritu dai Dinh, Tin Le va dén doi Ly thi nha nude moi thuc sur durge dn dinh, giai cp phong kién nuéc ta méi tr thanh mot giai cip théng tri dé sire manh doan két mot tang lop nhan dan dé dap tan cde cude xAm hroc “cla noc ngoai va dé xay dong mot nén kinh té va vin héa dan tc. Ché 49 phong kign nue ta phat trién dén cdi dinb cao cia nd & thé ky XV, duéi tridu Hang-dite wa tir thé ky XVI v8 sau thi din dan da cd chidu huong khong dn dinh. Céc cuge bao dong ndng dan da-lién tigp nd ra trong cdc thé ky XVI, XVII, XVII... ma tie bidu la cude khdi nghia Tay-son, Nguyéo Hug mat, tap doan phong kién cia Nguyén Anh da dia vio thé le phuong Tay ma thng trj made nba, (ao ra mot ché do phong kién phan dong, dng thai cing m& duong cho thuc dan Phép xam luge ude ta tir cudi thé ky XIX. Trong qué trinh dfing die cba lich sir mhw vay, nén vdn hoc dan gian ta khong ngirng phat tritn. Mge da nim trong khuén khd cia ché dd phong kign, nén vin hoc dé vin cé tink doc lap cia n6 va cir lon manh dain cho mai din ngay nay. Vi khong duge cde nba nghien citu thoi xwa Jiu y, nén so voi vin hoe vidt, thi nén viin hoe dé khong duge xéc dinh mét edch ey th? qua ting bude phst trio, niu 4. n6i & mye trent. Nhung 6 mét diém ndi bat ta dirgi thoi phong kin, nén vin hoc dan tc cita ching ta bao gm hai dong tho ca, mot adng tho ca quée Am e6 quan hé chit ché voi tho ca dan gian va mot déng tho ca chit Hén, chju anb turdng abitu cba tho ca Trung-quéc®, Hien trong viet hoa () Xem mye 1: Hink thite (ho ea dan gian... (2) Tite Wa thor ca viét bing qude am hu tho Qude dm cia Nguyea Trai (3) Tham Khdo y kin efia Lénin v8 hai nin vén hoa dan toe: «trong mai dan toe hign nay, Abu cd hai din toc, ching ta néi Voi tht ok mbiing ngwei din t6e-x8 hoi nhw vay. Trong mbt mgt nin vin héa din to, ¢6 hol ném vin héa dm te. CA nén vin hoa Pat Nga ca bon Purisckévitxo, bon Gusokdp vi bon Xtoruvé, nliung cfing e& nbn vin héa Dai Ngu ma dei itu la hing ngaoi nher Tseenasepski va Plékhanbp » (P kién phé phen ve van d¥ dan téc, Nba Xuit bin Swe thét Ha-n4)). 2mét a6 tho ca mé phéng nude ngoai nhw di trinh bay 4 chiang tren“ la két qua tat yéu cha cude du tran va chuyén bign gitta hai dong dd. Dong tho ca quée m, mic di hinh thinh va phat tri8n mun hon so voi dong tho ca chi Han, nbung vi né gin véi tigng n6i dan tec, vai cude sing vA van ménh cia nhén dan ta, nén vin dan tin len theo qué trinh Veh sd. Bang hu y la cir m6i m9t ching ching ta chiga thang oanh ligt gic ngoai x4m la ching ta lai tin mot buée manh trong vige phat trim tho ca quée am. Dwoi thoi Bie thuge, chic 1a c6 nhiing tho ca néi v8 vide may, nheng hign nay khong cn sdch vo ghi chép cu thd, ma chi c6 mot a8 ef ca dao trayén migng, thi dy Nguyén Vin Mai trong sich Viétnam phong sit, cho rang cau ca dao sau day néi v8 cude khéi nghfa Trung virong : ‘Thuong chdmg nén phii ging cbng, Nao ai xtong sit da ang cbt diy! T&t nbién, diy cing chi 1a mot céu truyén migng, khdng 6 cin ctr xdc thue, nhung ditu chfe chin 1a phong trao khéi nghia cia Trung vtong da khica Ie tinh thin dan toc déc lp, nén cling gay ditu kign cho tho ca cia ta phat tritn, do dé méi twong tray8n nhiimg cau ca dao néi lén long yéu nuée & thoi ky nay, Tée dung cia nhing phong tréo chéng ngosi xim hay phong {rao néng din khéi nghia d8i voi sie phat tridn ela tho ca din toc & obiing thoi ky sau rd rang 4a dirge ghi trong si sich: saw cuge khdng Nguyén doi Tran, tho ca quic am duge diy manh lén mot (D Kem chong I: Sy xie duh tinh thin dan tQe.. (2) Thi dy hai cdu ea dao loi rit 41€0 Iaygn sai May cGng o6 gud eho ring c6. ti thoi Trpg voong Whidu dida phi fy gid gong. Natetsi trong mft nue thi throng nhow ching. Pay cling chi 1a mot gif thuyét ma thoi. 3bwrée; chinh mh vay Nguyén Thuyén moi 6 co si dd xiréng 161 tho Buting ludt bling quée dm; hoae tht dy nhw sau cudc khéng Minh thing }gi, tho ca quée am Igi tiga thém mot bude nia va trong tinh binh ma tho ném dA cé mét dia vi ben canh tho chit Hén, Le Thanh tang moi manh dan ciing Adi vién Tao din xuéng hoa tho qude dm; hode thi du nika nhw trong cude khdi nghia cia minh, Nguyén Hué ching nbiéng dé khdng Thanh thanb cong ma com nhin thay sx trirdng thanh cia tho vin quée Am & thé kj XVII, nén di quyét dinh dimg chit ném va mét s6 Aink thite tit lue bing quéc 4m vao vide giao dich cOng vin. Sit ki¢n nay kéo dij cho dén thai ky diu cia triéu Gia-long moi bi bon vua phan dgng nha Nguyép ngiin chin va tré lai thay thé bang nhing hinh thir cong vin bing chi Hin nhw tritée thei Tay-son ®, ) Khong phi tit c& cong vin, ma edi cd mot sé lam bing nde am. (@) Trinh Dinh Ru, trong bao Phy ni tan vin 6 42 (ngay 6-8-1980), cho ring bai sou day la 08 Ta ten niki, ta len ii, Bubi dan heron, du’i dan hiro Ta tén nity ta ten rai, Budi dan nai, dud! dan nai, Néi niém tam se ngd. cing af Dodi tring phuong déng. mrde trdng ménh mong. Aodi tring phurong tay, dé tréng gd ght. Dodi trong phitoog nam, may che din ngan, Dodi tréng phisong béc, nii cao cao nga hay Lé Vin Sieu trong quytn Lich sit vin lige Viét-nam (Nha xuit bin ThE giéi, Sit-gon) lat cho cau sau déy cd tt thot Bie thuoe: 6 Thi, 06 Th C6 dang durong Ui, 3 keo véi ai? hung 63 hal ngwoi tu khong aura ra durge mot ing chiéng lich sir mho cé tinh chat khdng djnh dé lim edi «khang? cho ming cu ca dao trén. “RG ring tho vin cha ta di trhi qua mot qué trinh dfu tranb va chuy&n hda am i gitta hai dong tho ca tigng ‘Viet va tho ca chit Hin, Nhw & cdc chong trén di néi 1a ngay tir xtra hay trong thei Bac thude, cha dng ching ta @& sing tic ra cau ca, giong ho nbung rat tiée 1a Khong c6 sdch ve ghi chép ré nén ugay nay khong th bigt dure thai digm va béi cinh cu thé cia cluing ra sao. Chi biét ring song song voi su tign tride cha nen tho ca dan gian, c6 mot sir kign obi bat trong n’n vain hoa cia ta lA sy du nh@p chit Han va cde hin thirc tho ca cba Trung-quée. Cin cir vio mét s6 tai ligu cn lai nbur to Truyén ea Trigu Da t long trong thanh voi Hén Van d& hay ta hich efia Li Gis ké igi Ca thi, die biet 1a bie ther cia Thi Sach géi c&nh edo TO Dinh hoxe mots6 ther tir cba quan lei phuong Bac & mude ta tir thoi Han, Luc trigu® cing nher cia motsé nho sf ta thei Tay, thei Duong lam quan & phirong Bic, ngwai ta cho ring chit Hén vao mide ta kboing tir triréc thoi Bie thude “®. Ging c6 th mot 36 hinh thire tho ca Trung- quéc di da nbap cling voi chi Han, nbwng efing méi chi ding trong pham vi hep eta dam quan lai phirong Bac hay mot phan nao dam quan lai dia phyong va (1) Theo tal ligu elia Hoang ‘hic HOt trich trong Viel sit tan didn (xuit bin & Sal.gon nim 1956) va theo Wide kigu thir ca Ly Van Phugng @) Nw Ding Nhwong, Tie Quang, Nhim Dién, TS Binh, St Nhitp- (3) Nhw 1y Tin, 19 Cin, Trung Trong thet Han, BS Hokng Vin thot Lye trigu, Lue Hu Phuong adi Purdng... G) Lé Vin Sidu trong Lich sit Vidinam (sich ai din & trén) leh eho ring chi Han do ngwoi Bich Viet & Duong-tir mang v8 va cot dé 1a mot thi chi dana chung cho ce nuve thot DEY gir nhur LS, 88, Te, Chu, Tin, Tén, Tong, Vé, Trin, Khudng. TDi, Viet... Toy mbigo, Lé’ Vin Siéu chua @ua'ra diye nbng bing ching va lel 18 eu th, 45hinh thie duge sir dung nbi’u 1 hinh thie phye we true tiép cho chinh tri nh chi, biéu, hich. N&n ty chi nude ta co co sf tir doi Ngo Quytn (939-965) nhung n&n vin bién thi din din mai duge xke lap va cling cS qua cdc tritn dink Lé, Ly va ré rang dén cu6i thé kj thir X, d&u thé kjXI, ching ta méi 6 mdt dong tho ca viét bing chi Han, nbung chita dung ndi dung dan t6c, Bai tir khic Tién six Ly Gide theo digu «Nguyén lang quy» cha sur Ngé Chan Lirw sogn nim 987 dénh diu mot céi mde trong lich sir vin hoe viét cia ta: Gi6 hos trot thugn eémh bodm gizong. Naong vi thin Uén las 8 huowg. Non nede nghin tring vugt dai dung. Xa khol mudn dim dutas. Chen Jy bigt. ‘Tinh vin viaong. Vin xe x tinh lang Nawyga xin uw ¥ chOn biém cuong Tau r8 ebng thinh hodng Bai ca nay mot mat thé hign trinh dO cde nha sir yeu muéc cia ta thoi do di biét sit dyng the ca vao myc dich chinb tri, a8 n6i Jén thign chi cia nuéc ta 1a mudn git tinh hoa bdo voi nha Téng, mit khée ggi cho ta biét la thé to kinic cia Trung-quée dé duge cée nba tho (f) Bin dich ea Van Trinh, Ngayan vin nia sau: Twrong quang phong hio ci pham trong, Pao vong thin tlén phue dé heong Van triréng san thiy thigp thicong lang Cieu thidn quy 16 trang Tinh thim thié Bai ly trudng Phan tuyéa sit tink tang Nguyén tuong thdm i vi bien ewcong Phan mink tu nga hoang. 