Appendix-Engineering2 Sample Costing

5 Cost Details
5.1 Maximum Offshore Processing Option
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5.2 Partial Processing Option (Free) Water Removal
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Cost Estimate Files
Maximum Offshore Processing

Maximum Offshore
Processing
Partial (Water Removal) Offshore

Processing
Partial (water
Removal) Offshore Pr
48
QUE$TOR Publicity Material
QUE$TOR
49

App.EFullOffshoreProcessing
Project Development International
Full Offshore Processing Case
Full Offshore Processing Platform

Concept Study
Rev
Issued with Comments
Issued for Internal Review
11th July 2011
MD
HF
July 2011
MD
HF
Reason for Issue
Project Development International Limited

Siena Court, The Broadway, Maidenhead, SL6 1NJ
Tel: +44 (0)1628 509086

Date
Prepared
Checked
Approval
Table of Contents
Table of Contents ................................................................................................................. 2
Abbreviations........................................................................................................................ 4
1
Introduction.................................................................................................................... 6
Methodology.................................................................................................................. 7
2.1
Pipeline System and Flow Assurance .................................................................... 7
2.2
Process Utilities and Quarters Platforms and Terminal Design .............................. 7
Summary and Conclusions............................................................................................ 9

3.1
Offshore and Onshore Facilities ............................................................................. 9
3.2
Flow Assurance and Production Swing .................................................................. 9
3.3
Comparison with Maximum Offshore Processing..................................................10
Design Information and Technical Requirements.........................................................11

4.1
General .................................................................................................................11
4.2
Reservoir and Production Data .............................................................................11
4.3
Gas Composition...................................................................................................11
4.4
Terminal Product Specifications ............................................................................11
4.4.1
Sales Gas Specification .................................................................................11
4.4.2
Condensate Specification...............................................................................12
4.4.3
Produced Water Specification ........................................................................12
4.5
Flow Assurance Basis and Assumptions...............................................................12
4.6
PUQ and Terminal Design Basis and Assumptions ..............................................13
Location Figures and Maps ..........................................................................................14
Handling Chain Design Requirements..........................................................................15
Production Model and Assumptions .............................................................................17
Flow Assurance ............................................................................................................18
8.1
General .................................................................................................................18
8.2
36 Pipeline to Shore.............................................................................................18
Process, Utilities and Quarters .....................................................................................19

9.1
General .................................................................................................................19
9.2
Process Design .....................................................................................................19
9.3
Riser Platform (RP) ...............................................................................................20
9.3.1
Design ............................................................................................................20
9.3.2
Topsides Dimensions and Weights ................................................................20
9.4
Gas Processing Platform (GPP)............................................................................21
9.4.1
9.4.2
9.4.3
9.4.4
9.4.5
9.4.6
9.4.7
9.4.8
Design ............................................................................................................21
Gas Conditioning to INGL Specification .........................................................21
Gas Metering..................................................................................................21
Condensate Recovery and Processing ..........................................................22
Flash Gas Compression.................................................................................22
Offshore MEG Regeneration, Pumping and Storage .....................................22
HP and LP Flare Systems ..............................................................................22
Heating Medium System ................................................................................22
9.4.9
Fuel Gas System............................................................................................23
9.4.10 Process Support Systems ..............................................................................23
9.4.11 Topsides Dimensions and Weights ................................................................23
9.5
Utilities and Quarters Platform (U&Q) ...................................................................23
9.5.1
Design ............................................................................................................23
9.5.2
Cooling Medium System ................................................................................24
9.5.3
Seawater ........................................................................................................24
9.5.4
Non-Hazardous Drains...................................................................................24
9.5.5
Fresh Water ...................................................................................................24
9.5.6
Compressed/Instrument Air............................................................................24
9.5.7
Nitrogen..........................................................................................................24
9.5.8
Diesel .............................................................................................................24
9.5.9
Sewage ..........................................................................................................24
9.5.10 Firewater ........................................................................................................25
9.5.11 Power Generation ..........................................................................................25
9.5.12 Control Room .................................................................................................25
9.5.13 Warehouse Storage and Workshop ...............................................................25
9.5.14 Crewe Accommodation ..................................................................................25
9.5.15 Helideck .........................................................................................................25
9.5.16 Emergency Evacuation ..................................................................................25
9.5.17 Topsides Dimensions and Weights ................................................................25
9.6
Compression Platform (CP) Future ....................................................................26
9.6.1
Design ............................................................................................................26
9.6.2
Gas Compression ..........................................................................................26
9.6.3
Open Drains ...................................................................................................27
9.6.4
Topsides Dimensions and Weights ................................................................27
10
Onshore Terminal .....................................................................................................28
10.1
General .................................................................................................................28
10.2
Process Systems and Equipment..........................................................................28
10.2.1 Pig Receiving and Sales Gas Metering ..........................................................28

10.2.2 Condensate Handling and Storage ................................................................28
10.3 Process Support Systems .....................................................................................28
10.3.1 Heating Medium .............................................................................................29
10.3.2 Air Cooling......................................................................................................29
10.3.3 Vent System...................................................................................................29
10.3.4 Fuel Gas.........................................................................................................29
10.3.5 Produced Water Handling ..............................................................................29
10.3.6 Closed Drains.................................................................................................29
10.4 Utility Systems.......................................................................................................29
10.4.1 General Systems............................................................................................30
10.5 General Plant Layout Principles ............................................................................30
11
Appendices ...............................................................................................................31
11.1
Drawings ...............................................................................................................31
11.2
Equipment Lists.....................................................................................................31

Page 3 of 31
Abbreviations
API
barg
bar
bbl
BOD
CCTV
cf
CGR
CI
CITHP
CP
COD
DCS
EOP
ESD
ESV
F&G
FA
FWHP
FWHT
GA
GIIP
GPP
HAT
HHV
HIPPS
HPU
INGL
ICSS
IPM
J-T
LAT
LER
LOS
LTS
MCC
MCS
MEG
MMBTU
MMscfd
MOAB
MSm3/h
NPS
PA
PI (Gas)
ppm
PUQ
RF
RP
RVP
SIL
tcf
American Petroleum Institute

Bar gauge (including atmospheric pressure)
Pressure of 100 kilopascals (equiv. to 1 atmosphere)
Barrel
Biological Oxygen Demand
Closed Circuit Television
Cubic feet
Condensate-Gas Ratio
Corrosion inhibitor
Closed In Tubing Head Pressure
Compression Platform
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Distributed Control System
End of Plateau
Emergency Shutdown
Emergency Shutdown Valve
Fire and Gas (Detection)
Flow Assurance
Flowing Wellhead Pressure
Flowing Wellhead Temperature
General Alarm
Gas Initially in Place
Gas Processing Platform
Highest Astronomical Tide
Higher Heating Value
High Integrity Pressure Protection System
Hydraulic Power Unit
Israeli Natural Gas Lines
Integrated Control and Safety System
Integrated Production Modelling
Joule-Thompson
Lowest Astronomical Tide
Local Equipment Room
Line of Sight
Low Temperature System
Motor Control Centre
Master Control Station
Mono Ethylene Glycol
Million British Thermal Units
Million standard cubic feet per day
Mobile Offshore Application Barge
Million standard cubic metres per hour
Nominal Pipe Size
Public Address
Productivity Index (Gas)
Parts per million
Process, Utilities and Quarters
Recovery Factor
Riser Platform
Reid Vapour Pressure
System Integrity Level
Trillion cubic feet

Page 4 of 31
Te
TEG
TR
U&Q
UPS
WI
(Metric) Tonne
Triethylene Glycol
Temporary Refuge
Utilities and Quarters
Uninterruptible Power Supply
Wobbe Index

Page 5 of 31
Introduction
PDi has been asked to establish the feasibility of constructing an offshore gas
processing complex and small onshore gas receiving terminal to process the gas
from the Leviathan gas field offshore Israel.
Because there is a great reluctance to have pipelines with high pressure gas coming
onshore it has been decided by the National Gas Authority to limit the onshore line
operating pressure to about 110 barg. An increase above this, perhaps up to 150
barg, could be considered if this would materially simplify the plant design.
To accommodate this, a previous study considered a Maximum Offshore Processing
Facility1 that included offshore gas processing and gas compression. This facility
was intended to provide much of the gas processing and reduce the pressure from
the pipeline flowing pressure to a pressure appropriate for a 110 barg pressure line.
The design pressure of the offshore and onshore gas grid in Israel is 80 barg with an
operating pressure of 72 barg. The onshore terminal associated with the Maximum
Offshore Processing facility was laid-out within a plot area of 60 dunams (excluding
the flares) and provides the final gas conditioning to grid specification.
This Full Offshore Processing Platform Concept Study re-visits the design concept
but provides full gas, condensate and produced water processing and future gas
compression offshore with no gas handling facilities onshore (other than metering
and pig receiving) and only metering, storage and transportation facilities for
condensate. In this way the issues associated with minimizing the use of land for the
onshore terminal can be assessed.
The work is presented as working away from the Maximum Offshore Processing
Concept and this report should be read in conjunction with the previous study report.
PDi Report Maximum Offshore Processing Concept Study

Page 6 of 31
2 Methodology
2.1
Pipeline System2 and Flow Assurance
The flowlines and pipeline systems proposed and developed for this option are the
same as those proposed previously3; the full offshore conditioning gives a dry gas
pipeline to shore and allows a lower pipeline operating pressure. Flowlines and
pipelines for the two options are compared in Table 2-1.
Table 2-1: Comparison of Flowline and Pipelines for Two Options
Option
Wellhead to Platform Flowlines
Gas Pipeline to Shore
Condensate Pipeline to Shore
MEG: Shore to Platform
MEG: Platform to Well Sites
Maximum Offshore
Process
3 x 16 NPS
1 x 36 NPS
1 x 8 NPS
1 x 8 NPS
3 x 4
Full Offshore
Processing Platform
3 x 16 NPS
1 x 36 NPS
1 x 8 NPS
1 x 8 NPS
3 x 4
For the full offshore processing case the effects of the lower pipeline operating
pressure balance offset the absence of liquids from the pipeline and at this level of
study the same pipeline diameter is required.
2.2
Process Utilities and Quarters Platforms and Terminal Design
As with the previous study, a representative heat and material balance for the
Process, Utilities and Quarters (PUQ) platforms has been developed using the
UniSim steady-state process simulation package. This allows the material flows and
heat and power requirements for the process equipment to be established.
Process and utility equipment has been sized based on standard and in-house
methods and reference to supplier data as appropriate.
A three platform complex (plus a future compression platform) has been developed
for the PUQ based on general layout considerations. As before, it should be noted
that the layout of a platform is a multi-discipline activity requiring significant effort and
reviews of the safety, mechanical handling, maintenance and manning requirements
and the layout presented can only be considered conceptual.
Multi-deck layouts with open weather-decks have been used with the general
assumption of jacket substructures suitable for the water depth of 80 m.
A separate Riser Platform (RP) has been provided for the high pressure flowline and
pipeline risers. The layout intention is to ensure that the high pressure flowlines are
located away from the control room and crew quarters.
The Gas Processing Platform (GPP) is bridge-linked to the RP and provides gas
conditioning, water removal and MEG regeneration facilities. A full flow flare (based
2
The pipeline system has been divided into two sections for ease of reference. The section
between the wellheads and the PUQ are referred to as flowlines and the section between the
PUQ and the onshore plant as pipelines.
3

Page 7 of 31
on the flow from a single 16 flowline) has been assumed for the PUQ; cantilevered
from the GPP although a bridge-linked flare platform would be a feasible alternative.
The Utilities and Quarters (U&Q) platform is located away from the RP and GPP, and
is bridge-linked to the GPP. This platform contains the general utilities, power
generation, control room and living quarters.
A future Compression Platform (CP) has also been included and it is intended that
this be bridge-linked to the GPP.
The provision of a multi platform complex, which is considered feasible in 80 metres
of water (as opposed to a single large platform for all functions), allows the safety
criteria to be more simply met. It may also allow the facility to be built, installed and
commissioned in a shorter time frame.
It is intended that the onshore terminal will occupy the minimal area achievable with
only metering and pig receiving facilities provided for the gas pipeline; although the
requirements for metering would need to be agreed by the platform operator, pipeline
operator and gas buyer.
The condensate terminal has been provided with storage tanks, a metering system
and pumps. In this case no conditioning or dewatering facilities have been provided
to give the minimum onshore land usage; in practice it may be beneficial to allow the
production of off-spec condensate to allow continued gas production in the event of
a condensate train upset at the platform. A vent is provided for pressure relief and
blow down of equipment.
Again, it should be noted that the layout of a terminal is a multi-discipline activity
requiring significant effort and reviews of the safety, mechanical handling,
maintenance and manning requirements and the layout presented can only be
considered conceptual.

Page 8 of 31
3 Summary and Conclusions

3.1
Offshore and Onshore Facilities
The work presented in this study provides an indicative design for an offshore
Process, Utilities and Quarters providing full gas and condensate processing, water
removal and MEG regeneration. The complex has been sized to process up to 1700
MMscfd (2.0 MSm3/h) with MEG recovery and produced water disposal offshore.
It should be noted that the output from the offshore platform complex and onshore
terminal will equate to the predicted total gas requirement for the Nation into future
years. No account has been made in this study of the ability of the national gas grid to
absorb delivered quantities.
The offshore PUQ platform complex is assumed to be situated some 10 km from the
shore (or in water depths of about 80 metres). Pressure reduction occurs at the
offshore platform complex on the Riser Platform; a Gas Processing Platform and a
Utilities and Quarters platform are provided and a preliminary complex layout has
been developed (drawing 1222-B-PR-PLN-0018 PUQ Platforms General
Arrangement).
A fully-manned platform with accommodation for 35 40 personnel has been
assumed as this is typical of manned offshore operation. An availability and reliability
study should be undertaken at a later design stage to establish the operating and
manning philosophy.
The high flowline operating pressures and significant offshore cooling of the process
fluids also necessitates the injection of large quantities of MEG to prevent hydrates
from forming in the offshore process trains. Further study and process design
optimisation may show that these quantities can be reduced from those assumed in
this study, thus simplifying the GPP design. The gas is transported to shore by a 36
NPS pipeline, the condensate is transported to shore by an 8 NPS pipeline.
Since full gas processing is undertaken offshore no significant onshore gas terminal
will be required; however, pig receiving, pig launching, and metering (possibly) may
be required and have been allowed for in the study.
Onshore facilities will be required for condensate reception; for the purposes of this
study they have been sized with two days condensate storage capacity; this is
required to allow gas production to continue in the event that condensate cannot be
exported immediately to the refinery.
The layout of the onshore condensate plant and the minimal gas reception facilities
within a 200 m x 300 m area can be found in drawing 1222-B-PR-LAD-0005 in
Appendix 1 below. In practice, the gas and condensate reception facilities could be
at separate locations.
3.2
Flow Assurance and Production Swing
The flow assurance and production swing issues have been discussed previously4.

Page 9 of 31
3.3
Comparison with Maximum Offshore Processing
This study shows that the Full Offshore Processing concept on platforms that are
substantially the same as those required for the Maximum Offshore Processing. This
is because the additional gas processing equipment adds only about 10%
(approximately 1800 te) to the GPP topsides weight.
The Riser Platform and the Utilities and Quarters Platform have been shown to be
identical for both cases; this is because the large utilities power generation, heating
and cooling systems are required mainly to support MEG regeneration which is
common to both options. The increase in crew and living quarters required for the
more complex full offshore processing platform would be expected to be purely
nominal and would not noticeably impact the size of the U&Q platform.
The Full Offshore Processing concept has the benefit of moving all of the process
facilities and the HP: LP interface offshore and reducing the onshore gas terminal to
purely pig receiving/launching and (possibly) gas metering with very little land
requirement compared with the 60 dunams plus flare sterile area required for the
Maximum Offshore Processing Case.
The disadvantages of the Full Offshore Processing case are the commercial issues
associated with custody transfer of the gas from the platform to the sea pipeline and
INGL grid. The boundary responsibilities for gas transportation and for the gas
quantity and quality would require commercial negotiations and experience from other
regions indicate that these could be difficult and protracted. This option may require
that the platform to onshore pipelines are owned and operated by the buyer.

Page 10 of 31
4 Design Information and Technical Requirements

4.1
General
Only very limited design information is available for this preliminary indicative
development which is based on the Leviathan gas field. Where information is not
available data from the Tamar development or the general Mediterranean area has
been used.
4.2
Reservoir and Production Data
Limited reservoir and production data is shown in Table 4.1 below.

Table 4.1: Leviathan Reservoir and Production Data
Reservoir Pressure
Initial shut in wellhead pressure
Flowing wellhead temperature
Reservoir depth below surface
Water depth
Reservoir size
Maximum gas flow rate
Water production
Condensate
Reservoir porosity
Water saturation
Field location
Grid design pressure
Grid operating pressure
4.3
8560 psi (provided)

HOLD
HOLD
5170m
1700 m
16 tcf (gross)
2 million cubic metres per hour (1,700 MMscfd)
1 barrel per million (assume same as Tamar)
1.5 to 4.5 barrels per million(assume same as Tamar)
22 to 24%
36 to 45%
130 km north west of Haifa
80 bar
72 bar
Gas Composition
A gas composition for Leviathan has been provided and is shown in Table 4.2 below.
Table 4.2: Gas Composition
Component
Mole %
Methane
98.9023
Ethane
0.3365
Propane
0.1631
i-Butane
0.0412
n-Butane
0.0421
i-Pentane
0.0245
n-Pentane
0.0096
C6+ 47/35/17
0.1471
Nitrogen
0.2146
Carbon Dioxide
0.1192
4.4
Terminal Product Specifications
4.4.1 Sales Gas Specification

The gas to be exported from the onshore terminal (and in this option from the
platform complex) will generally need to meet the INGL specifications (as provided to

Page 11 of 31
the Tamar project); key items considered in this study are summarized in Table 4.3
below.
Table 4.3: INGL Grid Specifications
Item
Value
Maximum Export Rate
1700 MMscfd
Water Dew-point
< 0C at any pressure up to and including 80 barg
Hydrocarbon Dew-point
< 5C at any pressure up to and including 80 barg
Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)
< 8 ppm (volume)
Total Sulphur
< 100 ppm (volume) sulphur expressed as H2S
Carbon Dioxide
< 3.0 mole %
Total Inerts
< 5.0 mole %
Methane Content
> 92 mole %
Higher Heating Value
0.0346 < supplied gas < 0.0395 MMBTU/Sm3
Wobbe Index
0.0462 < supplied gas < 0.0509 MMBTU/Sm3
Pressure
60 barg < supplied gas < 80 barg
Temperature
5C < supplied gas < 38C and at least 10C greater

than the water dew-point.
4.4.2 Condensate Specification

A typical condensate RVP specification of 10 psi has been assumed.
4.4.3 Produced Water Specification

The produced water specification will be dependent on disposal method and location
as well as local national environmental regulations. At the offshore PUQ a typical
design hydrocarbon contamination of produced water in an offshore location would be
10 ppm by weight with an additional proviso of no oil sheen being allowed on the
seawater surface.
In normal operation, produced water disposal is not required onshore; limited facilities
have been allowed for the disposal of any water present in the condensate.
4.5
Flow Assurance Basis and Assumptions
The main design assumptions for the flow assurance work are shown in Table 4.4
below.
Table 4.4: Main Flow Assurance Basis and Assumptions
Item
Value
Flowline to PUQ operating pressure range
450 to 16 barg
Flowline to PUQ design pressure
520 barg (Approx. CITHP)
Flowline Seawater Temperature (assumed)
10C
PUQ to Onshore gas pipeline operating pressure
> 85 barg
PUQ to Onshore gas pipeline design pressure
85 barg
Pipeline Seawater Temperature (assumed)
10C
Maximum throughput
1700 MMscfd
Swing
Plus 0%, minus 50% Target

Page 12 of 31
4.6
PUQ and Terminal Design Basis and Assumptions
The main design assumptions for the PUQ and onshore terminal are shown in Tables
4.5 and 4.6 below.
Table 4.5: Main Design Assumptions for PUQ Complex
Item
Manning
Helideck
Incoming Risers
Export Risers
HP: LP interface
J-Tube Risers
Wellhead Control
Water Depth
Flare Radiation
Value
Manned up to 35 personnel (no allowance made for security
personnel).
Assumed to be required for crew transfer and rescue
3 x 16 Flowline Risers
1 x 36 Gas Pipeline Riser
1 x 8 condensate Riser
1 x 8 MEG transfer and loading Riser (future)
3 x MEG lines to the wellheads
At the incoming riser ESVs on the RP
Required for umbilicals (detail not required for indicative design)
MCS and HPU included with control from the onshore DCS.
80 m suitable for jacket
2
1.9 kW/m for Helideck
2
4.7 kW/m for personnel exposure: limiting value
2
15.8 kW/m for equipment exposure
Table 4.6: Main Design Assumptions for Onshore Terminal

Item
Manning
Helipad / dock facilities
Incoming Pipelines
Export Pipelines
Mains water and sewage
Air Temperature
Vent Radiation
Value
Nominally 10 operators and crew plus administration staff.
Assumed not required local helipad or airport and berthing/docks available.
1 x 36 buried pipeline approaching from the beach
1 x 8 buried condensate pipeline approaching from the beach
1 x export gas pipeline
1 x export condensate pipeline
Assumed to be available
40C for air cooler design
30C for gas turbine selection
1.58 kW/m2 for boundary fence line: limiting value
4.7 kW/m2 for personnel exposure
15.8 kW/m2 for equipment exposure
NB: 0.9 kW/m2 has been included for solar radiation.

