Bai Giang LTM1

C S K THUT IN 1
Gio vin: Ths. Nguyn Vit Sn

B mn: K thut o v Tin hc cng nghip
C1 - 108 - i hc Bch Khoa H Ni
C S K THUT IN 1
Ni dung chng trnh:
Chng 1: Khi nim v m hnh mch Kirchoff.
I. Khi nim v m hnh trng - m hnh h thng.

II. Cc hin tng c bn trong m hnh mch Kirchoff.
III. Cc lut c bn trong m hnh mch Kirchoff.
IV. Ni dung bi ton mch.
Chng 2: Mch tuyn tnh ch xc lp iu ha.
I. Hm iu ha v cc i lng c trng.
II. S phc - Biu din hm iu ha trong min nh phc
III. Phn ng ca mt nhnh vi kch thch iu ha.
IV. Dng nh phc ca cc lut c bn trong m hnh mch Kirchoff.
C s k thut in 1
C S K THUT IN 1
Ni dung chng trnh:
Chng 3: Phng php c bn tnh mch tuyn tnh ch xc lp iu ha-Graph Kirchoff
I. Phng php dng nhnh.

II. Phng php th nt.
III. Phng php dng vng.
IV. Khi nim v graph Kirchoff.
V. Cc nh l v lp phng trnh Kirchoff.
VI. Ma trn cu trc A, B.
VII. Lp phng trnh bng ma trn cu trc.
Chng 4: Tnh cht c bn ca mch in tuyn tnh.
I. Khi nim chung.

II. Tnh cht tuyn tnh.
III. Khi nim hm truyn t.
IV. Truyn t tng h v khng tng h.
C s k thut in 1
C S K THUT IN 1
Ni dung chng trnh:
Chng 5: Mch in tuyn tnh c kch thch chu k
I. Khi nim v ngun kch thch chu k.

II. Cch phn tch mch in tuyn tnh c kch thch chu k.
III. Tr hiu dng - cng sut dng chu k
IV. Hm truyn t v c tnh tn s.
Chng 6: Mng mt ca Kirchoff tuyn tnh.
I. Khi nim v mng mt ca Kirchoff.

II. Phng trnh v s tng ng mng mt ca c ngun.
III. iu kin a cng sut cc i ra khi mng mt ca.
C s k thut in 1
C S K THUT IN 1
Ni dung chng trnh:
Chng 7: Mng hai ca tuyn tnh
I. Khi nim v mng hai ca.

II. M t ton hc ca mng hai ca - Phng php tnh cc b s c trng.
III. Tnh cht mng 2 ca tuyn tnh tng h.
IV. Hm truyn t dng - p. Tng tr vo ca mng hai ca. Vn ha hp
ngun v ti bng mng hai ca.
V. Mng hai ca phi h.
Chng 8: Mch in 3 pha.
I. Khi nim.
II. Mch 3 pha i xng v khng i xng ti tnh.
III. Tnh v o cng sut mch in 3 pha.
IV. Mch 3 pha c ti ng - Phng php thnh phn i xng
V. Mt s s c trong mch in 3 pha.
C s k thut in 1
C S K THUT IN 1
Ni dung chng trnh:
Chng 9: Khi nim c bn v qu trnh qu trong h thng
I. Qu trnh qu trong h thng.

II. Tnh lin tc v m rng tnh kh vi ca qu trnh.
III. S kin v phng php tnh s kin.
Chng 10: Cc phng php tnh qu trnh qu trong mch tuyn tnh h s hng.
I. Phng php tch phn kinh in.

II. Phng php tch phn Duyamen v hm Green.
III. Phng php ton t Laplace.
C s k thut in 1
C S K THUT IN 1
Ti liu tham kho:
1. C s k thut in 1 & 2 - Nguyn Bnh Thnh - Nguyn Trn Qun - Phm Khc
Chng - 1971.
2. C s k thut in - Quyn 1 - B mn K thut o v Tin hc cng nghip - 2004
3. Gio trnh l thuyt mch in - PGS - TS. L Vn Bng - 2005.
4. Fundamentals of electric circuits - David A.Bell - Prentice Hall International
Edition - 1990.
5. Electric circuits - Norman Blabanian - Mc Graw Hill - 1994.
6. Methodes detudes des circuit electriques - Fancois Mesa - Eyrolles - 1987.
7. An introduction to circuit analysis a system approach - Donald E.Scott - Mc
Graw Hill - 1994.
C s k thut in 1
C S K THUT IN 1
Chng 1: Khi nim v m hnh mch Kirchoff

C s k thut in 1
C S K THUT IN 1

C s k thut in 1

Mch in gm mt h thng cc thit b ni ghp vi nhau cho php trao i nng lng v tn
hiu.
Thit b in
u(t), i(t), p(t)
c
6000(m)
f
M hnh h thng
E(x, y, z, t), H(x,y,z,t)
M hnh trng
M hnh mch
tn hiu
M hnh mch
(nng lng) Kirchoff
Xt s truyn t nng lng
gia cc thit b in
Mch ha
Hnh v m phng
thit b in
S mch
H phng trnh
ton hc
l <<
Lut Ohm
gtb >> gmoi truong
Lut Kirchoff 1,
2
Lut bo ton cng
sut
Hu hn cc trng thi.
C s k thut in 1
Lut
10
C S K THUT IN 1
Chng 1: Khi nim v m hnh mch Kirchoff.

II.1. Ngun in.
II.2. Phn t tiu tn trong mch in R.
II.3. Kho in. in dung C.
II.4. Kho t. in cm L.
C s k thut in 1
11

II. Cc hin tng c bn trong mch Kirchoff.
M hnh mch Kirchoff c xem xt trn phng din truyn t nng lng gia cc thit b trong
mt mch in.
C rt nhiu hin tng trong cc thit b in: Hin tng tiu tn, hin tng tch phng in t,
hin tng to sng, pht sng, khuch i, chnh lu, iu ch nhng thc t cho thy thng
tn ti mt nhm hin tng c bn, t hp thnh mi hin tng khc, l:
Hin tng tiu tn: Nng lng in t a vo mt vng v bin chuyn thnh nhng dng
nng lng khc nh nhit nng, c nng, quang nng tiu tn i, khng hon nguyn li na.
V d : Bp in, bng n neon, ng c ko
Hin tng pht: L hin tng bin cc dng nng lng khc thnh dng nng lng in t.
Hin tng pht tng ng vi mt ngun pht.
V d : Pin, acqui, nh my thy in, nhit in, ci xay gi
Hin tng tch phng ca kho in: Nng lng in t tch vo mt vng tp trung in
trng nh ln cn cc bn t in hoc a t vng tr li trng in t.
Hin tng tch phng ca kho t: Nng lng in t tch vo mt vng tp trung t trng
nh ln cn mt cun dy c dng in hoc a tr t vng .
C s k thut in 1
12

II. Cc hin tng c bn trong mch Kirchoff.
M hnh mch Kirchoff nghin cu qu trnh truyn t nng lng v tm cch m hnh ha cc
hin tng trao i nng lng bng nhng phn t sao cho quan h gia cc bin trng thi trn
chng cho php biu din qu trnh truyn t nng lng ti vng m chng c thay th.
Vi 4 qu trnh nng lng c bn kho st c trong mch Kirchoff, m hnh mch Kirchoff s
c 4 phn t c bn, l :
Ngun in (ngun sut in ng, ngun dng) Hin tng pht
Phn t tiu tn (in tr R, in dn g) Hin tng tiu tn
Phn t kho in (in dung C) Hin tng tch phng ca kho in
Phn t kho t (in cm L, h cm M) Hin tng tch phng ca kho t
C s k thut in 1
13

II.1. Ngun in.
Trong m hnh mch Kirchoff, cc thit b thc hin qu trnh chuyn ha cc dng nng lng
khc thnh in nng c gi l ngun in.
Quy c: Chiu dng in chy trong ngun chy t ni c in p thp n ni c in p cao.
Pnguon = u . i < 0 pht cng sut
Pnguon = u . i > 0 nhn cng sut
Phn loi:
Ngun c lp: Cc trng thi ca ngun (bin , tn s, hnh dng, gc pha ) ch ty
thuc vo quy lut ring ca ngun m khng ph thuc vo trng thi bt k trong mch.
V d: Ngun p, ngun dng
Ngun l thuc: Cc trng thi ca ngun b ph thuc (iu khin) bi mt trng thi no
trong mch in.
V d: Ngun p b iu khin bi dng, ngun p b iu khin bi p; ngun dng b iu
khin bi dng, ngun dng b iu khin bi p
C s k thut in 1
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II.1. Ngun in.
Ngun p:
nh ngha: Ngun p e(t) l mt phn t s mch Kirchoff c c tnh duy tr trn hai cc
ca n mt hm in p, cn gi l sc in ng e(t) xc nh theo thi gian, v khng ph
thuc vo dng in chy qua n.
Bin trng thi: in p trn hai cc ca ngun. i vi mt ngun p l tng, gi tr ca
in p trn hai cc ca ngun khng ph thuc vo gi tr ca ti ni vi ngun.
Phng trnh trng thi: u(t) = - e(t)
e(t)
K hiu:
i(t)
u(t)
Ngun l tng
(Rng = 0)
e(t)
i(t) Rng
u(t)
Ngun thc
(Rng 0)
(Chiu ca mi tn l chiu quy c ca dng in sinh ra bi ngun)

Cch ni: Ngun p c ni trong nhnh ca mch in (trnh ngn mch ngun p)
C s k thut in 1
15

II.1. Ngun in.
Ngun dng:
nh ngha: Ngun dng j(t) l mt phn t s mch Kirchoff c c tnh bm qua n mt
hm dng in i(t) xc nh, khng ty thuc vo in p trn hai cc ca n.
Bin trng thi: Dng in chy qua ngun. i vi mt ngun dng l tng, gi tr ca dng
in sinh ra bi ngun khng ph thuc vo gi tr ca ti ni vi ngun.
Phng trnh trng thi: i(t) = j(t)
K hiu:
j(t)
i(t)
Ngun l tng
(Rng = )
j(t)
i(t) Rng
Ngun thc
(Rng < )
(Chiu ca mi tn l chiu quy c ca dng in sinh ra bi ngun)
Cch ni: Ngun dng c ni vo hai cp nh ca mch in (trnh h mch ngun dng)
C s k thut in 1
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II.2. Phn t tiu tn - in tr R - in dn g.
Hin tng: Khi c mt dng in chy qua mt vt dn in vt dn nng ln do c s chuyn
ha in nng thnh nhit nng. V d: Bp in, bn l
nh ngha: in tr l phn t o kh nng tiu tn ca vt dn.
Bin trng thi: u(t), i(t).
R
i(t
u(
Phng trnh trng thi:
t)
)
Th nguyn:
hi
n v dn xut: 1K = 10u:3
r
r
u (t )
i (t )
[V]
[ ]
[A]
g
g
i (t )
u (t )
[ A]
[ Si ]
[V ]
Phn loi: Da theo mi quan h gia 2 bin trng thi.
i (t )
const
u (t )
Tuyn tnh:
u (t )
r
const
i (t )
Phi tuyn:
r R(u , i )
g G (u, i )
C s k thut in 1
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II.3. Kho in - in dung C.
Hin tng: Xt 2 vt dn t tng i gn nhau, c b mt i nhau rng v ngn cch nhau bi
chn khng hoc cht in mi. Nu t ln chng mt in p u(t) th trong ln cn b mt vt dn
s tp trung mt in trng hnh thnh mt kho in.
nh ngha: in dung C l thng s c trng cho kh nng phng - np in ca kho in.
Phng trnh trng thi:
Th nguyn:
K hiu:
dq (t )
q
u ( t )
i (t )
.
dt
u
t
[Culon]
[F ]
[V]
n v dn xut: 1F = 10-6F
u(t)
1nF = 10-9F

Tuyn tnh: C q const
u
Phi tuyn:
C s k thut in 1
C C ( q, u )
i(t) C
n
g
l
dwE u.dq u
q
1
.du
.C.du 2
u
2
18

II.4. Kho t - in cm L - H cm M.
Hin tng: Khi mt dy dn hoc mt cun dy c dng in i(t) chy qua trong vng ln cn
ca vt dn tp trung mt t trng (kho t).
nh ngha: in cm L l thng s c trng cho kh nng tch ly nng lng t trng cun dy
di (t )
u (t ) L.
d i
dt
u
(
t
)
.
Phng trnh trng thi:
1
dt
i t
i (t )
Th nguyn:
[Wb]
[H ]
[A]
u (t ).dt
K hiu:
i(t)
n v dn xut: 1mH = 10-3H

L const
Tuyn tnh:
i
Phi tuyn:
C s k thut in 1
L L(i, )
u(t)
n
g
l
dwL i.d i
1
.di
.L.di 2
i
2
19