46ta séng tde thanh thao ngay tir thé kj thi X, thoi ky ma nghe thuat bat mua cia ta d& kbd phat tridm va d&e bi¢t duge vua Lé Hoan cha y. Séch Van hién thing Khéo c6 chép vigc sir nha Téng 14 Téng CRo sang ta nim 990 durge tham dir budi tige do Le Hoan chiéu dai va chinh Lé Hoan da ct hdt bai moi rrgu» 48 mua vuir nhung Téng Cho khong hitu dugc lai ca bing tiéng Vigt. Céc sr kign trén phin nh it nhiéu tinh hinb tho ca cia ta thoi bay gio ma chac ring nghé thuét ca nhac phat trim bon nghé thugt tho. Nhigu cun sik cha ta nhu Viét sit liege, Dai Vigt sit ky ton thu d&u chép v8 nghé thud muta hat doi Ly trong d6 bao gdm nghé thuat ung dinh va nghé thuat dan gian. Sach Ht phuréng phé luc cia Lirong Thé Vinh 18 sdch tuong déi cd, in nim 1501 doi Le Hign tong, chép ring Tir Bao Hanh® cd sing the mot bai gido tro ahr sau: ‘Trinh lang trinh cha ‘Thuong he tay ng. Tw ciuh hoa trung. Nahe t0i gléo tring, Tring khong phong dug Cling bai trdng ti Lang 03 vao nght Tol xin ain tich... Qua cudn sch nay, ching ta biét diroc mghé thudt chéo cia ching ta di cé co s6 tir doi Ly, hic ma nha G) Nye Giao-ehl, q. 490, Xem bAL_V8 nguba pie vd lon si tubng chéo Vigt-nam cha Trin Quéc Vugng va Dinh Xufa Lam gp. cht Vin hge 3 thing 41980), ©) Luong ThE Vinb aS trang nguyén mdm 1468 tho1 LB Think tong. (G) Tire ly Tw Lo thot Ly Thin tong. O Ady trieb theo HA Van (Chu trong tp Qud trin hink thanh vd phat tritn eda nghé thust ehéo (tal ligu In rd-n6-6). ”nude phong kign tap quytn cba ching ta di duge chug 6 va khd ving manh. Bay la mot ditu kign d8 cho vin hoe, nghé thust phat tridn. Ngay tir thoi Binh, Lé, Ly, nghé thuat tho ca cia ta vitt bing chit Han da cé co sé va tritn khai & nhitu hinb thite, nhur tir khnic, tho, bi8n vin. Tho 6 16i tuyét ca va bét ci céch luat, mhdt 14 165i taygt co dirge ding nhiéu, chic hin ring Idi nay di ngit ngon hay that ngon cing 1a gon, tién Ap dung vao loi k¢ nba chia ding dt hoiin thj hay c4o thi dé ti va chting sinh. Su Vien Thong doi LY da lam dén hang nghin bai nhw vay. Trong nhiing bai k¢ kth khan c6 tinh chit phd bién gido ly nha Phat, cing c6 nhéng bai wyét cd ay cht tha abu bai Ngwr anhéin cita ste Khéng-\4, bai Céo {dt thi chiing cha sue Man- ide, wv... Bai tho thin do Ly Thuong Kigt doc treréc ba quin trong eudc danh Téng: Nam quée son ha Nam dé ew. Cfing la bai tho thin trong toay,bé the tnyét eu thei bay gid, Vi ¥ nghTa khic hoa motafhh cao quyét tim chéng ngoai xfm cla din toc ta. Y chi sit dé cia nhan dan ta nat dink dua tat c& 1 gife née dén «thi hai bir» ma ngay nay dé quéc Mj thdm thia, vSn da ghi sin trong bai tho day chai thép thai Ly Thuong Kigt. Ngoai ra, mot s6 it minh, tram, tén lam-b&ng thé bat cu. Ritng mot s6 bai bat ai thét ngén céch Iuat cla Boan Viin Kham la ¢6 gid tri nghé thuat. Bie biet, 16 bik vin duge dua vio gigy ty quan phurong nhuw chiéu, cbé, bidu, thi dy nb Bigu cia Le Hoan thay mat Dinh Tue giri cho vua nha Téng nhén CD) Nonpén vin : Nhwr hd nghjch 16 tai adm pham. Nhit ding hanh khan thai boi hue (Lai gide nu niue zien pham tei, RBI bay 52 chuse ly phin tina) 48béo tin Binh Lign chét, hay Chiéu déi d6 do Ly Cong Uhn sai soan nim 1010. Daya mét vin kign day ¥ aghia chink tri: né din dau su tring thank cha nn tir chi dan 6c, ding thai cling dénh dau su trong thinh cha nén vin hién awée ta, Bogn ca ngoi thé dit thi do Thing long hing sf 1a mot doan vin cb mau myc, tam dich nhur sau «6 day dia thé vita réng vita phdng, dit dai viea cao via sing, dén cur khéng to 16i Gam dm thép, rmén vat lai dirge phong phil t6t levi. Nodm niece Vidl ta, thi dy 1a ché dat dep nbd, that 1a neri AGF hop. then chdt cia Bin phiong chin Yat vd efing 1a nai dé think bde what cha dé oeong maby dri Dao Phat thii Ly think hab, do dé bién vin durge 4p dung nhidu a2 viét bia, Trong cc bai vin bia cdn lai, bai bia chia Linh Ximng cia sw Hai Chigu va bai b chia Doi (Nam-ha) cia Mai Cong Bat 14 nhitng bai vin bia mau mvc. Cu tric loi vin trong bai bia chia Doi soan nim 1121, dd d6i w@bu, nhung theo 1éi triic chi tir, do dé rt sinh dong. Nhitng doan th c&nh mia ri nec la whiing doan xuit sie ve 161 bidn ngiu thoi bay gis, tam dich theo ding nguyén digu nhw sau: Long song rung rinb, hién ria vang agi cao ba noi, Mat hb song sinh, 19 sin mai gio ad bén chan. Mit huéng by cao, Migng phon bot mabe. Nebny Giu chdo phia ma matin (1) Nép miah lust dudi Ung khong, Naim day nat nguy ngs, Cit nhge Thiéu (2) reo rit... Gira dng tran més, Thin tien a9 ra (DMG mite: ma vua doi (8) Nhge thidu: Quée «a. 4Tc 8Gia lam ve mhSt adi tho ney Nhung ra ding tuy¢t trim uyBn chuytn Gio tay uhd nhip nhang mia katte gid cupn, Nba may xanh trai tin ca digu chic ming. Chim qui hing din maa may bio hoi. Hou link 16 lagt nay ahnét quay quan... So véi disi Ly, tho ca déi Trin tién hin lén mot bac v8 chit rong cling nbw vé sé long. Noi dung tho ca khong con déng kbung trong pham vi chila chit va cung dinh, ma di duge mé rong, phin anh nbi&u mit ela cude s6ng x8 hdi, do dé yéu 16 tré tinh trong tho ca d& duge ndtig len. Mudn vay, ede nha tho cita ta da phai van dung nhigu hinh thire the ca di cde logi nb tho cb phong, tho each Inat; tho 3 phong thi e6 cac Wi tuyét od, bat ca, trvong thien (tite th8 hanb): tho céch luat thi thién v8 ngii ngon, that ngon theo dit cde thé bang, thé trée v.v, Nhin chung nghé thuat tho khé dign Iuyén nh Pham Binh HB dé nhgn dinb trong cudn Vai trung ty biit:¢.., The doi Tran tinh vi trong tréo, déu co sir trirong t6t bac cling nhwr [a tho doi Hén, di Buong bén Trung-hoa » ©, iu dvi Trin, dao Phat wrong di con thin haoh, ede hinh thtte tho, bin vin vin dirgc ding dé soan vin ké, vin bia, Lai c6 nhitng sich chuyén dé v8 Phat gido, nhu Khéa hur lue, Nhung that ra tho vin nha chita lie nay chan chira yéu t6 trét tinh va gidm di nhiéu nguyén ly dao Thin. Noi gi dén vige ngwoi ta the mAc tho su Huyén Quang sao tinh tir qud, dén van Khéa hw luc con 6 ché phang phat pbong cach the Birong ; — Bat ning khan nguygt kbdi, Duy ai luyda hoa ev... G) Bip dick oda NguyEn Miu Tn (Nha xudt bin Van héa, Ha-ndi). 50Oan hge than thanh uw hug trubng AM vign truéng kbigu'v ting gudn,.. © Con van bia chia chitn? Cé khi ngudi vidt vin lai thira dip dA kich Pht gido, nbu Le Bé Quat trong bia chia Thien-phiic hay Truong Han Siéu trong bia chita Kh nghiém. Dic biél, dai Trin chitagkigm ba cude khéng Nguyén- Mong oanh ligt, do dé cfing 6 nhitng bai yt candi tigp due hoi tho bai Nam qudc son ha cha Ly Thudng Kigt, d6 1a bai Tung gid hodn kink cha Trin Quang Khai, bai Thudt hodi cia Pham Ng Lio... Bai vin bi&n ngdu cé ¥ nghta dénh déu thoi dai 1A bai Hich tiréng st vin cha Trin Hung dao, né a néi bai Chiu doi dé doi Ly Thai td voi bai Binh Ngo dai céo di Lé Thai t3 sau nay, ni mot khokng céch trén 400 nim, Trin Hung dao di khéo sit dung 16i vin bidn ngiu d& so sinh toi de cla gite voi ndi kbd sé cha ta, 48 néu len guong sir sich xwa nay, cfing nh dé néu len bai bioh ah, hai con dwong séng va chét. Loi vin & day khong don thuiin thuyét phyc bing ly tinh, ma at di vao long ngudi: Ta thiring Wi bita quén an, nika dém vO gibi, rugt daw nhit cht, mide mdt dim dia, chi cdi tke ring, chuea xd thit It da, dt gan wéng man qudn thi. déu cho tram théy ndy phot ngodi gi e6, nghin xde nay gai trong da ngya, ta eiing cam ting...) (D Tan dich + ~ Xhéng day xem tring moc Can quan quit bén hos... = Hae oan nghen ngio ben tredng hue Virgn kéu rh rP trrde hing thing... @) Bin alch cia Hop tuyen the van Viel Nam (top T)Toan bd bai Hjch la mot ting gof chiém au thiéng lieng, dong vien twong sf va nban dan quyét chién quyét thing gige, bio vé toan ven n&m doc lap cia 18 quée. L6i bidn ngiu duoc dp dung vao thé ky ohw bai Linh 1 thap ky cha Trirong Hén Situ, bai Thanh hur dng ky cha Ngnyén Phi Khanb, cing nhtr durge 4p dung vio thé pha, a mt thd chura thay & thoi Ly. Ngai ta co ubée tai bai phi Back van chiéu xudn héi cha Khong Cong Phy, nbwng Ong von ngwoi Kham chau (Trang quéc) di ctr sang Ai chau (Thanh héa), rdi lai v8 Trung quéc. Bai phi trén 1a bai lam kbi éng thi Tién st doi Huong Bite tong (780 — 804), khong the ké la vin chong née ta duoc. Nhu vay, nbting bai phi cdn tai dén nay trong vin hoc ald nhiing bai phi di Tran nbe Ngoc tinh ‘liga plui cia Mac Binh Chi, Thién thu gidm phi cha Pham Tong Mai, Trdm xa kiém phit cha Sw Hi Nhan, Thién hung trén phti cia Nguyén B& Thong... Bai pho ndi ting va co ¥ nghia nbat 1a bai Bach ding giang phit cia Trwong Han Sidu, Day Ja bai phi la thiy pha dign Sé tr, ggi lai drge bang nhieng hinh anh sau sfc t&t cA diing khi déoh gige git née cha cha ‘ong ta. Ciing cn nai thém r&ng bén canh vin bién ngdu, li vin xudi cd da duge str dung a2 chép sit mhu Dai Viet st ky cha Lé Vin Huu, bay d2 chép trayén nh Nam 6ng méng luc cia HS Nguyen Tring. Ndi bAt trong vin hoc déi Trin so ¥6i vin hoc doi LY, 18 tho tré tin. Khong phai chi nhitug bai 18 1, mA dc wbi8u tap hoan chinh ubw Phi sa tap cia Nguyén Thuyén, Tiéu dx fap cia Chu An, Gigi hién tap clia Nguyén Trung Ngan, Bang hd ngoc héc tdp cha Trin Nguyén Ban, Nhi khé tap cha Nguyén Phi Khanh... Thoaii céc th8: tuyét cu, bat cu, bai Inat (hanb), va dit cde logi: t& cdnh, 1 tinh, vinh ngwoi, vink vat, vinh si, Jac quan, bi quan, kbi khéi, c&m than... Tho khi kbdi nbw tho Chu An, tho HB Quy Ly. Thi dy bai: Bap Béc nhén vén An-nam phong tuc cha H8 Quy Ly: Doc vin An-nam sit An-nam phoog tue than Y quan Duong ché a6 LE nghYa Ran quan thin Ngoc tng Khai tin téu, Him dao nghign t& an, Nién nign mbj tom nguyét, Bao ly bit ban xaan. Tho chm thén nhwr bai Phong cudng ca cia Trin Quée ‘Tang, bai Cém hodi ndi tiéng cha Ding Dung voi hai cau kat : Quée thi v] bio dtu tiem bach KY a9 long tuyén dai nguyet ma. Mot sx kign quan trong d&i Trin la phong trio tho phit quéc Am ra doi. Nnu & doan diu mye nay a5 ndi 15, dong tho ca titng noi cia dan t6c thong tién trita menh trong qué trink chéng ngoai xAm thing loi. Do 6, su xudt hign 16i tho Han lugt khong phai 1a mot @) Tam dich: Nwede Nam nhw hat dé'n, Tue nrde Nam rét than, Vua t6i theo té Han do mga giing dai Buing Bink ngoe rt rirou méi Dao vang m’ ed ngon Thang hai. ba mbi dé ‘Dio mdn mét vzin audn. (2) Tam ajeh: Hae aur thit nerée ehwa ong Mi. May dé mai giro bing nowyet ld.vige ngiu nbién, ma chinh la do quy Iuat déu tranh va cbuytn h6a gitta déng tho quée am voi dong tho chit Hin. Theo st, tir Nguyén Thuyén doi Trin Nhan tong, chit ném duge dp dung d2 lam tho phi quéc Am. Nguyén ‘Thayén 1a ngudi dAu tin cd vo viée am tho nom Durdng ludt, cho nen ngwoi thai bay giv goi 1a tho Han lus, Tir san Nguyén Thuyén, thi Nguyén St C3, Cho An, Trin Ngae, Hd Quy Ly... du cé lam tho quée am, nheng hién nay d&u khong cn tray@n Iai bai nao cd. Chi con bon cau cia nang Bitm Bich hieu la Tam nirong nhir sau: ving vie tring mat doh nuée, Hin bin gié trie agin sénh Ngwdt hoa tuoi tét oinh hoa I, Mdu thich ca nao thud hitu Unh, (1) Theo sib, aim 1282, Trin Nhdn tong sai