Page 13 of 31
5 Location Figures and Maps

A general indicative view of the Leviathan filed location is shown below in Figure 5.1.
Figure 5.1: Leviathan Field Location Map

Page 14 of 31
6 Handling Chain Design Requirements

The number and size of the flowlines coming from the field to the PUQ has not been
established in detail. Noble Energy have selected 2 X 16 lines for the Tamar field so
Leviathan will need more capacity as the estimated flow rate is 1700 MMscfd (as opposed to 1200 MMscfd for Tamar). It has been estimated therefore, that Leviathan
could need 3 X 16 lines. To establish if a larger diameter line (than 16) could be
used would require extensive discussions with the pipe manufacturers and the pipelay contractors together with a more detailed knowledge of seabed conditions.
As it is a requirement that the pressure of the gas must be less than 80 barg when it
reaches the land, an offshore pressure reduction facility will be required at the PUQ.
The concept has allowed for a separate RP to act as a pressure reduction platform to
reduce the high flowline pressures upstream of the gas processing facilities. The RP
is bridge-linked to the PUQ GPP.
Separation of gas and condensate from the MEG/water takes place on the GPP; the
GPP also includes the slug handling facilities. The low temperatures caused by the
pressure reduction are beneficial for the hydrocarbon and water dew-pointing process
although the hydrocarbon dew-pointing facilities need to be sized for later field life
when these high differential pressures are no longer available. The proposed PUQ
includes the MEG/water removal and regeneration facilities together with the gas
dewpointing and condensate stabilisation.
A Utilities and Quarters platform has been provided at the PUQ which is bridge-linked
to the GPP; the U&Q provides utilities such as electrical power, cooling medium and
seawater, and supports the control room, electrical equipment room, accommodation
modules and helideck.
Following hydrocarbon and water dew-pointing of the gas stream, a single 36 NPS
pipeline is required to transport the gas and an 8 pipeline the condensate to shore.
Later in Field life a Compression Platform will be added to the complex to maximise
reservoir recovery and maintain delivery pressure.
For gas handling, the onshore terminal provides pig receiving and gas metering
facilities only; routine pigging for liquids removal would not be expected for the gas
pipeline although inspection pig runs may be required every few years. The
requirement for gas metering would depend on the commercial arrangements and
point of transfer between the platform and pipeline operators and the gas buyer.
The onshore terminal also provides onshore condensate storage and metering and
transportation facilities and some space has been allowed for any future MEG
reclaiming facilities should salty formation water be produced.
It has been assumed that it is not necessary to provide a helipad or supply boat
docking facilities at the onshore terminal.
The agreed handling chain is as shown below;

Page 15 of 31
Wellheads
1700 m
WD
3 x 16 120 km
Flowlines
PUQ
80 m
WD
1 x 36 10 km
1 x 8 10 km
Pipelines
Onshore
Plant
The PUQ platforms are assumed to be within the 12 nautical mile limit (22.2 km) and
in an area where the water is at a reasonable depth for platform jacket installation.
This has been estimated at 80 m.
A detailed cost benefit analysis would have to be undertaken to assess the benefits
of going into deeper water within the 12 mile limit where increased jacket costs may
outweigh reduced pipeline costs and provide other technical advantages including
extra line pack of the low pressure onshore line.

Page 16 of 31
7 Production Model and Assumptions

At the highly-conceptual level of this study the production modelling and design
assumptions made can be assumed to be the same as those used previously for the
Maximum Offshore Processing Concept Study5 and reference should be made to this
document for production modelling.
PDi Report Maximum Offshore Processing Concept Study Section 7.

Page 17 of 31
8 Flow Assurance
8.1
General
At the highly-conceptual level of this study the flow assurance and design
assumptions made can be assumed to be essentially the same as those used
previously for the Maximum Offshore Processing Concept Study6 and reference
should be made to this document for flow modelling, estimate of wellhead and subsea
MEG requirement and a discussion of meeting the INGL contractual swing
requirements.
8.2
36 Pipeline to Shore
For the Full Offshore Processing option the 36 gas and 8 condensate pipelines to
shore are essentially the same as those considered in the Maximum Offshore
Processing Concept Study; the full offshore gas conditioning means that there is no
liquids hold-up in the gas pipeline at all compared with only 6.3% by volume for the
Maximum Processing Case.
The main difference in the gas pipeline to shore is that the operating pressure have
been reduced from nominally 110 bara to 85 bara to be close to the pressure
required by the Israeli grid. Some pipeline conditions are compared in Table 8.1.
Table 8.1: Comparison of Basic Flow Parameters for 36 Pipeline to Shore
Item
Profile Year 2016

Pressure Drop at 100% Flow
Liquid Hold-up at 100% Flow
Gas Velocity at 100% Flow
Profile Year 2032
Pressure Drop at 100% Flow
Liquid Hold-up at 100% Flow
Gas Velocity at 100% Flow
Units
Maximum
Processing Case
36 Gas Pipeline
Full Offshore
Processing Case
36 Gas Pipeline
bar
Vol.%
m/s
3.4
6.3
6.3
3.7
0.0
8.8
bar
Vol.%
m/s
1.4
5.7
1.6
0.2
0.0
1.6

Page 18 of 31
9 Process, Utilities and Quarters

General
9.1
The Process, Utilities and Quarters are installed as the following separate, bridgelinked platforms:
x
x
x
x
Riser Platform
Gas Processing Platform
Utilities and Quarters Platform
Future Compression Platform
The PUQ systems defined in this study are very similar to those described previously
for the Maximum Offshore Processing Concept7 and this present study should be
read in conjunction with the previous study.
The proposed arrangement of the facilities platforms is typical and provides a rational
element of safe area segregation that reduces the exposure of personnel and life
support systems to the high pressure, hazardous areas of the processing plant by
selecting a suitable distance between the bridge-linked UQP and the other
processing platforms. The spacing between the RP, GPP and CP would include
consideration of the risk reduction achieved by the separation distance, although
installation and piling considerations for the jackets may require greater spacing.
A general arrangement and a plan of the indicative PUQ are shown in drawings:
1222-B-PR-PLN-0018 PUQ Platforms General Arrangement
1222-B-EG-ELE-0004 Indicative PUQ Elevation7
9.2
Process Design
The PUQ provides full gas processing and the gas conditioning trains are arranged
as 3 x 566 MMscfd (1700 MMscfd total) capacity to match the incoming flowlines and
use a Joule-Thomsen (J-T) expansion process to provide hydrocarbon and water
dew-pointing of the gas to INGL specifications. Alternatives to the J-T process exist
and this process is selected as a typical process and not as the best process
selection.
A preliminary process heat and material balance has been developed using the
UniSim process simulation software. The export gas from the platform has the export
specifications shown in Table 9.1.
It should be noted that the hydrocarbon dew-point is close to the specification and will
be strongly dependent on the C6+ hydrocarbon tail of the gas composition where
ppm levels of higher hydrocarbons can have a large effect on the dew-point. This
should be investigated in later design once a more detailed heavy hydrocarbon
composition becomes available. In this case, operation has been assumed to be at
the maximum export grid pressure of approximately 80 barg and lower export
pressures would generally be expected to provide better hydrocarbon conditioning.
The export temperature will be dependent on the temperature into the J-T process
7

Page 19 of 31
and will initially be dependent on the arrival temperature at the platform. More
detailed study of the effectiveness of the gas conditioning system in meeting the
export specifications should be done once more composition data becomes available.
Table 9.1: Calculated Export Gas Properties
Property
Methane Content
Carbon Dioxide
Total Inerts
Water Dew-point
Hydrocarbon Dew-point
Export Pressure
Export Temperature
Molecular Weight
Relative Density
Gas HHV
Wobbe Index (HHV)
Gas LHV
Wobbe Index (LHV)
9.3
Units
mole %
mole %
mole %
C
C
barg
C
MMBTU/Sm3
MMBTU/Sm3
MMBTU/Sm3
MMBTU/Sm3
Value
99.0
0.12
0.34
-38.0
4.4
80.0
6.8
16.29
0.562
0.036
0.048
0.032
0.043
Range
> 92 mole %
< 3.0 mole %
< 5.0 mole %
< 0C
< 5C
60 80 barg
5C < supplied gas < 38C
0.0346 < & < 0.0395 MMBTU/Sm3

0.0462 < & < 0.0509 MMBTU/Sm3
-
Riser Platform (RP)
Refer to drawings:
1222-B-PR-PLN-0019 Indicative Riser Platform Deck Plan - Main Deck
1222-B-PR-LST-0014 PUQ Riser Platform - Major Equipment List
9.3.1 Design
The preliminary RP design is essentially identical to that previously described8.
9.3.2 Topsides Dimensions and Weights

Table 9.2 shows the estimated dimensions and weights for the RP based on typical
factors for wellhead platforms. A single 20 m x 30 m deck has been used with a total
topsides weight (i.e. including primary and secondary steel) of just under 1550 te.
Table 9.2 RP Topsides Dimensions and Weights
(It should be noted that the weights shown below are indicative only and should not
be use for any design purposes.)
Item
Deck Dimensions
No. of Decks
Length
Width
Plot Area
Topsides Weight
Equipment
Piping
Structural
HVAC
Architecture
Electrical
Others
Total
Units
Value
M
m
m2
1
30
20
600
te
te
te
te
te
te
te
te
130
300
869
3
14
27
204
1547

Page 20 of 31
9.4
Gas Processing Platform (GPP)
Refer to drawings:
1222-B-PR-PLN-0020 Indicative GPP Platform Deck Plan - Weather Deck
1222-B-PR-PLN-0021 Indicative GPP Platform Deck Plan - Main Deck
1222-B-PR-PLN-0022 Indicative GPP Platform Deck Plan - Cellar Deck
1222-B-PR-LST-0015 PUQ Gas Processing Platform - Major Equipment List
9.4.1 Design
The preliminary GPP design is intended to provide the following process and safety
functions:
x
Gas conditioning to INGL specification.
Gas Export Metering
Condensate recovery and processing.
Flash gas compression.
Offshore MEG regeneration, pumping and storage.
HP and LP flare systems.
Heating medium system.
Fuel gas system.
9.4.2 Gas Conditioning to INGL Specification

The three gas flowlines arriving on the topsides from the riser platform are each
routed to a dedicated separator for preliminary gas-liquid separation. The liquids are
routed to condensate-water/MEG separation system with liquid surges and slugs
being bypassed from the separators to the slug catcher vessels. The gas from the
three trains is routed to the three gas conditioning trains (3 x 33% capacity).
The gas conditioning train inlet separators remove any entrained liquids from the gas
stream which is then combined with further MEG prior to cooling in the main heat
exchanger; plate fin heat exchangers have been selected instead of shell and tube
heat exchangers to reduce the space and topsides weight requirements; final
separation of gas from hydrocarbon liquids, MEG and water occurs in the low
temperature separator. The low dew-pointing temperatures require that the gas is reheated against heating medium before being metered and exported to shore via the
36 gas pipeline.
9.4.3 Gas Metering

3 x 50% nominal capacity gas meter runs have been allowed for metering of the gas
exported from the platform for process control purposes. The gas metering
requirements are generally subject of negotiations between the platform operator,
pipeline operator and the gas buyer and the facilities allowed for can only be
considered indicative. It has been assumed that the custody full transfer metering is
undertaken onshore where customer inspection of the metering can be more easily
undertaken.

Page 21 of 31
A 36 gas pipeline pig launcher is included on the RP.
9.4.4 Condensate Recovery and Processing

The combined liquid streams from the separators are heated to typically 40C and
then routed to the condensate-MEG/water separator operating at about 10 barg. This
vessel provides preliminary degassing of the liquids as well as separation of
condensate from MEG/water. The condensate stream is heated and the condensate
distilled in a packed column to meet the required specification prior to being cooled
and pumped to shore via a dedicated condensate export pipeline. Heating for the
separator and the reboiler is provided by the heating medium system (total heating
required is about 10 MW).
2 x 100% duty/standby pumps with electric motor drivers are provided for the export
of condensate to shore and metering skid has also been assumed for the
measurement of the condensate produced by the platform. Custody transfer
metering is assumed to take place at the onshore terminal where the actual volumes
exported from the tanks can be measured. It is estimated that an 8 NPS pipeline is
required operate at about 50 barg to ensure that no vapour forms in the pipeline or at
the terminal. An 8 condensate pipeline pig launcher is included on the RP.
9.4.5 Flash Gas Compression

The vapour from the top of the condensate column is combined with that from the
upstream condensate-MEG/water separator and compressed by the flash gas
compressors back to the inlet gas pressure and recombined with the separator gas
for onshore gas conditioning. 2 x 100% duty/standby trains have been assumed for
the flash gas compressors. Total compression power is relatively small and electric
motor drivers have been assumed for these items.
9.4.6 Offshore MEG Regeneration, Pumping and Storage

The water/MEG stream recovered from the condensate separator is routed to the
MEG regeneration system. The offshore MEG regeneration systems are identical to
those previously described8. 2 x 100% duty/standby pumps are provided.
9.4.7 HP and LP Flare Systems

The offshore flare systems are identical to those previously described.9
9.4.8 Heating Medium System

Although the heating medium system is classed as a utility, provisionally, it has been
located on the GPP as the burners in the radiant section are considered to pose a fire
hazard to be located away from the life support and accommodation sections of the
platform. A risk-based layout study would be required to determine whether the
system would be better located on the U&Q platform; closer to the accommodation
but away from the process facilities.
Three 25 MW fired heaters have been included for the provision of process heating;
approximately 33 MW of heating at about 170C is required for the three MEG
8

Page 22 of 31
regeneration units in total and about 40 MW of low grade heat for export gas heating,
nominally 75 MW. The heaters operate as 3 x 33% duty units although as well
pressures and MEG rates decline it may be possible to shut one down. An expansion
drum and 2 x 100% duty/standby electrically-driven circulation pumps are provided.
9.4.9 Fuel Gas System

The offshore fuel system is identical to that previously described.9
9.4.10 Process Support Systems

Closed and open drains systems are required for the GPP.
The closed drains system is required to allow the draining of process vessels for
maintenance and inspection.
The open drain system collects contaminated water from the decks and provided
hydrocarbon recovery and water treatment prior to disposal overboard.

Table 9.3 shows the estimated dimensions and weights for the RP based on typical
factors for processing platforms. Three 50 m x 50 m decks have been assumed with
a total topsides weight (including primary and secondary steel) of 19,910 te.
Table 9.3 GPP Topsides Dimensions and Weights
Item
Deck Dimensions
No. of Decks
Length
Width
Plot Area
Topsides Weight
Equipment
Piping
Structural
HVAC
Architecture
Electrical
Others
Total
9.5
Units
Value
M
m
m2
3
50
40
2000
te
te
te
te
te
te
te
te
4978
3285
9199
179
179
239
1852
19912
Utilities and Quarters Platform (U&Q)
Refer to drawings:
1222-B-PR-PLN-0023 Indicative U&Q Platform Deck Plan - Weather Deck
1222-B-PR-PLN-0024 Indicative U&Q Platform Deck Plan - Main Deck
1222-B-PR-LST-0016 PUQ Utilities and Quarters Platform - Major Equipment List
9.5.1 Design
The preliminary U&Q platform design is intended to provide the following utilities,
operations, life support and quarters functions:
x
Cooling medium system

Page 23 of 31
Seawater
Non-Hazardous drains
Fresh water
Compressed/Instrument air
Nitrogen
Diesel
Sewage
Power generation
Firewater
Control Room
Warehouse Storage and Workshop
Crew Accommodation
Helideck
Emergency Evacuation
9.5.2 Cooling Medium System

A cooling medium system is provided for the large GPP process cooling duties and is
essentially identical to that previously described.9
9.5.3 Seawater
A seawater system is provided for the cooling medium and water supply systems and
is essentially identical to that previously described.10
9.5.4 Non-Hazardous Drains

The offshore non-hazardous drains system is identical to that previously described.10
9.5.5 Fresh Water

The offshore fresh water system is identical to that previously described.10
9.5.6 Compressed/Instrument Air

The offshore compressed and instrument air system is identical to that previously
described.10
9.5.7 Nitrogen
The offshore nitrogen system is identical to that previously described.10
9.5.8 Diesel
The offshore diesel system is identical to that previously described.10
9.5.9 Sewage
The offshore sewage system is identical to that previously described.10
9

Page 24 of 31
9.5.10 Firewater
The offshore firewater system is identical to that previously described.10
9.5.11 Power Generation

The offshore power generation system is identical to that previously described.10
9.5.12 Control Room

A typical space and weight allowance has been included for a control room.
9.5.13 Warehouse Storage and Workshop

A typical space and weight allowance has been included for warehouse and
workshop areas. In practice additional storage and lay-down areas will be located
around the platforms adjacent to the equipment for which they are required.
9.5.14 Crewe Accommodation

A typical space and weight allowance has been included for a 35-man
accommodation module.
9.5.15 Helideck
A Helideck suitable for large crew transfer helicopters has been included.
9.5.16 Emergency Evacuation

A free-fall emergency evacuation life vessel has been assumed; typically a Fast
Rescue Craft (FRC) would also be provided.
Typically life rafts, rings and descender frames would be provided around the
platforms to allow escape from areas which did not access to the free-fall life vessel.

Table 9.4 shows the estimated dimensions and weights for the utilities based on
typical factors for utility platforms. Two 40 m x 40 m decks (weather and main) have
been assumed. The total utilities topsides weight (i.e. including primary and
secondary steel) has been estimated as 3,200 te.
In addition the living quarters and control room topsides weight (Table 9.5) has been
estimated as 3,300 te giving a total topsides weight of 6,500 te.
Table 9.4 Utilities Dimensions and Weights
Item
Deck Dimensions
No. of Decks
Length
Width
Plot Area
Topsides Weight
Equipment
Piping
Structural
HVAC
Architecture
Electrical
Units
Value
m
m
m2
2
40
40
1600
te
te
te
te
te
te
575
233
1878
96
61
54

Page 25 of 31
Others
Total
te
te
297
3194
Table 9.5 Quarters Dimensions and Weights

Item
Topsides Weight
Equipment
Piping
Structural
HVAC
Architecture
Electrical
Others
Total
9.6
Units
Value
te
te
te
te
te
te
te
te
876
3
900
131
1108
128
153
3300
Compression Platform (CP) Future
Refer to the following drawings:

1222-B-PR-PLN-0025 Indicative Compression Platform Deck Plan - Weather Deck
1222-B-PR-PLN-0026 Indicative Compression Platform Deck Plan - Main Deck
1222-B-PR-LST-0018 PUQ Future Compression Platform - Major Equipment List
9.6.1 Design
The preliminary CP platform design is intended to provide gas compression once the
Field FWHPs fall to a point where free-flow (at the required pressure) of gas from the
PUQ to the onshore terminal is no longer possible. 3 x 50% duty/standby
compressors are proposed based on the production profile. The following process
and utility systems are provided at the CP:
x
x
Gas Compression;
Open Drains.
The CP will be bridge-linked to the GPP and it is anticipated that most of the piping
terminations at the GPP will be pre-installed with the GPP topsides. In addition to
process connections, seawater, closed drains, flare header instrument air, nitrogen
instrument cable and electrical power terminations will be required at the GPP.
The future feed gas compression system gas has also been modelled using UniSim
to enable a preliminary estimate of the number of compression trains and the
compressor driver power required based on the arrival pressures calculated in the
preliminary flow assurance study.
9.6.2 Gas Compression

As the wellhead pressure declines, compression will be required to maintain final gas
conditioning and export to shore. Based on the production profile, compression will
be required from 2025.
The gas compression systems are identical to those previously developed10 with a
peak compression gas power of approximately 37.4 MW and this can be handled by
two or three compressors with gas turbine drivers. Table 9.6 below summarizes the
10

Page 26 of 31
compression profile required with preliminary estimates of gas power, compressor

head and the number of wheels in each stage.
Table 9.6: Summary of Gas Compression
Profile
2025
2028
2032
2036
Gas
Arrival
1st Stage Compression
2ndStage Compression
Total
Rate Pressure Power Head
No. of Power Head
No. of Power
MMscfd
psia
kW
M
Wheels
kW
m
Wheels
kW
946
908
- 21460
7822
3 21460
730
677
- 28880 13200
4 28880
562
463
- 35660 21190
7 35660
439
500 18225 13670
5 19200 13040
4 37425
No.
Trains
2
2
2
3
Power
/ Train
kW
10730
14440
17830
12475
A detailed driver study would be required to establish the compressor and driver
combinations that best approximates the compression profile.
9.6.3 Open Drains

A dedicated open drains system is provided for the CP since this system is most
conveniently located at a lower deck on the platform.

