Sinh hc tin ha

Sinh hc tin ha
Bi:
Wiki Pedia

Phn loi hc phn t

Sinh hc tin ho (Evolutionary biology) l ngnh hc nghin cu t tin, hu du cng
nh qu trnh pht trin ca cc chng loi theo thi gian. Nhng pht trin gn y
trong lnh vc xc nh trnh t gen v s ph bin cc my tnh tc cao cho php
cc nh nghin cu theo di s tin ho ca cc loi da trn nhng thay i trong trnh
t DNA. Tin ha hc my tnh (Computational Evolutionary Biology, CEB) ra i
trc k nguyn h gene hc (genomics) nghin cu xy dng cc m hnh tnh ton
qun th v s bin thin ca chng theo thi gian.
Tip cn vn theo chiu hng ngc li vi CEB --- thay v s dng cc chng
trnh my tnh iu tra qu trnh tin ho, lnh vc gii thut di truyn (genetic
algorithm) tm cch ti u ha nhng chng trnh my tnh thng qua cc nguyn l
tin ho (evolutionary principles).

Bo tn a dng sinh hc
Tin sinh hc thng p dng trong lnh vc bo tn a dng sinh hc (biodiversity).
Thng tin quan trng nht c thu thp chnh l tn, miu t, s phn b, trng thi v
kch thc dn s ca cc chng loi (species), nhu cu thi quen (habitat) v cch m
mi t chc tng tc vi cc chng loi khc. Thng tin ny c lu tr vo trong c
s d liu cc my tnh, c truy xut bi cc chng trnh phn mm tm kim,
hin th, phn tch cc thng tin mt cch t ng, v quan trng nht, l giao tip
c vi con ngi, c bit qua internet. Cc chui DNA ca cc loi sp tuyt chng
c th c bo qun, v tn cng miu t ca mi loi ang b giam gi c lu li
c th cho php truy xut ti a n cc thng tin cn cho vic bo tn a dng sinh
hc.
Mt v d ca ng dng ny l d n Species 2000. N l mt d n nghin cu ton
cu da vo internet gip cung cp thng tin v mi chng loi c bit n ca
cy, ng vt, nm (fungus), v vi khun (microbe) cn tn ti lm nn tng cho vic
nghin cu a dng sinh hc ton cu. Bt c ai trn th gii cng c th tm thy lng
ln thng tin v bt k chng loi no t cc c s d liu cung cp.

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Phn tch chc nng gene

Mc biu hin gene
Nh sinh hc phn t c th nh gi mc biu hin ca mt gene bng cch xc
nh lng mRNA c to ra t gene thng qua cc k thut nh microarray,
EST (expressed sequence tag), SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression), MPSS
(massively parallel signature sequencing), hay khi ph (nh lng protein). Tt c
nhng k thut trn u to ra nhng d liu cha thng tin nhiu (noise-prone) lm vic
tnh ton, phn tch tr nn phc tp. Yu cu thc t cho ra i mt lnh vc mi
trong sinh hc tnh ton l pht trin cc cng c thng k lc tn hiu xc ng khi
thng tin nhiu trong nhng nghin cu biu hin gene a lng (high-throughput gene
expression). Cc nghin cu ny thng dng xc nh cc gene lin quan n mt
bnh l nht nh, ngi ta c th so snh d liu microarray t nhng t bo b ung th
vi t bo bnh thng xc nh nhng protein no c tng cng hay gim thiu
do ung th.
D liu biu hin gene cng c dng nghin cu iu ha gen, ngi ta c th so
snh d liu microarray ca mt sinh vt nhng trng thi sinh l khc nhau t kt
lun v vi tr ca tng gen tham gia vo mi trng thi. i vi sinh vt n bo, ta
c th so snh cc giai on khc nhau ca chu k t bo (cell cycle), hay phn ng ca
c th nhng iu kin stress (stress sc nhit, stress i dinh dng, .v.v.). Ngi ta
cng c th p dng gii thut phn nhm (clustering algorithms) i vi nhng d liu
biu hin xc nh nhng nhm gene ng biu hin, hay n v iu ha (regulon).
Nhng phn tch tip theo c th trin khai theo nhiu hng, v d phn tch trnh t
promoter ca nhng nhm gene xc nh nhn t iu ha chung hoc s dng cc
cng c my tnh d on nhng promoter lin quan n c ch iu ha tng nhm
gene (tham kho [3]).
Nhn din protein
Protein microarray v h thng khi ph cao nng (high throughput mass spectrometry)
c th cung cp hnh nh (snapshot) tng th ca cc protein hin c trong mt mu sinh
hc (biological sample). Cc ng dng tin sinh hc c lin quan rt nhiu n vic l
gii cc d liu thu c t nhng h thng ny. i vi protein microarray, nhng nh
tin sinh hc cn chuyn kim tra d liu mRNA gn trn array. Trong khi , nhng vn
tin sinh hc lin quan n vic so trng (matching) d liu khi ph vi c s d liu
v trnh t protein.
D on cu trc protein
D on cu trc l mt ng dng quan trng na ca tin sinh hc. C th d dng xc
nh trnh t axit amin hay cn gi l cu trc bc mt ca protein t trnh t gene m

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ha cho n. Nhng, protein ch c chc nng vn c khi n cun gp thnh hnh dng
chnh xc (nu iu ny xy ra ta c cu trc bc hai, cu trc bc ba v cu trc bc
bn). Tuy nhin, s l v cng kh khn nu ch d on cc cu trc gp np ny t
trnh t axit amin. Mt s phng php d on cu trc bng my tnh hin ang pht
trin.
Mt trong cc tng quan trng trong nghin cu tin sinh hc l quan im tng
ng. Trong mt nhnh genomic ca tin sinh hc, tnh tng ng c s dng d
on cu trc ca gene: nu bit trnh t v chc nng ca gene A v trnh t ny tng
ng vi trnh t ca gene B cha bit chc nng th c th kt lun l A v B c cng
chc nng. Trong nhnh cu trc ca tin sinh hc, tnh tng ng c dng xc
nh nhng hp phn quan trng trong cu trc ca protein cng nh tng tc ca n
vi cc protein khc. Vi k thut m phng tnh tng ng (homology modelling),
thng tin ny c dng d on cu trc ca mt protein khi bit cu trc ca
mt protein khc tng ng vi n. Hin ti y l cch d on cu trc protein ng
tin cy nht.
Mt v d l hemoglobin ngi v hemoglobin ca cc cy h u (leghemoglobin)
kh tng ng vi nhau. C hai u c vai tr vn chuyn xy. Mc d trnh t axit
amin hon ton khc nhau, cu trc ca chng trn thc t li ng nht cho thy rng
chng hu nh c cng mt chc nng.
Cc k thut d on cu trc protein khc l protein threading v de novo (from
scratch) physics-based modeling.

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