Nguy&n Thuyén 1am Van audi ca séu & séng L6 (tite cong Hong) thanh cdng, nén ban cho ho Hin, a8 vi vét vie Han Du di Buéng cfing lm van nh Vay. NguyEa Thayén duge gol la Han Thoyén tir as, @) Sach Thign nam ngit Ine €6 chép mot bai thor it o& chit Han ci HB Quy Ly lam khi b} side Minh bit va mbt bat thor Dat ett Ding eh noin néi la cia the gil ty dich bat fho tren, BAL 6 obue sau: Canh edi nhitn during tie phac sinh, Léng lo hurang Ij & bao danh Qué ngwai ad thay dn din bac Quén Khich khén cm tée tréng axoh Turdng quise at chang tai Ly Bit Thién dd. cén phéi han Ban Canh Kim dn dieing khuyét khén hin dave. E Poi gid cho nén Biét ngoe Linh. So v61 tho nom cha NauyEa Trt, thi loi the & day cé moi hom, viy tam ghi vio day a tham khio.Vé phu com truyén Iai bai Cu tran lac dao cia Trin Nhan tong gdm mwai hoi (ttre mudi doan) theo the wong luat, mdi h6i gieo mot vin (cdc hOi 96 1 niu 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 thi van bing, cée hi s5 chin nher 2 4, 6, 8, 10 thi vin tric), & hoi thir tu cé may bai ke xen vao. Loi 18 rat cb, day dy dién tich nha Phat nén kho hidu, thi dy & doan ma dau hoi mot: Minh ng®t thaah thi, Nét dung sop lam Muda nghigp Hing, an nhan th tind, Nia nghy rot, ty tai thin tam. ‘Tham 4 ngudn dinh(?), ching cin nbé chau yéu ngoc qul, ‘Thi phi Usng lang. duge dit nghe y6n tht oanh ngim, Choi nue biée, in non xann, nhdn gian c6 nbidu ngwot die y Bist dio bing, bay H8u Ine, thién hg nang m9 ebii trl dm. va doan cudi boi madi: Ding throng st chieng thie mA nén, ‘Ai cay eb som lien thin thi? Nii hoang ring quanh. Sy 18 not dat sf teu dao, Chim ving am thanh, chin thue edmh dao ahdn du bi Naya cao tim ci, diém virong nio ke dita nghénh ngeng? Gic ngoc Vin vang, nguc t6t™ chigu chi ngwei yeu quy? Tranh cOng danh, IBng nhin ng. thye éy phim ngu, XAy Mao dite, doi thin tam, dinh nén thaeh tri May ngang mi doo, tuéng tuy lg xem it bing nbau Mat thanh long phim, thyge cénh wha mouén muda thién by, (H6i mot gieo van bing: fam, hoi mudi gieo van trde: vin cudi hot la 1p), () Lét tu hawk efi 490 Phat eta am ba hang: be sf, trung si va throng (2) Nane tét (tot 18 Linh): hang newt cot neve. (3) Hal edu ny 0 sinh pham tye voi thank bin. G) Gieo vin dm a8 mi diu rat hyp voi chit aé bat pbs ( tung vige &n at) 85C6 thé noi phong trao the phi nom tuy méi chm néy doi Trin, nhung dén dei Lé so da duce tridn khai Voi mOt mite cao hon, song song voi nbiu logi thd viet bing chit Hin. ‘Thé ky XW la thé ky rang ro ca ché 49 phong kién miréc ta, ddng thei cfing la thé ky kha rang ro v8 vin naghé noi chung va thé logi viin hoc néi riéng. Thoi nay, nhé kink t& vi chinh tri trong ddi dn dinh sau ende khdng Minh théng Ig! va trong lic ché dd phong kién tign dé dinh cao cla n6, nbn vin hoa 6 ditu kien phattrita vé moi mit: gido duc thi cit, stru tap nghién ciru®), xwong hoa tho viin, séng téc ca nhac. © nia sau thé ky XV, cO mot hic hoi Tao dan di lam ding dirge vi tri hat nban ofa phong trao vin gh cung dink. Trong khong khi ron rjp a6, Va Quynh di viet Van thanh bit pap © va Luong Thé Vinh d& soa Hi phiréng phd luc, ‘Truge hét h&y n6i vé the ca quée am: noi chung cée thé tho phi da c6 tir doi Ten, thl nay vin duge tridn Khai. Hign con bai Lirgng nlur long phit bang quée am cia Nguyén Tic Dinh doi Hdng-ditc theo ht Duong (1) Rat tide 14 phé ndim thi hot adi Ten Anh tong ting khong aauge luu trayén. Trong 361 gidi thign tap Phi Vigenam cd vd kim ofa Phong Chau v9 Nguyin Vin Phi (moc Phi tiéng Vigt 6 wt: bai phi Con ngiea 14 bing ném cla NguyBn Phi Khanh trong quyts Vidlnam eB vin hoe sit clia Nguyén Ding Chi. BO I mot su nhim Vn, vt nguyén bai phd trén Ta bing ch Han tén 1 Digp md nhi_do Ngusbo Bang Chi luge dich va & trén €6 ghi mguyén vio chi Han (trang 296-890, sch 3 din). Gai pha may von & Quin hin phi fép ela Hoang Sin Phu dé Le. (2) Thi du ese tip Viet dm thi lap cia Phan Phu Tien, Quin hin phit tap eb Hoang Sin Pha vv... (3) Quytn ny chua tim théy nguyén ban, 86luat (ly dde van: rng). Tho nom, ngoai mot s6 Ié t2, phan lén duge chép trong hai tap: Qude dm thi cba Nguyén Trai va Héng-dite qude dm thi cha Lé Thénh tong va cde nha tho thoi Hdng-dire: tho & diy néi chung theo th Purong luat, trir th8 thd! ngén xen Inc ngén cé tinh chit sang tag tir déi Trin. Nhw chwong trén dA néi, th? luc ngdn xen thét ngén dike diet cha ta khong ging th luc ngon cla Trung-quéc ma chu mao ciing sdu ti, hay efing khée hin th8 tredng doin ca ma thinh thoang cé xen vao doi cau luc ngdn, Bay la thé tho céch nat kidu Vigtnam, dya vao Bung luat vé mit thanh va déi, bung ¢6 thay ddi v8 36 Ingng tir trong cam tho; thé tho nay la két qua cha sx 1 hop ra hai thé Iuc ngén va that ngén, chi thély ding trong tho quéc am va sau may khong théy Iu hanh nia, () Theo steh Tir nguyén, th8 lye ngdn c6 tte abi tan, nhweng. én théri Téngmél phd bigs. Cée nba tho nr TO DOng Pha, Thigu Ung. Tan Khi Tit, Pham Thanh Bai... aBu od diing thd nay. Gin day Nha uit bin Théng luc dée ndé & Trung.quée cho in engin Tan lye ngdntapte cha Trin Cuang.c6 Unb chat nine sch binh dan hoe vy. © Vigt-nam, cae ahd tho thoi Trin aby Tein Ngge, Pham Mal, thot Lé nhw Phing Kbde-Khoan, thoi Nguy&n nhu Phan Thaoh Glan co dung th¥ may 08 lam tho chi Han, DBng bao Min & huygn Van-chia (Nghfo-16) cfing thudng Ibm tho theo thé nay bing ting dia phrong, thi dy euGn Lich sit dan t6c Mén 3 426 cau. (2) Thi dy aigu Tay giang nguyét trong tix khie mk Phew Thai 66 ding trong bai Clim tho, (8) Trong kho tang Vin hoc dén_hoang 06 bit Now ea tit ‘gm 8 cu trong 6 c0 6 edu ige va 2 eau thit, nbumg theo 164 3 phong chit Khény phii theo loi Budng lust ah tho eba te, Tod tho eda tu cling cht thy én tho Trinh Gia trong Now dE Thidn how dona béch vink Ls Bt. VB sau, edt Tew bao 16h Ine ngOn thuda nat ma thdi, thi do nhw bat Génk ngé cha Bao Duy Ky, bat Bay trén trod 7% qué cha Lara Tring Duowa, 87The quéc Am & thé kj XV sang tc chira du, 06 cv dé cau hay, bai dé bai hay, tham chi c6 bai that luat, lac vin, Tho Nguyén ‘Trai trong kho khan, vi phan lon la tho triét ly phing phit hoi the Téng, nhung khong phdi khong cé nhirng cau ta canh, t& Uinh hip din, mang phong edch tho Duong, nh: Huong cdch gac vin, thu tanh lgnb ‘Thuytn KE DHL toyét, nguygt chénh chénh... (Bio kink cinh gidt, 31) Lae x20 chy ef; lang ngwr phi Ding avi cm ve: Iu tleh duong (Blo kink clink gidt, 43) Hé efa, dam che buong qué Tot, Quét huang, ngay If bong hoa tan. (Bio kinh ciah gidt, 38) Nha aho lam tho thudng theo phong cham: tho khong co trigt khong sia, trigt khong o6 the khong thdm. Thi df ngén cht 1 nh vay. Cho nén, v8 thé thite tho céch luat Nguyén Tri d&u phai theo, nh phan loai thi TROi lnk, Hoa méc, Cam thut, nh phan muc thi Théo mée hoa qué, Biéu thi tring ng, Tam hiku, Tir binh v.v... Nhung ¥ ritng thi vin IA sing tao, thi du Muc Bong thién tam hitu nhiéu nha nho lam, ma Ting, Triic, Mai cia Nguyén Trai vin cé phong vi riéng, ching gidng ai, Gid nhir cbiing ta doc ba bai tuygt ci Hin hoan a6, ban dm ching ta thay gd gh’, khé biéu, ching ta doc kj vai ba ln, da thiy ¥ sau sfc, ching ta doc nia, thiy ¥ sau siic that, vA khi di thy y sau sic, thi cling thdy ivi nhun nbuyén din... Tho quée am Nguyén Tri thiring la nh vay. Tét nhién, khong phai mgoc c&, ning trong dé cb ngoc. So voi tho Nguyén Trii, tho thai Hang-dite, wy moi sau may chye nim, ma khae nbiéu. Tho HOng-ditc, tt 58sdu sc hon, nhung chai chudt hon, cha trong vé nghe thoat hon. C6 th8 néi nhi&u enh vat hing lin qua loi tho cia nghé sf: mot ching cic ving phd, mot ngan laa bee ditm, mot song mai nguyet 18, mot eda tric suong dim... va qua nim canh, qua bét cdnh, qua tt thai. Y tho thanh binh, lai tho trang trong, di cho niém luat 6 gd bo: Anh nai cung treo chim thic thém DAL hd cau thd c& thung thing (én nguyét, 11) C4 ngé dm chim xut bon Linh. Chitn ngo eung bin bio nhau bay (Tan nguytt, 18) Newdt nlny troéng voc BS hot mud, Ké bil rau Gn nube bot se (a thit, 46) Va & day, c6 nhigu bai khé dam tinh déi ha, thi dy bai Hoai vién 16 voi doan dt Sdng trong, tedng uhat, ve sao thin Gac ef réu My lap dau tho, Mua tanh, hoa siu nbigo Iet met. Xuan v8, én thi Eng ¥, o. Ngoai nhimng dim khdc nbau, Nguyén Trai va hoi ‘ao dan cd ché nhat tf voi mhau, 1d mdi ben du biét khai théc chét Jiu tho ca dan gian Vigt nam, dit phai khudn djnh trong hinb thitc Duong luét. Néw chting ta d6i chiéu véi tue ngit, ca dao dé lam théng ké U mi, ching ta 8 dé dang nhan thay tinh chét din tge dé trong tho quéc am thé kj XV. Cudi thé k} nay va diu thé kj XVI, 06 bai Bat gidp thirdng dao vdn cha Le Dire Mao (la mot th? die biét): day 1a Idi tho td hop gitta thé song tha cita ta voi cae 59th ngii ngon va thit ngén cia Trung-quée, séng tic dé cho & dao hat, thi du dogn sau day (chi ¥ 16i ngit 2 cau thit ngon cia Trung-quée va 2 cau song that cba ta): Uo ky then tdi bas Nguyat len tiy dworng xan; LB nhac bach alga | ta miéy aitny ‘Thing bioh nit kbc | tung thin edng Nev tn © ngio ngat huomg xong. Phugng quanb tich® mie, hoa Wing chéa bay... RQi tir dd | nhay An edp tae Tigsg quin huye | nd nite okt gla. Nim nim mi uge song ca- Dio dog hai obit tam da ming Lang. Ngoai ra, con c6 céc logi nbw ky, vin t8 fing di duge lam bing qude am®, Vé tho ca chit én: thd bign nghu tip tue phat (rin, duoc ap dung rong rai véo loai céng vain hw thu tir chigu bidu... Nguyén Trai, Trinh Thudn Du, Than Nhan Trung, Nguyén Xung Xéc.., mdi ngwoi mai thoi, déu duoc nha vua giao cho lam nbiém vu tir hdn thay nha vua, bién soan loai vin quan phuong dé. Trong loai vin nay, bai Binh Ngo dai céo do Nguyén Trai viét 14 tiéu bidu hon cf, tiéu bidu vi vin hay di danb, nheng chink vé y nghia chinh tri cha n6, Qua vay, bai dai céo ny