Table 9.7 shows the estimated dimensions and weights for the CP platform based on
typical factors for compression systems. The gas turbine drivers and compressors
are located on the main deck with air intakes facing away from the flare and fired
heater stacks to avoid hazards associated with lean air entering the gas turbines.
The scrubbers and cooling medium coolers are located on the weather deck along
with the hazardous open drains package. The open drains contaminated water is
assumed to be treated and disposed at the CP although it may be better to pump it
back to the GPP for treatment and disposal.
Two 40 m x 40 m decks (weather and main) have been assumed. The total CP
topsides weight (i.e. including primary and secondary steel) has been estimated as
just under 3,000 te.
Table 9.7 CP Dimensions and Weights
Item
Deck Dimensions
No. of Decks
Length
Width
Plot Area
Topsides Weight
Equipment
Piping
Structural
HVAC
Architecture
Electrical
Others
Total
Units
Value
m
m
m2
2
40
40
1600
te
te
te
te
te
Te
te
te
876
347
1393
18
69
45
242
2990

Page 27 of 31
10
Onshore Terminal
10.1 General
The following documents are provided for the onshore terminal:
1222-B-PR-LAD-0005 Indicative Terminal Layout
1221-B-PR-LST-0017: Onshore Terminal - Major Equipment List
10.2 Process Systems and Equipment

The following process systems are included for the onshore terminal:
x
x
Pig Receiving and Sales Gas Metering

Condensate Handling and Storage
10.2.1 Pig Receiving and Sales Gas Metering

The 36 pipeline arrives at the terminal site. Pig receiving and handling facilities are
included for the pipeline for occasional inspection pig runs and (possibly) pipeline
liquids sweeping.
3 x 50% sales gas metering have been provided on the assumption that metering at
the entrance to the INGL grid is required to check gas volumes against those
measured at the platform.
10.2.2 Condensate Handling and Storage

The stabilized condensate is transported to shore from the PUQ by a dedicated 8
NPS pipeline. The condensate is fed to a small vessel that provides water separation
and a small degree of degassing as a precaution against off-specification condensate
arriving at the terminal. The condensate is routed to two condensate tanks each
sized for one day of condensate production. Typically plant production would be
routed to one tank and condensate exported from the other.
An off-specification condensate tank is also provided into which production can be
diverted during abnormal operating conditions.
Condensate from the tanks is metered prior to export via a pipeline; 2 x 100%
duty/standby sets of export and booster pumps are provided.
It should be noted that that in this case the condensate onshore facilities could be
separate from the gas processing terminal.
10.3 Process Support Systems

The following process support systems are included for the onshore terminal:
x
x
Heating Medium
Air Cooling

Page 28 of 31
x
x
x
x
Vent System
Fuel Gas
Produced Water Handling
Closed Drains
10.3.1 Heating Medium

A small heating medium system has been assumed to provide the terminal heating
requirements; the main heating requirements are:
x
x
x
Condensate separator heating

Storage tank in-tank heaters
Vent drum heater
For preliminary design purposes, a hot oil system has been assumed with a 2 MW
(100% duty) fired heater and 2 x 100% duty/standby heating medium circulation
pumps. If a MEG reclaiming system is required it is assumed that it will be provided
with a new dedicated heating system.
During later design phases the hot oil system can be compared with other heating
systems such as water-MEG or water-TEG mixtures.
10.3.2 Air Cooling

Air cooling has been assumed for all process and utility systems.
10.3.3 Vent System

Only maintenance venting is anticipated from the small onshore process facilities and
therefore a vent system has been assumed for preliminary design.
10.3.4 Fuel Gas

A fuel gas system with fuel gas drum, heaters and filters is provided; the main users
will be the heating medium fired heater.
10.3.5 Produced Water Handling

It has been assumed that the small quantities of produced water expected onshore
can be handled within a common produced water/open drains system.
10.3.6 Closed Drains

A closed drains system has been included.
10.4 Utility Systems

The following utility systems are included;
x
x
x
x
x
x
Open Drains
Compressed/Instrument Air
Nitrogen
Diesel
Firewater
Power Generation

Page 29 of 31
The utility systems will be similar to those previously described12 but will generally
have much lower capacity representative of the smaller terminal.
10.4.1 General Systems

The terminal will also require the following general systems and items:
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Process Control (PCS)

Fire and Gas Detection (F&G)
Emergency Shutdown (ESD)
Control Room (CR)
Local Equipment Room (LER)
MCC
Telecommunications Systems
CCTV, UPS, PA/GA
Security gate-house and fencing;
Offices and car park;
Workshop;
Warehouse;
Laboratory;
Lay-down area.
It is assumed that a local dock and airport are available to provide access to the
PUQ.
10.5 General Plant Layout Principles

An indicative terminal layout is shown in drawing:
1222-B-PR-LAD-0005 Indicative Terminal Layout.
The minimal onshore Process Plant can be easily accommodated within 60 dunams
of land as a 200 m x 300 m plot including the allowance for the vent sterile area. The
plot area is mainly occupied by the condensate storage and handling facilities with
only a very small proportion required for the gas metering, pig receiver and launcher.
As noted previously, as separate gas and condensate pipelines are provided in this
option, the gas and condensate receiving terminals do not need to be at the same
location.
It should also be noted that a significant proportion of the plot area has been
allocated for lay-down and a possible future MEG Reclaiming unit. MEG reclaiming
facilities are large with high heating requirements and are not usually installed
offshore.
The layout follows the same general principles as previously described.11
11

Page 30 of 31
11
Appendices
11.1 Drawings
1222-B-PR-FDS-0004.00 Water Removal Platform FDS
1222-B-PR-PLN-0018.00 PUQ Platforms General Arrangement
1222-B-PR-PLN-0019.00 Riser Platform Deck Plan - Main Deck
1222-B-PR-PLN-0020.00 Gas Processing Platform Deck Plan - Weather Deck
1222-B-PR-PLN-0021.00 Gas Processing Platform Deck Plan - Main Deck
1222-B-PR-PLN-0022 Gas Processing Platform Deck Plan - Cellar Deck
1222-B-PR-PLN-0023.00 U&Q Platform Deck Plan - Weather Deck
1222-B-PR-PLN-0024.00 U&Q Platform Deck Plan - Main Deck
1222-B-PR-PLN-0025.00 Compression Platform Deck Plan - Weather Deck
1222-B-PR-PLN-0026.00 Compression Platform Deck Plan - Main Deck
1222-B-EG-ELE-0004.00 Indicative PUQ Elevation
1222-B-PR-LAD-0005.00 Indicative Terminal Layout
11.2 Equipment Lists

1222-B-PR-LST-0014.00 PUQ Riser Platform - Major Equipment List
1222-B-PR-LST-0015.00 PUQ Gas Processing Platform - Major Equipment List
1222-B-PR-LST-0016.00 PUQ Utilities and Quarters Platform - Major Equipment List
1222-B-PR-LST-0017.00 Onshore Terminal - Major Equipment List
1222-B-PR-LST-0018.00 PUQ Future Compression Platform - Major Equipment List

Page 31 of 31

App.FFixedSteelStructures(Platform)
Jacket

BIPOL
FLOW SYSTEM COMPONENTS (1995)LTD."

(1995)

P.O.Box 1003 RAMAT HASHARON

47100
1003 ..
Tel: 972-9-7469135 Fax: 972-9-7469136 www.bipol.net e-mail: bipol@netvision.net.il
ISRAEL
FixedSteelStructures(Platform)Jacket

Jacket:Fixedsteelstructure(Platform)supportedbytheseabed
Rig:Jackupsupportedbytheseabedwithlegsandcanbemovedfromplace
toplace
SemiSubmersible:Floatingstructure()
FPSO:D/PFloatingstructureship
TLP:Floatingstructure()
BIPOL

(1995)


47100
1003 ..
ISRAEL

The traditional offshore installation utilising a welded steel tubular
frameworkorjackettosupportthetopsidefacilitiesisreferredtoasafixed
steelstructure.Thisisthemosttypeofoffshoreinstallation.

Thetopsidefacilitieswillvaryslightlydependingonwhetheritisanoilorgas
producing installation but includes power generation, hydrocarbon process
equipment,ahelideck,andaccommodationforpersonnel.

An installation may consist of any number of jackets linked by bridges.
Modern installations have a separate jacket for accommodation and heli
deck.Thesemultijacketinstallationsaremorecommonintoshallowwater
developments, where the construction costs are much less than in deep
water.

The single jacket installation is typical of the rigs found in deep water for
example the North Sea. For safety reasons, the helideck and
accommodation facilities are situated as far as possible from the
hydrocarbonprocessingarea.

Basedonoperationalrequirements,thefixedsteelstructureistheindustrys
first choice of installation design. The concrete structure has emerged as a
viablealternativetothesteeljacketbutbothhavethedisadvantageindeep
water that construction costs are very high due to the requirements for
withstanding deep water weather conditions, and the TLP (Tension Leg
Platform) or the FPS (Floating Production System) are preferred in deep
waterduetothereducedcosts.

A schematic showing the components of a typical fixed steel structure is
shownbelow:

2
BIPOL

(1995)


47100
1003 ..
ISRAEL

BIPOL

(1995)


47100
1003 ..
ISRAEL

InstallationofFixedSteelStructures

Inrelativelyshallowwaterdepthsof1240meters,thestructuresaresmaller
andmorelightweight.Thesupportstructuresorjacketsweighintheregion
of2501,500tonsandthesuperstructuresortopsidesweighbetween1,500
to10,000tons.
In deeperwater jacket weight are usually around 5,000 20,000 tons, and
the heaviest jacket belongs to the BP Magnus installation which weighs
35,000 tons. These enormous structures are required to support topside
weights of up to 40,000 tons in water depths of 100 to 160 meters and
reflecttheconsiderablequantityofprocessanddrillingequipmentrequired
toproduceandprocessoil.

OffshoreIsrael,theMARIBjacketissituatedinwaterdepthof280meters,
and the total weight of jacket and topside is 35,000 tons. The proposed
jacketinourstudyinterritorialwaterswillbesituatedatawaterdepthof
approximately 90 meters, and the estimated weight of jacket and topside
17,000tons.

Offshorestructuresareconstructedonthemainlandandthedesignreflects
the method of installation offshore. They are assembled in a building brick
fashionandthevariousstagesofinstallationfollowbelow:

1. Jacket
Tubular steel jackets are completely fabricated onshore prior to
transportation to site by dumb barge. The smaller jackets many be
lifted in place by a floating crane whilst the larger jackets may use
flotationdevicestoassistintheirinstallationoncelaunchedfromthe
barge. The flotation devices are sequentially flooded to enable the
jacket to sink slowly into its final position. Once they are located on
theseabed,thejacketsareusuallysecuredbyfoundationpiles.

As can be seen in the sketches below, the method of installation
dependsonthesizeofthejacket.
Onthesmallerjackets,tubularpilesaredriventhroughthelegstoa
predetermined depth of 3050 meters, or else inserted into pre
drilledholesandcemented.

4
BIPOL

(1995)


47100
1003 ..
ISRAEL
Deep water jackets are much bigger whichmakes piling through the
legsimpracticalsoapileclusterisfittedtothebaseofeachleg.The
piles can then be driven through the cluster guides to the required
depthof6090metersbeforebeinggroutedintoposition.Over6,000
tonsofpileswereusedtosecuretheBPMagnusjacket.

Thesketchbelowshowspilingthroughajacketanddeepwaterpiling
usingpileclusters.

Sketchofthedifferentmethodsofjacketinstallationfollows:

BIPOL

(1995)


47100
1003 ..
ISRAEL

6
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(1995)


47100
1003 ..
ISRAEL

2.TopsideInstallation

The topside weight of an installation can range in weight from 1,500 to
35,000tons.Afloatingcranecanliftthebottomrangeoftheaboveweights
onto a jacket but not the heavier ones. The larger platforms must be
constructed within the constraints of the lifting facilities available,
approximately 14,000 tons. This entails constructing the topsides in liftable
packageswhichcanbeinstalledandsecuredbyweldingoneatatime.

The heavy lift cranes used for installing rigs are mounted on semi
submersible barges which have been purpose built for offshore work. To
assistinstallation,themodulesandjacketsarefittedwithmaleandfemale
type location devices referred to as stabins or bucket guides. On shallow
waterjacketswiththroughlegplies,thetopsidestructureisactuallywelded
tothetopofthepile,ratherthantothejacket.
BIPOL

(1995)


47100
1003 ..
ISRAEL

BIPOL

(1995)


47100
1003 ..
ISRAEL

Installationoffshore

9
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(1995)


47100
1003 ..
ISRAEL
10
BIPOL

(1995)


47100
1003 ..
ISRAEL

Onshoreconstruction

11

BIPOL

(1995)


47100 ISRAEL 1003 ..
OFFSHORE PLATFORM COMPLEX

FOR MAXIMUM PROCESSING AND FRUTAROM
PLATFORM
PRELIMINARY DESIGN
REV
ISSUE
1
2
1
1
PREPARED
BY
YT
YT
CHECKED
BY
AS
AS
DATE
30.6.11
20.7.11

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(1995)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Introduction and Objectives
Executive Summary
Calculations for Gas Processing Platform
12,19,25-32
Calculations for Future Compression Platform
13, 33-34
Calculations for Utility and Quarters Processing Platform
15, 35-36
Calculations for Riser Platform
16,37-38
Calculations for Frutarom Platform
39-40
Page 2

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(1995)

Introduction:
The offshore maximum process complex comprises the following platforms:
x
x
x
x
Gas Processing Platforms

Utility and Quarters Platform
Riser Platform
Future Compression Platform
Frutarom Pressure Reduction Platform
Objectives:
The objective of the calculations and analysis is to obtain a conceptual design for the
offshore platform and to calculate the total weight of the structure, the required
foundations, and the reaction loads that are imposed on the seabed.
The analysis was carried out taking into consideration the maximum loads due to:
x Dead and live load
x Wind force
x Wave force
x Current force
x Earthquake event
The parameters ad criteria that have been used in the work are as follows:
The platform is situated 10 km offshore in water depth of 80 meters
The jacket analysis consists of three main parts:
Superstructure upper structure to support the topside facilities
Substructure the platform which supports the superstructure and is fixed to the
seabed by piles
Piles penetrated into the seabed to the required depth in order to provide the
foundation for the entire structure
For the purpose of the analysis and calculations we have used tubular sections.
For the deck plan, I-beam and plates material were used in the analysis
DNV OS-C101 Code for Design of offshore steel structures general- has been used
throughout the preliminary design.
Page 3

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Executive Summary
The following are the finding of the preliminary design:
Equipment
Facilities
Operation
weight total
11,519
PLATFORM
Total
Super
Jacket (sub) Platform
Weight
Structure
Structure
Pile
Foundation
7,500
6,020
13,520
3,500
Utilities and
Quarters
Platform
1709.6
1600
3900
5500
1000
Riser
Platform
138
400
1400
1800
200
2000
4000
6000
1000
Processing
Platform
Future
966.8
compression
Platform
The operation equipment and facilities loads were taken from PDI Report entitled
Offshore PUQ Study dated 20.5.11
Page 4

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(1995)

Symbols
A, Ag- Cross-sectional area
A(z) -Moonpool cross-sectional area
B 2 - Background response part
c -Wave phase velocity
C -Wind force shape coefficient
CA -Added mass coefficient
CA0 -Added mass coefficient for KC = 0
CD -Drag coefficient
Cd -Hydrodynamic damping coefficient, the dynamic factor (wind)
CDn -Normal drag coefficient for inclined structural member
CDS- Drag coefficient for steady flow
CDt -Axial drag coefficient for inclined structural member
Ce Exposure factor
Cf- Force coefficient
Cf0- Force coefficient of structure without free end flow
cg -Wave group velocity
Ch -Horizontal wave-in-deck force coefficient
Ckj -Hydrostatic restoring elements
CL -Lift coefficient
CM -Mass coefficient
Cp -Wind pressure coefficient
Cp -Pressure coefficient
Cpa -Space average slamming pressure coefficient
Cr- Roughness factor
Cs- Size facror
d -Water depth
D -Diameter or typical cross-sectional dimension
E -Modulus of elasticity
EI -Bending stiffness
f -Wave frequency
fN- Total wave force on member
fy- tensile yield strength
fKE- Euler buckling strength
fL- Non dimensional frequency
F- Profile section area
Fc -Current induced drag force
FcN- Total current force
Fdx, Fdy- Wave drift damping forces
Fh -Horizontal wave-in-deck force
FH(h)- Cumulative probability function
FHT(H,T) -Joint probability distribution
g -acceleration of gravity
H -Wind reference height
H -Clearance between structure and fixed boundary
H -Wave height
h(z/r)-Vertical reference height during slamming
Hb -Breaking wave height
Hm0 -Significant wave height
Hs -Significant wave height
Page 5

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(1995)

ix, iy- Radius of inertia

I -Interaction factor for buoyancy elements or the second moment of area
Ikj -Mass moments of inertia
Iv- Turbulence intensity
k -Wave number
k -Roughness height
ka -Von Karman's constant
KC -Keulegan-Carpenter number = vmT/D
(KC = SH/D in wave zone)
Ks- Active horizontal pressure coefficient
Kp- Passive horizontal pressure coefficient
kr-Terrain factor
l- Length of member
Ls- Turbulent length scale
M -Mass of structure
Mcr,w- Critical buckling moment for warping
Mcr,t- Critical buckling moment for torsion
M Rd - The uni-axial bending resistance
Md- Design moment
ML- Moment capacity due to lateral buckling
me -Effective mass
n1,x- Fundamental frequency along wind direction
Nd- design compression
N pl , Rd - The plastic compression resistance
Nq- Stress overburden multiplier (Terzaghi)
p- Pressure
Pult- Ultimate pile design force
q -Basic wind pressure
R 2 -Resonant response part
Rb,Rh- Aerodynamic admittance
Re -Reynolds number = uD/v
S -Projected area of structural member normal to the direction of force
S -Wave steepness
SL- Non dimensional power spectral density function
Smax -Maximum wave steepness
Sp -Average wave steepness
St -Strouhal number
t- Pipe wall thickness
T -Wave period
U -Forward speed of structure/vessel
u(1)- First order horizontal velocity
u(2-) Second-order difference-frequency horizontal velocity
u* -Friction velocity
v -Wave particle velocity
v&-Wave particle acceleration
vb- Basic wind speed
U0 -One hour mean wind speed
U10 10-minute mean wind speed
UcN- Total current velocity
UG, AG -Parameters of Gumbel distribution
UR, Ur -Ursell numbers for regular wave
Page 6

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(1995)

Urs -Ursell number for irregular wave

UT,z Wind velocity averaged over a time interval T at a height z (meter)
V -Volume displacement
vc -Current velocity
Vc -Volume of air cushion
vc,tide -Tidal current velocity
vc,wind -Wind induced current velocity
vm- Mean wind velosity
Wel- Elastic section modulus
Wpl- Plastic section modulus
XL- Reduction factor
z- Water depth
Zc - The depth where sand pressure increases

zmin- Minimum height
zs- Reference height
DSpacing ratio
DAngle between the direction of the wind and the axis of the exposed member or surface
DAsymmetry factor
DAngle between wave ray and normal to the sea bed depth contour
Imperfection factor
EViscous frequency parameter = Re/KC = D2/QT
EHEc- Shape parameters in Weibull distribution
M- Equivalent uniform moment factor
s - Partial safety factor
Specific gravity
GLogarithmic decrement (= 2S])
GSpectral band width
'Nondimensional roughness = k/D
'SS -Spatial extent of slamming pressure
HLocal wave slope
HShallow water non-linearity parameter
IVelocity potential or soil friction
) -upwind slope
I o -Effective soil friction
KFree surface elevation
KShielding factor
h -Height of moonpool
K1 -Linear (first order) free surface elevation
K2- Second order free surface elevation
K Variable
NSurface friction coefficient
NFinite length reduction factor
NMoonpool geometry factor
OWave length, slenderness ratio
ONSlenderness
kDimensionlessslenderness
PShallow water parameter
QKinematic viscosity coefficient, up-crossing frequency
Qa- Kinematic viscosity coefficient for air
Page 7

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(1995)

UMass density of water

ZWave angular frequency
]Damping ratio
\Stability function for wind profiles
\ksWave amplification factor
\OReduction factor of force coefficient for structural elements with end effects
:Angular frequency
1. Introduction to the Design

The aim of the following design sheet is to present a preliminary design concept for
an offshore gas treatment plant.
The design principle used is the load and resistance factor design method.
The different structural members are to be determined by the Ultimate Limit State
(ULS) and the Serviceability Limit State (SLS).
The DNV OS C101 code for Design of Offshore Steel Structures, General has
been used throughout this preliminary design sheet.
The appendices following this document present the analysis of loads, inner forces
and moments and resistance capacities of structural members. All of the above,
presented in the appendices are of the Processing platform alone. Identical
analysis has been performed for the rest of the platforms but is not presented here.
One may assume that the results are very similar in form, and if necessary may be
produced with much ease.
2. Load Combinations and Load Factors

Table D1 in section 2 of DNV OS C101 presents the basic load case combinations
used for ULS analysis.
3. Loads
3.1. Dead weight:
The different equipment placed on the different platforms load HEM or HEA beams
which transfer the area load to line loads (ton/meter) along the supporting trusses of
the super-structure.
The figures following illustrate the distribution of dead and live loads upon the
supporting trusses.
The equipment weights were taken from PDI Maximum Offshore Processing
Concept Study.
Page 8

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(1995)

See below Equipment Lists and Operational Weights Table. The dead weights in
the table were used in the jacket computer analysis.
Page 9

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(1995)

Equipment List and Operational Weight (from PDI report)
PUQ Riser Platform

SYSTEM
11
12
WELLHEAD CONTROL SYSTEM

PRESSURE REDUCTION
STATION
TOTAL
OPERATIONAL
WEIGHT
9.6
128.4
138
PUQ Gas Processing Platform