Hin tng t cm:
Xt mt cun dy L, c dng in bin thin i(t).
i(t)
(t)
L
utc(t)
Theo lut Lenx: Dng in i(t) sinh ra t thng (t)

bin thin c chiu chng li s bin thin ca dng in
sinh ra n (chiu ca t thng c xc nh theo quy tc
vn nt chai).
T thng bin thin sinh ra mt sc in ng t cm utc(t) trn cun dy.
utc (t )
d
di (t )
L
dt
dt
Ngc li, xt mt cun dy L, v tn ti mt t thng

(t) mc vng qua cun dy.
(t)
i(t)
Nu mch kn, t thng (t) s sinh ra mt dng in t cm itc(t) bin thin c chiu chng li
s bin thin ca t thng sinh ra n (chiu ca dng in t cm c xc nh theo quy tc vn
nt chai)
C s k thut in 1
20

Hin tng h cm:
21(t)
L1
i1(t)
11(t)
L2
u11(t)
u21(t)
Xt 2 cun dy L1 v L2 t gn nhau trong khng gian, cun dy L1 c dng in bin thin

i1(t).
Theo lut cm ng in t: i1(t) sinh ra t thng 11(t) bin thin mc vng qua cc vng dy
ca cun L1 sinh ra in p t cm u11(t).
u11 (t ) L1.
di1 (t )
dt
Do L2 t gn L1, c mt phn t thng 21(t) mc vng qua cc cun dy L2 sinh ra sc

in ng cm ng u21(t).
u21 (t )
C s k thut in 1
d 21 21 di1
di
.
M 21. 1
dt
i1 dt
dt
M21: h s h cm ca cun L2 do i1 gy ra
21

Hin tng h cm:
i1(t)
M
n:
g12
M
h
t
t
,p
s
k:
nh
h
s
h
un
qu
an
tr
i
cc
h
o
n
C kh
ns k thut in 1
n
kL
.M
L1
11(t)
21(t)
21(t)
22(t)
L2
i2(t)
u11(t) u12(t)
u21(t) u22(t)
u1(t)
u2(t)
u 22 (t )
u1 2 ( t )
12
dt
u1 (t )
u 2 (t )
12
i2
u11 (t )
d i2
dt
u12 (t )
u 2 2 (t )
u 21 (t )
L
1.
L2 .
L2 .
di2 (t )
dt
M 12 .
di1
dt
di2
dt
d i2
dt
M 12
M
21
di 2
dt
di1
dt
22

Cc tnh ca cun dy:
Thc t, cc cun dy khng c cc tnh, tuy nhin xc nh c chiu ca cc in p t
cm v h cm, ngi ta a vo khi nim cc tnh ca cun dy.
Trong khng gian, vic xc nh chiu ca t thng c thc hin theo quy tc vn nt chai:
Nu bit chiu ca dng in so vi v tr ca cun dy (chy qua cun dy theo chiu thun hay
ngc kim ng h) th ta s xc nh c chiu in p cm ng.
Khi m hnh ha cun dy trong s mch Kirchoff, chng ta mt i thng tin v khng gian
(chiu qun ca cun dy) xc nh c chiu in p hay t thng, ngi ta dng du *
nh du. Vy ta s bit c chiu ca dng in so vi v tr ca cun dy (chy t cc c *
sang cc kia hoc ngc li). Chiu in p t cm v in p h cm s lun cng chiu vi
chiu ca dng in sinh ra n.
V d 1: Xt 2 cun dy L1 v L2 t cnh nhau, gia chng c h cm M12 = M21 = M. Tnh u1(t), u2(t).
di1
di2
u1 (t ) u11 (t ) u12 (t ) L 1
M 12
dt
dt
di
di
u2 (t ) u22 (t ) u21 (t ) L 2 2 M 21 1
dt
dt
C s k thut in 1
i1(t)
L1
u11(t)
u12(t)
u1(t)
L2
* i2(t)
u21(t)
u22(t)
u2(t)
23

V d 2: Tnh in p trn 2 cun dy L1 v L2 trong cc trng hp sau.
L2
i2(t)
L1
M
L2
u(t) = ???
i(t)
L1
i1(t)
u(t) = ???
i1(t)
L1
M12
u1(t) = ???
i2(t)
u2(t) = ???
M12
L3
i3(t)
C s k thut in 1
L2
M23
u3(t) = ???
24
C S K THUT IN 1

III.1. Lut Ohm.
III.2. Lut Kirchoff 1 & 2.
III.3. Lut cn bng cng sut.
C s k thut in 1
25

III.1. Lut Ohm.
Pht biu: Lut Ohm biu din mi quan h gia hai bin trng thi dng in v in p trn cng
mt nhnh.
S phng trnh: Mch Kirchoff c n nhnh C (n) phng trnh lut Ohm.
V d 1: Xt mch in ni tip nh hnh v. Vit phng trnh quan h dng - p.
1
uC (t ) i (t ).dt
C
di (t )
uL (t ) L
dt
uR (t ) R.i (t )
d 1
u AB (t ) u R (t ) u L (t ) uC (t ) R L dt .i (t )
1 4 44dt2 4C4 43
i(t) R
uR
uL
i (t )
1
d 1
R L dt
1 4 44dt2 4C4 43
YAB
C s k thut in 1
. u AB (t )
Z AB
C
uC
uAB(t)
ZAB
A i(t)
uAB(t)
ZAB: Tng tr tng ng ca nhnh AB

YAB: Tng dn tng ng ca nhnh AB
26

III.1. Lut Ohm.
V d 2: Xt mch in song song nh hnh v. Vit phng trnh quan h dng - p.
ig (t ) g .u AB (t )
iL (t )
1
u AB (t ).dt
L
iC (t ) C.
du AB (t )
dt
1
d
i (t ) ig (t ) iL (t ) iC (t ) g dt C .u AB (t )
L 2 4 4 dt
1 4 44
43
A
uAB(t)
YAB
u AB (t )
1
1
d
g dt C
dt
1 4 L4 2 4 4 3
.i (t )
i(t)
ig
iL
iC
C
B
A
uAB(t)
i(t)
YAB
Z AB
YAB: Tng dn tng ng ca nhnh AB
ZAB: Tng tr tng ng ca nhnh AB

C s k thut in 1
27

III.2. Lut Kirchoff 1 v Kirchoff 2.
Lut Kirchoff 1: Tng cc dng in ti mt nt bng khng, vi quy c:
Dng in i vo nt mang du m.
Dng in i ra nt mang du dng.
i (t ) 0
k
nut
Lut Kirchoff 2: Tng in p ri trong mt vng kn bng tng cc ngun p c trong vng kn y,
vi quy c:
in p (ngun p) cng chiu vi chiu ca vng kn th mang du dng
in p (ngun p) ngc chiu vi chiu ca vng kn th mang du m.
u (t ) e (t )
k
vong
vong
Ch : Mch Kirchoff c (n) nhnh v (d) nh S phng trnh cho:

Lut Kirchoff 1: (d - 1) phng trnh.
Lut Kirchoff 2: (n - d +1) phng trnh.
Tng: (n) phng trnh s phng trnh gii v tnh mch Kirchoff c (n) nhnh.
C s k thut in 1
28

III.2. Lut Kirchoff 1 v Kirchoff 2.
j4(t)
V d: Lp phng trnh mch theo lut Kirchoff 1 v 2 cho mch in sau.

Phng trnh lut Ohm:
d 1
dt ).i1 (t )
dt C1
d 1
u3 (t ) ( L3 dt ).i3 (t )
dt C3
u1 (t ) ( R1 L1
R1
u2 (t ) ( R2 L2
d
1
dt ).i2 (t )
dt C2
u4 (t ) R4 .i4 (t )
Phng trnh lut Kirchoff 1:

i1 (t ) i2 (t ) i4 (t ) j4 (t ) 0
i1(t)
i3 (t ) i4 (t ) j4 (t ) 0
L1
C1
R4
i4(t)
C2
L2
e1(t)
i2(t)
u2 (t ) u3 (t ) u4 (t ) e3 (t )
C3
i3(t)
R2
e3(t)
Phng trnh lut Kirchoff 2:
u1 (t ) u2 (t ) e1 (t )
L3
S nh: d = 3. S nhnh: n = 4
S pt lut Ohm: n = 4 pt
Chn bin l dng cc nhnh:

S pt lut K1: d - 1 = 2 pt.
i1 i2 i4 j4 0
S pt lut K2: n - d + 1 = 2
i3 i4 j4 0
pt2n pt 2n bin (i , u )
nh
nh
d 1
d
1
( R1 L1 dt ).i1 ( R2 L2
dt ).i2 e1 (t )
dt C1
dt C2
d
1
d
1
( R2 L2
dt
).
i
(
L
dt ).i3 R4 .i4 e3 (t )
2
3
29
dt C2
dt C3
C s k thut in 1

III.3. Lut cn bng cng sut.
Pht biu: Tng cng sut trong mt h c lp bng khng.
p (t ) 0
k
hekin
C s k thut in 1
30
C S K THUT IN 1

C s k thut in 1
31

V. Ni dung bi ton mch.
S mch Kirchoff m t vi cc bin nhnh cng cc lut K1, K2 v lut Ohm m rng c s
dng nhm nghin cu cc qu trnh nng lng trn cc thit b in.
C hai loi bi ton mch:
Bi ton tng hp: L bi ton cho bit tnh quy lut ca quan h gia cc tn hiu dng, p
hoc cho bit nhng nghim dng, p cn c ng vi nhng kch thch c th. Yu cu cn lp
phng trnh ca h hoc lp s mch vi kt cu v thng s c th cho php thc hin
c nhng quy lut .
Bi ton phn tch mch: L bi ton cho mt thit b in hoc s mch ca n vi kt
cu v thng s bit, cn lp phng trnh mch, da vo kho st cc hin tng v
quan h gia cc bin hoc tm li gii v mt s bin, dng p c th. Bi ton phn tch lin
quan ti vic kho st nh tnh, nh lng mt h phng trnh vi tch phn hoc gii nghim
c th.
Chng trnh hc ny ch trng xt bi ton phn tch v ch nu s lc v bi ton tng hp.
C s k thut in 1
32
C S K THUT IN 1

I.
Hm iu ha v cc i lng c trng.

C s k thut in 1
33
C S K THUT IN 1

I.

C s k thut in 1
34
Chng 2: Mch tuyn tnh ch xc lp iu ha

Hm iu ha l cc hm m biu din ton hc ca n c dng sin hoc cos ca bin thi gian t.
V d: i(t) = Im.sin(t + ) hoc e(t) = Em.cos(t + )
e(t)
Cc thng s c trng:
G
i
G
t c
r
p
h
a
:
Em
Cp
thng s bin - pha lm thnh mt cp thng s
n
ct trng ca hm iu ha.
C s k thut in 1
+
T
[ s]
1
T
Nu cc hm iu ha c cng tn s th
chng c phn bit bi 2 thng s duy
[ Hz ]
nht: Bin - Pha ban u.

35

Biu din cc hm iu ha bng th vector:
Mi hm iu ha c trng bi 2 thng s: Tr hiu dng v gc pha (I, t + ) cho php
I2
biu din bng nhng vector trn mt phng pha:
di vector t l vi tr hiu dng ca hm iu ha.

Gc gia vector vi trc honh t l vi gc pha (t + ).
I1
I2
V d: i1 (t ) I1. 2.sin(1t 1 ) I1 ( I1 , 1t 1 )
1
i2 (t ) I 2 . 2.sin(2t 2 ) I 2 ( I 2 , 2t 2 )
( I , t ) 2.I .
I1
sin
(t )
cos
Nu cc hm iu ha cng tn s chng c trng bi cp thng s tr

hiu dng - gc pha ban u (I, ) Cho php ta thc hin cc php ton
cng tr cc hm iu ha cng tn s.
V d:
i1 (t ) I1. 2.sin(t 1 )
i2 (t ) I 2 . 2.sin(t 2 )
C s k thut in 1
i (t ) i1 (t ) i2 (t )
I2
I1
36
C S K THUT IN 1

I.