déah d&u mot edi mbc scong lich stk da tranh cho nén dée {ép, ty do ce dan toc. Tuy la mét vin kign chinh tri, nhung bai cdo 1A mot dng () Ménb Igoh Banh chinh trong 12 thang. ©) Gong trang chia cée v} thin thénh. (3) Trege ch} vua ngdt (4) Teh: chiéu- (5) Cap tie: giao cho, phat cho diy mi. (8) Thi dy nhie bal Kin-lang ky lia BS Can, bal Thap gid 6 hon quéc ngit win cia Lé Thanh tong. cyvin tri tinh, di It t& duge cdi dan xét cha Le Loi, linb tu Lam-son khdi nghfa, va cha quan dan c& née dui lwdi guom bao tan cla gife Minh, ding thoi cling 19t th durge ¥ chi quat khdi cia quan dam ta, véi cai thé Ap dio quan tha, kien quyét dua !gi khong khi_thanh binb cho nban din hai nude Vit, Trung. Nbi8u doan vin nhw vay, phing phat sic thAi anh hing ca: BB ding chi giah khu Aen wet, Tra ldm chi trie pha Khoi phi. SE khi a¥ ebi ich ting, Quan thanb df hf d9l chin. Vigo tuyén ti bua chi 7, ‘Than méah trio wha chi thin, Am tung nhi ba théy can Ma aso nhl son thach khuyét Nhit c} abi kiah Khoa ngze dosn, Tai cd ubi aidu tim khudn inh... Dic bi¢t Ja phi, név pho dai Trin méi chém nd, thi thai nay c6 th® néi la né-7d. Gid nhw c6 su bdo quan diy di, thi khong bigt 1 hang my tram bai va c6 bai khd dai. Rieng Ly Tie Tan vi Nguyn Mong Tada, mdi nguoi dB co hang may chyc bai, Chit dB cling rat tap G) Dich: Trén BY ding stim vang chép gist Min Tra laa tric ché tro bay St khi di hang Quan thank eing man! St 164 kin ngwii hing AB, Be Léi chon ké vudt nank Guerm mai dé, aé niti cling mon, Voi ning nude. made séng phdi can. Banh mét trén, sack khéng Klek ngaey Painh hai trén, tan tie chim mudng, (Bin dich cia Bii Kj, do Bivi Van Ngayén chia lai? otWong: xoay chung quanh sy thdng lei Lam-son khéi ngbia va sir phn thinh cia che trigu dai Lé so. Thi du nhing bai Chi link son phi, Lam-son phti, Lam-son giai khi phi, Xwong giang phi, Héw Back-déing giang phi, Nghia ky phi, Tay gidp bink phi, Ké minh phi, Xuan déi phi... Wieng Chi link son phit, d& c6 bén ngwoi lam: Nguyén Trai, Ly Tir Tés, Nguyén Mong ‘Tosn, Trinh Thukn Du. Caw trite bai cha Trinh Thokn Du hoi gidng cia tec bai Bach dang giang phii cha Truong Han Siéu, loi vin ciing cd chd pha diéu Sé tir, dc bi¢t ng di¢u cé ché vita hing hin vira chim biém: Tt dong chi huyé An hous, Hoa thi ehl thi teh ebm. Lam Xvrong giang chi thanh diép dich dich ky xa, Tnot Chi Ming eh nhug phong lign liém chap tin. Liga Thing chi thi: phoong hustn, ‘Thoi Ty chi pha ké tudo, Hong Phuc Iie tin ahi Bo qua, Vuong Thing ké eiing nhi dir thint... Ong nhwr phi, tho & thé kj XV di né 79. G6 abi tap tho chuytn d@, oho & nia dau thé ky, ngoai Ue trai di tap, c6 céc tap: Ctru dai cia Nguyén Hhic, Chuyét am cha Ly Tir T&n, Ctic pha cia Nguyén Mong Tuan..., & mira sau, c6 whiéu tap xudt hign thoi Lé Thénh tong ah Quik uybn cizu ca, Mink teong chm ti, Tay chink ki hdnh, Ank hoa hiéw tri, CB tam bach vink, La dirong () Tam dich: 78 ding méu di Im Hoa thi thdy chil dng Vay thinh Xwong giang xe chay rim rm RB mii Chi lding tin diea (61 tdp Bln Lita Thang vita moi treo len Than Théi Tu lai lien bi bat Hodng Phiie sire kit dénh quay ngon giéo Vung Th6ng k# eting phal riede do quantdi edo... Hdi Tao dan ra dei, dénh du mot cdi msc cua sir phattrién tho ca, Tao dan nguyen sly 18 ra gitt ding duge chirc ning con chim du dan. Tho nguyén sy co nbiéu bai hay va khong kém rin réi, thi du qua dai y may cau: Tam sw anh hing tring e6 bist Cudi méy Téy tin aém mong long. (Tam canh ngnyti) — Tudt xvdn may ap thd! khong tie, Céi chi trai tor kéo mage tro (Vong nouyet)® Nhin chung, s6 long tho ¢8 -phong twong 46j {t hon 50 Voi tho cdch Iudt. The tuyét ct coi nbw dic dung, thuong ding a2 kbic hoa mot tinh y hay ghi chép mét cdnh hudng vira gon vira hay, khong clin dai lui, thi dy dai y qua bai t& bén be Mugn giang cia Thai Thuan: Bit phing trifu én ngap Nha wong sim vt cay Vat trau nghe mBy eng Cb tring qidt minh boy” Lin diu titn trong lich si vin hoc muée ta, L¢ Thanh tong d& dp dung loai the tién thodi céch throng d2 lam cdc bai tiréng cho van thin hoa lai, Tho duéng Iuat con duge si dung hoe a8 vinh ede nhdn vét lich sit ‘Trung-quéc hay Vigt-nam, hodc dd ke cdc truyén lich sir hau hét & Trung-quée. Léi thtr nhét {a 161 tho vinh sit, Ii tho nay doi Trin da co, tht dy nhw tho cia Tran Abb tong vinh Han Cao td hay vinh Han Vin dé v.v... Li tho nay & thé ky XV phat tritn dn mire dg la nang ) GA hal bai teich tp Tay chiah kj hand. @) Bin dich ea uhim Lé Quy Bdn trong Hoang Viél thi vin taytn, Noa Kate bin Vin héa Ha-n0t.lén thanh nhitng tap the chuyén dé han hoi, thi dy nu quy8n Gd fém bach vink cha L& Thanh tong vinh ‘ede nhan vat lich sit Trang-quée, quy8n Phodt hién thi tap cba Nguyén Minh Khiém vinh céc ban vat lich sir Vigt-nam. Cée nhén sf doi saa nh BS Yén, Ha Nhigm Dai cling tigp tuc 1di nay. L6i thit hat 1a 161 k@ truyén, thi du nur tho eda Thai Thuan ke irayen Hang Vii tr biét Ngu Co hay Diréng Minh hoding nhé Dicong Quy phit.. C6 Id aay 4a tits dé cho joai trayén tho sau nay nhu truygn Varong Twéng hay truyén 76 Cong phyng sit... Riéng bai Huong miét hank co ding dép mot trayén tho theo thé tbit ngon truong thidn®, Thé kj XY ching nhting JA mot thé ky phat tridn vB tho, ma con 1a mgt thé kp phat trig v8 Am nhac. Théi nay, bén canb 13 chite gido duc, thi cb, c6 1 chite v8 am nhac, & tridu dink c6 bg Ding van chuyén hoa nhac va bo Nha nhac chayén hop xuéng, & din gian e6 Ty gido phiréng quan ly céc vige, chire Ty chénh Gigo phutrag ham chénh bét phim, ngang voi hire Gido thy & Quéc tir gidm, ngoai ra Igicé mét cuc nhac khi do Bo cong quan If. Can ctr vao quy8n Quéc nhac din ca con lai, thi bai bin Hoi R6 & Quéc-odi (Hk Tay), duge sip xép, bn dinh tir doi HSng-dike. Loi ea & day (1) Trong Hang dite quite Aim thi tap cing ©6 mht 86 ne swdng tho kB traygn nt Ngeu tang Chike nile, Chin Qudn suit tdi (khong nai traygn Vieng Teéng). (2) C6 th8 troyén may 12 tid dB cho whiing truygn ther Or tinh sau may nhie Lam tayen ki) ngd (xem Hop tayen tho van Vigi-nam, tap I, Nha xuét bin Van hoc, Ha.ndi). (8) TaH Meu edo Ngoyds ify Thu steu im, hu rk & Hot vin nghg dan glon Vigt Nam, 64cha yéu theo th bn tir, nhung nhing dogn mo diu diva dy d&u bing luc bat, thi du: Bude chin vio @am ban xua Bon be mban Ving t6i thira Wot nby Bon ning toi vao hat day. Long van té hoi mde may tinh eo Chudn chuda mic phat nbén tor Bum xuot gié thugn qua dua budm ve... Do tinh binh am nhac phat tridn va c6 td chite tir trang wong dén dja phuong nh vay, cho nén nhiéng ngwii gidi nhac nhu Nguyén Trai, Lirong Bling & nia dau thé kj, Than Nhan Trong, BS Nhuan, Lirong Thé Vinh... & nia sau thé ky du duge cit ra dé nghién ctu ve nbae. Tap Quynh uyén citu cado Lé Thanh tong sdug téc va durge cdc nha tho trong hoi Tao dan hoa lai, la tap tho ding dé phd nhac. Hinh thire tho & day theo thé bét cu Huong Inde, chir khong theo I6i trong doan ou trong tir khic, Léi tir khie chi riéng Nguyén Hic & mia dau thé ky 1a s& trong. Tir khiic 1a nhikng bai hat cb cba Trung-quée, thinh hanh ti di Dung, nhung ngudn gée tht tir nhac phi dai Hin VG dé (25-27). Nhgc phd dei Han nhim suru tap nhiing baidan ca, sap xép lai thanh cde myc nh wong héa khie tir, Tap khitc ca tir, Cb xy Khe tir. L6i nhac phi: 46 tigp tye dirge phat trign thai Nam Bie trigu, d&n ddi Buong chuyén thinh phong trao tdn nhac phi, Bach Cur Di va Nguyén Chin rit c6 cong trong @ Kem mue Ti kiiie. Thoi Him gol la kite, thot Duong ‘gol Lk te, sau gok chung la tir kh. 2) L6i nhge phi dis Thin do Higp lust a8 dy Ly Dién Nign sip xép nbiéng bai hat that, chia rq nb nhge va tye nhac, edn tir khée Aei Dudng (si thm nige phi) thudmg cht 18 mot di tho phing khodng mo phéng 161 nhac phi ma thot, chi khong mht thigt a® phd nhac. brc 6vige nay. Tir khie doi Brdng c6 dén hang trim dieu, m6t phiin do vin nhan phéng tic ho¥e cdi bien dieu cd, da 8 la lan digu dan gian. Céc digu cB nbat trong nhac phi dvi Hin goi la Trong hoa khic tik nbw Giang- nam, Cao 1, Phi (6 throng duge abe dén trong vin hoc ta. Tr kbc doi Duong thin vé mé ta tinh yen hon; may digu xwa nbit va tiéu bidu mbt la digu Vong Giang-nam nhw bai Odn thén® hay nhu digu BB tat man (bai Khué tinh) ® hay nita nbu digu Ue Tan Nga (bai Thu tir) ©, () Tong héa khiie tie vd Top kite tit We dda nhac khic voi 3 iy Phi tir Wa quin ohae. @) Pay Ia digu dora pong. Bal §: Siang ngon ob Suo dé se? Swrong se hdm nay, mai lat eb Naubi chét m6t di, bao git vb? (8) NOt 1dn tiab ngudri con gal obn ké phy ba: Trang én chéeh Whin twa ding bac tong tank Bém ving cank dit gid thoi gép Viem aua hét dém may quank Soi ré kB bac tinh! (Ci bai bat do Vén Trinh dich theo nguyén dieu) Chi gs Khong phat -@ign Nam binh eng 6 tén Ia Vong Giang-nam. (@) Néi lan Unb ngubt khué nit: Rieng xa fich mich khdi nhwr det Nat fm mét dai tong dan xiét Bing {6i vio Tou cao Trén Rtn 6 Ke stim ‘Th¥m ngve ning chs dot Chima hém day v8 vst Nao dow ndo gui trick Trung dinh tal dodn dink. (Bin djeh cia Van Trin theo nguyén aigu) (5) NOs 1én chm ngbt maa tho: oe :Tit khoc trayén sang ta kha som nh da n6i-& tren trong diéu kién ma ngbé thudt mula hdt va nghé thudt stn khan cia ta di co co a3. Trir mot s6 tén bai bit cia doi Trin m& khong 16 \ica nhw thé ndo, thi du Trang Chu mdng diép, Bach lac thién mau bigt tt, Giang ehdu long, Nhap hoting 46, Yén dao Wvi..., rXt tiée khong cin lai bai nao truse dai Le nita, ngoai bai Tin Ly) Gide cba Ngo Chan Luu 48 noi 8 trén, chi con Iai mot sé bai ela Nguyén Hic? nhw cde digu Vong Giang-nam, te Thn Nga, Bo tat man, Diép lnyén hoa, Téy giang nguytt, Téa xudn, Man dinh phizong, Tam vier xudn...