SYSTEM
20
21
23
24
27
40
42
43
44
45
51
68
TOTAL
Page 10
SLUG CATCHER AND

SEPARATION
CONDENSATE HANDLING AND
STORAGE
FLASH GAS COMPRESSION
GAS CONDITIONING
EXPORT GAS HANDLING
HEATING MEDIUM
PRODUCTION CHEMICALS
FLARE SYSTEM
FUEL GAS
PRODUCED WATER HANDLING
OPEN DRAINS
MEG REGENERATION(OFFSHORE
SYSTEM)
OPERATIONAL
WEIGHT
2139
3.7
35.4
94.5
15.8
572.4
8.3
154.1
15.7
126.7
1
8,352.8
11,519.6

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(1995)

Utilities and Quarters Platform
41
50
51
53
61
62
63
65
71
80
Sub Total
SYSTEM
COOLING MEDIUM
SEAWATER
NON-HAZARDOUS OPEN
DRAINS
FRESHWATER
COMPRESSED/INSTRUMENT
AIR
NITROGEN
DIESEL
SEWAGE TREATMENT
FIREWATER
POWER GENERATION
GENERAL SYSTEMS
TOTAL
44.2
62.8
87.5
61.5
29.8
3.8
4.4
15
20.6
385
714.6
995
1709.6
PUQ Future Compression Platform
26
51
TOTAL
Page 11
SYSTEM
GAS COMPRESSION
OPEN DRAINS
966.8
966.8

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(1995)

FRUTAROM Platform
SYSTEM
WELLHEAD CONTROL
PRESSURE REDUCTION
SERVICE WATER
DIESEL
PIPELINE HEATING
FLARE SYSTEM
FUEL GAS
SEA WATER
OPEN DRAINS
COMPRESSED/
INSTRUMENT AIR
NITROGEN
FIRE WATER
MECHANICAL
HANDLING
POWER GENERATION
TOTAL
Frutarom
Page 12
899
Equipment
Facilities
Operation
weight total
899
PLATFORM
Total
Super
Jacket (sub) Platform
Weight
Structure
Structure
Pile
Foundation
900
350
2750
3650

BIPOL

(1995)

The figures following illustrate the distribution of dead and live loads upon the
supporting trusses:
The Processing platform:
(a) For the Weather deck (b) for the Main deck and (c) for the Cellar deck.
(a)
Dead
Live
Ton/meter
4.3
4.6
6.46
14
16.5
18.75
21
18.75
25.3
14
8.43
4.68
(b)
Dead
Live
5
4.6
Page 13
15
14
20
18.75
18.6
18.75
12.9
14
4.3
4.68

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(1995)

(c)
Dead Live
6.25
1.25
9.375
3.75
50
50
37.5
3.75
12.9
1.25
Page 14

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(1995)

Future Compression platform:
Page 15

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(1995)

Weather deck
Dead: (t/m)
Live (t/m):
2
5.8
3.75 11.25
6.3
15
9.7
15
10.5 3.5
11.25 3.75
0.84
1
3.4
4
3.4
4
2.6
3
Main deck
Dead: (t/m)
Live (t/m):
Page 16
2.6
3
0.84
1

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(1995)

Indicative Utilities and Quarters platform
3.75
15
15
15
Weather deck
Dead: (t/m)
Live (t/m):
1.125
1
4.5
3
4.5
4
1.5
4
1.125 1.125
21.5 8.25
Main deck
Dead: (t/m)
Live (t/m):
Page 17
0.6
1
3.6
3
3.6
4
8.75
4
8.75
3
5.5
1

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(1995)

Riser platform
Dead Live
0.58
3.75
1.8
11.25
1.8
11.25
0.58
3.75
Frutarum platform
Page 18

BIPOL

Dead: (t/m)
Live (t/m):
1.4
0.6
6.88
1.8
3.6
2.4
3.6
2.4
(1995)

4.65
2.8
0.64
1
3.2. Variable functional (live) loads on deck areas (table D1 section 3, DNV
OS C101):
The following load values have been used form the line load description presented
in section 3.1.
Lay down areas: 1.5 ton/m^2
Lifeboat platforms: 0.9 ton/m^2
Walkways: 0.4 ton/m^2
Storage areas: 1.5 t/m^2
3.3. Wave loads:

Wave loads have been calculated according to the recommendations presented in
DNV- RP-C205.
The wave parameters used in the ULS analysis are of a wave with a return period of
no more than once in 100 years are: Hs=8.7 m, Tp=15 sec.
The Stokes wave theory is used due to the result obtained by the calculation of the
following parameters:
Page 19

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d
T2
Hs
T2
(1995)

80
0.355
2
15
nd
These results suit Stokes theory (2 order theory )
8.7
0.03866
152
(0.1)
The horizontal particle velocity is defined through:

S H cosh[k ( z d )]
2S
3 S kH 2 cosh[2k ( z d )]
2S
v
t)
t)
cos(kx
cos 2(kx
4
T
T
T
sinh[ kd ]
8 T
sinh [ kd ]
(0.2)
And the acceleration by:
2S 2 H sinh[ k ( z d )]
2S
3 S 2 kH 2 sinh[2k ( z d )]
2S
v&
kx
t
t)
cos(

)

cos 2(kx
2
2
4
T
T
T
sinh[kd ]
2 T
sinh [kd ]
(0.3)
Where the wave number k is determined through the following:
2
(0.4)
2S / T gk tanh(kh) o k 0.01953 o O 321.7m
The forces on the tubular sections compiling the platform substructure are in
accordance with Morrisons equation:
f N (t ) U (1 Ca ) Av& 0.5 U CD Dv v
(0.5)
Appendix A presents specific results for the calculation of the wave forces. The
following stages of calculation present the formulae used in those calculations.
To begin with, the Drag and Inertia coefficients are determined in the following;
For circular cylinders:
k 5 105 o ' k / D
(0.6)
And
0.65
' 104
CDS ' (29 4 log10 (')) / 20,104 ' 102

(0.7)
2
1.05, ' ! 10
vT
.
D
10) 0.1( K C 12) , 2 d K C d 12
The Keulegan- Carpenter coefficient is: K C

< ( KC )
1.5 0.024 (12 / CDS
, 0.75 d K C 2
0.5 0.024 (12 / CDS 10)
0.5 0.024 (12 / C 10) 2( K 0.75) , K 0.75
DS
C
C
(0.8)
In conclusion the Drag coefficient is:

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CD
(1995)

CDS ' < K C
(0.9)
The Inertia coefficient is determined by:

1 , K C 3
CA
max >1 0.044( K C 3), 1.25 CDS @
(0.10)
Once the above parameters are obtained, they may be inserted in eq. (1.5) and
therefore give the resulting wave force, per meter of depth, on the sub-structure
tubular members.
Total wave forces on single members of the substructure appear in line 285 of
appendix B.
3.4. Current loads
The current loads have been found to be negligible in comparison to wave and wind
loads.
The forces depend on water velocity due to wind and tidal effects and are calculated
according to the following:
1/7
dz
0)
d
50 z
vc , wind ( z ) vc , wind (0)
50
vc ,tide ( z ) vc ,tide ( z
for z d 0
for 50 z d 0
The total force is calculated through:

1
FcN
U Cd DU 2 cN
2
Where : U cN ( z ) vc , wind ( z ) vc ,tide ( z )
(2.1)
(2.2)
(2.3)
Typical results appear between lines 288 to 334 in Appendix B.
3.5. Wind loads
The calculation of wind loads has been performed in accordance with EC1 and has
been calculated separately for three different types of structural members: for the
supporting structure: vertical cylinders and diagonal cylinders, and as for the
platform itself: the entire exposed front of the platform together with frictional
forces acting on platform decks.
The different stages of calculation for all five platforms appear in Appendix C and
were performed for the three different types of members.
Page 21

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The basic wind pressure is defined through the basic wind velocity, vb=33 m/sec
and is found through:
vb 2
qb[ t / m2 ]
(3.1)
16000
The total force acting on the different members is calculated by the following
equation:
(3.2)
F ( z ) qb D Ce ( z ) CdCs C f 'h
Where 'h is the height of section, the wind force acts upon. Ce ( z ), CdCs, C f are
exposure, shape and force coefficients, respectively.
Page 22

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(1995)

For the Processing platform
The line loads appearing in the figure above illustrate the distribution of
environmental forces on each member of the structure. Similar distributions where
used for the rest of the platforms. Exact results for the processing platform may be
seen in appendix C.
3.6. Earthquake load
The earthquake analysis combines 100% dead loads and 20% live loads. Assuming
the site group is C and that the site acceleration is 0.1, a dynamic response analysis
was conducted through the structural analysis program STRAP. The importance
factor taken was 1.5 and the decreasing force factor was 4. For the main dynamic
mode, the following structural parameters were found and are presented in table 3.1.
Page 23

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Processing
Main
2.7
period(sec)
Total lateral 729
force at the
center of
gravity of
the
structure
(tons)
(1995)

Compression Utilities
and
Quarters
1.49
1.54
Riser
Frutarum
1.99
1.27
508
90
556
485
Once comparing the environmental load combination with the seismic load
combination, it was found that the former load combination was dominant and
therefore the environmental load case determined the various cross sections of the
different platforms. It is noted that the seismic parameters used in the dynamic
analysis are in accordance with SI 413.
4. Internal force and moment results

The different load combinations have been implemented on a full structural model
build in the structural analysis program STRAP. Selected results presenting
maximum ULS results for the Processing platform appear in appendix A.
5. Calculation of structural main members

Four basic types of tubular members were used throughout the entire platform
structure.
All of the above mentioned members have cross sections belonging to class
1( d / t 50H 2 ).
The calculations are in accordance with design recommendations by EC3.
The steel grades used are of yield strengths ( f y ) of 225MPa (Fe 360) and 345MPa
(Fe 510). In general, the steel strength is of Fe 360 unless stated otherwise.
Our general case combines uni-axial bending and compression force. The plastic
resistance calculation is given in the following formulae:
fy
M Rd
W pl
(5.1)
Js
Where M Rd is the uni-axial bending resistance.

N pl , Rd Ag f y / J m
Page 24
(5.2)

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(1995)

and N pl , Rd is the plastic compression resistance. The rest of the calculations appear
in appendix D, for tubular elements.
In appendix E, HEM/A beams were designed according to SI 1225. These beams are
to be placed on top of the supporting trusses and were designed to transfer the
distributed loads to the supporting trusses.
It is noted at this stage the bottom lateral chords of the substructure are to be
arranged one meter above seabed, this to prevent oscillating due to lift forces
caused by wave motion (this occurring when lateral pipe is close to the seabed).
6. Pile foundation
The total service vertical force at pile head is 5190 tons and the total horizontal force
is 68 tons for the Processing platform. The following example calculation is for the
Processing platform. To observe the results for the rest of the platforms, one may
examine the calculation presented in Appendix F.
The site parameters are:
The soil at the platform site is sand and therefore the following soil parameters
assumed are reasonable: soil friction of I 400 and a unit weight of 2ton/m^3,
Assuming the maximal depth of driven piles is 60 meters and that the pile diameter
is 1200mm, the amount of piles to such a head is determined by the following pile
capacity calculation:
I0
0.75I 10o
40o - for piles driven in sand.
Zc is the depth where sand pressure increases:

Taken from a fig. 6.1: zc 15d 15m
Ks
1 sin I 0
1 sin I 0
0.217
(6.1)
K s tan I 0.1824
I 40
40o and this gives N q
I0
2
0
Page 25
200

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(1995)

Fig. 6.1: Depth of pressure variation piles in sand

The final pile capacity is:
L
Pult _ pile
2S r V v Ks tan I dz V v N qS r 2
14 2 43
1 40 4 4 2 4 4 43
edge capacity
shaft capacity
2S 0.6 60 15 15 2 1.03 0.18 15 2 1.03 200 S 0.62

1 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 1 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 43
444.3
3735ton (6.2)
3291.1
S .F Pact 3 5190 15570 o number of piles 5

To withhold the vertical pressure 5 piles are required at each leg of the substructure
piles.
In general piles are to be driven at least 62m into the ground this to insure bearing
capacity also after scour effects remove the top meter, beneath the pile cap.
As far as shear capacity goes, the shear at every pile head reaches a maximum force
of 7tons.
The pile shear capacity is calculated through the following:
1/3 f yW p
1/3 22500 0.013922
1.5 2 0.711 3.33
Pult 1.5 J DK p
1.1
Js
717.3ton ! 7ton
(6.3)
7. A summary of structural steel weight (tons):

Processing platform
Sub-structure
Super-structure
Foundation (piles)
Total
Page 26
6020
7500
3000
16520

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Page 27
(1995)

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(1995)

Compression platform
Sub-structure
Super-structure
Foundation (piles)
Total
4000
2000
1000
7000
Utilities and Quarters platform

Sub-structure
Super-structure
Foundation (piles)
Total
3900
1600
1000
6200
Riser platform
Sub-structure
Super-structure
Foundation (piles)
Total
1400
400
200
2000
Frutarum platform
Sub-structure
Super-structure
Foundation (piles)
Total
2750
900
350
4000
8. Deflections
Maximum sway occurs due to the environmental load combination in service.
The maximum horizontal sway for all the different platforms is about 10 cm at
the top of the jacket structure which is very much below the permitted
deflection.
Page 28

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(1995)

9. Sketches describing the main structural elements

Processing Platform
Processing platform- Typical floor plan
Page 29

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(1995)

Weather deck supporting floor plan, truss arrangement (z=+50meters)
Page 30

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(1995)

Main deck plan deck supporting floor plan, truss arrangement (z=+39meters)
Processing platform- Typical floor plan
Page 31

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(1995)

Cellar deck supporting floor plan, truss arrangement (z=+24meters)

Section 1-1: Typical truss of superstructure-
A detail for placing HEM beams on the truss top chord

Page 32

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(1995)

Section of truss top chord
Page 33

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(1995)

Plan view of the lateral stiffeners of the substructure
Page 34

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(1995)

5x 48 piles (L=62m) for each pile head (12 pile heads)
Page 35

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(1995)

Equipment arrangement- Main deck
Equipment arrangement- Cellar deck
Page 36

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Page 37
(1995)

BIPOL

Page 38
(1995)

BIPOL

(1995)


47100
1003 ..
ISRAEL

3.Abandonment

If an offshore installation is no longer commercially viable, there are three
mainoptionsforitsremoval.Inallcases,thetopsideequipmentanddecks
areremoved,whichbasicallyleavesthejacketstructuretobedisposedof.

Thefavoredoptionforshallowwateristoremoveallthejacketbycuttingit
attheseabedandliftingontoabarge.
The second option is to remove the upper jacket structure with the lower
sectionleftinplace,cutatadepthbelowthesurfacewhereitwillnotprove
ahazardtoshipping.
The third option is to use explosives to topple the jacket onto the seabed
whereitwillbelefttoformanaturalreef.

Some very large structures are too large to be removed safely and an
artificialreefmaybetheonlyviablesolutiontotheproblem.
12

BIPOL

(1995)

Compression platform:
2x42piles(L=32m)foreachpilehead(12pile
heads)
Front view of platform
Page 33

BIPOL

(1995)

Typical truss of superstructure
Typical Deck plan:
Page 34

BIPOL

(1995)

Utilities and Quarters platform:
heads)
Front view:
Page 35

BIPOL

(1995)

Typical superstructure truss:
42t=30mm
Typical deck plan:
Page 36

BIPOL

(1995)

Riser Platform:
heads)
Front view:
Page 37

BIPOL

(1995)

Typical truss and Deck plan:
Page 38

BIPOL

(1995)

Frutarum platform:
heads)
Front view:
Page 39

BIPOL

(1995)

Typical truss and typical Deck plan:
Page 40

BIPOL

(1995)

Appendix A: Selected results of structural analysis by STRAP

The following results presented are of the structural analysis performed on the
Processing platform. Identical figures were obtained for the rest of the platforms,
though these are not presented in this document.
Page 41

BIPOL

(1995)

Combination envelope on front legs of sub-structure: Moment
Page 42

BIPOL

(1995)

The above trusses are a section through the Super-structure showing three
decks.
The results presented are of the load combination envelope showing maximum
axial forces
Page 43

BIPOL

(1995)

decks.
Moment in vertical members
Page 44

BIPOL

(1995)

decks.
Moment in horizontal members
Page 45

BIPOL

(1995)

The image above presents a three dimensional view on the entire Processing
Platform
Page 46

BIPOL

(1995)

The image above presents a three dimensional view on the Processing Platform
Superstructure
Page 47

BIPOL

(1995)

Vertical reactions on pile foundation due to the load case combination envelope
Page 48

BIPOL

(1995)

1
Appendix B: Wave forces on

single members- Processing
platform
2

15
0.019
m
4
t
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.75
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.50
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.25
13.00
5
eta
4.61
4.15
2.88
0.26
0.71
2.30
3.44
4.09
4.02
3.44
2.30
0.26
2.88
6
umax
2.21
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3
8.7
m
sec
1/m
81
7
z1.00
2.12
1.92
1.38
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.38
8
0.00
2.03
1.84
1.32
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.32
9
2.00
1.96
1.78
1.28
0.04
0.24
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
1.28
10
4.00
1.89
1.71
1.23
0.04
0.23
0.94
1.48
0.00
0.00
1.48
0.94
0.04
1.23
11
6.00
1.82
1.65
1.19
0.04
0.22
0.91
1.43
1.75
1.71
1.43
0.91
0.04
1.19
12
8.00
1.76
1.60
1.15
0.03
0.21
0.88
1.38
1.69
1.65
1.38
0.88
0.03
1.15
13
10.00
1.70
1.54
1.11
0.03
0.21
0.85
1.34
1.63
1.60
1.34
0.85
0.03
1.11
14
12.00
1.64
1.49
1.07
0.03
0.20
0.82
1.29
1.58
1.55
1.29
0.82
0.03
1.07
15
14.00
1.58
1.44
1.04
0.03
0.19
0.79
1.25
1.53
1.50
1.25
0.79
0.03
1.04
16
16.00
1.53
1.39
1.00
0.03
0.18
0.76
1.21
1.48
1.45
1.21
0.76
0.03
1.00
17
18.00
1.48
1.35
0.97
0.02
0.18
0.74
1.17
1.43
1.40
1.17
0.74
0.02
0.97
18
20.00
1.43
1.30
0.94
0.02
0.17
0.72
1.13
1.39
1.36
1.13
0.72
0.02
0.94
19
22.00
1.38
1.26
0.91
0.02
0.16
0.69
1.10
1.34
1.32
1.10
0.69
0.02
0.91
20
24.00
1.34
1.22
0.88
0.02
0.16
0.67
1.06
1.30
1.28
1.06
0.67
0.02
0.88
21
26.00
1.30
1.18
0.86
0.02
0.15
0.65
1.03
1.26
1.24
1.03
0.65
0.02
0.86
22
28.00
1.26
1.15
0.83
0.02
0.15
0.63
1.00
1.23
1.20
1.00
0.63
0.02
0.83
23
30.00
1.22
1.11
0.81
0.01
0.14
0.61
0.97
1.19
1.17
0.97
0.61
0.01
0.81
24
32.00
1.19
1.08
0.78
0.01
0.14
0.59
0.94
1.16
1.13
0.94
0.59
0.01
0.78
25
34.00
1.15
1.05
0.76
0.01
0.13
0.58
0.92
1.13
1.10
0.92
0.58
0.01
0.76
26
36.00
1.12
1.02
0.74
0.01
0.13
0.56
0.89
1.10
1.07
0.89
0.56
0.01
0.74
27
38.00
1.09
0.99
0.72
0.01
0.12
0.54
0.87
1.07
1.04
0.87
0.54
0.01
0.72
28
40.00
1.06
0.97
0.70
0.01
0.12
0.53
0.85
1.04
1.02
0.85
0.53
0.01
0.70
29
42.00
1.03
0.94
0.68
0.01
0.12
0.52
0.83
1.01
0.99
0.83
0.52
0.01
0.68
30
44.00
1.01
0.92
0.67
0.01
0.11
0.50
0.81
0.99
0.97
0.81
0.50
0.01
0.67
31
46.00
0.98
0.90
0.65
0.01
0.11
0.49
0.79
0.97
0.95
0.79
0.49
0.01
0.65
32
48.00
0.96
0.88
0.64
0.01
0.11
0.48
0.77
0.95
0.93
0.77
0.48
0.01
0.64
33
50.00
0.94
0.86
0.62
0.01
0.10
0.47
0.75
0.93
0.91
0.75
0.47
0.01
0.62
34
52.00
0.92
0.84
0.61
0.01
0.10
0.46
0.74
0.91
0.89
0.74
0.46
0.01
0.61
35
54.00
0.90
0.82
0.60
0.01
0.10
0.45
0.72
0.89
0.87
0.72
0.45
0.01
0.60
Page 49

BIPOL

(1995)