II.1. Khi nim.
II.2. Cc php ton c bn.
III.3. Biu din cc hm iu ha trong min nh phc.
C s k thut in 1
37

II.1. Khi nim
Ngun gc: Gii phng trnh bc 2, c Deltal m.
S phc l mt cp 2 thnh phn, s thc a, v s o j.b, vi nh ngha n l tng a + j.b, trong
j2 = -1, v a, b l nhng s thc.
Im
Biu din trn mt phng phc:
Dng i s:
V a j.b
V
b
Dng modul-gc: V V .e j . V
V
1
Q
u
a
n
h
:
Sv
pV
h2 C s k thut in 1
V
1
V2
arctg
a1
a2
a2
b2
b
a
Re
a V . cos
b V . sin
a1
j.
b
1
j .b2
b
1
a2
b2
38

II.2. Cc php ton c bn.
Php cng - tr.
Php nhn - chia.
Php nghch o.
d
:
V1
V1 a1 j.b1 V1 1
V2 a2 j.b2 V2 2
V5
10
30
V4 V1 .V2 V1.V2 1 2
...
C
h
V3 V1 V2 (a1 a2 ) j.(b1 b2 )
j.
V2
V1
1 2
V2
1.e
.10
V6
V1
30
1
1
V1
10 120
Bt k s phc no chia cho j th gc ca n quay thun chiu kim ng h 1 gc 900.
A
V d:
A 10 30 j. A j.10 30 10 60
j
t
j3 = -j
k
C s k thut in 1
39

II.3. Biu din cc hm iu ha trong min nh phc.
Cc hm iu ha cng tn s i(t), e(t), j(t), u(t) c trng bi cp s: Tr hiu dng - gc pha ban
u c th din chng bng nhng s phc (nh phc ca hm iu ha) c:
Modul = Tr hiu dng.
Pha = Gc pha ban u.
e(t ) E 2.sin( wt ) E E
Ch : Nu s phc l nh ca 1 hm iu ha trong min thi gian t
EE
th e(t) =
hoc
C s k thut in 1
2 . sin( t
2. cos( t
40

II.3. Biu din cc hm iu ha trong min nh phc.
Xt hm iu ha:
i (t ) I . 2.sin(t ) I I
di (t )
.I . 2.cos(t ) .I . 2.sin(t ) I j.. I

dt
2
1
1
1
1
i(t ).dt .I 2.cos(t ) .I . 2.sin(t 2 ) I . I . j j . I
Min thi gian
Min nh phc
Hm iu ha
nh phc
j.
d
dt
H phng trnh vi tch phn

C s k thut in 1
dt
1
j.
H phng trnh i s nh phc

41
C S K THUT IN 1
I.
II.
S phc - Biu din hm iu ha trong min nh phc

III.1. Kch thch iu ha.
III.2. Mch thun tr.
III.3. Mch thun cm.
III.4. Mch thun dung.
III.5. Mch ni tip R-L-C
III.6. Mch song song R//L//C

C s k thut in 1
42

III.1. Kch thch iu ha.
Cc kch thch trong mch Kirchoff l cc phn t ngun in (ngun dng, ngun p)
Kch thch iu ha trong mch Kirchoff l cc ngun in e(t), j(t) c biu din ton hc l cc
hm iu ha dng sin hoc cos theo thi gian t.
e(t ) E 2.sin(t )
j (t ) J 2.cos(t )
III.2. Mch thun tr.

iR(t)
IR
uR(t)
u (t ) R.i (t )
i (t ) I 2 sin t ( A)
u (t ) R.I 2 sin t
Cng sut tc dng:
p (t ) u (t ).i (t )
IR
UR
dng - p cng pha
I I .e j .0 I 0( A)
U R R. I R.I 0
P R.I 2
=R.I 2 (1 cos 2t )
T
1
P= p(t )dt R.I 2
T0
C s k thut in 1
43

III.3. Mch thun cm.
L
iL(t)
UL
IL
uL(t)
uL (t ) L
IL
UL
diL (t )
dt
iL (t ) I . 2 sin t ( A)
di (t )
uL (t ) L L L.I . 2..cos t
dt
=.L.I 2 sin(t )
2
in p chm pha hn
dng in 1 gc /2
I L I 0( A)
U L .L.I / 2 j. X L . I L Z . I L
Z L j..L
Cng sut phn khng: o cng ca qu trnh dao ng nng lng trong kho t.
QL X L .I L2
C s k thut in 1
QL X L .I L2
44

Mch c h cm:
i1(t)
L1
u11(t)
M
*L12
u12(t)
L2
* i2(t)
u21(t)
u22(t)
I1
u1(t)
i1 (t ) I1 2 sin(t )( A) ; i2 (t ) I 2 2 sin(t )( A)
di1 (t )
.L1.I1 sin(t )
dt
2
di (t )
u12 (t ) M 12 2 .M 12 .I 2 sin(t )
dt
2
u11 (t ) L1
di1
di
M 12 2
dt
dt
di
di
u2 (t ) u22 (t ) u21 (t ) L 2 2 M 21 1
dt
dt
u1 (t ) u11 (t ) u12 (t ) L 1
C s k thut in 1
I1
U11
u2(t)
U12
U1
I2
U 21
U 22
U2
I1 I1 0( A); I 2 I 2 ( A)
U11 j..L1. I1
U12 j..M 12 . I 2
U1 U11 U12 j..L1. I1 j..M 12 . I 2
U 2 U 22 U 21 j..L2 . I 2 j..M 21. I1
45

III.4. Mch thun dung.
C
iC(t) C
IC
uC(t)
UC
1
uC (t ) iC (t ).dt
C
in p sm pha hn
dng in 1 gc /2
iC (t ) I . 2 sin t ( A)
1
1
uC (t ) iC (t ).dt
.I . 2.cos t
C
C
I. 2
=
.sin(t )
.C
2
C
n
g
s C s k thut in 1
u
Q
C
2
. IC
I C I 0( A)
1 j 2
1
. I C .e j
. IC
.C
.C
1
=
. I C j. X C . I C
j..C
UC
Q
C
.I
2
C
46

III.5. Mch ni tip R - L - C.
UR
UL
U U R U L UC
Tam gic in p
Tam gic tr khng
U R. I j. X L . I ( j.X C ). I
UL
UR
Tam gic cng sut

jQL
Z R j (X L XC )
1 4 2 43
-jXC
~
-jQC
UC
R = |Z|.cos
X = |Z|.sin
Cc tam gic ng dng vi nhau
n
g
s
u
t
C
: s k thut in 1
UC
jXL
U [ R j ( X L X C )]. I
1442443
S
~
[R
j (QL
j( X
QC )
L
[VA]
)].I
Z .I
U . I
47

III.6. Mch song song R // L // C.
C
L
R
.
1 .
I R .U g .U
R
.
I C j..C.U j.bC .U
.
1 .
IL j
.U j.bL .U
.L
.
IR
IL I
C
I I R I L I C [ g j (bC bL )].U Y .U
Tam gic dng in
Tam gic tng dn
IL
j .bL
IC
jb. C
C s k thut in 1
48
C S K THUT IN 1
I.

IV.1. Lut Ohm.
IV.2. Lut Kirchoff 1.
IV.3. Lut Kirchoff 2.
IV.4. Lut cn bng cng sut.
C s k thut in 1
49

IV.1. Lut Ohm.
vi
Z
:
t
n
g 1.
IV.2. Lut (d
Kirchoff
tr
n
g
t
i
(
IV.3. Lut Kirchoff
n 2.
in
g
n
i
mch Kirchoff tuyn tnh ch xc lp iu ha khi chuyn sang min

Vy h phng
trnh
c
o
n
nh phc l h
n phng trnh i s tuyn tnh nh phc. iu ny gip ta trnh c vic gii h
g trong min thi gian.
phng trnh nvi tch phn
t
c
gm
IV.4. Lut cn bng
cng sut.
P0
ca
~
a
S 0 kin
hi
n
n
Q0
kin
g
h
kin
u
50
C s k thut d
in 1
v
Z.I
Y .U
(I J ) 0
nut
vong
vong
C S K THUT IN 1
Chng 3: Phng php c bn tnh mch tuyn tnh ch
xc lp iu ha - Graph Kirchoff
II. Phng php th nt.
C s k thut in 1
51
C S K THUT IN 1
II. Phng php th nt.
C s k thut in 1
52

Phng php dng nhnh l phng php lp phng trnh mch theo lut Kirchoff 1 v Kirchoff 2
vi bin l dng in trong cc nhnh.
Ni dung phng php:
t n l nh phc ca dng in trong cc nhnh ca mch in. (Nu nhnh c ngun, ta nn
chn chiu dng in cng chiu vi chiu ca ngun).
Lp h phng trnh theo lut K1 v K2.
S phng trnh lut K1: d - 1.
S phng trnh lut K2: n - d + 1.
C s k thut in 1
Tng s: (n) pt
(n) bin dng in
53

V d: Lp phng trnh mch theo phng php dng nhnh cho mch in sau.
Chn chiu dng in trong cc nhnh.
L
Z12345
I1
I3
I5
I1 I 2 I 3
I 3 I 4 I5
I2
p Lp phng mch theo lut K2:

V
h

V
n
V
ng
n g
n1
g Nhn
xt:
g:
2 Ngun chnh tc:
: Ngun dng: c vit phng trnh cn bng dng, K1.
t
3
I1
.Z
. Z1
.Z
.Z
.Z
.
Z
.Z 4
I4
II
III
C
E5
E1
E
1
E5
: Ngun p: c vit phng trnh cn bng p, K2.

Phng php ny thng p dng vi cc bi ton c s nhnh (n) v s nh (d) nh.
n s k thut in 1
C
54
C S K THUT IN 1
II. Phng php th nt.
C s k thut in 1
55

II. Phng php th nt.
Phng php th nt (nh) l phng php lp phng trnh mch theo lut Kirchoff 1 vi bin l
in th ca cc nt trong mch.
Ni dung phng php:
Ngun chnh tc: Ngun dng. (Nu c cc ngun p i thnh ngun dng tng ng):
Ngun p c chiu i vo nh no th ngun dng tng ng c chiu i vo nh .
ln: J Enh
td
Z nh
Chn mt nh bt k, coi in th ca nh bng 0.

Vit phng trnh mch theo lut Kirchoff 1 (d - 1 phng trnh) vi bin l in th ca cc
nh cn li trong mch.
C s k thut in 1
56

II. Phng php th nt.
Z
A
B
C
V d: Lp phng trnh mch theo phng php th nt cho34512 mch in sau.

C
h
u
y
C
hn
Lp phng trnh mch theo lut Kirchoff 1 vi

nn bin l in th cc nt:
Y
A
C
B
g
25
1
4
3
u Nt A: I k J k I1 I 2 I 3 J J1
nut
nut
nn
h
C
p
J1
E1
Z1
E1 .Y1
J5
E5
Z5
E5 .Y5
I1
).Y1 (
).Y2 (
(Y1 Y2 Y3 ) . A Y3 . B
{
1 4 2 4 3
ct
h
Nt B:
tn
hh s k thut in 1
C
YKK
YKL
).Y3
I3
I2
I4
I5
J1
E1 .Y
1
J E1 .Y
1
4 2 4
31
J5
Y3 .
{
YK L
(Y
Y4
Y5 ) .
1 34
2
4
3
YK K
J E5 .Y5
1 4 2
43
Y1
1
1
1
; Y2
; Y3 ;
Z1
Z2
Z3
Y4
1
1
; Y5 ;
Z4
Z5
57

Y
A
C
B
II. Phng php th nt.
25
1
4
3
I3
I1
Y3
Y1 Y2 Y3
Y
Y Y4 Y5
1 4
4 34 4 2 43 4 4
43
N
h
G
i
I5
I4
J J1
J J 5
14
2 43
J1
J5
,B
N
h
Nhnh c ngun:
Z1
n
h
t
:

. A

{ B
I2
k
h
n
g in 1
C s k thut
.
Y2
).
Y3
.
Y4
Z5
I1
( E1 A )
Z1
I5
( E5 B )
Z5
58

Y
A
C
B
II. Phng php th nt.
25
1
4
3
I3
Y3
Y1 Y2 Y3
Y
Y Y4 Y5
1 4
4 34 4 2 43 4 4
43
Nhn xt:
Ma trn tng dn Ynut:
B
{
J J1
J J 5
14
2 43
I1
I2
I5
I4
J1
J5
Y = cc tng dn ni vi nh k.
kk
Z312n
Y = cc tng dn ni nh k vi nh l (lun m).
kl
Ma trn ngun dng:

Jnut k = cc ngun dng ni vi nh k.
Ngun dng i vo nh du dng.
Ngun dng i ra nh du m.
Jn
E2
S phng trnh: d - 1 thng dng gii cc mch c s nh t, vi nhiu nhnh mc song

song vi nhau.
Phng php th nt t c s dng khi mch c h cm.
C s k thut in 1
59
C S K THUT IN 1
II. Phng php th nt.
C s k thut in 1
60

Phng php dng vng l phng php lp phng trnh mch theo lut Kirchoff 2 vi bin l
dng in quy c chy trong cc vng ca mch Kirchoff.
Ni dung phng php:
Ngun chnh tc: Ngun p. (Nu c cc ngun dng cn i thnh ngun p tng ng)
Ngun dng c chiu i vo nh no th ngun p tng ng c chiu i vo nh .
ln: E J .Z
td
nh
nh
Chn chiu ca dng in vng tng ng vi cc vng ca mch (nn chn chiu dng vng
cng chiu vi chiu ca a s cc ngun p c trong vng).
Vit phng trnh mch theo lut Kirchoff 2 (n - d + 1 phng trnh) vi bin l dng in
vng chn.
C s k thut in 1
61

V d: Lp phng trnh mch theo phng php dng vng
Z12345cho mch in sau.
C
h
I1
E3
E1
Z
A
C
B13542
Ek
Z1
E1
vong
n
g
I4
I2
vong
I5
Z3. J
u Chn chiu dng in vng:

Lp phng trnh mch theo lut Kirchoff 2 vi bin
y
l dng in trong cc vng:
n
I3
I V 1 .Z1 I V 1 .Z 2 I V
( Z1 Z 2 ) . I V 1 Z 2 . I V
{
14 2 4
3
.Z 2 E1
2
Z KL
Z KK
E
{1
I V1
Evong
: Vng 2:
d
C
s k thut in 1
IV 3
IV2
Vng 3:
. I
V 1
(Z2
Z3
Z4
). I
. I
E3
E1
Z4. I
V 2
(Z
Z 5 ). I V
E5
62

Z
A
B13542
C

I V 1 E1
Z2
0
Z1 Z 2

Z 2 Z3 Z 4
Z 4 . I V 2 E3
Z2

Z 4 Z 5
4
1 4 04 4 4 44 Z
2 4 4 4 4 4 43 I V 3 E5
{ {
Z vong
N
t
A
:
t
:
I5
I4
G
k
i
h
i
C s k thut
n in 1
I1 I
I3
I3
J I
J I
V 1
V1
V 2
V 1
, I
I1
( I
A
B3
Z
Nt B: I 3 I 4 I 5 J 0
hoc
I3 J
IV 3
E1
N
h
Nhnh c ngun:
n
h
IV2
I V1
E vong
I vong
E3
I2
N
h
I1
I3 J I V 2 I V 3 I V 3
I3 J I V 2
63


I V 1 E1
Z2
0
Z1 Z 2

Z 2 Z3 Z 4
Z 4 . I V 2 E3
Z2

Z 4 Z 5
4
1 4 04 4 4 44 Z
2 4 4 4 4 4 43 I V 3 E5
{ {
Z vong
Nhn xt:
Z
A
C
B13542
I vong
E3
I V1
IV 3
E1
E vong
Ma trn tng tr vng Zvong:
IV2
Ma trn ngun p vng:
Z = tng tr c trong vng th k.

kk
Z = tng tr chung gia vng k v vng l.
kl
Evong k = cc ngun p c trong vng k

Dng nu ngun p cng chiu dng vng
m nu ngun p ngc chiu dng vng.
Dng nu Ivong k v Ivong l cng chiu nhau.

m nu Ivong k v Ivong l ngc chiu nhau.
S phng trnh: (n d + 1) thng dng gii nhng mch c s vng t
C s k thut in 1
64
C S K THUT IN 1
II. Phng php th nt.
C s k thut in 1
65

IV. Khi nim v Graph Kirchoff.
Graph l 1 tp d nh (nt) v n nhnh (cung) c hoc khng nh chiu ni gia cc nh .
Graph Kirchoff l 1 graph m t cch chp ni gavanic gia cc vt dn, s phn b cc vng nng
lng v s phn b cc cp bin dng, p nhnh ca h.
I
V d:
Z2
Z1
1
2
5
Z5
Z3
Z6
Z4
II
6
Graph Kirchoff = Cu trc
Nhnh:
Vt l: Nhnh c trng cho mt vng nng lng.
Hnh hc: Nhnh l mt cung ni gia 2 nh, c nh chiu.
nh: L ch chp ni ca 3 nhnh tr ln.
C s k thut in 1
III
IV
e(t)
S mch Kirchoff = Cu trc + thng s
66

IV. Khi nim v Graph Kirchoff.
Cy: L tp hp cc nhnh ca graph ni gia cc nh nhng khng to thnh vng kn.
Cnh: L tp hp cc nhnh ca 1 cy. Ty theo cch chn cnh khc nhau m mt graph c th c
nhiu cy khc nhau.
II
II
V d:
1
I
3
2
5
IV
III
4
II
2
I
3
5
IV
III
4
3
2
5
IV
III
4
S cnh trong 1 cy: d - 1

B cy: L tp cc nhnh cng vi cy to thnh graph cho.
B cnh: L tp hp cc nhnh to nn b cy. Nh vy mi b cnh cng vi cnh to thnh 1
vng kn.
S b cnh trong 1 graph: n - d + 1
C s k thut in 1
67
C S K THUT IN 1
Chng 3: Phng php c bn tnh mch tuyn tnh ch xc lp iu
ha - Graph Kirchoff
II. Phng php th nt.
V.1. nh l v lp phng trnh Kirchoff 2.
C s k thut in 1
68

nh l 1: Cc p cnh trn mt cy lm thnh 1 tp p nhnh c lp.
Chng minh:
Cc p cnh trn 1 cy khng to thnh 1 vng kn chng c lp vi nhau.
Cc p b cnh khc cng vi p cnh to thnh vng kn chng ph thuc vo p cnh
theo lut Kirchoff 2.
S phng trnh c lp vit theo lut Kirchoff 2 l: n - d + 1.
nh l 2: Cc h phng trnh cn bng p trn cc vng kn khp bi mi b cnh lm thnh
1 h phng trnh c lp.
Chng minh:
Mi vng cha ring v duy nht 1 p b cnh v n ph thuc vo p cnh chng c lp
vi nhau.
Cc phng trnh cn bng p trn cc mt li ca 1 graph phng to thnh 1 h v c
lp.
C s k thut in 1
69

nh l 1: Cc dng b cnh trn mt b cy to thnh mt tp dng nhnh c lp.
Chng minh:
B cnh khng cha tp ct nh nn chng khng b rng buc bi lut Kirchoff 1 chng
c lp vi nhau.
S phng trnh c lp vit theo lut Kirchoff 1: d 1.
nh l 2: Phng trnh cn bng dng trn cc tp ct ng vi mi cnh lm thnh h v

c lp.
Chng minh:
Do mi tp ct cha ring mt dng nhnh.
C s k thut in 1
70
C S K THUT IN 1
II. Phng php th nt.
VI.1. Ma trn nh - nhnh A.
VI.2. Ma trn b - nhnh B.
C s k thut in 1
71

VI. Ma trn cu trc A.
Mch in
Ma trn cu trc
Graph Kirchoff

n
u
n
h
V d: Lp ma trn nh - nhnh
n A ca graph cho bi hnh bn.
h
Nhnh 1
3
4
5
6
j 2
nh
k
i
-1 vhra 0
1
0
0
-1
I
II
1 k 1
0
1
0
0
onh
III
0 ngi0
0
-1
-1
1
n
d
IV
0 t
-1
-1
0
1
0
int
hi
C s k thut in 1
v
aij
II
1
3
2
I
III
IV
6
72

Ma trn A = Ma trn Atha - 1 hng
Tnh cht:
Ct: Nhnh th i ni 2 nh no vi nhau, v chiu dng ca nhnh.

Hng: nh th j c nhng nhnh no v chiu ca mi nhnh ti nh .
Mi hng ca ma trn A l t hp tuyn tnh ca cc hng cn li ma trn Atha
1 0 0 1 0 1
Adu 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 1
6
cy
b cnh
-1
-1
II
III
-1
-1
IV
-1
-1
V d:
Nhnh
nh
II
1
3
2
I
III
IV
C s k thut in 1
73

ng dng:
Lp phng trnh theo lut Kirchoff 1:
tr
o
n
g
A. I nh 0
I nh
I1
...

I
n 1 xn
Lp phng trnh quan h gia in p cc nhnh v in th nt:

b
tr
i
o
n
nh
c
g
th
b
ng
0
C s k thut in 1
U nh At . nut
nut
...
d 1
;
1x(d-1)
U nh

U
1
...
U
n
1 xn
74

Ch :
T ma trn A ta c th khi phc li c cu trc ca graph bng cch:
Khi phc li ma trn Atha.
S hng ca ma trn bng s nh ca graph
S ct ca ma trn bng s nhnh ca graph.
II
V d: Cho ma trn A. V li graph.
1 1 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 1
Athua
C s k thut in 1
1 1 1 1 0 I
1 1 0 0 1 II
0 0 1 1 1 III
Adu
III
5
75

Mt graph hon ton xc nh nu ta ch r tp cc nhnh c nh chiu v tp cc b cnh khp kn
qua mt cy v ch r mi vng kn gm cc nhnh no.
n
u
n
h
V d: Lp ma trnnb - nhnh B ca graph cho bi hnh bn.

h
Nhnh
i
1
2
3
4
5
6
B th
k
-1
0
1
1
0
0
3 ah
m
4 gi
1
1
0
0
0
0
n
5 ag
0
0
-1
0
1
0
vk
6 h
-1
0
1
0
0
1
n
B cnh
Cnh
gn
C s k thut in v
g1
bij
II
6
5
2
3
1
I
4
III
76

Tnh cht:
Ct: Nhnh j tham gia nhng vng no, v chiu ca n so vi chiu ca vng (quy c chiu
ca vng l chiu ca b).
B cnh ch tham gia vo vng ca ring mnh m khng tham gia vo cc vng khc.
B = (Bcnh | Bb) = (Bcnh | I)

Hng: Cho bit graph c bao nhiu vng, mi vng c bao nhiu nhnh tham gia v chiu ca
n.
tr
ng dng:
o
Lp phng trnh theo lut Kirchoff 1: n
g
:
Lp phng trnh quan h gia dng in nhnh v dng in b:
tr
o
n
g
: 1
C s k thut in
nh
Bt . I
nh
I 1
...
I n
bu
;
1 xn
bu
I bu
1
...
I bu
...

U n
U nh
B.U nh 0
1 xn
1 xk
77

Ch : T ma trn B ta cng c th v li c graph cho.
V d:
b
1 1 0 0 0 c
c
B 1 0 1 0 1 h
1 0 0 1 1 n
h
1 0 1 0 0 3
1 1 0 1 0 4
1 1 0 0 1 5
1 2 3 4 5
II
5
S nhnh: 5 (1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
4
III
S b cnh: 3 (4, 5, 6)
S cnh: 5 3 = 2 S nh: 3
C s k thut in 1
78
C S K THUT IN 1
II. Phng php th nt.
VII.1. Lut Ohm theo ngha rng.
VII.2. Lp phng trnh.
C s k thut in 1
79

Zn
VII.1. Lut Ohm theo ngha rng.

Nhnh khng ngun:
Znh Ynh1
U nh Z nh . I nh
Zn N
h
h
n
h
I nh
U nh
I nh Ynh .U nh
I U
E
nh
E nh
Zn
U nh I
n
g
u
Nhnh c ngun dng - ngun p:

n
p
:
C s k thut in 1
nh
nh
.Z nh E nh
Nhnh c ngun dng:
nh
nh
J nh
IZ
I nh
nh
nh
nh
Ynh .U
nh
Z nh ( I
nh
nh
nh
U nh
Zn
h
J nh
nh
nh
nh
(I
nh
nh
Ynh .(U
nh
nh
).Z
nh
E nh )
nh
I nh
IZ
nh
U nh
80
E nh

a. Ma trn thng s.
Ma trn tng tr nhnh:Z
kk
kl::
T
n
g
: M
tr
al
nt
t
h
rg
n
i
ng
n
: M
h
al
k
nt
n
gr
t
h
u
rg
i
n
n
n
h
g
k
C
u s k thut in 1
Z nh
Z11
...
...
Z kk
Z n1
...
Z1n
...
Z nn
nxn
nh
E1
...
E n
1 xn
nh
. ..
J n
1 xn
81

b. Lp phng trnh vi ma trn A.
Trnh t tnh ton bng Matlab:
X
u
M
t
t
p
S
kh
uh
t
y
t
ra
c,
p
:
ta
h
t
c
:
:
M
n
:
g
tr
N
n
h
h:
v
C
s k thut in 1
A. I
Ynut
nut
nut
A, Z nh ,
A.Ynh .U
nh
nh
Ynh .(U
nh
A.Ynh . E
A.Ynh . At .
nh
nh
A. J
nut
nh
A.( J
nh
nh
nh
Yn h . E n h )
A.Ynh . A t .
A.( J
Ynut .
nh
Ynh . E
nut
nh
nh
nut
J nut
Ynut
At .
nut
nh
Ynh .(U
nh
nh
nh
oT
sn
h
li
c
u:
c
m
a
K
tr
t
qn:
u
:
E nh ,
nh
Ynut AY
. nh .At
Ynh inv ( Z nh )
J nut A.( J nh Ynh . E nh )
nut J nut \ Ynut
U nh At . nut
I nh Ynh .(U nh E nh ) J nh
82
Chng 3: Phng php c bn tnh mch tuyn tnh

ch xc lp iu ha - Graph Kirchoff
b. Lp phng trnh vi ma trn B.
Trnh t tnh ton bng Matlab:
X
u
M
t
t
p
S
kh
uh
t
y
t
ra
c,
p
:
ta
h
t
c
:
:
n
V
g
tr
y
n
ta
N
h:
hc
:
v
C
s k thut in 1
B.U
B.Z nh . I
vong
B , Z nh ,
nh
(I
B.Z nh . J
B.Z nh .B t . I
nh
nh
Z vong
nh
nh
).Z
nh
B. E nh
B.( E
bu
nh
nh
oT
sn
h
li
c
u:
c
m
a
K
tr
t
qn:
u
:
nh
nh
. J
nh
B.Z nh . B t .
B.( E
nh
vong
. I
bu
nh
. J
nh
nh
nh
bu
E vong
Z vong
Bt . I
vong
bu
nh
.( I
nh
nh
E nh ,
nh
Z vong B.Z nh .Bt
E vong B.( E nh Z nh . J nh )
I bu E vong \ Z vong
I nh B t . I bu
U nh Z nh .(I nh J
nh
) E nh
nh
83
C S K THUT IN 1
I. Khi nim chung.