©, tir kine nay van duge ce nin sf think thodng sit ‘Tien thn thiee Tin nga diet méng tan Tan ngnyét Lia Tn nguyét Hing niim lién dige Ba.ling céim Bigt Lye-dn go 3 thu trong mot Ham.dwong ti ofl tin tse bat Tin tke bgt Gid dg, trang ent ch Hain trif ting kiyét. (Bin djeh ela Van Teh theo nguyén digu) {Biting va Ham-diong & phia thy Trang-an, Lac-du & phia ‘nam Trang-an, hing nim ec ngdy 3 thing $ va ngay 9 thang 9 ‘thi tral gat d&n choi & day. Ling: Hing tm; khuyét? fa lon & ccung vta). Cac Pai Khué fink va Thu fir trés c6 sich n6i Ta chia Ly Bach, nhung theo Chim Anh trog quyn Lij Bach th ladn ting (xuét bin Bae-kinh n’im 1957) thi khong phi etia Ly Bach rma 06 tie 4% lau, (0 Xem mye Tit khtic. (2) Theo sich CD digu ngdm tit dvi Le. thi cée digu te khie truy¥n sang ta ¢6 dén 66 didn, aay Ib khdng K2 cde digu ding vio vie t8 18 nhw N& thank giang dén edch, Bét doan hank chinh eich, Tam gido edch D:b.u cydung & cde thé kY sau, nhw Phing Kh&e Khoan & thé kj XVI, voi bai Thudng xudn (theo digu Tém vién xudn), Pham Thai & thé ky XVIII voi bai Cm tho (theo di¢u Tay giang nguyét) va mot 8 bai trong Thank téng dé thio cha Lé Thanh tong (?), trong Trayén ky man luc obs Nguyén Dé hay trong Truy’n ky tan phd cia Boan Thi Biém. Riéng Bao Duy Tir 6 lam méy bai gin bing quéc Am cling theo Idi trating doan ct trong Tu dung pan, Bén Au thé kj XX, mt 95 nha tho efi bir NguyEn Khac Hiéu, Doan Tw Thusl... efing ted lat voi 105 nay, nhung bing quée am. Xem vay di rS & thé ky XV, kha nbiu binb thite tho ca duge phat trim trong dé ti khuc 14 mot 16i thong fl duge ta cht ¥. Bén thé kj XVI, XVIE 1a mhiing thé ky mé diu cho bud: duémg suy sup cia ché 49 phong kin, ede thd tho ca mo phéng vin nhw trade, khong c6 gi méi, C6 ching chi thy Phing Khite Khoan d& chi ¥ dén 16¢ tap cit (cling goi 1a tap cd), rut nhitng cu tho cd trong vin hoc Trung-quéc dé lam than mot bai méi, thi dy bai: LO Ney THU HOAL ‘Yen hda trong virong “, van ly glan (HD Hic) Té phwong tao logn-nhit chau an (Truong Tin) Trin ai min pbin nhén Hoh dj (Bam Dung Chi). Y phye so hdi ti whjm® nan (Luu VO Tich) Lit mong hoan tay hd diép tan (Vuong Kiém) Da ngim ung glic nguyét Guang han (Ly Than) Din trong tim aja thn trung Méu, Lum thi: céng danh cfu vide khan (Thai Tuong), (D Ghinh 1a cht vong (irdng), & Ahy age theo Am thi hat cho dang Iuat the (2) ¥ noi: tré Jet n8 nép thei thinb edn khé. (@) Pai y: NOI CAM HOAT NOT Li THO Tring thy nan khéé liza khdp mudn dim, 68L6i nay chi c6 tinh céch higu ky v2 mgt noi dung, ritng v8 binh thie tho thi Khéng cé gi thay di; ede nba vin sau nay think thoding efing cé sir dung va din din chuyén sang l6i tap Kidu voi th® ye bat. Nha tho Phan Manh Danh rat s& trwong ve Iéi tho tap cd, da soan thanb quytn But hoa, cw din mot bai tho chi Hén & trén thi lai ddim nhéng cau tap Kidu voi ¥ nghia na nd & dugio, Sq kign déng chit y & bai th€ ky XVI, XVIL, 18 ede hinb thite the phi ném phat tri’n manh hon so voi thé kj tree. Niu ching ta a4 thay, & thoi Trin, sau cue khéng Nguyen thing lgi, tir dvi Trin Nhan tong vé sau, ‘vin hoe viét bing quée Am dirge nang 1én mét mite; tiag ndi dan toe do dé cling din dn chiém due vi tr! ca minh trén vin dan. Tir cudi Trin dén din Lé, sau cuge khang Minh thang loi, nbat 1a tir deri HOng-dite tr’y di, van hoc viét hing quéc Am lai dirgc elni y them mot bude nia, Mge du gip nhimg tro ngai cda chién tran, déng vin hoc viét bing ném vin tién tri’ qua cdc thé kj KE tip. Th8 tho tht ngén zen Ine ngén vin duge Nguyén Binh Kbiém ké thirz trong Bach van quéc ngit thi (dp, cing nbw Trinh Cin ké thira trong Thién hoa én phurong toga tac, chi mét chin yén Bn. Gat but dy mat, lang ngxbi phiéc tap ch an mac mdi phue Ni, HE doc 161 man ro con khd Nai lit thit, ehiém b2o edn theo gife birém. Bém Khaya agdm to méi dikt edi lank ngdt eda cdnh ring sang. Hag gilt degc tim long trang hiéo + Lap cing danh a® durge leu traydn 0} san. (1) Kem Bit hoa (Tri dige thy xi Ha-ndi, xukt bin nim 1958) Thi dy! Hong nhan tyr cb tri da thita (Tinh sit) Tdng dée nhdn gtan bac ménk the (Nhi nit tinh) Ring: Hong nhan ty thud ara Cai didn bge ménh 6 trica ai dau? (trica = trit)doanh bach vink tap, tuy ty Ie co it di. Tho quée am cia Nguyén Binh Khiém nJng v8 m&t tit ly nén so voi tho quéc am cia Nguyén Tréi thi khd khan hon mbidu; ty nbién, gid tri tS céo x8 hoi thi cling khong kém phan sau slic. Ridng Trinh Cin ¥ ching mudn bat che Le Thénh tong, ding tho vin ca ngoi triéu dai cha minh, nhirng thoi thé thay ddi, cho nén sr nghiép bh han ché, Th® tho thét ngén xen luc ngén tir thé ky XVII trd di th) khong thay nits ©, Pho ndm Budng wat thei nay eGing phét tritn hon va cé abidu ngwoi tham gia chu Nguyén Giin Thanb, Bai Vinh, Nguy&n Hang... Hinh thie phi ném ding trong cée ky thi hoi tir doi Tran Aub tOng, nay lai duoc phuc bai, thi dy bai Phung thank xudn sfc phit® cia Nguyén Giin Thanh (tién si nim 1508). Néu & thé ky XV, x8 boi nwéc ta duge tong di dn dinb, thi dn thé ky XVI vé sau, cho dén thé ky XVI XVIII Iai ed nbidu cuge bao dgag ndng din va nbitu cude xung dot gitta cic tap dodn théng tri trong giat cp phong kin. Trong tinh binh 46, s6 Iwong téc phim bing chfr Han so véi doi Le so ¢6 gitm di, ahung 36 lugng tée ph&m bang quéc Am lai ting len ro rét, Bibu 46 chimng 18 ring tiéug néi cia dan t0c va nhiing tée phim viét bing tigng néi dan t6c, khong phu thude vao qui ladt hung vong e6a cdc triéu dgi phong kim, ma chi 1) & Tre wea Khoa hoe ¢6 eudn chép tay bing ndm ky hig AB 587 ghi Id Thing bink Bach vinh, dt in cha Bink an oxorg (Trjnb Ting) nhing nOi dung laf chinh 18 $i dung cha cudn Thien hoa doanh béch vind cha Trinh Cin (Nguyda Ven 78 8 trich Qing m@ tt & bso Tri tdn véi cl bai tira). (@ Khong nhim lin vél uhiag chu ye ngén xen Lin trong cae bil ty khic cla Pham Tha}, Tan Ba v.v. (3) Xem Hop taytn the Videaam (tap 1). Nba xuit bin Vin hoa Hand, »theo qui luat tign tritn ti thép lén cao, phi hop voi cdc phong trao néng dan chéng phong kién tt qui mo nhé dén qui mo len, Cac hinh thite dién ca lich sit va truyén tho bling cdc thé luc bat va luc bat gidn that (goi tit 1 song th&t) 1d nb@ng hinh thike dc biét trong van, hoc ta, binh thinh va pbét trian trong tinh bink ndi trén, cé xu buong lin dt cde thd tho khac. O thé kj XV, nbwtrén da ndi, thé tho Hén vin Budng luat di duge ép dung phiin nao dé k& truyén va tién dén mOt bude nia, tho nom ciing dirgc dung dé ke truyén, tuy mite dd con thép®. Do dé cd ngudi cho ring ba trayén tho Duong luat (Vuong Tuong, T6 cong phung sit, Lam tuyén ky ng6) c6 thé ra doi vaio khodng thé k¥ XVI, XVII. Mot diu ch&c chan 1a ngay tir thé ky XVII da cé hin thite fr truyén bang luc bat, thi dy nh bai Bao nguyén hanh cha Phing Khiic Khoan, dai gin vai trim clu® hote hinh thie néa didn ca, nika ngam htc bang song that nbw bai Tir théi khuitc vinh cha Hoang St Khai, dai dén kho’ng ba trim rudi cdu. Cée hinh thite trén tiép tue phat tritn manh hon & thé ky XVI: vé ty trayén, nhu bai Tir dung van cia Dao Duy ‘Tir dai ciing trén ba trim cAu, chia ké hai bai tho bat ci va nim bai ca tring dodn ci; v8 dign ca lich nhu tap Thién nam minh gidm® bing song thét & nita () Ba ndt v6 & trén, Xem phim TI. (2) Chua r6 aay c6 phat 1a bai Now phi nap Bao nguyén ma hu aay twerng truyBa 1A cba Oug Khong, Chi biét ring bak Bdo nguyén hénh md th nhing cay cb theo Wéng dja phirag mizn trén Nehé-an, chinh I avi Ong bj phét ving khoing nign hieu Chink-ty (1568.71) ad Lé Anh tong. @) Hien cé & Thu vién Hué, thi du doga ta Ba Trig Géi cao tay, may tai gat Triga. Trac quin Ng6 chan din tay co Baéng ot chp olét sim khaa, Wher bang ré hév, lag khd mot chi ”dau thé ky XVIT dai 936 cau va tap Thien nam ngit lve bang luc bat & nia sau thé ky XVI, dé 1a mot the phim dai dén 8.136 cau ©, Top dién ca may c6 nbiu doan bao gdm ting truyén ma néu lich ra efing cb the thinb nhirng truyén tho hin hoi, thi dy truy¢n An-duong vuong, truyen Phi ding thién vong, trayen Trung nit pirong v.x. Ngoai ra, cling c6 ngire cho riing cdc trayeo lye bat nhte Ong Ninh cd troyen®, Chia Thao cd trayén © cé thé xudt hign khodng thé kj XVI. Nhu vay, hin there troyén tho bing th8 Ine bat cB truyén di hin’ thimb tir cde thé kj XVI, XVIL O nbidu nude trén thé gidi, itu thuyét phat trita som, mot phan tir co sé troyén ke dan gian; & ta, hinb thie (ruyén tho ra doi sém va truyén tho c6 d2 tai dan toc, phn lon duge xay durag tir trayén k8 dan gian hv truyen Ong Ninh, tray¢n Chia Thao noi trén, Ring cdch bit vin cla thd Iye bat efing ntur song thiit di nay du cd chd cin cht y: Ve luc bat, cae tae gid thoi may vira ding h¢ théng phd bién voi vin cit tye bal xung van cau bat & ft Hue sdu, dng thoi lgi ding c& hé théay dae biét ngay trong mot téc phim ea minb tire 1a vin chu Tue bit xudng van cau bat & fr thir fer. Thi dy: Wong Lao, Long vit © ty bong Lam chin fam dm, mia dong nay han. Vil hai vi len vai ed tude, DE se hima chy biet adi not ‘BE cho mé phn ra lai, Thy trat a1 ay ching ai anh hing (theo tap cht Viin héa nguyét son 86 ra thing 1-1963) GQ) Nha xodt bin Vin hoa Ha-n6i 43 dn banb. @) Tike Lé Duy Niab eftug gol Ta Chia Ch3m, sau lim yua auge goi 1a Lé Trang téng. (3) K8 sy eh Thao Tin, con st vua Mac. G) Tike eay long vit. nTru bd gt ign dé agan By Id diy din rong th’ kh&p noi That nado vat lia cha trot, Che eb ngudi doi phic troi om ona. Ghi ring: Thin tai giang b8, ‘Tam tn nguy khuyét ©, mge yua sao adub? (Bao nguyén hanh) T# le nhikng cu bit theo hé thSng a6 so véi nhitng cu bat theo bé théng phd bién, trong Déo nguyén hank 1a 16,3%, trong Chita Thao cb truyén la 14,6%, trong Thién nam ngit luc Wa 12, 7%. Theo su td hop tw nbién tht ‘eau bat theo hg théing 4 4 trén chinb 1a th tém tir, ma thd t4m tir lai la th «3 hop cia thé bén tir voi bén ur. Nhu vay, phiti ching bé théng bAt van & fir thir