36
56.00
0.89
0.81
0.59
0.01
0.10
0.44
0.71
0.87
0.86
0.71
0.44
0.01
0.59
37
58.00
0.87
0.80
0.58
0.01
0.10
0.44
0.70
0.86
0.84
0.70
0.44
0.01
0.58
38
60.00
0.86
0.78
0.57
0.01
0.09
0.43
0.69
0.85
0.83
0.69
0.43
0.01
0.57
39
62.00
0.85
0.77
0.56
0.01
0.09
0.42
0.68
0.84
0.82
0.68
0.42
0.01
0.56
40
64.00
0.83
0.76
0.55
0.00
0.09
0.42
0.67
0.82
0.81
0.67
0.42
0.00
0.55
41
66.00
0.82
0.75
0.55
0.00
0.09
0.41
0.66
0.82
0.80
0.66
0.41
0.00
0.55
42
68.00
0.82
0.74
0.54
0.00
0.09
0.41
0.65
0.81
0.79
0.65
0.41
0.00
0.54
43
70.00
0.81
0.74
0.54
0.00
0.09
0.40
0.65
0.80
0.78
0.65
0.40
0.00
0.54
44
72.00
0.80
0.73
0.53
0.00
0.09
0.40
0.64
0.79
0.78
0.64
0.40
0.00
0.53
45
74.00
0.80
0.73
0.53
0.00
0.09
0.40
0.64
0.79
0.77
0.64
0.40
0.00
0.53
46
76.00
0.79
0.72
0.53
0.00
0.09
0.40
0.64
0.79
0.77
0.64
0.40
0.00
0.53
47
78.00
0.79
0.72
0.53
0.00
0.09
0.40
0.64
0.78
0.77
0.64
0.40
0.00
0.53
48
80.00
0.79
0.72
0.53
0.00
0.09
0.40
0.63
0.78
0.77
0.63
0.40
0.00
0.53
49
50
51
52
t
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.75
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.50
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.25
13.00
53
eta
4.61
4.15
2.88
0.26
0.71
2.30
3.44
4.09
4.02
3.44
2.30
0.26
2.88
54
amax
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
55
1
0
0.3
0.64
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.64
56
0
0
0.3
0.61
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.61
57
2
0
0.3
0.59
0.8
0.8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.802
0.59
58
4
0
0.3
0.57
0.77
0.77
0.68
0.46
0
0
0.46
0.675
0.774
0.57
59
6
0
0.3
0.55
0.75
0.74
0.65
0.44
0
0.16
0.44
0.652
0.747
0.55
60
8
0
0.3
0.53
0.72
0.72
0.63
0.43
0
0.15
0.43
0.63
0.722
0.53
61
10
0
0.3
0.51
0.7
0.69
0.61
0.42
0
0.15
0.42
0.609
0.697
0.51
62
12
0
0.3
0.49
0.67
0.67
0.59
0.4
0
0.14
0.4
0.589
0.674
0.49
63
14
0
0.3
0.48
0.65
0.65
0.57
0.39
0
0.14
0.39
0.569
0.651
0.48
64
16
0
0.3
0.46
0.63
0.63
0.55
0.38
0
0.13
0.38
0.551
0.63
0.46
65
18
0
0.2
0.45
0.61
0.61
0.53
0.36
0
0.13
0.36
0.533
0.61
0.45
66
20
0
0.2
0.43
0.59
0.59
0.52
0.35
0
0.13
0.35
0.516
0.59
0.43
67
22
0
0.2
0.42
0.57
0.57
0.5
0.34
0
0.12
0.34
0.5
0.571
0.42
68
24
0
0.2
0.41
0.55
0.55
0.48
0.33
0
0.12
0.33
0.485
0.554
0.41
69
26
0
0.2
0.39
0.54
0.54
0.47
0.32
0
0.11
0.32
0.47
0.537
0.39
70
28
0
0.2
0.38
0.52
0.52
0.46
0.31
0
0.11
0.31
0.456
0.521
0.38
71
30
0
0.2
0.37
0.51
0.5
0.44
0.3
0
0.11
0.3
0.443
0.505
0.37
72
32
0
0.2
0.36
0.49
0.49
0.43
0.29
0
0.1
0.29
0.43
0.491
0.36
73
34
0
0.2
0.35
0.48
0.48
0.42
0.29
0
0.1
0.29
0.418
0.477
0.35
74
36
0
0.2
0.34
0.46
0.46
0.41
0.28
0
0.1
0.28
0.407
0.464
0.34
75
38
0
0.2
0.33
0.45
0.45
0.4
0.27
0
0.1
0.27
0.396
0.452
0.33
76
40
0
0.2
0.32
0.44
0.44
0.39
0.26
0
0.09
0.26
0.386
0.44
0.32
77
42
0
0.2
0.31
0.43
0.43
0.38
0.26
0
0.09
0.26
0.377
0.429
0.31
Page 50

BIPOL

(1995)

78
44
0
0.2
0.3
0.42
0.42
0.37
0.25
0
0.09
0.25
0.368
0.418
0.3
79
46
0
0.2
0.3
0.41
0.41
0.36
0.25
0
0.09
0.25
0.359
0.409
0.3
80
48
0
0.2
0.29
0.4
0.4
0.35
0.24
0
0.09
0.24
0.351
0.4
0.29
81
50
0
0.2
0.28
0.39
0.39
0.34
0.24
0
0.08
0.24
0.344
0.391
0.28
82
52
0
0.2
0.28
0.38
0.38
0.34
0.23
0
0.08
0.23
0.337
0.383
0.28
83
54
0
0.1
0.27
0.38
0.37
0.33
0.23
0
0.08
0.23
0.331
0.376
0.27
84
56
0
0.1
0.27
0.37
0.37
0.32
0.22
0
0.08
0.22
0.325
0.369
0.27
85
58
0
0.1
0.26
0.36
0.36
0.32
0.22
0
0.08
0.22
0.319
0.363
0.26
86
60
0
0.1
0.26
0.36
0.36
0.31
0.22
0
0.08
0.22
0.314
0.357
0.26
87
62
0
0.1
0.26
0.35
0.35
0.31
0.21
0
0.08
0.21
0.31
0.352
0.26
88
64
0
0.1
0.25
0.35
0.35
0.31
0.21
0
0.07
0.21
0.306
0.347
0.25
89
66
0
0.1
0.25
0.34
0.34
0.3
0.21
0
0.07
0.21
0.303
0.343
0.25
90
68
0
0.1
0.25
0.34
0.34
0.3
0.21
0
0.07
0.21
0.3
0.34
0.25
91
70
0
0.1
0.24
0.34
0.34
0.3
0.2
0
0.07
0.2
0.297
0.337
0.24
92
72
0
0.1
0.24
0.33
0.33
0.29
0.2
0
0.07
0.2
0.295
0.334
0.24
93
74
0
0.1
0.24
0.33
0.33
0.29
0.2
0
0.07
0.2
0.293
0.332
0.24
94
76
0
0.1
0.24
0.33
0.33
0.29
0.2
0
0.07
0.2
0.292
0.331
0.24
95
78
0
0.1
0.24
0.33
0.33
0.29
0.2
0
0.07
0.2
0.291
0.33
0.24
96
80
0
0.1
0.24
0.33
0.33
0.29
0.2
0
0.07
0.2
0.29
0.329
0.24
97
98
CD
99
100

fig.2page49DNVOSj101
umax
KC
DorB
Cm
101
z
KC/CDS
102
4.61
2.21
26.1
1.27
1.325
40.18
1.3
0.845
103
2.303
2.119
25
1.27
1.325
38.5
1.3
0.845
104
0
2.031
24
1.27
1.325
36.9
1.3
0.845
105
2
1.958
23.1
1.27
1.325
35.57
1.3
0.845
106
4
1.888
22.3
1.27
1.325
34.31
1.3
0.845
107
6
1.821
21.5
1.27
1.325
33.09
1.3
0.845
108
8
1.757
20.8
1.27
1.325
31.93
1.3
0.845
109
10
1.696
20
1.27
1.325
30.83
1.3
0.845
110
12
1.638
19.3
1.27
1.325
29.77
1.3
0.845
111
14
1.583
18.7
1.27
1.325
28.76
1.3
0.845
112
16
1.529
18.1
1.27
1.337
27.79
1.3
0.845
113
18
1.479
17.5
1.27
1.364
26.87
1.3
0.845
114
20
1.43
16.9
1.27
1.389
25.99
1.3
0.845
115
22
1.384
16.4
1.27
1.413
25.15
1.3
0.845
116
24
1.34
15.8
1.27
1.435
24.36
1.3
0.845
117
26
1.299
15.3
1.27
1.457
23.6
1.3
0.845
118
28
1.259
14.9
1.27
1.478
22.88
1.3
0.845
119
30
1.221
14.4
1.27
1.497
22.19
1.3
0.845
Page 51

BIPOL

(1995)

120
32
1.185
14
1.27
1.516
21.54
1.3
0.845
121
34
1.152
13.6
1.27
1.534
20.92
1.3
0.845
122
36
1.119
13.2
1.27
1.55
20.34
1.3
0.845
123
38
1.089
12.9
1.27
1.566
19.79
1.3
0.845
124
40
1.06
12.5
1.27
1.581
19.27
1.3
0.845
125
42
1.033
12.2
1.27
1.595
18.78
1.3
0.845
126
44
1.008
11.9
1.27
1.608
18.31
1.287
0.837
127
46
0.984
11.6
1.27
1.621
17.88
1.259
0.818
128
48
0.962
11.4
1.27
1.632
17.47
1.233
0.801
129
50
0.941
11.1
1.27
1.643
17.1
1.208
0.785
130
52
0.921
10.9
1.27
1.653
16.74
1.185
0.77
131
54
0.904
10.7
1.27
1.662
16.42
1.164
0.757
132
56
0.887
10.5
1.27
1.671
16.12
1.145
0.744
133
58
0.872
10.3
1.27
1.679
15.84
1.127
0.732
134
60
0.858
10.1
1.27
1.686
15.59
1.11
0.722
135
62
0.846
9.99
1.27
1.693
15.36
1.096
0.712
136
64
0.834
9.85
1.27
1.698
15.16
1.082
0.704
137
66
0.824
9.74
1.27
1.704
14.98
1.071
0.696
138
68
0.816
9.64
1.27
1.708
14.82
1.06
0.689
139
70
0.808
9.55
1.27
1.712
14.69
1.052
0.684
140
72
0.802
9.48
1.27
1.715
14.58
1.045
0.679
141
74
0.797
9.42
1.27
1.718
14.49
1.039
0.675
142
76
0.794
9.38
1.27
1.719
14.42
1.034
0.672
143
78
0.791
9.35
1.27
1.721
14.38
1.032
0.671
144
80
0.79
9.33
1.27
1.721
14.36
1.03
0.67
9.00
10.00
11.25
13.00
4.02
3.44
2.30
0.26
2.88
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
145
inertia
146
t
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.75
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.50
8.00
147
eta
4.61
4.15
2.88
0.26
0.71
2.30
3.44
4.09
148
ftop
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
149
2.303
0.00
0.06
0.11
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.11
150
0
0.00
0.06
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10
151
2
0.00
0.06
0.10
0.14
0.14
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.14
0.10
152
4
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.08
0.12
0.13
0.10
153
6
0.00
0.05
0.09
0.13
0.13
0.11
0.08
0.00
0.03
0.08
0.11
0.13
0.09
154
8
0.00
0.05
0.09
0.12
0.12
0.11
0.07
0.00
0.03
0.07
0.11
0.12
0.09
155
10
0.00
0.05
0.09
0.12
0.12
0.10
0.07
0.00
0.03
0.07
0.10
0.12
0.09
156
12
0.00
0.05
0.08
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.07
0.00
0.02
0.07
0.10
0.12
0.08
157
14
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.11
0.11
0.10
0.07
0.00
0.02
0.07
0.10
0.11
0.08
158
16
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.11
0.11
0.10
0.06
0.00
0.02
0.06
0.10
0.11
0.08
159
18
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.11
0.11
0.09
0.06
0.00
0.02
0.06
0.09
0.11
0.08
160
20
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.11
0.11
0.09
0.06
0.00
0.02
0.06
0.09
0.11
0.08
161
22
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.06
0.00
0.02
0.06
0.09
0.10
0.08
Page 52

BIPOL

(1995)

162
24
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.06
0.00
0.02
0.06
0.09
0.10
0.08
163
26
0.00
0.04
0.07
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.06
0.00
0.02
0.06
0.09
0.10
0.07
164
28
0.00
0.04
0.07
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.06
0.00
0.02
0.06
0.09
0.10
0.07
165
30
0.00
0.04
0.07
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.06
0.00
0.02
0.06
0.09
0.10
0.07
166
32
0.00
0.04
0.07
0.10
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.00
0.02
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.07
167
34
0.00
0.04
0.07
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.06
0.00
0.02
0.06
0.08
0.09
0.07
168
36
0.00
0.04
0.07
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.06
0.00
0.02
0.06
0.08
0.09
0.07
169
38
0.00
0.04
0.07
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.05
0.00
0.02
0.05
0.08
0.09
0.07
170
40
0.00
0.04
0.07
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.05
0.00
0.02
0.05
0.08
0.09
0.07
171
42
0.00
0.04
0.06
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.05
0.00
0.02
0.05
0.08
0.09
0.06
172
44
0.00
0.03
0.06
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.05
0.00
0.02
0.05
0.08
0.09
0.06
173
46
0.00
0.03
0.06
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.05
0.00
0.02
0.05
0.08
0.09
0.06
174
48
0.00
0.03
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.05
0.00
0.02
0.05
0.07
0.08
0.06
175
50
0.00
0.03
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.05
0.00
0.02
0.05
0.07
0.08
0.06
176
52
0.00
0.03
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.05
0.00
0.02
0.05
0.07
0.08
0.06
177
54
0.00
0.03
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.05
0.00
0.02
0.05
0.07
0.08
0.06
178
56
0.00
0.03
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.05
0.00
0.02
0.05
0.07
0.08
0.06
179
58
0.00
0.03
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.05
0.00
0.02
0.05
0.07
0.08
0.06
180
60
0.00
0.03
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.05
0.00
0.02
0.05
0.07
0.08
0.06
181
62
0.00
0.03
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.05
0.00
0.02
0.05
0.07
0.08
0.06
182
64
0.00
0.03
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.05
0.00
0.02
0.05
0.07
0.08
0.06
183
66
0.00
0.03
0.05
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.05
0.00
0.02
0.05
0.07
0.08
0.05
184
68
0.00
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.05
0.00
0.02
0.05
0.07
0.07
0.05
185
70
0.00
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.05
0.00
0.02
0.05
0.07
0.07
0.05
186
72
0.00
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.07
0.07
0.05
187
74
0.00
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.07
0.05
188
76
0.00
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.07
0.05
189
78
0.00
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.07
0.05
190
80
0.00
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.07
0.05
191
Drag
192
t
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.75
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.50
8.00
193
eta
4.61
4.15
2.88
0.26
0.71
2.30
3.44
4.09
4.02
194
ftop
9.00
10.00
11.25
13.00
3.44
2.30
0.26
2.88
0.27
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
195
2.303
0.25
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10
196
0
0.23
0.19
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10
197
2
0.21
0.17
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.09
198
4
0.19
0.16
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.12
0.00
0.00
0.12
0.05
0.00
0.08
199
6
0.18
0.15
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.11
0.17
0.16
0.11
0.05
0.00
0.08
200
8
0.17
0.14
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.10
0.16
0.15
0.10
0.04
0.00
0.07
201
10
0.16
0.13
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.10
0.15
0.14
0.10
0.04
0.00
0.07
202
12
0.15
0.12
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.09
0.14
0.13
0.09
0.04
0.00
0.06
203
14
0.14
0.11
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.09
0.13
0.12
0.09
0.03
0.00
0.06
Page 53

BIPOL

(1995)

204
16
0.13
0.11
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.08
0.12
0.11
0.08
0.03
0.00
0.06
205
18
0.12
0.10
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.07
0.11
0.11
0.07
0.03
0.00
0.05
206
20
0.11
0.09
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.07
0.11
0.10
0.07
0.03
0.00
0.05
207
22
0.10
0.09
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.07
0.10
0.09
0.07
0.03
0.00
0.05
208
24
0.10
0.08
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.06
0.09
0.09
0.06
0.02
0.00
0.04
209
26
0.09
0.08
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.06
0.09
0.08
0.06
0.02
0.00
0.04
210
28
0.09
0.07
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.05
0.08
0.08
0.05
0.02
0.00
0.04
211
30
0.08
0.07
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.05
0.08
0.07
0.05
0.02
0.00
0.04
212
32
0.08
0.06
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.05
0.07
0.07
0.05
0.02
0.00
0.03
213
34
0.07
0.06
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.05
0.07
0.07
0.05
0.02
0.00
0.03
214
36
0.07
0.06
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.07
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.03
215
38
0.06
0.05
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.03
216
40
0.06
0.05
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.03
217
42
0.06
0.05
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.01
0.00
0.03
218
44
0.06
0.05
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.01
0.00
0.02
219
46
0.05
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.02
220
48
0.05
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.02
221
50
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.02
222
52
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.02
223
54
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.02
224
56
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.02
225
58
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.02
226
60
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.02
227
62
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.01
228
64
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.01
229
66
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.01
230
68
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.01
231
70
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.01
232
72
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.01
233
74
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.01
234
76
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.01
235
78
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.01
236
80
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.01
237
238
239
F_tot
240
t
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.75
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.50
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.25
13.00
241
eta
4.61
4.15
2.88
0.26
0.71
2.30
3.44
4.09
4.02
3.44
2.30
0.26
2.88
242
ftop
0.27
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
243
2.303
0.25
0.14
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.21
244
0
0.23
0.13
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.20
245
2
0.21
0.12
0.01
0.14
0.14
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.14
0.19
Page 54

BIPOL

(1995)

246
4
0.19
0.11
0.01
0.13
0.13
0.16
0.20
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.07
0.13
0.18
247
6
0.18
0.10
0.02
0.13
0.13
0.16
0.19
0.17
0.13
0.04
0.07
0.13
0.17
248
8
0.17
0.09
0.02
0.12
0.13
0.15
0.18
0.16
0.12
0.03
0.07
0.12
0.16
249
10
0.16
0.08
0.02
0.12
0.12
0.14
0.17
0.15
0.11
0.03
0.06
0.12
0.16
250
12
0.15
0.08
0.02
0.12
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.14
0.11
0.02
0.06
0.12
0.15
251
14
0.14
0.07
0.02
0.11
0.11
0.13
0.15
0.13
0.10
0.02
0.06
0.11
0.14
252
16
0.13
0.06
0.02
0.11
0.11
0.13
0.14
0.12
0.09
0.02
0.06
0.11
0.13
253
18
0.12
0.06
0.03
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.14
0.11
0.08
0.01
0.06
0.11
0.13
254
20
0.11
0.05
0.03
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.11
0.08
0.01
0.06
0.11
0.13
255
22
0.10
0.05
0.03
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.10
0.07
0.00
0.07
0.10
0.12
256
24
0.10
0.04
0.03
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.09
0.07
0.00
0.07
0.10
0.12
257
26
0.09
0.04
0.03
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.09
0.06
0.00
0.07
0.10
0.11
258
28
0.09
0.03
0.04
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.11
0.08
0.06
0.00
0.07
0.10
0.11
259
30
0.08
0.03
0.04
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.11
0.08
0.05
0.01
0.07
0.10
0.11
260
32
0.08
0.03
0.04
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.07
0.05
0.01
0.07
0.10
0.10
261
34
0.07
0.02
0.04
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.07
0.05
0.01
0.06
0.09
0.10
262
36
0.07
0.02
0.04
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.07
0.04
0.01
0.06
0.09
0.10
263
38
0.06
0.02
0.04
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.06
0.04
0.01
0.06
0.09
0.10
264
40
0.06
0.02
0.04
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.06
0.04
0.01
0.06
0.09
0.09
265
42
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.06
0.09
0.09
266
44
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.06
0.09
0.09
267
46
0.05
0.01
0.04
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.06
0.09
0.08
268
48
0.05
0.01
0.04
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.08
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.06
0.08
0.08
269
50
0.04
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.06
0.08
0.08
270
52
0.04
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.06
0.08
0.08
271
54
0.04
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.06
0.08
0.08
272
56
0.04
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.06
0.08
0.07
273
58
0.04
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.06
0.08
0.07
274
60
0.03
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.06
0.08
0.07
275
62
0.03
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.03
0.01
0.03
0.06
0.08
0.07
276
64
0.03
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.03
0.01
0.03
0.06
0.08
0.07
277
66
0.03
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.03
0.01
0.03
0.06
0.08
0.07
278
68
0.03
0.00
0.04
0.07
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.03
0.01
0.03
0.06
0.07
0.07
279
70
0.03
0.01
0.04
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.03
0.01
0.03
0.06
0.07
0.07
280
72
0.03
0.01
0.04
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.03
0.01
0.03
0.06
0.07
0.07
281
74
0.03
0.01
0.04
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.03
0.01
0.03
0.06
0.07
0.07
282
76
0.03
0.01
0.04
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.03
0.01
0.03
0.06
0.07
0.07
283
78
0.03
0.01
0.04
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.03
0.01
0.03
0.06
0.07
0.07
284
80
0.03
0.01
0.04
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.03
0.01
0.03
0.06
0.07
0.07
3.84
1.36
1.40
3.73
3.76
3.88
3.98
2.56
1.71
0.33
2.43
3.73
4.48
285
sum
286
287
Page 55