C s k thut in 1
84
C S K THUT IN 1
I. Khi nim chung.

C s k thut in 1
85

I. Khi nim chung.
Mch in tuyn tnh l mch in c m hnh ton hc gm hu hn cc bin trng thi vi tnh
cht:
Cc thng s ca mch (R, L, C) l hng s.
Quan h gia cc bin trng thi trn cng 1 phn t l phng trnh vi tch phn tuyn tnh, h
s hng.
Min thi gian

Phng trnh vi tch phn
tuyn tnh, h s hng
Mch in tuyn tnh
Cc thng s ca mch l hng s.

Quan h gia cc bin trng thi trn 1
phn t l tuyn tnh.
Min nh phc
Phng trnh i s
nh phc
Kch thch iu ha
C s k thut in 1
86
C S K THUT IN 1
I. Khi nim chung

II.1. Quan h tuyn tnh gia kch thch v p ng.
II.2. Quan h tuyn tnh gia cc p ng.
C s k thut in 1
87

II.1. Quan h tuyn tnh gia kch thch v p ng:
Pht biu 1: Nu trong mch c mt kch thch th mi p ng ca mch u c quan h tuyn
tnh vi kch thch .
X k : nh phc ca p ng th k
X k Tk . F
V d:
I1
: nh phc ca kch thch trong mch
Tk
: hm truyn t biu din mi quan

h gia p ng th k v kch thch
Z321
Z 2 Z3
E
.E
Z 2 .Z 3
Z1.Z 2 Z1.Z 3 Z 2 .Z 3
Z1
Z 2 Z3
T
1
Z 2 Z3
Z3
Z3
I2
.
.E
.E
Z1.Z 2 Z1.Z 3 Z 2 .Z 3 Z 2 Z 3
Z1.Z 2 Z1.Z 3 Z 2 .Z 3
I1
I2
T2
C s k thut in 1
88

II.1. Quan h tuyn tnh gia kch thch v p ng:
Pht biu 2: Nu trong mch c nhiu kch thch cng tn s tc ng ng thi th mi p ng
ca mch u c quan h tuyn tnh vi mi kch thch . (tnh cht xp chng)
:
h
n
h
m
F
, F
, ..., F
X
T
. F T
. F ... T
.F
p
tr
uh
Ch
y : Nu cc kch thch khng cng tn s th ta phi xp chng cc p ng trong min thi gian.
c
Pht biu 3: Nu trong mch c nhiu kch thch cng tc ng nhng ch c mt kch thch
nc
bin ng th quan h gia mi p ng vi kch thch bin ng y c dng:
a
t
:
c
bi
h
t
n
ucp
h
gm
k
di
p
ctr
cn
uh
nhg
th s k thut ayin 1
m
89
C
nc
1k
2k
nk
T1k , T2 k , ..., Tnk
T
F
X
Tk . F
1
0 k

II.2. Quan h tuyn tnh gia cc p ng:
Pht biu: Trong mch tuyn tnh, mi p ng ca mch lun c mt quan h tuyn tnh vi t
nht mt p ng khc trong mch theo dng:
X k , X j : nh phc ca 2 p ng bt k trong mch

Ajk , B : hm truyn t biu din mi quan
h gia 2 p ng Z
X k A jk . X j B
321
V d: Tm quan h tuyn tnh gia I 1 v I 2 khi Z3 bin thin t 0 n .
Quan h tuyn tnh gia I 1 v I 2 c dng: I 1 A. I 2 B

K
hi
Z
K
3
hi
=
Z
0:
I1
E
Z1
Z1
E
Z
: thut in 1
C s k
=
0
Vy ta c:
I1
Z1
E
Z2
A.
Z1
E
Z2
E
Z1
Z2
E
.I2
Z1
Z1
Z2
Z1
90
C S K THUT IN 1
I. Khi nim chung.

C s k thut in 1
91

Hm truyn t l nhng hm c tnh tn phc c trng cho hnh vi ca mch tuyn tnh h s
hng di tc dng kch thch ca mt ph tn iu ha.
Hm truyn t c nh ngha l t s ring hoc o hm ring ca nh p ng trn nh kch
thch. :
F
X
()T
h
n
X
( )
h
m
T
( )
F
( )
p
M
h
c
c
c
t
h
H nk
K hc
m t
hp
i
nth
I
k
t Hm
n truyn t tng dn: o kh nng truyn dng in th k t ring mt
pc
c
Ymk
p nhnh m.
hg
h r ngun
Em
u
tr
o
y
U
k
Hm truyn t tng tr: o kh nng truyn p th k t ring mt ngun
f
Z
mk
dng
n nhnh m.
gi
f
Jm
n
n
92
C s k thut
ah in 1
c
mk
KUmk
Imk
C S K THUT IN 1
I. Khi nim chung.

C s k thut in 1
93

Mch in Kirchoff tuyn tnh c gi l tng h nu nhng hm truyn t tng tr, tng dn
trong mch l tuyn tnh v thun nghch.
tr
v
o
n
g
Z KL
U L
Z LK
YKL
IL
YLK
: Truyn t p (dng) trong my bin p (bin dng), trong khuch i thut ton ..., hm truyn
t tng tr (tng dn) trong transistor ... khng c tnh tng h.
T
Tnh
r cht:
u Mch tuyn tnh tng h c ma trn Zvng v Ynt i xng vi nhau qua ng cho chnh
y
ch cn tm mt na cc hm truyn t tng tr, tng dn.
n Nhn chung cc hm truyn t dng, p khng c tnh tng h.

M 12
C s k
thut in 1
21
k.
L
1 .L2
94

V d: Cho mch in tuyn tnh tng h. Hy tnh dng in trong nhnh 5 khi ngun kch thch t
R1=20
R3=20
trong nhnh 6.
Vi mch hnh (a) ta c th tnh I5 theo cc phng php dng nhnh,
I5
dng vng, th nh, tuy nhin d gii bng phng php no ta cng phi
gii vi t nht 3 phng trnh.
R5=8
R2=20
p dng tnh cht tng h: Dng in I5 trong hnh (a) s bng dng
R1
Y56 Y65
C s k thut in 1
R3
I3
R5
I5
Y65
E6
(a)
E=6V
in I6 trong hnh (b). Tht vy, v mch l tuyn tnh tng h nn:
I6
Y56
E5
R4=30
(b)
E
R 4 I4
R2
I6
95

V d:
R1=20
R3=20
I5
I ng
E
0.2( A)
R5 ( R2 // R4 ) ( R1 // R3 )
R5=8
R2=20
R4=30
(a)
E=6V
I 4 I ng .
R2
0.08( A)
R2 R4
I 3 I ng .
R1
0.1( A)
R1 R3
R1=20
R3=20
I3
R5=8
I 6 I 3 I 4 0.1 0.08 0.02( A)

Vy: I5 = 0.02(A)
Ing
(b)
E=6V
R2=20
R4=30
I6
C s k thut in 1
I4
96
C S K THUT IN 1

III. Tr hiu dng - cng sut dng chu k.
C s k thut in 1
97
C S K THUT IN 1

C s k thut in 1
98

nh ngha: Ngun chu k l ngun m tn hiu ca n lp li nh c sau mt khong thi gian T
(T c gi l chu k ca tn hiu).
V d:
U
Ngun chnh lu na chu k
Ngun xung rng ca
Ngun chnh lu 2 na chu k
Ton
t
Toff
T
Ngun xung vung
C s k thut in 1
Ton
U
Toff
T
Ngun xung vung
T
Ngun xung rng ca
99

Theo khai trin chui Furi, mt hm chu k lun c th phn tch thnh mt tng cc hm iu ha
bc 0, 1, 2, 3, ... c dng:
h
o
f (t ) f 0
f (t ) f 0
F
k 0
km
F
k 0
km
. cos( k .t k )
.sin( k .t k )
Do chui hi t nn nhng thnh phn iu ha bc cao s nh dn. V vy, mt cch gn ng, ch

cn ly mt vi s hng u cng tha mn chnh xc yu cu.
C s k thut in 1
100
C S K THUT IN 1

C s k thut in 1
101

Chng 3 trnh by phng php s phc dng xt mch tuyn tnh c cc kch thch iu ha
cng tn s. Phng php s phc c u im l a vic gii mt h phng trnh vi tch phn i
vi bin iu ha 1 tn s v vic gii 1 h phng trnh i s nh phc.
i vi mch tuyn tnh c kch thch l ngun chu k khng iu ha, ngi ta cng tm cch dng
phng php s phc gii bng cch:
Phn tch ngun chu k khng iu ha thnh tng nhng ngun iu ha c tn s khc nhau.
Dng phng php s phc xt p ng i vi nhng ngun iu ha thuc tng tn s. Ch
tnh la chn i vi tn s ca cc thng s tng tr, tng dn.
Thnh phn 1 chiu:
L
C
ngn mch
UL
j.. L. I
Khi xt thnh phn 1 chiu

tc ng, cu trc ca
mch c th b thay i.
h mch
UC
1
.IC
j. .C
T
h
Xp chng trong min thi gian cc p ng ik(t), uk(t) s c cc p ng ca mch.

n
h in 1
C s k thut
Z
j.
. L
ZC
j.
1
.C
102

V d: Tnh i(t), uC(t) ca mch in hnh bn, bit: e(t ) 100 100 2 sin1000t 200 2 sin 2000t (V )
R=50 L=0.1H
Xt thnh phn 1 chiu tc ng: E0 = 100(V)

I0 = 0(A) ; uC0 = 100(V)
Xt thnh phn 1=1000 rad/s: e(t ) 100 2 sin1000t E 100 0(V )
Z L j.1.L j100()
ZC
e(t)
C=20F
Z R Z L Z C 50 j 50 50 2 45 ()
0
1
j 50()
j.1.C
100 0
I1
50
2 45
C1
I 1 .Z C 50
2 1350 (V )
2 450 ( A)
Xt thnh phn 1=2000 rad/s: e(t ) 200 2 sin 2000t E 200 0(V )
Z L j.2 .L j 200()
ZC
1
j 25()
j.2 .C
Z R Z L Z C 50 j175 182 740 ()
200
0
182
74
1.1
74
C 2
.Z C
1.1
74
90
. 25
27.5
1640 (V )
( A)
Tng hp kt qu:
i (t
C s k thut in 1
uC
( t)
i
0
(t
uC
t)
i
1
(t
u
C
i2
t)
(t
u
C
( t)
2 s in
(
1 0
0 0
t
100
100
4 50
sin(
1000
1 .1
0
135
s in
(2 0
0 0t
7
.5
7
4
sin( 2000
)(
A)
103
1640
) (
V
C S K THUT IN 1

III.1. Tr hiu dng.
III.2. Cng sut dng chu k.
C s k thut in 1
104

III.1. Tr hiu dng.
o kh nng sinh cng ca dng in chu k ta dng khi nim gi tr hiu dng I vi nh ngha
nh sau:
i(
T:
(*
c)
t)
:h
V
du
k
n
i
gbi
2
T
T
1
1
(
2
2
i
(*)
.
i
(
t
)
.
dt
I
.
k
t
n
T 0 k 0
T 0
)
nth
ci
T
l
Vy ta c:
1 2 hn
2
2
. ik (t ).ucdt I k
I
k 0 T 0
k 0
k
d
a
.
Gi
tr
hiu
dng
dng,
p
bng tng bnh phng
d
trong
cn ca cc gi tr hiu
n
dng thnh phn
g
n
g
C s k thut in 1
i (t )
k 0
1
T
i 2 (t ) dt
Tch phn 1 hm iu ha
trong 1 chu k th bng 0
0
ik (t )
1
2
ik (t ).dt . ik (t ).il (t ).dt
T 0 k l 0
k 0
2
I 02 I12 ... I n
U
k 0
2
k
E
k 0
I
k 0
2
k
2
k
105

III.2. Cng sut dng chu k.
Theo nh ngha gi tr hiu dng, cng sut trung bnh trong mt chu k (gi l cng sut tc dng)
ca dng chu k trn mt nhnh bng:
P R.I R. I R.I Pk P0 P1 P2 ...

2
k 0
2
k
k 0
2
k
k 0
Cng sut tc dng ca dng chu k bng tng cc cng sut tc dng ng vi mi thnh phn
iu ha.
V d: Tnh cng sut ca ngun
e(t ) 100 100 2 sin1000t 200 2 sin 2000t (V )
R=50 L=0.1H
e(t)
C=20F
i (t ) 2sin(1000t 450 ) 1.1 2 sin(2000t 74 0 )( A)
P P0 P1 P2
P0 0
P 160.64(W )
P1 E1.I1.cos 1 100. 2.cos(450 ) 100(W ).