tur cau bat 1a cB hon hé théng bét vin & fir thi sdur chu bat? Mot diéu chic chin la hg théng 4 + 4 ndi tren rai rée chi con thay trong cfc truyén tho nhu Téng Tran, Ly Céng..., chit khong thy & ede truyén tho sav nay nbw Hoa tién, Kitu ©. V8 song thét, cde tac gid thoi xa cing vir bat van tr cau bét sang cu thét-tr&e & fr thir nm nhw hé thong phd bign, Iai cling vira bit vin sang cu thit-tric 6 tr thie ba theo bé théng dic bigt. Thi dy: Tige xuan 6 phii chic bigm ‘Truong phu long sit dé mém vay vay. C6 chi may héi con a5 va ® Quyén xvin v8 Tol ra he sang Hay bay mo mét bit duong Xanh phd mau liga, lye trong tan A3e. (D Nowy khuyét: tite ofa Hom noi cung diga nba vua. Chu ndy ¥ adi: tuy & xa, abueng long budng v8 nha vue, @) Co Und lhy By Tim mot tidu chan a8 xét eke traygn thor xem truygn nto cB va bink ddn hon traygn no @uge ching? () BB vi: tize ehim cube. aRéa Thig-dinh, em ve mot ay Lach ktet-hi di niy ti8n sen Kia af 1eo Iéo long thitn, Trin al ria sgeh non tio som vio. (Tie thdi kc pink) Ca hai céch bit van (Co chi may/hdi con a5 va, hay Ben Thity-dinb/c’m ve moi gay) ciing 1a kidu ndi 165i cia the bay tir voi nhip phd bign 3 + 4, nbung c6 khée nhau & cach bit van. Cé digu fa khi vin d& chuy8n sang tir thir nam, thi tir thie ba clu thft-tric co thé 1a trdc va hue vay rit thudn loi cho sw xée lap Idi dink 4éi trong hai cau song that: dang «hai trdc dm mdt bang» cha cau thit-irde ddi voi dang «hai bang dm mdt trdc» cia cau that-biing . Nhw vay, xét vé mat kj thuat cia cau tho, thi ot chny8n vj tri vin lung & cau thét-trdic ra sau (tir thir nm) I& mot tién bo. Phai ching, h¢ théng die bidt (win & ti thy ba) cd hon hé théag phd biéa hién nay (win & tir thir nim)? Mét didu chic chan la hé théng die bigt d6, sau nay con thy rAi réc trong mot a6 bai tho cd nh: BS dé thdng cdnh thi, Ha tien thap cénh®, Cam thda®, che khong thay trong Chink phu ngdm khic hay Cung on ngdm khic (riéng Tuy-ly vwong & thé ky XIX trd ai dp dung he théng die bigt noi trea trong bai Héa lac ca. () C&m ve: vi Ung ve nhw tiéng dan, (2) ): xem thd luc bat gidn thd! & phim TL @ Gia Mac Thién Tich & nia du thé kf XVIT, tht au: Say swra xem cénh hha thank Ca aoang durét nguytt, ing doarh trén vghn, May khéch thuy8a. mBi tal mai aa, Thing giai ky ko phy long tea, Hoa nghe hoa (6 hoa zién, Gib mura phdi déng, nese beo khién tan... ; (Bing WS Gu nguyit) (5) SE ndi 6 sau. a”RB rang tho ca quéc am & nhitng thé kj XVI, XVIL, so voi thé ky XV, Aa tin mot burac cao hon, cao hon khong phiai chi don thuin vé mat.s6 Itong, hay cing khong riéng vé mit uydn chuyén cia cau tho trong 16i gieo vin, ngat nbip, phd edch uhw da ebirng minh &irén, ma chinb la & ché cde nba thorta, do &nh huéng cba str lon len cita ting ni dantéc, cing nhur str lor én cha phong trio néng dan, 48 biét ding cdc th? tho cb truyén dé bidu hign cdm xuc vi tr duy cia minh, cing nbw d8 dién t& nhiing siz _kign lich sir quan trong. Do a0, khong phai ngia nbién ma Hoéng St KbSi dung thd song thit wiét To thoi khtic vin dang lén chia Trinh bay Phing Khéc Khoan ding thé Iue bat vit Bio nguyén hinh ke tam sir cin minh ma chin do hai ong 44 thm nhu&n tink thin dan toc trong tho ca. Cn chit ¥ ring x8 hoi ta tir thé ky VM vB sau cd nbigu yéu (5 mdi v8 ede mat kinh té va chinh tr), Ben canh nn kinh t& nOng nghi¢p lau doi, nBn kinh t€ hang hda co mim méng tir trirée doi Le so, dén thé ky XV tién mot buéc, qua thé ky XVI, XVI Ini tim them mot buee nfra, bat gip cai di xAm nhép cha tr ban phuong Tay. Nn kinh té hang héa néi trén lai phat tra man hom & thé kj XVII, v8 sau va trong ching mre nao do tay ting hic e6 anh huéng dén dai sSng-va lam cho né them da dang, phirc tap hon, Thé ky XVIL lai ta mot thé kj cé mbidu bién dong v8 chink tri gitta tink binh suy sup ciia gial cp phong kién va toh binh phat trite. ella cde cue bao dong khéi nghTa néng dan ma dinh cao Ya khdi ngbfa Tay-son. Nguyén Hug d& dink tan ofc tap doan phong kién Trinh, Nguyén, théng nhat son ha, chinb thire én ngdi us nim Mu Than (1788) 48 cé danh nghTa dénh bon xm luge Min Than. Trong Chiéu lén ngéi, Ngayén Hug noi r5 chi bong chm minh: «Tram 1a ngwoi ao vai & Tay-son, khong cé mot thudc *dit, von khong c6 chi lam vua, chi vi long ngudi chén ngdn doi Joan, mong méi dirge vua hitn dé cieu disi yen dan, vi vay, trim tap hop nghia binh, mie do toi, i xe c8 d8 mé mang nui rimg, gitip dé hoang dai buynh rong rubi vige nhung mi... Trim nay cé thién ha, s€ diu dit din vao dao lén, dem dan én cdi dai xuan.,..» Bai chigu nay do Ngo Thi Nham soan, cd mot y ngbfa ebinh trj lon, Néu nhur xtra kia, bai Hich cia Trin Hung dao di ndi bai Chiéu cia Ly Théi t8 voi bai Cao cha Le Thai td, thi luc nay, efing c6 thé néi bai Chiéu cha Quang-trung di néi bai Bink Ngé dai cdo thoi khéi nghia Lam-son véi bin Tayén ngén déc lip do H8 Chi tich doc, sau khi Cach mang th4ng Tam thanh cong. Khoing u6i xtra kia trén 400 nim, khoang néi ngay nay trén 500 nim, gop lai ngét 1000 ndm lich sir; 1000 nim ‘Thang-long — Bong-dé — Ha-ndi quang vinh va bat diet. ‘Trong bai phi Tung Tay.hd, sing tae nhin dip vua Canb-thinh ra Bac ha, Nguyén Huy Lugng d& ca nggi cong dire nha Tay-son: ¢... Bem phong canh lai mot bau tri nhd, m& théi binh ra bén be mdi to...». Noi chung, ngoai ¥ nghia chinh trj cia nd, bai phi 6 mot gid tri nghé thugt nbit dinh. Nhung Pham Théi, vn 1a ctru thn c& chp cia nha Lé, d& phin tng Iai bing bai pht Phan tung Téy-h3, hoa lai dving 85 vin. Voi dung ¥ xuyén tac noi dung bai phi cia Nguyén Huy Lugng, 48 ha thép vai tré cita cue khdi nghia Tay-son, Pham Théi bude phai hoa nbiéu vin go ép, sik dung nbigu cu vin kém gid tr] nghé thuat. The ky thir XVII ddnb diu su rang ré cha ché ao phong kign tap quyén, nhung cling dénh déu sip lon manh eta phong trao ndng din bao dong. Sy rang budc olla ¥ thie he phong kién d6i voi con ngudi trong cude s8ng, nban thé bi gidn ra trong nhigu lind ve cha te duy va toh cm. Léi vin chwong Iau nay bj coi 1a % da di dua vao thue tién thoi bay gi ma chi trong niw vay! Vén day 1A mot thue tigm khéch quan kbong Ig thuge vao ¥ mudn cia bon vua chiia phin dong, vi r3 rang sw trirdng thank cita tigng Viet, cling nhu sy trwong thamh eda tho ca quéc am 6 thé ky XVIII, tip tuc dién bién theo qué triah bi¢n chimg cia no cho mAi @én thé ky XIX va cd sau nay nia, mc da Gia- long, Minh-ménh da tim cdch ngin chin tinh thin din toc cia han dan ta trdi day trong Iinh vic ngon ngit va thi ca, Tat nbidn, khong th® quan ni¢m la trong hai thé kj XVII, XIX, céc hinh thite tho ca md 18 bing chit Han bay bing chi ném aa suy tan hay tidy yong. ‘Trong tinh binh xen nhaw gitta bai dong tho ca mo G) Chink Nguyn Hug dimg vin Iye bit phd vo tO bidu ling Ive bit ee ndng din trei Van chirong (nay: Hang Ot) ait Ién- Sus, tu vite Khu Vin migu bj phi, (Xem Ca dao nggn ngs Ha ngi—xudt bin 1970, (2) Naay ti nim 163, Trinh Tac 0 co chd truong chm fn teuygn ndm. Chi trueng a3 sou duge Trinh Cuong, Trith Doanh noi theo, nhung vin khéng ngin chin éuge phong tro nom (xem: Trugén ném khuytt danh, mit hign tegng dae biét cia vin hoe Viel-nam, Tap chi Nghién cia vin hoc s6 thing 7.1960). Sau nty thye din Paép Jol edng ch trong th& Wen tisk thin dio toc ela ta trong vin da, nineng ching eng di thét bol (xem Phuong chim Dim toc. Khoa hoc, Bal ching trong BE cvong win héa cia Bing Cong sin Béng-dwong). nphéng theo nttée ngoai va tho ca cd truyén dan toc, n6i chung céc thé nhu the phi Bireng ludt, bién ngau vin tn tai vA a6 lugng tde phim so voi cde thé XVI, KVIT lai cé phin Ung hon. Sé lwgng tac phim chiy Han, néi chung, cé tinh chat dng bién voi tién trinh ché 4d phong kign, nhung chit luong a6i voi trng tac gik thi ¢6 khi Iai nguge lai, nghia la c6 tinh chat nghjch bién, Noi mot cdch khac, trong chimng mie ché do phong kign ctr suy tan din, thi vin chong lai ck di@u luyén thém. Vin ché Han con nbur vay, hudng gi viin quée am. Noi mot cach t8ng qudl, vin chong quéc Am di theo con duéng aghich bién voi ché 4 phong kién. Do 46, e6 ngudi cho ring vin chtong ta & ede thé kj XVI, XIX c6 tinh cbt lirong ce r6 ret, ttkc 1A vi nhu ché do phong kién di theo hwong drm cue, thi vin chttong, nb&t la vin chitong quéc am, lai di theo ixéng duong cre. Bing Ja hur vay, néu ché 46 phong kién chim ditt voi Géch mang thang Tém, thi viin chirong dan tc ta lai duge cfich mang bdi dudng cho tién mai khéng ngirng. © thé ky XVI, XIX, nhigu nban si xuit sie nb Nguyén Gia Thidu, Phan Huy fch, Nguyén Du, Cao BA Quét, Nguyén Cong Tritt... ching nhiing lam the chit Han hay, ma lam tho quéc Am eling gidi. MAi ngwdi du c6 mot tap tho hang trim bai, riéng Nguytn Gia Thida co hang nghin bai, but lire ching thua gi bit lire Nguyén Binh Kbiém & thé kj XVI qua tap the Bach Van, Triéu Tay-son tay nghn ngii va ban viee chinh ph nhung cting c6 nbigu nhan sf dong gop trén vin da Ngo Thi Nham, Phen Hoy fh, Nguyén Hitu Chink, Va Huy Tin...0 Phan Huy Ich la mét tae gia cd nhiéu cOnghién, nhit la thoea quéc am, chép trong Du am vd tap. CO ngwwsi cho ring Ong di giup d& Lé Ngoc Han, (1) VE Huy Tin dong 461 VG Quynh dot Lé Thanbrtong. "hog 46 nhugn sic gidim bai Ai tz van. Ly do niy dua ra & chd nguoi ta so sénh bin dich Chink phy ngdm hign lwu hanb, din din, duge minh xdc ld cia ng, ‘voi bai Af tr vdn, thay r3-y van mhitu ché rat gidng hen. Mat khée, thai bay gid Phau Hay fch rat nhuin uahj trong sing téc vin t€ qnéc am. Néu néi ong Ia chuyén gia vin té tir thai Tay-son dém din thoi NguyEn thi cling khong pbai 1a qua déng. Ngo Thi Noam va Vi Buy Tén duoc Nguyén Hug giao cho cong tée tit ban v8 mift d6i ngoai, Ngb Thi Nbam lam viée bén trong cbuyén thio thu tir chiéu bidu, VO Huy Tém lam vide én ngoai, tham gia cdc sit