BIPOL

289
Current forces:
Processing
Platform
290
291
z
288
(1995)

v_wind
v_tide
v_water_c
force(ton)
292
0
0.314
0.5
0.81
0.171
293
2
0.301
0.5
0.8
0.164
294
4
0.288
0.49
0.78
0.157
295
6
0.276
0.48
0.76
0.149
296
8
0.263
0.48
0.74
0.142
297
10
0.251
0.47
0.72
0.135
298
12
0.238
0.46
0.7
0.128
299
14
0.226
0.46
0.68
0.12
300
16
0.213
0.45
0.66
0.113
301
18
0.201
0.44
0.64
0.106
302
20
0.188
0.43
0.62
0.098
303
22
0.176
0.41
0.59
1.417
304
24
0.163
0.4
0.56
1.28
305
26
0.15
0.37
0.53
1.126
306
28
0.138
0.34
0.48
0.93
307
30
0.125
0
0.13
0.064
308
32
0.113
0.3
0
0
309
34
0.1
0.4
0
0
310
36
0.088
0.4
0
0
311
38
0.075
0.4
0
0
312
40
0.063
0.4
0
0
313
42
0.05
0.4
0
0
314
44
0.038
0.4
0
0
315
46
0.025
0.5
0
0
316
48
0.013
0.5
0
0
317
50
0
0.5
0
0
318
52
0.01
0.5
0
0
319
54
0.03
0.5
0
0
320
56
0.04
0.5
0
0
321
58
0.05
0.5
0
0
322
60
0.06
0.5
0
0
323
62
0.08
0.5
0
0
324
64
0.09
0.5
0
0
325
66
0.1
0.5
0
0
326
68
0.11
0.5
0
0
327
70
0.13
0.5
0
0
328
72
0.14
0.5
0
0
Page 56

BIPOL

(1995)

329
74
0.15
0.5
0
0
330
76
0.16
0.5
0
0
331
78
0.18
0.5
0
0
332
80
0.19
0.5
0
0
t
333
totalforce
6.299
In the following table maximum forces on members of the 4 other platforms are
presented (for the moment of maximum force):

Maximum
momentin
time
etamax
z2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
Page 57
Utilities
and
Compression Quarters
platform
platform
14.00
4.15
0.26
0.24
0.23
0.21
0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.09
14.00
4.15
0.21
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
Riser
Frutarum
platform platform
0.00
4.61
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0
4.61
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.1
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03

BIPOL

42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
totalforceon
single
member(ton)
(1995)

0.08
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
4.56
3.59
1.58
2.21
The current forces were found to be very similar and therefore have not been
presented here.
Appendix C: Wind Forces

Processing platform

mainlegs

25
33
0.068

0.002
1.27
0.002
3E+06
0.9
Page 58

0.05

m

fig.7.28

"
414
EC1
m
m/sec
t/m^2
(m)
(m)

7.14

tab7.13

7.22

BIPOL

l/b-

)
(7.19

7.19
O=
M=
18
1
\O=
0.77
0.693
0.003
m
1
m
0.156

r(zs)=
15
1.329
7.11

5.1

5.1

5.1

8.1
5.2
4.4
)=

(5.4 )
5.4
A.1
5.4
A.1
5.5
4.4
8.2
4.7
sec
8.3
B.4
steel
ton

0
1
1
0.117
600
1000
7.85
1
1
2.19
ton
ton
Hz
10.1
F.1

112.2
0.735
8.5
B.1
B.3
Gs=
G=
m=

Kh=
Kb=
0.012
0.142
43.85
5.606
0.044
5.744
0.292
0.159
0.831
0.201
8.6

10.2
10.4
F.15
m/sec
5.1
4.3
8.9
B.2
8.8
B.2
8.11
B.8
8.12
B.8
8.10.
B.7
8.10.
B.7
8.7
B.6
8.4
B.5
8.3
B.4
0=

H=
Usg=

Q=

Page 59
1.014
3.748
7.13

7.36
(1995)

7.25

tab.4.1
tab.4.1
tab.4.1
fig.6.1

Ucg=

Ga=
0

0
25
2.5

0.036
2.19

Hz
2.19
0.13

10.10.

tab.7.16
7.28
fig.736
tab.F.2

BIPOL

1.016

e
0.165
1.994
0.154
0.196
0.148
2.336
0.181
0.459
0.14
2.547
0.197
0.75
0.135
2.701
0.209
1.061
0.131
2.824
0.218
1.386
0.128
2.926
0.226
1.724
0.125
3.014
0.233
2.071
0.123
3.09
0.239
2.427
0.121
0.12
3.159
3.221
0.244
0.249
2.791
3.162
0.118
3.277
0.253
3.539
0.117
3.329
0.257
3.922
0.116
3.377
0.261
4.31
0.115
3.421
0.265
4.703
0.114
3.463
0.268
5.101
0.113
3.503
0.271
5.503
0.113
3.54
0.274
5.909
0.112
0.111

3.575
3.609
sum

0.276
0.279
4.554

6.319
6.732

EC1

8.1
6.1

r(ze
)
[5.2/
4.4]
1.27
1
2.54
1
3.81
1
5.08
1
6.35
1
7.62
1
8.89
1
10.16
1

11.43
12.7
1
1
13.97
1
15.24
1
16.51
1
17.78
1
19.05
1
20.32
1
21.59
1

Diagonals
22.86
24.13

1
1

35
Page 60

[5.4/A.1]
m
0.9
4
1.0
5
1.1
1
1.1
6
1.1
9
1.2
2
1.2
5
1.2
7
1.2
9
1.3
1.3
2
1.3
3
1.3
4
1.3
6
1.3
7
1.3
8
1.3
9
1.3
9
1.4

"
414
(1995)

BIPOL

33
0.07

t/m^2

0
1.01
0
2E+06
) m(

7.14
tab7.13

0

m

1

7.22
fig.7.28

-l/b
)
(7.19

7.19
tab.7.16

m/sec
) m(
O=
M=
22.8
1
\O=
0.77
0.77

0
m
1
m
0.16

r(zs)=
15
1.33

)=
0
1
1
0.12
0=

H=
Usg=

1000
7.85
1
1
2.19

112
0.69
Gs=
G=
0.01
0.38
m=

Kh=
43.8
5.61
0.04
8.04
Page 61
(1995)

7.13

7.36
fig.736
7.11
7.25

tab.4.1
tab.4.1
tab.4.1
fig.6.1

0

25
2.5

2.19

0

Hz

5.1

5.1

5.1

8.1

(5.4 )

600
steel
7.28
5.2
4.4
5.4
A.1
5.4
A.1
5.5
4.4
8.2
4.7

sec
8.3
B.4

Ucg=

Ga=
2.19
0.37

10.10.

ton
ton
ton
Hz
10.1
F.1
8.5
B.1
B.3
8.6

10.2
10.4
F.15
5.1
4.3
8.9
B.2
8.8
B.2
8.11
B.8

m/sec
tab.F.2

BIPOL

Kb=

Q=
0.23
0.12
0.86
0.06
0.6

3.61
0.95

e
0.165
1.95
0.12
0.148
2.29
0.15
0.14
2.5
0.16
0.135
2.65
0.17
0.131
2.77
0.18
0.128
2.87
0.18
0.125
2.96
0.19
0.123
3.03
0.19
0.121
3.1
0.2
0.12
3.16
0.2
0.118
3.22
0.21
0.117
3.27
0.21
0.116
3.32
0.21
0.115
3.36
0.22
0.114
3.4
0.22
0.113
0.113
3.44
3.48
0.22
0.22

8.12
B.8
8.10.
B.7
8.10.
B.7
8.7
B.6
8.4
B.5
8.3
B.4
8.1
6.1
r(ze
0 [5.4/A.1]
1.27
1
2.54
1
3.81
1
5.08
1
6.35
1
7.62
1
8.89
1
10.2
1
11.4
1
12.7
1
14
1
15.2
1
16.5
1
17.8
1
19.1
1

20.3
21.6
1
1
Page 62

(1995)

)
[5.2/
4.4]
0.9
44
1.0
52
1.1
15
1.1
6
1.1
95
1.2
23
1.2
47
1.2
68
1.2
86
1.3
03
1.3
18
1.3
31
1.3
44
1.3
55
1.3
66
1.3
76
1.3

BIPOL

(1995)

85
22.9
1

Deck
24.1

1
1.3
94
1.4
03

40
33
0.0681
t/m^2

"
414

0.002
50
4E05
1E+08
) m(
0.7
0.112
3.51
0.22
0.111

3.55
sum

0.23
3.7

EC1

7.14
tab7.13

0.05

7.22
fig.7.28
m
m/sec
) m(

-l/b
)
(7.19
O=
M=
0.4571
1
\O=
0.6
0.42

0.003
m
1
m
0.156

r(zs)=
45
1.5001

)=

0
1
1
0.104
600
1000
7.85
1
1
2

170.31
0.6241
0=

H=
Usg=
Page 63

7.19
7.11

5.1

5.1

5.1

8.1

7.25

tab.4.1
tab.4.1
tab.4.1
fig.6.1

Ucg=

Ga=
0

0
40
2.5

2447.6
2
tab.7.16
7.28
fig.736
5.2
4.4
5.4
A.1

5.4
A.1
5.5
4.4
8.2
4.7
sec
8.3
B.4
steel
ton

Hz
10.1
F.1

8.5
B.1
8.6
B.3
ton
ton

7.13

7.36

(5.4 )

12.449

BIPOL

Gs=
G=
m=

Kh=
Kb=

Q=

0.012
12.461
49.502
6.881
0.0383
7.434
9.2925
0.1255
0.1018
0.0002
0.0352
3.5
0.9116

cfr=
Afr1=
45

0.01
5000
Ffriction=

13.232

Page 64
(1995)

10.2
tab.F.2
10.4
F.15
m/sec
5.1
4.3

8.9
B.2
8.8
B.2
8.11
B.8
8.12
B.8
8.10.
B.7
8.10.
B.7
8.7
8.4
B.6
8.3
B.4
8.1
6.1

)
[5.2/
4.4]
e
1.5
001
0.104
3.8883
sum

202.65
202.65

r(ze
0 [5.4/A.1]
1
B.5
m^2
tonper
deck

BIPOL

(1995)

AppendixD:StructuralanalysisaccordingtoEC2oftubularcrosssections

Md
Nd
E[t/m^2]
m
fy[t/m^2]
D[m]
t[m]
Wel[m^3]
Wpl[m^3]
Ag[m^2]
I[m^4]
L
i[m]
Mass[t/m]
Npl,Rd
Mpl,Rd
diagonals
diagonals
lateralchords
superstructure subrstructure superstructure
0
0
195
656
1219
773
21000000
21000000
21000000
1.1
1.1
1.1
22500
22500
22500
0.508
1.067
1.067
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.005086
0.024646
0.024646
0.00686
0.03227
0.03227
0.0451
0.0977
0.0977
0.00129173
0.01314864
0.01314864
8
22.4
10
0.16923789 0.366853896 0.366853896
0.451
0.767
0.767
922.5 1998.409091 1998.409091
140.3181818 660.0681818 660.0681818
vertical
sections
substructure
119
2737
21000000
1.1
34500
1.219
0.035
0.03746
0.041206
0.13
0.0228
15
0.418789464
0.736
4077.272727
1292.37
vertical
sections
superstructure

2147
21000000
1.1
34500
0.711
0.06
0.01844
0.0255
0.1127
0.0167
9
0.384942868
0.963
3534.681818
799.7727273
vertical
sections
substructure

2994
21000000
1.1
34500
0.711
0.06
0.01844
0.0255
0.1127
0.0167
15
0.384942868
0.963
3534.681818
799.7727273

imperfection
factor
k
fKE
0.21
47.27073825
92754.34657
0.21
61.05973045
55591.61291
0.21
0.49
27.25880824 35.81751997
278936.4769 161557.832
tab5
0.21
0.21 12
23.38009287 38.96682145
379163.5461 136498.8766
k

0.469599668
0.638569889
0.606583062
0.726662727
0.27079601 0.440604772
0.544098821 0.656014452
0.287607308 0.479345513
0.550557749 0.644217339

e

0.05661593
0.008611647
0.933453092
0.085382443
0.02820155
0.887482845
0.014867162 0.117896338
0.004910576 0.037369512
0.984229055 0.87562484
M
x
1
1
0.590398707 0.903825866
1.408881704
1.5
combination
check
OK
Page 65
OK
1
0.232251762
1.082978437
OK
1
0.78120954
1.5
OK
0.018397535 0.058662558
0.004162707 0.01327325
0.980371842 0.930564107
tab5
1
1 25
0.192351275 0.57582769
1.108341108 1.476491359
OK
OK

BIPOL

(1995)

AppendixE:StructuralanalysisaccordingtoSI1225ofHEM
beams
HEMbeamcapacity
800
tw
tf
D
21
40
814
B
303
d
Av
F
Wx_el
Wx_pl
Wy_el
Wy_pl
Ixx
Iyy
i_x
i_y
fy
Vcap
eps
plastic
Mcap
ro
L
k
bucklingcheck
lb_check:
Mcr,t
Mcr,w
m
n
Mcr
XL
ML
Page 66
734
0.017094
0.0404
0.0108
0.0125
0.00123
0.00193
0.004426
0.000186
0.330990114
0.06785249
23500
223.1716667
1

271.9907407
0
10
1

checkbuckling
212.2219534
145.6389421
1
1.5
257.3885369
0.587759179
159.8650544
OK

welded: no

mm
Vd
25 t

mm
Nd
0 t

mm
Md
152.3438 tm

smallermomentatedgeof
mm
M1
0 tm beam
largermomentatedgeof
mm
M2
0 tm beam
m^2 beta
0

m^2 lb
10 m

m^3 E
20500000

m^3 G
7884615

m^3

m^3

m^4

m^4

m

m

t/m^2

t

tm

m

tm

(1.5forcoldrolledand1forwelded)

tm

BIPOL

(1995)

Appendix F: Foundation calculation required number of piles:

phi_0=
zc=
Nq=
Ks*tan(phi)=
40
15 m
200
0.1824
Processing
platform
Compression
platform
gamma_tot=
gamma_water=
2 t/m^2
1.03 t/m^3

Utilitiesand
Quarters
platform
Riser
platfor
m
Frutarum
Platform
forceatpile
head
D
piledepth
pilecapacity
Safetyfactor
5190
1.20
60
3741
3
1511
1.00
30
2411
3
1535
1.00
30
2411
3
750
0.80
30
1563
3
250
0.50
30
634
3
numberof
pilesperleg
5
2
2
2
2
Page 67

TRENCHINGOFPIPELINESINLOCATIONCOMPLEXNUMBER3:
ROUTEFROMPLATFORMTOONSHORE(REV15.5.11)

I.
PipelineTrenchingRequirements
The pipelines which connect the offshore platforms to the landfall area will require
trenching in the section between the HDD exit point at the landfall area up to the 60
meterwaterdepth.Theschematicbelowshowstheareatobetrenched,whichispart
ofcomplexnumber3.

This report provides a general description of pipeline protection requirements for
submarinepipelinesfortransportationtheprocessedgas.Alsoincludedisasectionon
specialcaseswherethereisahighrisktothepipelinesuchasanchorageareas.
1
Pipelines are designednot to move under the influence of waves and currents and to
resist damage from fishing equipment. Submarine pipelines are generally laid on the
seabed and are buried/protected only where there are specific reasons to do so. The
majorityofkilometersofsubseapipelinesarenotburiedortrenched.
Belowissketchofatypicalpipelinetrenchorrockdumpingifrequiredandtheaffected
zonefromthepipelinetrenchingoperations.
2

EffectofPipelineTrenchingOperationsonSeabedConditionsandEnvironment
Intheareawheretrenchingofthepipelineisproposed,theumbilicallinewillalsobe
trenchedtobeprotectedfromwaveaction,current,andfromfishingandtourism
relatedactivities.Pipelinetrenchingwillprovidesufficientcoverandprotection.
Trenchingwillbeperformedusingeitheraploughorjettingmachinedependingonthe
soilconditions.TheequipmentwillbedeployedfromaDSVorajettingbarge.The
trenchingoperationwillbecarriedoutinacontrolledmannerandwillnotcauseany
environmentaldisruptionorupsettotheseabedconditionsinthevicinityofthetrench.
3

II.
GeneralSubmarinePipelineDesign
Submarine pipelines are generally laid directly on the seabed and are only
buried/protectedwheretherearespecificreasonstodoso,asinourcasetoprotectthe
pipelinefromwaveandcurrentactionandtoprotectthepipelinefromtourismboats
andfishingactivities.
Pipelinesareaffectedbyhydrodynamicforcesfromwavesandcurrentsandonlyminor
movementsofthepipelineareallowedundertheseloads.
Thesketchbelowshowstheforcesaffectingthepipelineontheseabed.

4
Experienceshowsthatthefrequencyofdamagetosubseapipelinesislowandthatrisk
involvedintransportationofgasinsubseapipelinesisfullyacceptable.
Thetrenchingofthepipelineisadesignrequirementtoprovidestabilityforthepipeline
andtomaintaintheintegrityoftheburiedpipeline.

III.
PipelineStabilityandTypicalProtectionRequirementsandMethods
Pipelinesaredesignedtobe:
x
x
x
Stableontheseabed.
Safefrominteractionfromfishingequipment.
Buriedattheshorecrossing(toavoidnegativevisualimpact).
In very special cases the lines are also designed to be safe against anchor impact or
snagging.
Both stability and protection problems are often solved by applying concrete pipeline
coatingandthroughtrenchingburialofthelines.Belowisanexplanationofthebasics
oftheseaspectsofpipelinedesign.
PipelineStability
Firstly, the most basic requirement is that the pipeline weight has to be adequate to
ensurethatthelinewillnotfloattothesurface.Secondlythepipeweighthastoensure
that the line will not move significantly under the influence of design environmental
conditions(wavesandcurrents).
Waveloadingishighlydeterminedbythewavesizesandwaterdepth.Forwavesizes
suchasontheMediterraneancoastofIsraeltheforcesarelarge,soinshallowwaterit
isnotpossibletodesignthelinesothatitisstablewhilelyingontheseabed.Toprovide
anacceptablesolutioninthissituationthepipelinehastobeloweredbelowtheseabed.
Having the pipeline in an open trench it only experiences reduced wave forces.
However, in quite shallow water even the reduction of wave forces provided by any
opentrenchmaybeinadequateandinthatcasethepipelinehastobeloweredtothe
seabedlevelburied(trenchedandbackfilled)forstabilityreasons.
Pipelines are occasionally designed without a concrete coating to suit particular lay
methods and in that case the pipeline wall thickness is selected to provide required
weight.
5
Interactionfromfishingequipment
Wherepipelinesarecrossedbymodernfishingequipment(inparticulartrawlsoperated
near the seabed) there is a risk of damage to the pipeline from impact of the trawl
boardstothepipelines.Itisalsopossiblethattrawlequipmentcangetsnaggedbelowa
pipeline,andtransfersignificantloadontothepipelinespriortoreleasingthelines.
Thetheoreticalrisktopipelinesfromfishingequipmentisdentingfromdirectimpacts,
and possibly overstressing and kinking of small diameter pipelines from snagging of
fishingequipment.
Theriskofdentingofthepipelineisnotgreatasthemodernconcretepipelinecoatings
aredesignedtobeveryresistanttoimpactdamagefromtrawlboards.
Thefishingequipmentisalsodesignedtoavoidgettingsnaggedonsubseaobstaclesso
itisonlyrarecasesthatthefishingequipmentbecomesdamagedfrominteractingwith
thepipelines.
Trenching/burialtechniques
Pipelines can be lowered below the seabed level either pre or postlay. The exact
method employed depends highly on the seabed soil and on the available dredging
equipment.
Prelay, a trench for the pipeline can be excavated using equipment such as a cutter
section dredge or similar large vessel based equipment. This is often the preferred
methodforshortsectionsneartheshoreline.Thiswouldalsobeusedelsewhereshould
largerburialdepthsberequired.
Thepipelinecanalsobeloweredbelowseabedlevelafterithasbeenlaid.Inthiscase,
specialized equipment would be lowered down over the pipeline, and progressively
removing the soil below the line while being towed forward by a surface vessel. Soft
soilscanberemovedusingaploughingorjettingaction.Inhardsoils,equipmentbased
oncuttingactionmayalsobeemployed.Forthealltypesofpostlayequipment,itmay
berequiredtomakeseveralpassestoachievethetargetdepthofthetrench.
Depending on the soils and the selected equipment, practically achievable trench
depthsareoftenintheorderofabout3metersforthenearshoresectionand1to2
metersforthelongersectionstrenchedpostlay.
The trenching operation utilizes jet sled to jet the soil underneath the pipeline and
create the required trench so that the pipeline can descend into the trench. The
6
trenching affected zone in which the soil is displaced is around 30 meter in width. If
further protection material such as rock dumping needs to be provided as an extra
measureofprotection,thewidthoftherockdumpingaffectedareawouldbeupto10
meters.
Thefollowingfigureshowstheterminologyforpipelinetrenches:

IV.
Specialpipelineprotectionrequirements
Inareaswherethereareunusualriskstopipelinesadetailedassessmentoftheriskis
oftenperformed.Examplesofsuchareasare:
x
x
x
Dedicatedanchorzonesforships.
Highlytraffickedshippinglaneswheretheriskofshipcollisionsishigh.
Areaswithhigherriskofdroppedobjects.
Whereriskisfoundtobeunacceptable,thehazardispreferablyremovedorelse
measuresaretakentoensurethattheconsequencesofimpactonthelineare
acceptable.
Anchors
Dragin(orembedment)Anchorsarethetraditionaltypeofanchorusedprimarilyin
Catenarymooring systems with chains or wires. These anchors generate resistance by
penetratingintothesoftseabedmaterialsbytheirownweightandshape.
7
Dragin Anchors are best suited for anchor types which will require recovery in softer
seabed material. In generating the horizontal resistance most forms of anchor move
horizontallyaswellasvertically,thismeansthattheyareendangeringseabedpipelines.
In these cases there is less guidance in the design codes and hence the pipeline
designers would often be required to demonstrate that a proposed pipeline design is
safe.
Effectofanchorimpactonanunprotectedpipeline.
Bothinthededicatedanchorzonesandinthefewhighlytraffickedshippinglanesthe
problems are similar. Should a dropped or dragged anchor impact on an unprotected
pipeline,theresultwouldmostlikelybetoseverelydamageorpunctureit.
The potential loads from anchors of ships which are dropped on top of a pipeline are
very high due to the mass of the anchor and the high velocity a dropped anchor
achievesthroughthewater.
Inaddition,whenshipsdragtheiranchorsinastorm,theanchorscandragmanymeters
belowtheseabedandaverylargeprotectivestructureisrequiredtostopthedrift of
such a vessel or to ensure that the anchor is deflected above the pipeline. The exact
loadwouldprimarilydependonthedisplacementanddriftingvelocityofthevesseland
on the environmental conditions at the time. The depth that the anchor would travel
priortoreachingthepipelinewoulddependonthesoiltype.Insoftsoilstheanchors
can be dragged 6 meters or deeper below the seabed and in these conditions it is
probablynotfeasibletoburythelineatadepthbelowreachofdragginganchors.
Preferableapproachseparatepipelinehazard
Inrespectofpipelinesrequiredtocrosshighlytraffickedshippinglanes,itisnotfeasible
toseparatethehazardandthepipelines.
Thisishoweverpreferableforpipelinesnearorgoingthroughdedicatedanchorzones.
Prior to starting to consider how to protect the line against anchor damage all
possibilitiesofseparatingthehazardandthepipelineshouldbeexplored.
Inmanycasesitwouldbepossibletoeitherreroutethepipelinearoundthehazardous
zone. In other cases it may be possible to maintain the pipe location but to either
reduce the size of the anchor area or to move the anchor area so that there is safe
distancebetweentheanchorareaandthepipelineroute.Shouldthisbepossible,itis
thepreferredsolutionasthiscouldtypicallybeachievedataverylowcost.
8
V.
Pipelineprotectioninareaswheretrenchingisnotpossible

Inareaswheretrenchingisnotpractical,e.g.insandstoneridgeareas,acommonway
toprotectthepipelineistolayanumberofflexiblemattressesovertheline,tomitigate
the consequences of an impact and for stability of the pipeline. The mattresses often
consistofblocksofconcretearound0.2metersthick,heldtogetherbystrong,synthetic
ropes.
Themattressescanprovideprotectionforbothonbottomstabilityofthepipelineand
protectionfromfishingandmarineactivities.