C s k thut in 1
P2 E2 .I 2 .cos 2 200.1,1.cos(740 ) 60.64(W )
106
C S K THUT IN 1

C s k thut in 1
107

Hm truyn t c nh ngha l t s ring hoc o hm ring ca nh p ng trn nh kch
thch.
c
X ( )

t
T ( )
T ( ) .e
F ( )
n
n, C h
t
m
n
: c
pbi
P
h
h h
n
a:

a
a s a s
... a s
F (s )
T (s)
;
s j
th m M
b b s b s
... b s
F (s )
:
u
M cc l nghim ca a thc F2(s) = 0.
t
t im
c r im
khng l nghim ca a thc F1(s) = 0.
u
t
v
c trng
q
l
im cc
y
Hm
truyn
t
cu
o
Dng li
im khng
ha
k n
pn thut in 1
108
t C s k
()
C S K THUT IN 1

C s k thut in 1
109
C S K THUT IN 1

I.1. Khi nim.
I.2. Phn loi.
C s k thut in 1
110
Chng 6: Mng mt ca Kirchoff tuyn tnh

I.1. Khi nim.
Thc t thng gp nhng thit b in hoc ng lc lm nhim v trao i nng ng lng hay
tn hiu in t ra/vo mt ca ng.
V d: My pht in cung cp nng ng lng ra trn cc cc; mt my thu nhn nng lng tn
hiu a vo cc cc; mt ng dy truyn tin; mt dng c o lng
Tuy nhng thit b y c cu trc bn trong rt khc nhau, nhng iu m ta quan tm chung l qu
trnh nng lng tn hiu trn ca ng. Nh vy h thng c coi nh mt vng nng lng v
c quan st da trn qu trnh phn ng v hnh vi trn ca ng, v khng quan tm n kt cu
v tnh nng cc vng bn trong ca h.
m t qu trnh y ta b xung vo cc phn t R, L, C trong mch Kirchoff mt phn t mng
mt ca Kirchoff.
C s k thut in 1
111

I.1. Khi nim.
nh ngha: Mng mt ca Kirchoff l mt kt cu mch c mt ca ng trao i nng ng
lng v tn hiu in t vi nhng phn khc ca mch. (Ca ng l mt b phn ca s mch
trn ta a vo hoc ly ra tn hiu. Vi cc bin nhnh trong mch Kirchoff, ca ng thng l
mt cp nh).
i(t)
Bin trng thi trn ca: i(t), u(t).
u(t)
iu kin mng mt ca: Dng in chy vo cc ny bng dng

in chy ra cc kia.
M hnh ton hc:
Qu trnh nng lng tn hiu trn ca ng ca mng 1 ca c th hin quan h gia cp
bin trng thi trn ca u(t) v i(t).
Vi mch Kirchoff, quan h ny l mt phng trnh vi tch phn thng trong min thi gian.
f (u , u ', u '',..., i, i ', i '',..., t ) 0

C s k thut in 1
112

I.2. Phn loi.
Mng 1 ca tuyn tnh.
Theo phng trnh trng thi:

Mng 1 ca phi tuyn (khng xt).
Theo kh nng trao nhn nng ng lng in t trn ca:
Mng 1 ca khng ngun: L mng mt ca khng c kh nng t a nng ng lng ra
khi ca ng.
i
Ch : Mc d kt cu bn trong ca mng 1 ca c th cha

cc phn t ngun e(t), j(t) nhng nu cc kt cu b ngn
mch ngay trc khi ra ca v n khng cn kh nng trao

nng ng lng in t ra bn ngoi th nhng mng 1 ca
vn c coi l mng mt ca khng ngun.
Mng 1 ca c ngun: L mng 1 ca c th cha t a
nng ng lng ra khi ca ng, l cc mng mt ca c
i
u
cha cc phn t ngun e(t), j(t) v chng khng b trit tiu.

C s k thut in 1
113

I.2. Phn loi.
Cch xc nh:
i(t) = 0
H mch ca (i = 0) o in p trn ca u0(t):

Nu u0(t) = 0 mng mt ca khng ngun.
u0(t)
Nu u0(t) 0 mng mt ca c ngun.
Ngn mch ca (u = 0) o dng in trn ca i0(t):

Nu i0(t) = 0 mng mt ca khng ngun.
Nu i0(t) 0 mng mt ca c ngun.
C s k thut in 1
i0(t)
A
u(t) = 0
114
C S K THUT IN 1

II.1. Phng trnh trng thi mng 1 ca Kirchoff tuyn tnh.
II.2. S tng ng mng 1 ca c ngun.
C s k thut in 1
115

Xt mng 1 ca tuyn tnh vi kch thch l iu ha.
Theo tnh cht ca mch tuyn tnh, quan h gia 2 bin trng thi
trn ca c dng h phng trnh tuyn tnh i s nh phc:
U A. I B
(1)
I C.U D
Xt phng trnh (1):
(2)
Xt phng trnh (2):
Khi I 0 (h mch ca) B U h
(
1)
[V
A.[
A]
[
V
Khi U 0 (ngn mch ca) D I N [ A]

Vy D l dng in ngn mch trn ca.
[V ]
Vy B l in p h mch trn ca.

M
n
g
A 1
[
c

C ],s k athut in 1
0
0
C
[
Si
],
n
g
1
c
( 2)
[ A] C .[V ] [ A]
116

M hnh ton hc ca mng 1 ca Kirchoff tuyn tnh:
U Z vao . I U h
I Yvao .U J N
Nh vy mng 1 ca tuyn tnh c ngun hon ton c th c trng bi mt cp thng s

h
o
C s k thut in 1
(Z
(Y
117

a. nh l Thevenil.
X
t
P
h
p
n Pht biu: C th thay th tng ng mt mng 1 ca tuyn tnh c ngun bng mt ngun in
gn
g c sut in ng bng in p trn ca khi h mch mc ni tip vi mt tng tr trong bng tng
vao
tt
rr
nn
hh
:
tr vo ca mng mt ca.
Cch tnh tng tr vo:
I tai
Ngn mch ngun p, h mch ngun dng.

Tnh tng tr tng ng ca mng 1 ca.
n
s k thut in 1
C
U tai
Zv
Uh
Z vao Z tai
Uh
.Z tai
Z vao Z tai
ao
Ztai
118
Uh

b. nh l Norton.
X
t
P
Y
v ao .U
h
p
n Pht biu: C th thay th tng ng mt mng 1 ca tuyn tnh c ngun bng mt ngun in
gn
g tng ng ghp bi mt ngun dng mc song song vi mt tng dn vo ca mng mt ca.
t
t Cch tnh tng dn vo:
r
Ngn mch ngun p, h mch ngun dng.
nn Tnh tng dn tng ng ca mng 1 ca.
h
h
:
t
r s k thut in 1
C
U tai
IN
Yvao Ytai
vao
Ytai
I tai
IN
.Ytai
Yvao Ytai
JN
119

c. Quan h gia s Thevenil v Norton.
S Thevenil
S Norton
Zv
ao
Ztai
vao
U Z vao . I U h
I Yvao .U J N
Ytai
Uh
JN
I tai
Uh
Z vao Z tai
U tai
Uh
.Z tai
Z vao Z tai
I tai
IN
.Ytai
Yvao Ytai
1
Y
vao
Z vao
C s k thut in 1
Uh
N Z
vao
U tai
IN
Yvao Ytai
Cng thc chuyn gia

hai s
1
Z
vao
Yvao
IN
h Y
vao
120

Z123

V d: Tnh dng in v in p trn Z3
Ct nhnh 3:
T
n tr
h o
n
g
Z1.Z 2
Tnh
tng
tr
vo:
Z
Z
//
Z
vao
1
2
Z1 Z 2
:
Thay mng 1 ca bng s Thevenil:
E1 .Y1 E 2 .Y2
Y1 Y2
Z12
Y1
1
Z1
Y2
E2
E1
I3
1
Z2
Suy ra:
I3
Uh
E .Y E2 .Y2 J
1 1
Z vao Z 3 (Y1 Y2 ).( Z vao Z 3 )
E .Y E2 .Y2 J
U 3 Z3. I3 1 1
.Z 3
h
(Y1 Y2 ).( Z vao Z 3 )
e
C s k thut in 1
o
Zv
Z3
ao
Uh
I3
121

Z123

V d: Tnh dng in v in p trn Z3
Ct nhnh 3:
T
tr
o
n n
g h
: T
n
Thay mng 1 ca bng s Norton:
h
Suy ra:
t
n
g
Y
1
// Y2
E2
E1
Y1
J Y1 . E 1 Y2 . E 2
Y
vao
I3
Y
1
1
Z1
Y2
1
Z2
Z12
Y2
E1
E2
IN
I3
IN
I3
.Y3 ; U 3
Y3 Yvao
Y3 Y3 Yvao
3vao
I3
JN
d s k thut in 1
C
122
IN
C S K THUT IN 1

C s k thut in 1
123

Z
N
T
t
Cho mng 1 ca c ngun cung cp cho mt ti Zt bin ng.

Theo nh l Thevenil, ta c th thay th mng 1 ca bng mt
ngun tng ng (U , Z ) .
h
ng
i
g
u
Ztn
Khi cng sut a n ti l:
U h2
Rt
P Rt .I Rt . 2 U h2 .
Z
( Rng Rt ) 2 ( X ng X t ) 2
2
t
I, P
cng sut a n ti l cc i th:
Rt
max
( R R )2
ng
t
C s k thut in 1
X ng X t 0
X ng X t 0
Rng=const
Rt
d
0
dR ( R R ) 2
t
ng
t
X ng X t
Rng Rt
124

Vy iu kin a cng sut cc i ra khi mng 1 ca l:
Z ng Z t
N
Tt
Z
i
g
u
Ztn
Cng sut a ra ti l:
2
h
U .Rng
U h2 .Rt
U h2
Pt
( Rng Rt ) 2 (2.Rng ) 2 4.Rng
I, P
Hiu sut truyn nng lng t ngun tng ng n ti:
P
t
P
ng
Rt .I 2
( Rng Rt ).I
50%
Thc t Zng v Rt thng khng tha mn iu kin trn tha mn iu kin ny thng phi
ni thm mt b phn trung gian c thng s thch hp gia ngun v ti. Qu trnh nh vy c
gi l ha hp ngun vi ti.
C s k thut in 1
125
C S K THUT IN 1
II. M t ton hc ca mng hai ca - Phng php tnh cc b s
c trng.
IV. Hm truyn t dng - p. Tng tr vo ca mng hai ca. Vn
ha hp ngun v ti bng mng hai ca.
C s k thut in 1
126
C S K THUT IN 1
I.1. t vn .
I.2. Phn loi.
c trng.
C s k thut in 1
127

I.1. t vn .
Trong cc chng trc ta hc:
Cc phng php s phc xt mch tuyn tnh h s hng ch xc lp iu ha:
Phng php dng nhnh.
Phng php dng vng.
Phng php th nh.
Cch tnh p ng ca mch tuyn tnh khi ngun l kch thch chu k khng iu ha.
Xt cc quan h tuyn tnh ca mch tuyn tnh, t xy dng m hnh mng mt ca
Kirchoff tuyn tnh.
Trong chng ny ta s xy dng thm mt s cu trc mi, gi l m hnh mng hai ca
Kirchoff.
Th no l mng 2 ca ???
Ti sao ta phi xy dng m hnh mng 2 ca ???
C s k thut in 1
128

I.1. t vn .
Trong thc t ta thng gp nhng thit b in lm nhim v nhn nng lng hay tn hiu a vo
mt ca ng v truyn ra mt ca ng khc.
V d:
C s k thut in 1
129

I.1. t vn .
Cc thit b trn c cu trc bn trong rt khc nhau nhng iu m ta quan tm khng phi l cu
trc ca n m l qu trnh nng lng, tn hiu trn 2 ca v mi quan h gia 2 qu trnh .
Trong cc thit b o lng, iu khin tnh ton hay tng qut hn l cc h thng o lng iu
khin thng c to bi nhiu khi, trong mi khi thng c 2 ca ng, thc hin mt php
tc ng hay mt php ton t no ln tn hiu ca vo, cho mt tn hiu khc ca ra. Bng
cch phn tch nh vy ta s d dng nhn thy c cu trc ca thit b (hay h thng) cng nh
hiu c chc nng ca thit b (hay h thng) .
m t quan h gia cc qu trnh trn hai ca ng, ngi ta s dng m hnh mng hai ca.
C s k thut in 1
130

I.1. t vn .
nh ngha: M hnh mng hai ca l mt kt cu s mch c hai ca ng nht nh truyn
t hoc trao i nng lng, tn hiu in t vi cc mch khc. Nu qu trnh nng lng trn cc
ca c o bng hai cp bin trng thi dng, p l u 1(t), i1(t), u2(t), i2(t) th ta c mng hai ca
Kirchoff. (Ca ng l mt b phn ca s mch trn ta a vo hoc ly ra tn hiu. Vi cc
bin nhnh trong mch Kirchoff, ca ng thng l mt cp nh).
Khi mi phng trnh lin h 2 cp bin trng thi dng, p
trn ca u phn nh tnh truyn t ca mng 2 ca. Do 2 ca
i1(t)
u1(t)
i2(t)
u2 (t)
ng c th ghp vi 2 phn t ty nn theo tnh cht tuyn

tnh, mi bin trng thi trn s c quan h tuyn tnh vi 2 bin
trng thi khc, c dng:
C s k thut in 1
(
M
h
n
'
'
'
'
f1 ( u
i
t)
1 , u
1 , .. .
1 , i
1 , . .., u 2 , u 2 , ... , i2 , i 2 , ...,
'
'
'
'
f 2 (u
i
, u2
, .. ., i2 , i2
, .. ., t )
1 , u
1 , . ..
1 , i
1 , ... , u 2
131
0
0