bd. Cé th8 so sénh Ngo vA VG voi Ngnyén Trai, va Lé Thiéu Dinh“ thoi Lé Loi, xét v8 mat ti han ya ddi_ngoai. Vi Huy Téim con a8 lai tp tha Hoa trink sit bd, €6 th so sdnh v6i nhiing tap the di sir Trung Quéc, thi du Mai link si hoa cia Phong Khéc Khoan, hay Bde hank tap Iuc cha Nguyén Du... Cée hign tuong néi tren mot Yan na kbfng dink dnb hudng t&t yéu cia su thitc Unb tinh than dan toc trong tho ca cng nhur cia sy triéng thanh ngon ng vin hoe ta qua ede nha tho must alc lia thoi dai. Nhitng nha tho lon & thé ky treroc nur Nguyén Tri, L¢ Thénb tong, Nguyén Bin Khiém, déu c6 ¥ thtre dan tdc, tuy mite dQ timg ngudi cé Khdc mhau vA néu so Yi cde nba tho nhir Thanh Quan ®, Xuan Huong 6 thé ky XIX thi ai dém néi ¥ thie dan téc cia ba nba tho tren kia Iai kém hon? Tuy thé nbung tai sao cau tho G) Lé Thiu Dish 1 con Lé Cinh Tuan adi Hau Trin. Wo 1Lé nay vot bo VO trén IA hai ho thang gla, hign aay con chau Ly con, & ling MG-trach, buygn Blnh-giang (Hat-nung). (2) Ten thye 1a Nguyén Thj ich,quéc 4m cha ho so voi cau tho quéc am cia nhé tho Thanh Quan ching han trong bai Thdng-long thank hodi cB Igi khong diéu luyén bang? Dieu luyen néi day khong ch? don thuan v8 mat niém Iudt, ma digu luyén trong tinh chit ho&a chinh cia bai the vé ¥ tho, cfing nhw Idi tho. Bic biet & day phai néi déa loi tho, vi rd rang ngon ng vin hoc 6 thé kj XIX so voi ngon ngi vin hoc nbiing thé ky truéc, nhét dinh 1a phong phi hon, trong sng bon, da dang hon. Ching ta cé th so sanh nhw vay, néu d6i chiéu cau luc bét moc mac trong Dao nguyén hank ofa Phing Khe Khoan voi ciu luc bat hét sire uytn chuy®n trong Trayen Kiba cha Nguyén Du, hoge déi chiéu edu song thit gd gh® trong Tir thoi khic vink cla Hoang Si Khai wi cdu song thét nhip nhang trong Chink phu ngdm khie cia Phan Huy feb (?) hay trong Cung oan ngém khite cha Nguyén Gia Thigu. Tay ahién, néi nhu vay khong c6 ngbia cho ring ngén ngir di quyét dinh hinh thitc tho ca, mie di ngon ngit cé mot {4c dung rit lon, ma chinh 1a néi dung quyét dinh sx Ia chon hinb thtre nay hay hinh thire khdc, Noi dung & day 1a sw két hop cia co sé khdéch quan cita xi boi voi chm ngbi chi quan cia téc gid trong qué trinh sdng tc tia minh. Nhur df trinb bay & trén, co sb x8 hoi cha hai thé ky XVII va XIX, 90 voi mhiing thé ky truée, di bién d8i nhitu; ude séng con ngudi tba ra nhi@u mt, dei hdi ede himh thre tho ca ph&i phong phd va thich hop d? bidu hign cude séng a6. Céc bink thire thor phi Bung luat vin duge sit dung trong séng (1) C6 trich & Phin I (2) Mot Wiéu bio & Phip moi day cho bay ring bin Ghinh pha ngam hign lu hank nay chink xic la chia Phan Hay Loh: Bin cht ndm sha ho Phan Qi duge phat hign & amin trong. 80tde tho chi Hén IMin chit ném va cling cé nhing nba tho ndi ting nbur Nguy&m Cong Trix voi bai Han nho Phong vi phi, hay Cao Bé Quat voi bai Ta! nt da cing phi. Chive ning eta phi 1a miée t, th cmb th tinh néi chung. Nhung phui von tir the ma ra, cho nén, nha vin thirong ding phi ma tr tinh dé cé mot dung lugng kha hon, trong ching myc khudn kbd cia ther, ké ck the bai Iuat van a chat hep. Mac Dink Chi thai Tria Lam bai Ngoe tink lién phi voi § ngbia nhw vay. ‘Thé ky XVII va XIX von d& chitng kign sw ran nit ti mau thudn ndi tai oda ché do phong kién, Tam sir cba Nguyén Cong Trit vi Cao Bé Quat trong hai bai phi ndi trén, the hi¢n sir maw thudn gitta khdt vong cd nhan va bién thire ché 40. Giong vin cham biém eta Cong Trir edt chua chal: Ngiy ba baa v6 bung rau biah bfch, ngudi quan tie ain ching chu no, Bem nim canh an glide gy kho kho, Aoi thil bioh eta | thoréng b8 gd. Am tr gop 14 bang. 16 véi, pha mai chit ehit chua ehua, Migng trhu tem v6 mn, v6 da, bude migng nhal nhai bd wh. Con giong vin Ba Quét gay git hom, €6 ¥ nghfa phan Kthdng that sw: Tink udn éo muda vach (rot én Wdt: mbo Kisp Chir ABE ‘du 14, n& hoal ebt chén ngoe at trin ai? Tei Ung lo toan vuge bd al ta: hat qué Tiga tir noi md, xin Uh iy: van Gan Tam 8 00. Trong ra nhiip ab sug nbn tinh Nainh lai vat vor may thé 6. Ngan oh6! K@ tham D2 khéa loi, mo cdah chudn a6t trén mil tse, aghléng minb dling chye chén biu man; Quin bact KE wuing cdi dai donk, do gidi Ido trom duct co pha, mdi g6i qui mon sn tuéng phit! (1) Gi6i tan: aa 06 viy- Co pha: da thit. 6Tc aDa sao the phi Durtng luat vin gd bd qué, thigu tinh ch&t uyén chuyén dé dién t4 duge nhitu méi tinh 60 le thei biiy git, néu khong cé th® song that cila ta. So voi cdc thé tho phi Dirong lual, thi thé song that r&t de dung & nbiing thé ky nay, nhw d2 14 tam su nguivi cung nit (Cung odn ngém Khiic cia Nguyén Gia Thiéu), tam sit nguii chinb phy (Chink phu ngdm khic, bin dich hign hru hank), tim str ngwoi vy khoc ching (Ai hr van cha Le Ngoc Han), tm str ngudi bj nghi oan (Te tinh khic cha Cao B& Nha) v.v... Vé th® nay, Cung oan ngam khic dugc coi nhur téc phim kiéu mau thude loai sing tac, cdn Chink phu ngam khie duge coi nhu téc phim kiéu mau v8 loai chuyén dich, mae di ding v8 mit hinh thie kj thuat tho, c& hai khic ngim a6 Bu la nbiing dng vin xudt she thai bay gitr va ch ve sau nia. () Troag vin hoe ta, €6 mot bién tugng Mie bigt la nha tho Binh Nhat Than 8 soon bat Thu da li hodi ngdm bing chit Han theo th8 song thit, ciiug nbw trong quyém Thénh tng di thio, ‘wong truyén eda L¢ Thénk tong(t), cb mot bal thor Ine Dit bing Hen ini Trugén con chudl thdnh tinh), thi dv doan @3u : Tur gudn nhw thiét ahve tha Thite ha Khé Khidl, maha khd ldn Thiét tha tém bl tie quan, Nhe son di tudn nh vdn dit tredng! Gia mrong y nga gia mrong, Kim khué tdi loan, tha hirong thin bri. Nghia Ta hd af tudng nhitng thiét tha, Sdu (a khén rika, fink ta Rad ma Thiet tha taiing ming nko al, Stu eno nhwe nili, tinh dai nhue mag. ‘Nang oi e6 thiin ndi ny. Bubng the eanh cdnh no ngwéi tha hong. (Bai Vin Nguyén dich, Trich Hop lupén tho van Viglnam, Tap U1; Nob xudt bin Vim hoe, Ha-ndt)Chi 48 Cung on ngdm va Chink phu ngdm Ya chi de khé phd bign dudi cké 46 oii. O thé ky XVII, cd cde tap Cung odn thi ving chit Hn cha VO Trink, cba Nguyén Héu Chinh, Twong trayén bai_vin quéc am Tan cung nit odn Bai cong cfing cia Nguyén Hitu Chinh. Ngoai ra, c6 khé ahitu nguei (kbuyét danh), lam theo thé that ngdn bat ct cfch luat con chép trong sich Quée ém thi ca tap luc, cing co bai voi tita mye nh Chung tink hey Chung tink iréch van hoe bing th Wwe bat hole bling thé that ngon phé cach, thi du doan di mot bai saw day : Newéi Hong quen, khdch Phugng tabxh Néi nim thie mie ing bao aanh ‘Tram mal gim tril tho hoat wien. Dam gu ebgu ro bee maw fh Tuy nbién, ve cba dé nay, chua ihfy ai yuot duoc Cung odn ngém Khe cia Nguyén Gia Thidu. C6 thE ndi toan khuic ugam déu c6 1éi tho nghen ngio cbira dung tinh tho u&t ite: Budn mos ndi Long 48 Khic kholt Nain trim chigu bude lai ngin ngot iva wiy budm ng tbe o, BE gay ding thim ab xa obi ving! Dem mim canh Lin nttong vac qué. Gal budu nay ai AB giét nhau, Giét hou ching cid aa eka, Giét mhau Ding ci wshu ade chua! ‘Tay nguyét Ifo ching xe thi cho Xe thé may co a& dang khong? Dang lay mudn ditt to h3ng. Bye wink muén dap Mén phong ma ra VE tinh nguéi chink phu, ve cudi thé ky XV, ThAi ‘Thuan da dé cap tai va di cé nhéng cau tha thiét nhw: Rom thua, long no, tring ttn béng, Goi lanh, ehgu trap, cude gol canh... (Dyck Hin van)nhung vin kbong vugt duge Bing Trin Con véi Ii vin dod trudng cb lio luyén. C6 diku, vi nguyén vin bang chit Hén, do 46 tinh phd cap bi hen ché, va din dan bin dich bing tiéng Viét 4% In t va xéa mu nguyén bin. Thi dy nhi¢ng doan nguyén van cha Dang ‘Tran Con san day khong phai la kbéng hip din, khong phai la khong tai tinh: ‘Tich niga ky tin khuyén quan hBL Kim afén ky tin khuyén quén Loi Tin ai whan yj lat, Duong hoa link Ige dy trong dat Thuong @ai, thong di hye thong at hit bo uhbn @inb bach chm ¢hdit ‘Tich nian BL thee dimb thiép ky Rim nfén hdi thr ink thiép qut Thy qui nhan vi qui song teh mich ehuyn ta buy ‘a huy, t@ hoy byw t huy ‘Thap woe gia ky etka ag vit Cfch ding diép ngit, c&ch ding dée vgn, cdch ding 46i doan... noi chung 48 diém dat mot tém long tha thidt cho mong. Nbwng déa vin dich cha Phan Huy fch lai cling hét sire tai inh, vira lot duge hét ¥ nguyén vin, vira chuyén duge kj thudt diép tir, dip j sang the song tht bang ting Viet, t6m lai la d& viet hoa mot eéch thanh cong, ma cd dong hon: Tin thuéng lot mgudi Krdng thy Tol, Hoa dong tin 2% tri réu xanb Réu xen miy lop chung quanh San Of mot bwéc trim tinh ngin ogo!