Aboveisaschematicdrawingofatypicalmattressprofile.
Thetypicaldensityofconcreteofmattressesis3600kg/m3.
9

Concretemattressinstallation:

10

BIPOL
FLOW SYSTEM COMPONENTS (1995) LTD
."!" (1995) ! "

LandfallandShoreApproach

x Introduction
Whenlayingthepipelineoffshore,approachingthelandfallrequiresshorecrossing
work.Thisworkincludeslayingofthepipelinewithinthesurfandshorezone,across
andbeyondthehighwatermark,toconnecttothelandsection.Inthisarea,the
pipelinehastobeinsufficientdepthinordertobeprotectedfromtheenvironmental
andhydrodynamicforces.Dependingonthesoiltypeandthenatureofthebeach,two
methodsareavailablefortheshorecrossingconstruction:
A. HDDHorizontalDirectionalDrilling,whereaholeisdrilledfromentrypointon
thebeachtoanexitpointoffshoreforthepipelinetogothrough
B. Cofferdam Construction Method, where a sheet pile cofferdam is constructed
where the excavation tunnel can be done to accommodate the pipeline
installation.
A. HorizontalDirectionalDrilling(HDD)
HDD(HorizontalDirectionalDrilling)techniqueoffersamethodbywhichapipelinecan
beinstalledinashorecrossing(fromonshoretooffshore)rapidlyandatagreatercover
depth,andthusminimizedisruptiontotheenvironmentandtoexistingpipelines,and
when future pipelineshave to use the same section of beach. The rapid construction
schedule can be implemented without weather condition effects on the installation,
withoutenvironmentaldamagetothecliffortothebeach.
Horizontal directional drilling is a trenchless construction method utilizing equipment
andtechniquesfromhorizontaloilwelldrillingtechnology.
1
Horizontal Directional Drilling has been used in various sites along the Israeli coast
duringtheconstructionin2005oftheoffshorenaturalgastransmission30inchpipeline
along the coast of Israel. The pipeline lies parallel to the coast, at a distance of
approximately5kmfromthecoast,withfourentrypointstotheland(Shorecrossing)
at Reading Tel Aviv, North and South, Hadera and Dor. All four shore crossings used
horizontal directional drilling successfully without environmental adverse effects.
Photosareprovidedattheendofthisreportofthiswork.

This process is highly recommended to follow in future shore crossing work along the
coastofIsrael.

HDDtechnologyisusedinmanysituations,includingthefollowing:
lakecrossings;
wetlandcrossings;
canalandwatercoursecrossings;
valleycrossings;
sensitivewildlifehabitat;and
roadandrailwaycrossings.

HDDinstallationinvolvesfourmainsteps:
1)presiteplanning;
2)drillingapilothole;
3)expandingthepilotholebyreaming;and
4)pullbackofprefabricatedpipe.
Environmentallyfriendlywithminimaldisturbance
The traditional method of constructing a pipeline, in which a trench is excavated, can
leadtomajorobstructionsandobjectionsamongstvariousauthoritiesandindifferent
areas. Horizontal directional drilling avoids breaking open or causing damage to these
areas and it minimises the impact to the surroundings of the works.
2
HDDinSteps:TheLandfallmethod(Onshoreoption)

Apilotholewillbedrilledfromonshoreentrypointtowardsoffshoreexitpoint
alongaplannedprofileassistedbydownholesteeringtoolsystem

Thedrilledholewillbeenlargedusingasequenceofreamers/flycuttersfrom
onshoretowardsoffshore

Productpipestringfabricatedonshorewillbepulledthroughthereamedholefrom
onshoretowardsoffshorebyaHDDriglocatedonboardthedrillbarge
3
x TechniqueforLandfallCrossing.
Drillingtheprofile
Asmalldiameterpilotholeisdrilledunderdirectionalcontroltoapredeterminedpath
usingamudmotororjetbitontheendofthepilotstring.Thepilotstringisdrilledto
specified length, then the washover pipe is advanced in rotary mode until it is
approximately 30 metres behind the drill bit. Alternate pilot string and drilling
operationstakeplaceuntiltheexitpointisreached,andthenthesmallerpilotstringis
removed.
Enlargingthehole/reaming
Prereamingoperationsarecarriedouttoenlargethedrilledholetoasizesuitablefor
acceptingtheproductpipe.Pullbackpipeisaddedbehindthereamer.Dependingupon
the pipe diameter to be installed several prereaming operations may be necessary,
eachprogressivelyenlargingthehole.
Installingthepipe/pullback
Thepullbackpipeisconnectedtoa'cleaning'reamerwhichinturnconnectstoaswivel
joint,(topreventpiperotation),thatisattachedtothepipelinetowhead.Thedrillrigis
thenusedtopulltheproductpipeintotheperformedhole.Thedrillingfluidconsisting
ofwaterandclaymineralswillremainintheannulusandprotectthepipe.
Steering/SurveyofDrillHead
Itisnecessarytosteerthedrillheadormudmotorduringthedrillingofthepilot
hole.Anumberofsteeringtechnologiesareavailable.Twoofthemorecommon
systemsareknownastheDigiTraksystemandtheTruTrackersystem.The
DigiTrakisawalkoversystemthatissomewhatlimitedinthedepthtowhichit
iseffective.TheTruTrackersystemisawirelinesteeringtoolsystemandis
utilized where the depth of the crossing is outside the range of the walkover system.
Bothofthesesystemsprovideeffectivesteering.

4
x DrillingFluids
DrillingfluidisusedforanumberoftasksintheHDDprocessincluding:
coolingandlubricatingthedrillstem,mudmotorandbit;
providinghydraulicpowertothemudmotorwhichinturnconvertshydraulic
powertomechanicalpower;
carryingcuttingsoutoftheborehole;
stabilizingtheboreholeduringthedrillingprocess;and
sealingfracturesintheformation.

Drillingfluidisusuallyamixtureoffreshwaterandbentonite.Bentoniteis
naturallyoccurringclaythatisextremelyhydrophilic(i.e.,hashighswelling
characteristics).Certainpolymersmayalsobeusedthatenhancethedrillingfluid
benefits.
Adrillingfluiddesignplanshouldbeestablishedbeforethestartoftheproject.
Thisplanshouldalsobemodified,whenwarranted,throughouttheprojectto
ensurethedrillingfluidisfulfillingitsfunction.
Thecontractorsdrillingexecutionplanshouldidentifytheequipmenttobe
maintainedonsitetocheckdrillingfluidproperties.Alterationstothemixshould
bemade,whenwarranted,tostaywithintheproposedboundariesinthedrilling
fluidmanagementplan.
Amudhandlingsystemshouldbeonsitetoensuredrillingfluidparametersare
withinthesetstandards.
Additives
Variouschemicalandmaterialscanbeaddedtothedrillingfluidtoadjustits
properties.
Thisisdonetocontrol:Density,viscosity,pluggingandsealingcapabilities,and
specificconditionssuchasswelling.

Alladditivesshouldbeenvironmentallysafe.Anumberofadditiveshavebeen
recognizedassafeforthewaterwelldrillingindustryand,withtheproper
approvals,couldbeusedfortheHDDindustry.
Alladditivesmustbeapprovedbeforeuse.
DrillingFluidDisposal,DrillMudCleaningandDisposalPlan,
EnvironmentalIssues
Samplesshouldbeacquiredofthedrillingfluid/cuttingsandanalyzedfor
contaminationbeforedisposal.Permits/approvalsarerequiredinsomeprovinces
andterritoriesforthedisposalofdrillingwastes.
5
Drillingfluidandcuttingsareusuallyhauledtoanapprovedsiteordisposalfacility.
x Types and Causes of HDD Failures

Manyofthemorecommontypesoffailuresandtheirassociatedcause(s)are
notedbelow:
Types of HDD Failures and Their Cause
Type
Cause
Lossofdrillingfluid/
Lossofcirculation
permeabledepositsorjointedand/or
fracturedbedrockalongthe
drillpath
excessiveannularpressuresforthe
bedrockformationorsoils
encountered
drillpath
encountered
drillpath
encountered
suggestsinadequatemonitoringalong
drillpath
erosionorsettlingoftheborehole
collapseofholealongthedrillpath,dueto
swellingofhighly
plasticclays,boulders,bentonicshales,
coalseams
inadequatereamingtoobtainoptimal
borediameterforpullback
twistingoffofdrillstemormetalfailure
ofdownholetools
Drillingmudseepage
directlyinto
watercourse
Drillingmudseepage
ontolandandthen
intowatercourse
Collapsedhole
Stuckdrillstemor
pipestring
Losttoolsand/ordrill
stands

Damagedpipeor
coating
inadequatereamingtoobtainoptimal
borediameterforpullback
excessiveentryorexitangleforbend
radiusofthepipestring
6
sharpobjectsorcasingpresentinbore
collapseofholealongthedrillpath
x RigPullingForceRequirements

Thetotalforcerequiredtopullthepipelinethroughthedrilledpilotholeis
calculatedtoensuretheconstructedrighassufficientpullingcapacity.
Calculationsarebasedonseveralengineeringassumptionsandverifiedatthe
fieldduringtheconstructionphase.
FTTotalforcerequiredtopullthepipelinethroughwillincludethefollowing
forces.
FWforcerequiredtoliftthedeadweightofthepipeline
FMForcerequiredtoovercomethebendingmomentofthepipeline
FFRForcerequiredtoovercomethefrictionbetweenthepipeandthedrilled
hole

FT=FFR+FM+FW

7
x ExamplesofProjectssuccessfullyusingHDD
KupeGasProjectExampleofSuccessfulHDD
TheNewZealandKupeGasProjectavoidedadverseeffectsonthenearshorecoastal
area by drilling under the seabed to approximately 1200 metres offshore Horizontal
Directional Drilling (HDD). This avoids the need to trench through the cliff, beach,
intertidalzone,andnearshoresubtidalzone,withpipelayingoperationscommencingat
awaterdepthofapproximately10m.
TheHDDspecificationpriortotheprojectisasfollows:

ThetwoHDDexitpoints(onefortheOffshoreRawGasPipelineandtheotherforthe
utilitylines)willbelocatedapproximately1200moffshoreatadepthofapproximately
10m.Thiswillavoidconstructionrelatedeffectsassociatedwithpipelayingoperations
through the intertidal and shallow nearshore zone. Precautions will be taken to
minimisethevolumeofdrillingmudandcuttingswhichwillbedischargedtothemarine
3
environmentwhenthedrillbitemergesthroughtheseabed(upto200m duringeachof
3
theinitialtwobreakouteventswithafurthersixdischargeeventsofupto100m ).
Thedirecteffectsofthebreakouteventsonsubtidalecologywillincludedestructionat
theimmediateexitpoint,smotheringoforganismsintheimmediatevicinityoftheexit
point, and possible sedimentation of inshore regions through the associated sediment
plume (this will depend on the ocean currents at the time). However, as the major
organisms found in the inshore boulder area are indicative of a frequently disturbed
environment,withhighturbidityandscourassociatedwithsedimentation,anyadverse
effectsassociatedwiththeHDDexitpointsareconsideredtobelocalised,minimaland
shortterm.
The drilling fluid used which will be used with the HDD operation will not have any
significant ecotoxicological impacts, as they are biodegradable and will be quickly
dispersed.

In2008,theoffshoresection,includingtheHDD,wassuccessfullycompleted.

KupeGasProjectisnowfullyoperationalandisoneofNewZealandsmostimportant
new infrastructure developments, supplying natural gas to the countrys gas
transmissionsystem,LPGfornationaldistribution,andlightcrudeoil(condensate)for
exporttorefineriesinAustralasiaandtheSouthPacific.
8
x BactonBeachUKExampleofsuccessfulHDD

HamiltonBrosOilandGasLtdinstalledsuccessfullyapipelinesectionBYHDDinshore
crossingtoconnecttoaoffshorepipelaid24inchO/Dgaspipelinebybeachcrossingto
shoreintheAmocoterminalatBacton.
Thedisposalofthedrillingreturnswasthecontractorresponsibilityandwashandledin
a controlled manner. Due to the sensitive environmental conditions, drilling returns
werepumpedfromthebeachareaassoonastheybeencollected,inordertominimize
theriskofpollution.
This project was successfully completed and the HDD technique did not result in any
adverseeffectstotheenvironment.
9

x ExperienceinIsraelbyMichelsContractors
The USA contractor, Michels, were hired by the Israel Electric Corp to perform
horizontaldirectionaldrillingoperationsfortheIsraelNaturalGasTransmissionPipeline
offshore Israel in 2005, with shore landings at South and North Reading, Tel Aviv (30
inchshorelanding),Dor(30inchshorelanding)andHadera(12inchshorelanding).
AfullDrillMudCleaningandDisposalPlanwasdesignedbyMichelsandreviewedby
IntecEngineering,aswellasSpillPreventionandContainmentpractices.Thisincluded
mudtechnicianswhomonitoredfluidlossfromthedrillingandreamingoperationsby
visually inspecting the rate of cutting returns entering the mud system. Any fluid loss
would be relayed to the drill operator and operations would cease until the problem
wasrectified.MichelsdrewupaSpillPreventionandCountermeasurePlan(SPCC)for
theHDDoperationsinIsrael.
The operation of heavy equipment to support the HDD also required use of various
hazardousmaterialssuchasfuels,oilandgenerallubricants.Aseparateplanwasdrawn
updescribingmeasurestobetaken.
An environmentally safe drilling fluid was used in combination with established and
proven drilling techniques to minimize the potential for any adverse impact. Drilling
fluid typically consists of a fresh water base with an inert additive (typically bentonite
clay). Depending on the porosity and permeability of the ground formation, a small
percentage,usuallyunder5%,ofthefluidwillbenaturallyabsorbedbytheformation
and drilling fluid lost from the bore hole in this manner rarely reaches the surface
inadvertentlyandisunlikelytocomeincontactwiththesurface.
Thefluidnotabsorbedfromthegroundwillfilltheannulusbetweenthedrillstemand
theboreholewall.Aslongastheboreholeremainsopenandapathoflesserhydraulic
relief pressure is not encountered (formation fracture) circulation back to the surface
willcontinueforthedurationofthedrillingandinstallationoperations.Michelsuseda
drillheaddesignedtoboreasignificantlylargerdiameterholethantheouterdiameter
of the drill stem in order to provide adequate space for the fluid to flow up the bore
hole annulus. Many stringent measures were taken to stop/rectify inadvertent drilling
fluidreturns.
10
Theuseofanenvironmentallysafedrillingfluidensuresthatevenintheeventofafluid
loss to a water body, there will be no adverse environmental impact other than a
temporary increase in the turbidity as a result of inadvertent drilling fluid loss, while
directionaldrillingofthecrossingwillbefarlessthanthatofanopencutcrossing.

Directionaldrillingof30inchpipelineinDorsite,June6th,2005,Exitpoint
Endresultofdirectionaldrillingcleanarea,cleancoast,nodamagetothecoastline.

On the following page are site photos taken from the Reading site after the HDD
work,showingthatthesiteiscleanandtheenvironmenthasnotbeensubjectedto
adverseeffects.
11

12
B.
CofferdamMethod
WhenenvironmentalsoilconditionsandengineeringassessmentindicatedthattheHDD
HorizontalDirectionalDrillingmethodisnotsuitable,thenacofferdammethodhasto
beapplied.
Acofferdamisanenclosedareabuiltfromsheetpiles,commencingfromthevicinityof
the terminal seagate up to the offshore limit of the breaking waves, in which pre
installationdredginginshorecanbedone.Excavationwillbedoneinsidethecofferdam
toprovidethespecificdepthandprofileinordertolaythepipeline.
Subsequenttolayingofthepipelineinsidethecofferdam,thepipelineiscoveredand
thetemporarysheetpilesremoved.
Thedismantlingofthetemporarycofferdamisdoneafterthepipelineisinstalledinto
thetrenchandthecofferdam,andreinstatementfollowstobringtheareatoitsoriginal
state..
Inthismethod,thepipelinecanbelaidbymeansofshorepullfromeitherofthetwo
followingmethods:
x
From the land side whereby strings are prepared on rollers on the
beachinsectionsandthenaheavydutywinchwillpullthepipelinethroughthe
cofferdam.
Byusingapipelayingbargewherethepipelineisconstructedonthe
laybarge,andusingawinchbasedonthebeachtopullthepipelinethroughthe
cofferdamfromtheoffshoresideintoshore.
The cofferdam construction requires heavy duty equipment such as vibrohammers,
pilehammers, roller cranes, and sheet pile materials. There are contractors in Israel
who have the equipment and capability of carrying out such work. A few cofferdams
have been built along the coast of Israel to accommodate gas pipelines and water
desalinationpipelines.Theselectionofcofferdammethoddependsontheengineering
assessment,soilandenvironmentalconditionsforeachparticularsite.
13

TypicalCrossSectionofCofferdamwithSheetPiles
14
ProjectInAshdod

15
ProjectinBacton,UK
ViewofCofferdamwithSheetPilesInstalled
16
EntryCorridorforOffshoreGasPipelinetoShoreforTAMA37/'
16May2011

Objectives:
Theobjectiveofthisengineeringassessmentistodefinetherequirementfortheright
ofwaycorridorwidthforthelayingandconstructionofthesubmarinepipelinefromthe
onshoreprocessplatformtotheshore,toallowfortheoptionofafuturetrunkpipeline
tobelaidinthesamecorridor.