I.2. Phn loi.
Phn loi theo tnh cht ca m hnh ton hc:
Mng hai ca tuyn tnh.
Mng hai ca phi tuyn
Phn loi theo cu trc ca mng hai ca:
Mng hai ca i xng.
Mng hai ca thun nghch.
Phn loi theo tnh cht tng h:
Mng hai ca tng h.
Mng hai ca phi h.
Phn loi theo nng ng lng:
Mng hai ca c ngun.
Mng hai ca khng ngun.
C s k thut in 1
132

I.2. Phn loi.
phn loi mng hai ca c ngun hay khng ngun, ngi ta lm mt trong 2 th nghim sau:
H mch trn 2 ca (i1 = i2 = 0) o in p trn 2 ca:
i1(t) = 0
i2(t) = 0
Nu u10 = u20 = 0 mng 2 ca khng ngun

Nu u10 0 hoc u20 0 mng 2 ca c ngun
V1
Ngn mch trn 2 ca (u1 = u2 = 0) o dng in trn 2 ca:

Nu i10 = i20 = 0 mng 2 ca khng ngun
Nu i10 0 hoc i20 0 mng 2 ca c ngun
u10(t)
u20(t) V2
i10(t)
i20(t)
A1
A2
u1(t) = 0
u2(t) = 0
Ch : Mc d kt cu bn trong ca mng hai ca c th tn ti ngun e(t), j(t) nhng nu cc phn

t y b trit tiu ngay trc khi ra khi ca v n khng c kh nng cp nng ng lng in t ra
ngoi th ta vn coi n l mng hai ca khng ngun.
C s k thut in 1
133

I.2. Phn loi.
Bng cch phn loi nh trn, ta s c nhiu loi mng hai ca khc nhau:
Mng hai ca phi tuyn c ngun hoc khng ngun.
Mng hai ca tuyn tnh c ngun hoc khng ngun.
Mng hai ca tuyn tnh tng h.
Mng hai ca tuyn tnh phi h.

Trong chng ny ta ch xt vic m t v phn tch mng hai ca tuyn tnh, khng ngun, c h
s hng ch xc lp iu ha.
C th dng phng php nh phc m t v kho st.
C s k thut in 1
134
C S K THUT IN 1

II. M t ton hc ca mng hai ca - Phng php tnh cc b s c trng.
II.1. H phng trnh trng thi dng A.
II.2. H phng trnh trng thi dng B.
II.3. H phng trnh trng thi dng Z.
II.4. H phng trnh trng thi dng Y.
II.5. H phng trnh trng thi dng H.
II.6. H phng trnh trng thi dng G.
II.7. Ma trn ca h cc mng hai ca.
II.8. Cc phng php tnh b s c trng.
IV. Hm truyn t dng - p. Tng tr vo ca mng hai ca. Vn ha hp ngun
v ti bng mng hai ca.
C s k thut in 1
135

Mng hai ca Kirchoff ch xc lp iu ha c o bi 2 cp bin trng thi dng - p:
U 1, I 1, U 2 , I 2
Ta coi bi ton mng hai ca tuyn tnh l bi ton mt h thng tuyn tnh c 2 phn t bin ng
t 2 ca. Khi theo tnh cht tuyn tnh, mi bin trng thi s c quan h tuyn tnh vi 2 bin
trng thi khc.
Xt quan h tuyn tnh ca cc bin thuc ca 1 theo cc bin

ca 2. Khi ta c h phng trnh trng thi dng:
I2
U2
U1
U 1 A11.U 2 A12 . I 2 U 10
I1
I 1 A21.U 2 A22 . I 2 I 10
D
o
Vy h phng trnh trng thi dng A ca mng 2 ca tuyn tnh khng ngun l:
(
U1
m

U 1 A11.U 2 A12 . I 2
I 1 A21.U 2 A22 . I 2
n
g
C s k thut in 1
Dng ma trn:
0)
I1
U 10
20
1 A11 A12 . U 2
A21 A22

1 4 2 4 3 I 2
I 1
136

U 1 A11.U 2 A12 . I 2
T phng trnh trng thi ta thy b s Aij c trng cho quan h trng thi
dng - p gia ca 1 v ca 2, hay ni cch khc, n c trng cho s truyn

t ca mng 2 ca.
I 1 A21.U 2 A22 . I 2
Nu 2 mng 2 ca c cu trc khc nhau nhng chng c cng b s Aij th ta ni chng hon ton
tng ng nhau v mt truyn t nng lng v tn hiu.
ngha ca b s A:
H
A11
U 1
U1
m
U 2 U 2
o bin thin in p trn ca
c1 theo kch thch p trn ca 2.
A21
I1
I1
[ Si ]
U 2 U 2
c
o bin thin dng trn ca
1 theo kch thch p trn ca 2.
a
C s k thut in 1
N
g
A12
U 1
I2
U1
[ ]
I2
o bin thin in dng trn

m ca 1 theo kch thch p trn ca 2.
I1 I1
A22
c
I2 I2
h
o bin thin dng trn ca 1
theo kch thch dng trn ca 2.
c
137

Nh vy b s Aij c tnh trong cc iu kin c bit ca mng 2 ca ( l h mch v ngn
mch ca 2) nn chng khng ph thuc vo phn ng ca cc phn t ngoi.
Ni cch khc, b s Aij thc s l cc thng s c trng ca mng 2 ca, v th hin tnh truyn
t gia ca 1 v ca 2.
Cch xc nh thng s Aj:
C
c
h
(U
, I
(U
, I
(U
, I
1 Cch 2:
: Tin hnh th nghim o gi tr cc bin dng in, in p trn 2 ca trong cc iu kin
ngn mch v h mch ti ca 2.
X p dng cng thc nh ngha tnh ra cc thng s A .

ij
u
138
C s k thut in 1
t

Zdn
V d: Tnh b s A ca mng 2 ca c s hnh T nh hnh bn.
12
Cch 1: Lp phng trnh mch
U 1 I 1 .Z d 1 I n .Z n
I1 I n I 2
U 2 I n .Z n I 2 .Z d 2 I n
In
U 2 I 2 .Z d 2
Zn
U 1 Z . U 2 I 2 .Z d 2 I 2 U 2 I 2 .Z d 2 .Z
d1
n
Zn
Zn
U 2 I 2 .Z d 2
I1
I2
Zn
Z d 1
Z d 1.Z d 2
U 1 1 .U 2 Z d 1 Z d 2
. I2
Z
Z
I1
Z
1
.U 2 1 d 2 . I 2
Zn
Zn
Vy ma trn A ca mch hnh T l:
Z d1
1 Z
n
AT
C s k thut in 1
1
Zn
Z d1 Zd 2
1
Z d 1.Z d 2
Zn
Zd 2
Zn
139

Zdn
12
Cch 2: Tnh b s A theo cng thc nh ngha.
In
I1
1
m A U 1 Z d1 Z n 1 Z d1
A
11
21
Zn
Zn
U2
U 2 Zn
c
hN
g
c
Z n .Z d 2
n
Z d1
. I1
Z
Z
Z d 1.Z d 2 Z d 1.Z n Z d 2 .Z n
U
1
a
n
d 2
A12
Zn
m
Zn
I2
. I1
2
Zn Zd 2
c:
Z d 1.Z d 2
h
A12 Z d 1 Z d 2
c
Cs k thut in 1
U 1 A11.U 2 A12 . I 2
I 1 A21.U 2 A22 . I 2
Z
I1
A22
1 d 2
Zn
Zn
I 2 I1 .
Zn Zd 2
I1
Zn
140

Zdn
12
In
Zd1
1 Z
n
AT
Z d1
1
Zn
det A A11. A22 A12 . A21 1
U 1 A11.U 2 A12 . I 2
Z .Z
Z d 2 d 1 d 2
Zn
Zd 2
1
Zn
I 1 A21.U 2 A22 . I 2
Z d 1.Z d 2 Z d 1 Z d 2 Z d 1.Z d 2 Z d 1 Z d 2
1
2
2
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn Zn
Ch : i vi mng 2 ca tuyn tnh v tng h th ta lun c tnh cht det A = 1
I1
1
det A = 1
C s k thut in 1
I1
U1
I2
U2
det A = - 1
141

II.2. H phng trnh trng thi dng B.
I1
q
u
a
n
U1
(U 2 , I 2 )
I2
U2
(U 1 , I 1 )
U 2 B11.U 1 B12 . I 1
I 2 B21.U 1 B22 . I 1
h
N
h

Q
t
u
va
y
n
y
n
h
C
t s k thut in 1
t
A1
n
g
m
a
tr
n:
B12 U
2
1
B11

B
1B4
21
2 422
3
I 2
I1
B
d et
A
11
A21
B22
B21
A
12
A22
B12
B11
142

I1
U1
q
u
a
n
t
u
y
I2
U2
(U 1 , U 2 )
(I 1, I 2 )
n
U 2 Z 21. I 1 Z 22 . I 2
g
m
ngha b s Z:
a
U1
tr 1
Z11
[] Tng tr vo ca
khi ca 2 h mch
I 1 I 2 0
n:
U 1 Z11. I 1 Z12 . I 2

Z12
I
1
U 1 Z11

Z 21
Z 22
U
1
4
2
4
3
2
I2
Z
Z 21
Z12
[] Tng tr tng h
I1
khi h mch ca 2
I 2 0
U1
[] Tng tr tng h
I2
U2
I1 0
C s k thut in 1
khi h mch ca 1
Z 22
U2
[] Tng tr vo ca 2
I2
khi ca 1 h mch
I1 0
143

Cch xc nh thng s Zj:
I1
I2
c
h
U2
U1
(U
,U
(I 1, I
(I 1, I
1
: Cch 2:
Tin hnh th nghim o gi tr cc bin dng in, in p trn 2 ca trong cc iu kin
X h mch ti ca 1 v ca 2.
u p dng cng thc nh ngha tnh ra cc thng s Z .
ij
t
p
h
C s k thut
in 1
144

V d: Tnh b s Z ca mng 2 ca c s hnh T nh hnh bn.
Zdn
2
1
I1
I2
Chn dng in vng c chiu nh hnh v.
I v1
U1
In
I v2
Lp phng trnh mch theo phng php dng vng.
U 1 ( Z d 1 Z n ). I v1 Z n . I v 2
U 2 Z n . I v1 ( Z d 2 Z n ). I v 2
Mt khc c:
I 1 I v1

I 2 I v1
U 1 ( Z d 1 Z n ). I 1 Z n . I 2
U 2 Z n . I 1 ( Z d 2 Z n ). I 2
Vy ma trn Z ca mch hnh T l:
ZT
C s k thut in 1
Z d1 Zn
Zn
Zn
Z d 2 Z n
145
U2

Zdn
V d: Tnh b s Z ca mng 2 ca c s hnh T nh hnh bn.
2
1
Cch 2: Tnh b s Z theo cng thc nh ngha.