‘Th thwdng 161 ngubl chien thfy 161 Bie rém thwa Jan df bong avon Béng duomg miy lop xuyén agang Lat sao musi hen chin thudng don sai? Nguyén vin J2 cau, gdm 80 tir, vin dich gom lai chi 8 cau gdm 56 tir, vin chia lam hai doan déi nbau chan chat nhw nguyén vin. Nghe thugt dich nhw vay cé thé néi 48 dat dén dinh cao. Qua vay, rat mhiba ngwoi dich t4c phim nay céa Bang Trin Cdn, nhung chi cé Phan Huy Ich thimh cong nbit Tht dy & mot ban khdc®, doan trén duge dich nh sau : Trude, git ching xin mau tré let, Tin lal, ma nguél hiy con khong, Cank duong hoa rung dudng bong Gi6. due rOt rec Hin cing réa xanh ‘Réu lai réu, xank anh Aoi chén Buc nhba Gioh ngdin ngut KB tram. ‘The vB, x08 48 mbng thim Tine v2, nay chia théy tim ngudi v8 Chon song the, tir Be ving vé Ae th th, bong x6 rém hoa Tata, thoi dt Xom trong moi hen, kB aa chfn sai hofe & mot bin khée: Tin chang ndm ngosl 48 ring Nim nay loi mhin 61 ning chang ve ‘Tin ai v8 ma chang chua thfy Hoa dwong roi di dy réu xanh Réu xanh, thoi Iai réu xomh San nban mot bute, tring quanb trim dong Nira tréi ogom ira turong thim chéy Rhuys sia tring, s6m Igi trond may ‘Thu chang nim trade hen nghy (@ Xem: Hodng Xodn Han, Chink pha ngémm bi khdo, Minb.tén, Pari, 1953, 35War sau the hen &} wby bbs tramg ‘Thu 4i va ma chaog cdn ban Xé gong the, bong lan de £2 de th thet Hat de Tih trong chin hen, sai ngoa 164 mudi hoe & mot ban khée nita Tin nim trede a3 ting gin bd ‘BEn nm nay Tai c6 tin song Tin sang ngudi chita théy sang Hoa divong 1b eb3, mo mang réu den, Ren den, Iai réu den may lie, Mot bude di tram giye dng To ‘Nam sara thir 83 hen hb Nam nay ther lot gi cho vgay ‘Thu vB ngud chika thiy vi ‘Song le ving ¥é Win x€ bong t ‘Bong th Jat bong th Bt budi Mui nguyén, sao chin Idi sat ngon (1) So vai ban cia Phan Hay feh thi ba bin djch sau @u kém hon nbiéu mét, thir nbat 1a khong co dong, thir hai la: tay Igt dirge y chinh, nhtng lai cé ché thira y, nb&t la 6 ban thir ba, va loi vin n6i chung chwra vhuin nhi, néu khong phai 1A tho so, thir ba 1: khong sap xép duge cho hai vé 46% céch dogn nbw & nguyén vin. RS ring nghé thuat dich tho trong van hoc ta cé obftng tién bo nbat dink va sw danb gid cia quan ching trong viée truyén tung that la cong bing va chinh xéc. Tir xa t6i nay, nbn si ta d& dich nbidu kidt tic cia Trang quée nhu Chie clim hai vdn cia TO Hug, Chink hi ca cia Vin Thitn Twong, Tong tin titu cha LY h, Ty Ba hank cha Bach Crr Dj... Rut euge, ebt c6 ban dich Ty Ba hank cha Phan Huy Thre ® Ya nbi tigng va (@ Xem: Hoang Xudn Hin, sich aa an. (2) Lau nay, ngwéi te Rim Ja Phan Huy Vinh, tie 18 con cha Phan Huy thie ma Phan Huy Thire It con cia Phan Huy teh va Phan Huy teh la aah vy Ngo Thi Nbbmm.due liu hanh rong rai, Nhw vay, ding th? song th&t 48 dich tho chit Han te xwa (i nay chia ai virgt duoc hai cha con nba ho Phan. © Nguyén vin Ty Ba Aanh 88 ciu gdm 616 ti, Huy Thyc cling dich ding 88 cu song that Ine bét gdm 616 ta. Ngayén vin theo vin tre, giong Sm tre; & ban dich lai tho he nhang hon. Néa thé song that thich hop cho cde khte ca trit tinb, thi th8 tuc bét Iai thich bgp cho Idi ty xg cia truyen, tho, mot thé logi duoc biah thanh khoing thé kj XVI, XVI. 86 hrgng eta truyén tho trong hai thé kj XVII, XIX kha lon. Néi chung cau tho va két effu trong ahigu truyén cdn & mike dO théip, nur Jef vin con moc mac, bS.cue con gin don, tht du nbw céc loai truygn Thach Sank, Lg Cong... Dan din, xuit hign mot loai truygn tho véi mie do kj thuat cao hon, thi du nhur Hoa tién eda Nguyén Huy Ty, Doan treating tan thank (tire Trayen Kiéu) cia Nguyén Du. Nhw tren kia di noi, thoi xwa chi c6 truyén du gian truy$n migng, ehtr khong co tida thuyét bing vin xudi, do dé truyen tha chiém mot dja vi rat quan trong, vi rng mQt mat nd e6 the thay thé cho truyén dan gian®, mit khdc lai cling thay thé cho Jogi trréng ca anh bing hog tré tinh ma ching ta eting khong c6 thi by gid. Tuyet dai da 96 truyen tho déu kbong rd ra ddi vao théi gian nao. Cho dén nay, méi biét duoe truyén tho Song Tink Bat Da cha Nguyén Hu Hao ra doi khodng cuéi thé ky XVH, dau thé kj XVIN, truée Truygn Kia khokng mot thé ky. N&u () Diu thé ky XX, Tinta dieh Trdg hin ca cla Bach Cx Dj, mhueng eting Ht nga biEt. (@) Nhidu truyde the dya v0 a8 tt etia truygn din glen. <3) G Ady chi n6i trong van hoc Kink. @) Nguydn Hu Ho mit ndm 1718. Traytn Xa va det Khong oust thé ij XVI, Bu thé BP IK. a7ching ta so sinh vin Song Tink Bat Da voi vin Kitu thi ré rang vin Kiéu aa virgt xa né v8 mét tinh vi ky thuat cfing abu vy mat phong phi gon tir, Truyén Kita tha ké nhiing than tru tot dep ciia ede truyén tho truée né, dirgc dién dat bing ngon ngit uyan chuyén cola thé ky XIX, thong qua sir sang to cba nha tho thin 44i Nguyén Du, da tro thanh mot kiét téc trong vain hoe Vigt-nam, Chi ritng vide khai thde hinh thire edu tho nhw nghé thuat té cdmb, t& ngwoi, 18 tub... efing di lam t6n khong biét bao nbiéu 1a but myc { Tree hét, khéng nén bin kboiin vé ct truyen nwéc ngoaicé anh hudng dén die trung dn toc cha nghé thuat tho truyén Kida ching? Bi tir nguyéa ly «Thi di ngén chi», nba nho cb tu2 hoje {4 cinh ngu tinh, hose mugn xua n6i nay, muon ngoai noi trong. Ngoai cdmh c6 khi chila mot dim tya d bigu hign noi tam, khéch thé c6 kkhi JA mét cdi co dé béc 16 chi th’. Do dé, trong mot sé truyén tho hay chéo, tudng cia ta, khong nén phi sire di tim xem, thi du nhw Sing Thign si trong chéo Quan dm thi Kinh 6 trong tich Phat khong, hay Ta Phuong Co trong tudng Tam nit dd vweng vio thai Yua nado & Trung-qudc? v.¥... Troy én Kigu c6 khéc mot chtit, Nguyén Du co mo phdng tin thuyét cia Thanh Tam tai nhin, nhung Nguyén Du di dBi ten JA Bogn trudng tan thanh, cho nén tim hd ulin khnie trong nhan vat truyén Kidu, khong phai tim & dau xa x0i, ma phi tim & ugay nude ta, trong thei dai Nguyén Du va cd & trong con ngwoi Nguyén Du. Ngbé thuat tho Ngayén Du Ja nghé thudt tho Vi¢t-nam, ph cach edu tric dogn tho, cau tho, doan déi, tid déi, luyén thanh, dip y... da phat mat thea quy luét Am’ thanh ngon ngit Vietnam. Nguyén tde co ban cia phép tam tho cach iu8t bay th luc bat la phi két hep cho direc f tho san v6 Ii tho dong, ruc. bét phai sir dung cho hét chitc Bing cia don vj tir trong effu tric toan bo don vi dongtho. T& nhién, ¥ tho sdu dén mite nao, durge dién dat bang lai tho dong dn mike nao 1a tay thud & tai ning cia nghé sf. Do a6, v8 mat thie hank, aguyén te co ban tren chi 65 chd: trénh ding fur fir nbw phd ti, lin tir, gidi tir, ing tir... bao nbiéu, thi lei tho cé dong bay nhidu, Trong vin chong, bu ur ding thira bay khong ding ch sé sa vao hign wong tir ky sink, nbwng, néu ding dée thé, sé tréthanh nan fz, tire 14 tt trong digm cia dong tho, Trong hai cau tho céch Inat cia ba Thanh-quan sau day, khOng’eé bw tr: 1.61 xa xe ugva bin thu thio, Ng6 cf Iu @Mi béng tes duong Ben ctu Kidu gigi thiu Kim Trong saw day, tuy cha e6 dong bing hai cau tho trén cia ba Thanh-quan, ning ofing da trdnb bu ty dén mike 18i da: N@n pho du, be tai dan Vin chug nét dit, thong miinh tink tri Phong te tal mrgo tt ver ‘ao trong phong nkZ, ra ngoai bho hon. 2 Khai th4e bét chire ning don vi tir trong dong tho, nha tho thireng ct ciy lye va cau bdt ra lam hai, 2c th8 ghép hai y tho vio hai menb a8 lien tip (ba tir trong cau lye, bén tir trong cau bat), dui dang BB thén ma ngudi ta goi 1a tidu dBi trong cau, thi du: Nén phit Adu, di voi bde tai danh, Van chteong nét dat ai voi théng minh tink irdi v.v... Nine vay, hign tong tidu dbi khong co gi khde 18 mot Aé luda, dé ra tir ngayén t8c co ban cia phép lam tho néi trén, Mot khi don wi dong tho da chie nbé nhwr vay, thi Aw ty thuong khé con chd d® len vio nifa, va 10i tho tyr kb&e ph&i 06 dong d& chira dung ¥ tho c6 sin, vt ring mét ¥ the v6 khi chi cin ba tir la da dién dat, tht du: song in mgt bay tayét pha than, thi khong cin dg nbidu tir @hom, cht lam chu tho dan trii ra, ma ta goi La long. Nhéfng tée phim nhw Cung oan ngdm khtte, Chink phu ngdm khic néi & tren, sé dt dat dén dinh cao cia the song thal luc bat, chinh vi nha tho d& thé hién nguyén tde co ban ch phép lam tho hét site nghiém tic va sing tgo. Diza vao nguyén t&e co bin dé, ching ta cd thé sip hang duoc mét 86 truyén tho Ine bat, thi dy & ede truyén Ly Cong, Téng Tran Cite Hoa..., 66 nhitu hw te qué, tham chi ding cA hir te d& bat van ©: Dim xin bé thi mot &hi Gol 1é ett KB Ipc tht dubng xa (Tong Tran — Cie Hoa) Noi chung tinh lodng trong tho dé con bit g¥p whiku & céc truygn tho nhw tran, k8 cd trong Thién nam ngit Ine, thi du: Buge thi loan cho kip tht ‘Troi cho ching fy lal tal trich at, (Tridn Vit Vong) én cdc truygn abu Luc Van Tién, Nhi 29 mai..., bien tuong hur ty c6 tinh cht ky sinh da gidm di. Nhung cai dinh v8 truygn tho co dong thi ebinh Ia Doan trong tén thank cha Nguyén Du. Cho dén nay, chira ai vegt durge Nguyén Du vé th? nay. Ban vé ngh¢ thudt dién ta trong Kita, thong thong chiing ta chia ra 16i th ngudi, tA tink, th cAnb v.v...; nhung thit ra, ngudi aio ma khong cé tin, tinh ndo ma khéng ¢6 cdnh? (1) Trong bal: Trayén Kitw va hign'twong tie ky sink & va tung cia th? tuc bat (Thong bo khoa hoc, tap 3, che Truong Bal hoc thng hyp ndm 1969). dng cht Nguym Phan Cinh 4& théng ké Muge 52 cha trén 190 eA trong Tong Tran Clic Hoa 6 dung the ky sinh a8 bigp vin (trang 146). 0Gidi thiéu Van va Kidu, Nguyén Du viét: Van xem trang trong khée vol Kuan tring My din, nét ng nd mang Hoa ewoi ngge thét @oan trang. May thua nuée toc, tuy6t nhirdag mau da, Kigu cing sic slo min ma So b& taf sie fat 18 phn hon Lan thu thiiy, nét xudn som Hoa ghen thua thi, 18a hén kém xan... That ra, Nguyén Du khong phai chi don gidn th ngudi & day, ma d& kin 40, qua nhan sfc obj Kita, a chp t6i thuyét «tdi ménh twong 48>, bing céch st dyng hinh thire déi ngiu cach doan, ciing nhur tidu 46i trong cau a2 so sénh Van voi Kigu, va so sinh Van voi Kita Khong phAi d8 néu lén mat d6i lap vé binh thite gitta ‘Van va Kitu, ma chinb 1d dc 1 mau thudn ndi tai gitta hign thie va hoai vong trong ché dd x hoi ma nba the dang sdng. May thua, tuyét nhtréng d8i voi Van, va hoa ghen, liéu hon d6i voi Kidu chink la nhy vay. Dira vao nguyén tic co ban cba ngbé thudt tho, thiim nbuan ring ngi dung va hinh thite gin chat voi nhau, Nguyén Du méi tr xdy dung cho minh mot but phép tuyét dieu! ‘TAt nhién, trong toam- bd Kigu, khong phdi cdu ndo, doan nao ciing hay, cfing sau ci, nung so véi loai truyén tong tu, thi qué that & truyén may, ¢6 abide ché fink dep, § siu, vdn hay. Nbiing tée phim ma néi (1) Trong bat: Vai yin vb edm tho tue bat va edn the tne bét eda Nguy8n Dn (Ndi san nghién cit s6 3 nm 1970 che ‘Trugug Bal hoc str pham: H2 NOi 1), dng chi L6 Tri Vibn a hin tich dogn ny va cOnbfing ¥ khim pha: ¢Khéng phi Id hhal bite chin dung Mat cond nhav mot cach ngiu mhide.... Bay ‘con tat gi mh muén vrgt re ngoal 8B di vio bén trong, xuyén qua phn vat chit 4 dat @én phan toh than, th cat true mat AE whin sust aém cil tuong let e& mot cude dot (trang 67). ce