EngineeringAssessment:
Whenasecondtrunkpipelineislaidinparalleltoanotheroffshoretrunkpipeline,the
followingengineeringconsiderationsneedtobetakenintoaccount:
x
x
x
x
Thesecondtrunkpipelineassumedtobelaidatadifferenttime,whenthefirst
pipelineisliveandalreadyinuse
Thetrunkpipelineconnectingtheplatformtoshoremayrangebetween16to
30 diameter, and additional small diameter service lines (glycol, umbilicals,
water)canbelaidadjacenttoit.
Suitabledistancebetweenthetwotrunkpipelinestoensuresafetyandintegrity
of the existing pipeline, at the time of laying and trenching. The position of
anchors needs to be taken into account, as well as mooring chains and vessel
activity. Safe placement of anchors indicates that no anchors shall be placed
closer than 300 m to an existing pipeline or cable if the mooring cable crosses
thepipelineor150mifthemooringlinedoesnotcrossthepipelineorcable.No
anchor shall be placed closer than 150 m to any pipeline or structure. See
sketchesbelow.
Consideration of the seabed conditions as relates to anchoring systems and
trenchingoperations
The state of the existing trunk pipeline needs to be taken into account if it is
underinternalpressure.Thereneedstobeasafetydistancebetweenthetrunk
pipelinesalsoduringmaintenanceworksandperiodicoperationalchecks.
In assessing the distance between trunk pipelines, the type of vessel and
contractortrenchingequipmentneedstobetakenintoconsideration
1
x
x
x
Considerationoftrenchingmethodandifneededofcoveringthepipewithrocks
or concrete mattresses. Zone allowed for protection material and trenching
affectedzoneshouldbeconsideredasshownonsketchsectionAAbelow
Precision of pipelaying should be considered, as well as keeping position of
vesselsandtrenchingequipmentaccordingtoweatherdata
Environmentalinfluencesonseabedduringtrenchingoperationsanddiggingthe
trenchintheseabed
Atentrytocoastatwaterlevelthereisaneedfordiggingworkonthebeachor
HDDaccordingtothetypeofbeach
Conclusion:
Taking into consideration all the above issues and project data, the required distance
betweenthetwotrunkpipelinesforthecorridorrightofwayshouldbedesignatedas
follows:
x
Entrytothecoaststartingat1kmfromthecoast:200meterwidthrightofway
shouldbedesigned
Widthofrightofwaycorridoralongthestraightlineshouldbedesignatedat500
meters
Widthofrightofwaycorridorinrockykurkarareasand/orwheresharpturning
isrequiredis1km.
2
3

4

App.GINGLProximityDistances

DRAFT
Aug07,2011
AN/163563040092/HA

Mr.GideonLerman
LermanArchitects
INGLProximityDistances
AspertherequestofLermanArchitects,LudanhasreviewedtherequirementsoftheSI5664for
proximitydistancesforarangeofoptionsontheINGLsystem.Additionally,Ludanhasprovided
recommendationsconcerningthelocationandsizeoftheINGLReceivingFacility.Thefollowingare
theresults:
1. Asperrecentdevelopments,INGLtypicallyrequestsa20meterwidecorridor.Thereare
instancesthata10metercorridorisprovided(orevenless)butthisisasecondaryoption.
Therefore,werecommendthatallINGLcorridorsbeprovidedwitha20meterwidecorridor.
2. BuildingProximityDistances:Thebuildingproximitydistancedefinesthehorizontaldistance
betweenthecenterlineofthenaturalgaspipeline(oredgeofstation)andtheouteredgeof
abuildingintendedforhumanoccupancy,buildingsofconsiderableinfrastructurevalue
(SI56642F.3.2.1b).However,duringthestatutorical/TAMAstage,thisdistanceshouldbe
takenfromtheedgeofthecorridorratherthantheexpectedpipelinecenterline.Thisisdue
tothefactthatthepipelinemayultimatelybedesignedandconstructedattheextremeedge
ofthecorridor.Thefollowingarethebuildingproximitydistancesthataretypicallyseenon
theproject.Thedistance,whichismeasuredinmeters,isbasedontheouterdiameterofthe
pipelineandthedesignpressure.Thereisanallowancetoreducethisdistancebyhalfshould
itberequired,subjecttoadditionalsafetymeasures.However,thisallowanceisalastresort
andisnottypicallyused.

Diameter
Page 1 of 4
BuildingProximityDistance(m)80bargDP
24
25
30
35
36
45
F:\Projects\803\06-WORK\ \ \ \ \' \G1 - INGL Proximity Distances.docx

DRAFT
AspertableF.6

3. SurveyDistance:Thesurveydistancedefinesthehorizontaldistancestartingfromthe
centerlineofthenaturalgaspipeline(oredgeofstation)andextendingoutwardsinboth
directions.Thisstripthanundergoesasurveyforlandplanningpurposes,[and]thearea
classificationshallbedeterminedbysurveying[this]stripwhosewidthisdeterminedinthe
statutoryregulations.(SI56642F.3.2.1a)Oncethisareaclassificationisdetermined,the
pipelinewallthicknessandotherdesignfactorscanthenbedefined.Thesurveydistance,
measuredinmeters,isafunctionofouterdiameterofthepipelineandthedesignpressure.
Itisimportanttonotethatduringthestatutorical/TAMAstage,thisdistanceshouldbetaken
fromtheedgeofthecorridorratherthantheexpectedpipelinecenterline.Thisisduetothe
factthatthepipelinemayultimatelybedesignedandconstructedattheextremeedgeofthe
corridor.
Diameter
SurveyDistance(m)80bargDP
24
95
30
120
36
140
AspertableF.4
4. InfluenceofElectricalLinesandEquipmentontheNaturalGasProject
a. TheSI56642(section6.4)statesthatthehorizontaldistancebetweenthe
overheadphaseconductorandthepipelineshallbeatleast15mforMedium
Voltage[52kVAC]circuits,25mforhighvoltagecircuits[161kV]and30mforextra
highvoltagecircuits[400kV].(SI566426.4.2.2)Thereisanallotmentfora
reductionofthesedistancesifclosecoordinationbetweenthetwoownersarein
placesandspecialcalculationshavebeenperformed.
b. Additionally,theminimumdistancebetweenthepylonfoundationandthepipeline
shallbeatleast5mformediumvoltagecircuitsand10mforhighandextrahigh
voltagecircuits.(SI566426.4.2.4)Thereisanallotmentforareductionofthese
distancesifclosecoordinationbetweenthetwoownersareinplace.Theminimum
distancebetweentheearthingofthepylonandtheearthingofthepipelineshallbe
atleast20m.(SI566426.4.2.6)
c. Thestandarddiscussesthedistancesallowedbetweentheelectricalinsulatoranda
manualvent:Topreventignitionsofgasblowoff,thehorizontaldistancebetween
Page 2 of 4

DRAFT
thepipelineblowofforificewithdiameternotgreaterthan2andthenearest
insulatoroftheMVHVEHVcircuitsshallbeatleasttwicetheverticaldistance
betweenthembutnotlessthan35m.Incaseofaventstackgreaterthan2,a
safetyevaluation(QRA)shallbeperformed.(SI566426.4.2.7)
d. Finally,thedistancebetweenthepipelineandMVHVEHVundergroundcables
shallbeatleast1.5m.Thisdistancemaybereducedtoaminimumof0.5mifspecial
mechanicalprotectionmeasuresaretakentoprotecttheelectricalcable.(SI56642
6.4.2.8)
5. ParallelPipelines:Asperthestandard,theclearancebetweenparallelpipelinesshallbeat
least0.4m.(SI56641section8.1.5)However,ifthepipelinesarentlaidsimultaneously,and
thisdistanceislessthan5meters,coordinationbetweenthepipeownersisrequiredand
appropriateprotectionmeasuresshallbeusedtopreventerosion,corrosion,orother
probablefailure.(SI56641section6.5.6)Apipelineshouldbeatleast5metersfromthe
edgeofaroad.Iftheroadinquestionisasecondaryroad,thisdistancecanbereducedto
onemeteruponagreementandconsultationbetweenallparties(SI56641section6.5.4).
6. RailwayInfluence:Thesafetydistancerunningparalleltoanabovegroundrailwayis8
metersfromthecenteroftheraillinetothecenterofthepipelineand6metersfromthe
toeoftheembankmenttothecenterofthepipeline.(SI56641section6.5.5)
7. CrossingofPublicWorks:Apipelineshouldcrosspublicworksatarightangle,wherever
possible.Adeterminationshouldbemadetoseewhetheradditionalprotectionisrequired
fromthirdpartyinterference.Suchadditionalprotectioncanincludeaconcreteslab,
concretecoating,extradepthofcoverorhighvisibilitywarningtapeburiedabovethe
pipeline.Theseparationdistancesbetweenthepipesarenotdefinedhereinbutshouldbe
appropriatetopreventdamageduringconstructionandoperation.(SI56641section
6.5.3)
8. LocationofINGLReceivingFacility:ItisrecommendedthattheINGLreceivingfacilitybe
adjacenttotheReceivingTerminaltoassureappropriatecustodytransfer.Intheeventthat
thisisnotcarriedout,thereexiststhequestionofownershipandoperationofthepipeline
fromtheterminaltotheINGLreceivingfacility.
9. SizeofINGLReceivingFacility:ItisrecommendedthatthesizeoftheINGLreceivingfacility
beabout10dunam.Thisfacilitywillincludetheboardingskidtoreceivethegasfromthe
Terminal.Thisskidwillincludeameteringfacilityandchromatographaswell.Downstreamof
thisskid,amanifoldwillexisttoprovideconnectiontotheINGLnetwork.Thismanifoldmay
havethreeconnectionstotheINGLnetworkthatwillrequirepiggingfacilitiesandample
roomtomaneuvertheequipment.Additionally,asisfoundintheAshdodsite,thisfacility
mayalsobeusedforstorage.
Page 3 of 4

DRAFT

FurtherCommentary:
ItshouldbenotedthatthelocationoftheReceivingTerminalinrelationtotheINGLsystemisof
criticalimportance.IntheeventthattheReceivingTerminalisplacedwherethereislittleornonear
connectiontotheINGLnetwork,suchanetworkwillhavetobeestablished,viathetypicalroute,ie
statutoricalcorridorsdetermined,designofpipelineandstationsandconstruction.Inchoosingthe
finallocationoftheReceivingTerminal,thisissueshouldbetakenintoaccount.

BestRegards,
AryehNitzan
DeputyManager&TechnicalAdvisor
NaturalGasDepartment

Cc:
M.BenShushan
Lerman
O.Levy
Lerman
R.Levy
Ludan
Page 4 of 4

App.HAbbreviatIons&Acronyms

Appendix 3
ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS
164
AGMA
AISC
ALARP
ANSI
API
ASD
ASME
AWS
b/d
bar
barg
Bcf
Bcm
BOD
BOP
BS&W
BSI
BWPD
CAPEX
CCITT
CENELEC
CO2
COD
COMAH
CP
CR
CRA
CS
DIN
DNOP
DnV
DSV
EEMUA
EI
EIA
EN
ESD
ESDV
F&G
FBE
FEED
FPSO
FS
FWHP
FWKO
GBS
GH
GIIP
H2S
HIPPS
HP
HSE
ICAO
American Gear Manufacturers Association

American Institute of Steel Construction
As Low As Reasonably Practicable
American National Standards Institute
Acoustic Sand Detector
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
American Welding Society
Barrels per day
Absolute pressure
Pressure above ambient (gauge)
Billion cubic feet
Billion cubic metre
Blowout Preventer
Basic Sediment and Water
British Standards Institute
Barrels of water per day
Capital Expenditure
International Telecommunication Union
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Carbon Dioxide
Control of Major Accident Hazards
Cathodic Protection
Control Room
Corrosion Resistant Alloy
Carbon Steel
German Institute for Standardization
Detailed National Outline Scheme
Det Norske Veritas
Diving Support Vessel
Engineering Equipment & Materials Users Association
Energy Institute
Environmental Impact Assessment
European Standard
Emergency Shut-Down
Emergency ShutDown Valve
Fire & Gas (System)
Fusion Bonded Epoxy
Front End Engineering & Design
Floating Production, Storage & Offtake Vessel
Fire Station
Free-Water Knock-Out
Gravity Based Structure
Gate House
Gas Initially In Place
Hydrogen Sulphide
High Pressure
Health & Safety Executive
International Civil Aviation Organization
165
IEC
IP
ISA
ISO
International Electrotechnical Commission

Institute of Petroleum
Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society
International Standards Organisation
J-T
km
KN
LER
LNG
LP
LPG
LRS
m
MAOP
MC
MEG
mmscfd
MNI
MSS
mt
N.F.P.A
NACE
NEMA
NEN
NMI
NOK
NORSOK
OIML
OPEX
PD
PDi Ltd
PDO
PIO
PLC
PLEM
PP
psi
PSV
ROV
RP
Joule-Thomsen
Kilometre
Kilo Newton
Liquefied Natural Gas
Low Pressure
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Lloyds Register of Shipping
Metre
Maximum Operating Pressure
Medical Centre
Mono-Ethylene Glycol
Million standard cubit feet of gas per day
Ministry of National Infrastructure
Manufacturers Standardization Society
Metric tonnes
National Fire Protection Association
The National Association of Corrosion Engineers
National Electrical Manufacturers Association
Netherlands (pipeline ) Standard
Netherlands Meetinstituut
Norwegian Kroner
Norwegian Petroleum Standards
The International Organization of Legal Metrology
Operating Expenditure
Published Document (BSI)
Plan for Development and Operation
Plan for Installation and Operation
Programmable Logic Controller
Pipeline End Module
Polypropylene
Pounds per square inch
Pressure Safety Valve
Remote Operated Vehicle
Recommended Practice
SAE
Society of Automobile Engineers
SCM
SDU
SEDU
SHDU
SIL
SIS
SOLAS
SSPC
TCF
TEMA
TGT
TLP
TVP
UK
USD
Subsea Control Module

Subsea Distribution Unit
Subsea Electrical Distribution Unit
Subsea Hydraulic Distribution Unit
Safety Integrity Level
Safety Instrumented System
Safety of Life at Sea
Steel Structures Painting Council
Trillion Cubic Feet
Tubular Exchangers Manufacture Association
Theddlethorpe Gas Terminal
Tension Leg Platform
True Vapour Pressure
United Kingdom
United States Dollar
166

American Gear Manufacturers

Association
American Institute of Steel Construction
As Low As Reasonably Practicable
American National Standards Institute
Ashdod Onshore Terminal
Acoustic Sand Detector
American Society of Mechanical
Engineers
American Welding Society
Barrels per day
Absolute pressure
Pressure above ambient (gauge)
1,000,000,000 Billion cubic feet
1,000,000,000 Billion cubic metre
BTU Barrel of Oil Equivalent
Blowout Preventer
Basic Sediment and Water
British Standards Institute

1055.056 British Thermal Unit
Barrels of water per day
Capital Expenditure
International Telecommunication Union
European Committee for Electrotechnical
Standardization
Carbon Dioxide
Control of Major Accident Hazards
Cathodic Protection
Control Room
Corrosion Resistant Alloy
Carbon Steel
German Institute for Standardization
Detailed National Outline Scheme
Det Norske Veritas
Diving Support Vessel
Engineering Equipment & Materials
Users Association
Energy Institute
Environmental Impact Assessment
European Standard
Emergency Shut-Down
Emergency ShutDown Valve

AGMA
AISC
ALARP
ANSI
AOT
API
ASD
ASME
AWS
b/d, bpd
Bar
Barg
Bcf
Bcm
BOD
BOE
BOP
BS&W
BSI
BTU
BWPD
CAPEX
CCITT
CENELEC
CO 2
COD
COMAH
CP
CR
CRA
CS
DIN
DNOP
DnV
DSV
EEMUA
R
EI
EIA
EN
ESD
ESDV

BTU

Fire & Gas (System)
Fusion Bonded Epoxy
Front End Engineering & Design
Floating Production Facility
Floating Production, Storage &
Offloading Vessel
Fuel Oil Equivalent
Floating Production Unit
Fire Station
Free-Water Knock-Out
Gravity Based Structure
Gate House
Gas Initially In Place
Germanischer Lloyd
Hydrogen Sulphide
Hydrocarbon
Horizontal Directional Drilling
High Pressure
Health & Safety Executive
Health, Safety, Security and Environment
International Civil Aviation Organization
Inside Diameter
International Electrotechnical
Commission
Israel Electric Corporation
Israel Natural Gas Lines
Institute of Petroleum
Injection Rate
Industrial Risk Insurers
Instrumentation, Systems, and
Automation Society
International Standards Organisation
Injection Well
Joule-Thomson effect
Kilometre
Kilo Newton
Liquefied Natural Gas
Low Pressure
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Lloyds Register of Shipping

Metre
Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure

F&G
FBE
FEED
FPF
FPSO
FOE
FPU
FS
FWHP
FWKO
GBS
GH
GIIP
GL
H2S
HC
HDD
HIPPS
HP
HSE
HSSE
ICAO
ID
IEC
R
IEC
INGL
IP
IR
IRI
ISA
ISO
IW
J-T, JT
Km
KN
LER
LNG
LP
LPG
LRS
M
MAOP

MEG

PDI

Medical Centre
Mono-Ethylene Glycol
Million
Million Barrels
Million standard cubic feet
Million standard cubic feet of gas per day
Million standard cubic meter
Million standard cubic meters of gas per
day
Ministry of National Infrastructure
MEG Reclamation Unit
Manufacturers Standardization Society
Metric tonne
National Fire Protection Association
The National Association of Corrosion
Engineers
Non-Destructive Testing
National Electrical Manufacturers
Association
Netherlands (pipeline ) Standard
Natural Gas Authority
Nederlands Meetinstituut
Norwegian Kroner
Norwegian Petroleum Standards
Normally Unattended Installation
Outside Diameter
The International Organization of Legal
Metrology
Operating Expenditure
Offshore Safety Valve
Published Document (BSI)
Plan for Development and Operation
Plan for Installation and Operation
Programmable Logic Controller
Pipeline End Manifold
Polypropylene
Pounds per square inch
Pressure Safety Valve
Quantitative Risk Assessment
Reliability, Availability, Maintainability
Remote Operated Vehicle
Recommended Practice
Society of Automobile Engineers
Subsea Control Module
Subsea Distribution Unit
Subsea Electrical Distribution Unit

MC
MEG
MM
MMBBL
mmscf
mmscfd
MMSCM
MMSCMD
MNI
MRU
MSS
Mt
N.F.P.A
NACE
NDT
NEMA
NEN
NGA
NMI
NOK
NORSOK
NUI
OD
OIML
OPEX
OSV
PD
PDi Ltd
PDO
PIO
PLC
PLEM
PP
psi
PSV
QRA
RAM
ROV
RP
SAE
SCM
SDU
SEDU

1,000,000,000,000

Subsea Hydraulic Distribution Unit
Safety Integrity Level
Safety Instrumented System
International Convention for the Safety of
Life at Sea
Surface Pressure Limiting System
Steel Structures Painting Council
Subsea Safety Valve
Trillion Cubic Feet
Tubular Exchangers Manufacture
Association
Theddlethorpe Gas Terminal
Tension Leg Platform
True Vapour Pressure
United Kingdom
United States Dollar
Wellhead Pressure
Wall Thickness

SHDU
SIL
SIS
SOLAS
SPLS
SSPC
SSV
TCF
TEMA
TGT
TLP
TVP
UK
USD
WHP
W/T

flare system

battery limit specifications
block valve stations
compression station
concrete gravity based structure
condensate
contractual swing obligations
corrosion inhibitors
deliverability
design information
design life
downstream sector
emission rate
explosion proof area
export line
flare
floating production vessel
flow assurance
flow line
friction
fuel gas
full blowdown system

final
hydrocarbon dew point control

J
J

sales gas metering

flexible drilling riser
production riserrisers

S
S

gas separator
gas under pressure
ground water
horizontal drilling
hydrate control chemical
hydrocarbon
hydrocarbon dew-pointing
inlet gas separation
jacket
J-lay Method
line-packing
local content
long distance tieback
cluster manifoldmanifold
metering
metocean criteria
mooring buoy
multiphase flow meter
multiphase flow pump
national energy mix
offload
offtake
operating expenditure
peak demand
pig, pipeline inspection gauge
platform exclusion zone
pressure protection
pressure regulation
production
raw gas compression
recoverable reserves
reinstate
riser
S-lay Method
sales gas metering
sales gas odorizing
sales specification
sand production
sandstone, sand rock

slug catcher

contractual
swing obligation

slugs

semi-submersible
semi-submersible production
platform
separator
slag
pipeline slugsslugs
subsidence
swing
template system
tension leg platform
tieback
umbilical line
upstream sector
volatility
water dew-pointing
subsea wellhead choke, well choke
subsea xmas tree, xmas tree

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5 Cost Details

5.1 Maximum Offshore Processing Option

5.2 Partial Processing Option (Free) Water Removal

Cost Estimate Files

Maximum Offshore Processing

Partial (Water Removal) Offshore

QUE$TOR Publicity Material

Project Development International

Full Offshore Processing Case

Full Offshore Processing Platform

Issued with Comments

Issued for Internal Review

11th July 2011

Reason for Issue

Project Development International Limited

Pipeline System and Flow Assurance .................................................................... 7

Process Utilities and Quarters Platforms and Terminal Design .............................. 7

Summary and Conclusions............................................................................................ 9

Offshore and Onshore Facilities ............................................................................. 9

Flow Assurance and Production Swing .................................................................. 9

Comparison with Maximum Offshore Processing..................................................10

Design Information and Technical Requirements.........................................................11

Reservoir and Production Data .............................................................................11

Terminal Product Specifications ............................................................................11

PUQ and Terminal Design Basis and Assumptions ..............................................13

Location Figures and Maps ..........................................................................................14

Handling Chain Design Requirements..........................................................................15

Production Model and Assumptions .............................................................................17

Flow Assurance ............................................................................................................18

Process, Utilities and Quarters .....................................................................................19

Process Design .....................................................................................................19

Riser Platform (RP) ...............................................................................................20

Process Systems and Equipment..........................................................................28

10.2.1 Pig Receiving and Sales Gas Metering ..........................................................28

American Petroleum Institute

PDi Report Maximum Offshore Processing Concept Study

Pipeline System2 and Flow Assurance

Process Utilities and Quarters Platforms and Terminal Design

3 Summary and Conclusions

Offshore and Onshore Facilities

Flow Assurance and Production Swing

PDi Report Maximum Offshore Processing Concept Study

Comparison with Maximum Offshore Processing

4 Design Information and Technical Requirements

Reservoir and Production Data

Limited reservoir and production data is shown in Table 4.1 below.

8560 psi (provided)

Terminal Product Specifications

4.4.1 Sales Gas Specification

Maximum Export Rate

< 0C at any pressure up to and including 80 barg

< 5C at any pressure up to and including 80 barg

Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)

< 8 ppm (volume)

< 100 ppm (volume) sulphur expressed as H2S

< 3.0 mole %

< 5.0 mole %

Higher Heating Value

0.0346 < supplied gas < 0.0395 MMBTU/Sm3

0.0462 < supplied gas < 0.0509 MMBTU/Sm3

60 barg < supplied gas < 80 barg

5C < supplied gas < 38C and at least 10C greater

4.4.2 Condensate Specification

4.4.3 Produced Water Specification