H
I2
In
U 1 Z11. I 1 Z12 . I 2
m
U1

U2
Z
Z
22
d
2
n
12
n
U 2 Z 21. I 1 Z 22 . I 2
I2
c
I2
hH
c
U
U2
1
m Z11 Z d 1 Z n
Z 21 Z n
a
I1
I1
c
Chh1: i vi mng 2 ca tuyn tnh tng h ta c ma trn Z i xng qua ng cho chnh.
:
c
U2
U1
I1
Zd1 Z n
Zn
ZT
Z12
C s k thut in 1
Zn
Z d 2 Z n
Z 21
146

I1
q
u
a
n
U1
(I 1, I 2 )
U2
(U 1 , U 2 )
I 1 Y11.U 1 Y12 .U 2
Dng ma trn:
I 2 Y21.U 1 Y22 .U 2
ngha b s Y:
h
I1
Y11
t
u
y
I2
U 1 U 2 0
Y
Y
I
1
11
12

.
Y21 Y22
1 4 2 43
I 2
U1
U 2
Y Z 1
[ Si ] Tng dn vo ca 1
khi ca 2 ngn mch
Y21
I2
[ Si ] Tng dn tng h
U 1 U 2 0
khi ngn mch ca 2
I1
[ Si ] Tng dn tng h
U2
Y12
U 1 0
C
t s k thut in 1
khi ngn mch ca 1
Y22
I2
[ Si ] Tng dn vo ca 2
U2
khi ca 1 ngn mch
U 1 0
147

Cch xc nh thng s Yj:
I1
c
h
I2
U2
U1
( I 1, I
(U
,U
(U
,U
1
Cch 2:
:
Tin hnh th nghim o gi tr cc bin dng in, in p trn 2 ca trong cc iu kin
ngn mch ti ca 1 v ca 2.
X
u p dng cng thc nh ngha tnh ra cc thng s Yij.
t vi mng 2 ca tuyn tnh tng h ta c ma trn Y i xng qua ng cho chnh

Ch : i
p
h
C s k thut in 1
Y1 2
Y2 1
148

Y
A
B
n2
d
n1
V d: Tnh b s Y ca mng 2 ca c s hnh nh hnh bn.
I2
I1
U1
U2
Lp phng trnh mch theo phng php th nh.
I 1 (Yn1 Yd ). A Yd . B
Mt khc c:
I 2 Yd . A (Yn 2 Yd ). B
U1 A
U 2 B
I 1 (Yn1 Yd ).U 1 Yd .U 2
I 2 Yd .U 1 (Yn 2 Yd ).U 2
Cch 2: Tnh b s Y theo cng thc nh ngha.
Ngn mch ca 1: U 1 0
Ngn mch ca 2: U 2 0
Y12
I1
U2
Yd
Y11
Y22
I2
U2
C s k thut in 1
I1
U1
Yn1 Yd
Yn 2 Yd
Y21
I2
U1
Yd
149

II.5. H phng trnh trng thi dng H.
I1
q
u
a
n
h
(U 1 , I 2 )
U1
I2
U2
( I 1 ,U 2 )
U 1 H11. I 1 H12 .U 2
I 2 H 21. I 1 H 22 .U 2
Dng ma trn: U
1 H11

I 2
H12
.
H
H
1 4212 4 223
I 1
U 2
Ch : Vi mng 2 ca tuyn tnh tng h ta c

t
u
y
n
C s k thut in 1
H 12
H 21
150

II.6. H phng trnh trng thi dng G.
I1
q
u
a
n
U1
( I 1 ,U 2 )
I2
U2
(U 1 , I 2 )
I 1 G11.U 1 G12 . I 2
U 2 G21.U 1 G22 . I 2
Dng ma trn: I 1
G11

U 2
G12
.
G
G
1 421 2 4 223
U1
I 2
G H 1
h
Ch : Vi mng 2 ca tuyn tnh tng h ta c
t
u
y
n
C s k thut in 1
G1 2 G2 1
151

a. Mng hai ca ni xu chui.
A1
A2
An
n
A Ak
k 1
V d: Tnh b s A ca mng 2 ca hnh .

Zd
Zd
U1

U
1
Z
d
1
U 2
.
0 1

I 1
I 2
I1
Zn1
U2
An1
Zn
1
U
1
1

I 1
Z n1
I1
U1
U2
C s k thut in 1
Zn2
0
.
1

Ad
An2
A An1. Ad . An 2
U 2
I 2
Zd
Zn2
1
Zd
1
Z
n1 Z n 2 Z n1.Z n 2
Zd
Zd
1
Z n1
152

b. Mng hai ca ghp ni tip.
Hai mng 2 ca ghp c gi l ghp ni tip nu dng in chy vo mng th nht bng dng
in chy vo mng th 2, dng in chy ra mng th nht bng dng in chy ra mng th 2.
Z1
Z2
C s k thut in 1
Z Z1 Z 2
153

c. Mng hai ca ghp song song.
Hai mng 2 ca ghp c gi l ghp song song nu chng c chung u vo v u ra.
Y1
Y2
C s k thut in 1
Y Y1 Y2
154

d. Mng hai ca ghp ni tip - song song.
H1
H2
H H1 H 2
e. Mng hai ca ghp song song - ni tip.
G1
G2
C s k thut in 1
G G1 G2
155

tnh b s ca mng hai ca tuyn tnh khng ngun, ta c cc cch sau:
Dng cng thc nh ngha.
Lp phng trnh mch, bin i v dng ca phng trnh b s cn tm.
T b s ny tnh ra b s khc.
I1
Phng php tng hp ton hc.
Tnh b Z.
Lp phng trnh dng vng
U1
( R j M ). I 1 ( R R2 j L2 ). I 2 U 2
U2
(1)
(2)
C s k thut in 1
* R2
L2
( R R1 j L1 ). I 1 ( R j M ). I 2 U 1
I2
R1 *
L1
V d: Tnh cc b s ca s hnh bn.
R R1 j L1
R j M
R j M
R R2 j L2
156

M
*
Tnh b H.
Z 21
H
21
Z 22
1
Z 21
.U 2
.I1
T phng trnh (2): I 2
Z 22
Z 22
H 1
22
Z 22
Z12
Z 21.Z12 Z12
U 1 Z11. I 1
. U 2 Z 21. I 1 Z11
.U 2
.I1
Z 22
Z
Z
22
22
Z12 .Z 21
H
11
11
Z 22
H12 12
Z 22
R2
L2
U2
U1 R
U 1 H11. I 1 H12 .U 2
I 2 H 21. I 1 H 22 .U 2
Z11
C s k thut in 1
I2
R1
L1
Thay vo phng trnh (1):
I1
Z12 .Z 21
Z 22
Z 21
Z 22
Z12
Z 22
1
Z 22
157

M
*
Tnh b A.
1
A
21
Z 21
1
Z 22
.U 2
.I 2
T phng trnh (2): I 1
Z 21
Z 21
A Z 22
22
Z 21
1 Z 22
Z11
Z11.Z 22
U 1 Z11.
.U 2
. I 2 Z12 . I 2
U 2 Z12
. I2
Z
Z
Z
Z
21
21
21
21
Z
A11 11
Z 21
R2
L2
U2
U1 R
U 1 A11.U 2 A12 . I 2
I 1 A21.U 2 A22 . I 2
A Z Z11.Z 22
12
12
Z 21
Z11
Z 21
C s k thut in 1
I2
R1
L1
Thay vo phng trnh (1):
I1
1
Z 21
Z12
Z11 .Z 22
Z 21
Z
22
Z 21
158
C S K THUT IN 1
c trng.
C s k thut in 1
159

Nu mng 2 ca l tuyn tnh v tng h th:
det A 1
Z12 Z 21
H12 H 21
det B 1
Y12 Y21
G12 G21
Nhn xt: Vi mng 2 ca tuyn tnh tng h, ta lun c 1 rng buc mi b s. Nh vy mch
ch cn 3 thng s c lp tuyn tnh S tng ng ca mng 2 ca tuyn tnh tng h
ch gm 3 phn t mc theo s hnh T hoc hnh
Zd
t
u
y
n
t
n
h
t k thut in 1
C s
I1
Zn1
Zn2
S hnh
Zd1
Zd2
Zn
S hnh T
160

Mng 2 ca i xng l mng 2 ca m khi ta thay i chiu truyn t trn cc ca 1 v 2, tnh
cht v phng trnh truyn t vn khng thay i.
A, Z, G
(B, Y, H)
Zt
A, Z, G
(B, Y, H)
Zt
Mng 2 ca i xng
A, Z, G
(B, Y, H)
A11 A22
Z11 Z 22
B11 B22
Y11 Y22
det H = 1
det G = 1
Nhn xt: Vi mng 2 ca tuyn tnh tng h v i xng, ch c 2 thng s c lp tuyn tnh.
C s k thut in 1
161
C S K THUT IN 1
c trng.
IV.1. Hm truyn t dng p.
IV.2. Tng tr vo ca mng hai ca.
IV.3. Tng tr vo ngn mch v h mch
IV.4. Vn ha hp ngun v ti bng mng hai ca.
C s k thut in 1
162

IV.1. Hm truyn t dng - p.
Trong nhng h truyn tin, o lng, iu khin ta ch quan tm n tn hiu truyn i thng l
mt trong hai bin trng thi dng, p trn mi ca v qu trnh truyn t chng qua mng 2 ca.
Khi ch xt s truyn t mt tn hiu dng, p nh vy khng cn c h 2 phng trnh trng thi
vi 4 hm truyn t cc dng A, Z, G m cn rt v mt phng trnh vi mt hm truyn t.
y ta ch xt n hm truyn t dng, hm truyn t p v hm truyn t cng sut.
Xt mt mng 2 ca tuyn tnh, khng ngun truyn t nng lng tn hiu n mt ti th ng
c hm tr Z2. Ta vit mt quan h tuyn tnh n gin gia tn hiu ca ra theo ca vo dng.
Nu cn xt s truyn t p - p trn 2 ca, ta c hm truyn t p: KU
U2
U1
Nu cn xt s truyn t dng - dng trn 2 ca, ta c hm truyn t p: K I

~
Vi mch Kirchoff ta quan tm n quan h cng sut gia 2 ca: K S

C s k thut in 1
S2
I2
I1
S1
163

IV.2. Tng tr vo ca mng 2 ca.
Khi xt qu trnh nng lng (tn hiu a vo trn ca 1 hoc ca 2) thc cht ta xt h mng 2
ca cng vi nhng b phn n truyn t ti nh l mt mng mt ca trong quan h trao i
nng lng tn hiu vi mch ngoi.
J
Qu trnh trn ca s c trng bi mt cp

bin dng - p, do s c trng bi mt
hm tng tr vo hay tng dn vo Zv (Yv).
A
,
Z
,
G
Zt
Z v1
I1
U1
I2
U2
Khi mng 2 ca truyn t t ca 1 n ti Zt ca 2, qu

( trnh nng lng, tn hiu ca 1 c
B
trng bi mt hm tng tr vo ca 1.
,
Y,
U1
A .U A . I 2
H
Z v1 11 2 12
)
I1
A21.U 2 A22 . I 2
Zt . I 2
Z v1
A11 .Z t A12
A21 .Z t A22
Xt mi lin h gia ngun v ti ta ni rng: Mng 2 ca lm mt php bin i tng tr

Zt thnh Zv1.
C s k thut in 1
164

IV.2. Tng tr vo ca mng 2 ca.
J
E
Z
At
,
Z
,
G
Zv 2
I 2' I 2
I1
U2
U1
(
B t t ca 2 n ti Z ca 1, qu trnh nng lng, tn hiu ca 2 c
Khi mng 2 ca truyn
t
,
trng bi mt hm tng
Y, tr vo ca 2.
H
Zv 2
U2
'
2
U 2
I2
A22 .U 1 A12 . I 1
U 1 Z t . I 1
A21.U1 A11. I 1
Zv 2
A2 2.Z t A12
A21.Z t A11
Nh vy t ca 2, mng 2 ca cng lm mt php bin i tng tr Zt thnh Zv2.
C s k thut in 1
165

IV.3. Tng tr vo ngn mch v h mch.
Khi ngn mch hoc h mch pha ti, trn ca ra s ch cn mt tn hiu in p hoc dng in.
Lc tng tr s khng ty thuc vo ti na m l nhng hm c trng ring ca mng 2 ca.
J
E
t
cX
at
A
,
Z
,
G
I1
I2
U1
(
B
,
A11.U 2 A12 . I 2 A11
Y, Z1ho
H
A21.U 2 A22 . I 2 A21
)
Z1ng
2c
C s k
thut in 1
A11.U 2 A12 . I 2
A21.U 2 A22 . I 2
A12
A22
A
,
Z
,
G
X
(
B
,t
Y,
H
) cX
a
t
1
c
I 2'
I1
U2
U1
Z 2 ho
A22 .U1 A12 . I 1
A21.U 1 A11. I 1
Z 2 ng
A22
A21
A12
A11
A22 .U1 A12 . I 1
A21.U 1 A11. I 1
166

IV.3. Tng tr vo ngn mch v h mch.
Cc hm tng tr Z1h, Z1ng, Z2h, Z2ng l 4 hm c trng ca mng 2 ca, qua c th tm cch
vit h phng trnh trng thi mng 2 ca hoc tnh ra cc b s c trng A, Z, G, ca mng 2
ca.
V d: Ta c th tnh b s A t cc gi tr ca Z1h, Z1ng, Z2ng theo cng thc sau.
A11
Z1ng .Z1ho
Z 2 ng .( Z1ho Z1ng )
A11
A21
Z1ho
A12 A11.Z 2 ng
A22
A12
Z1ng
Trong thc t thng s dng cc cng thc ny v mt mng 2 ca cha r kt cu (hp en)
thng c th lm th nghim ngn mch v h mch o cc tng tr vo, t c th tnh b Aij
hoc cc b s khc.
C s k thut in 1
167

IV.4. Vn ha hp ngun v ti bng mng 2 ca.
Nh trong chng 6 cp, mt ngun c tng tr Zng mun truyn cng sut ln nht n ti Zt
th phi tha mn iu kin:
^
Z ng Z t
Trong thc t, nhiu khi Zng v Zt khng tha mn
Zn
g
Aij
iu kin ha hp.
Zt
Zv 1
Ni thm mng 2 ca thc hin php bin i

et()
tng tr vo.
Cn chn s mng 2 ca v b s A sao cho:
T
n g
n
g
Z v1
A11.Z t A
12
A21.Z t A22
ng
Mng 2 ca A l thun khng ton b cng sut t ngun truyn n ti.

t
r thut in 1
C s k
2
Eng
4.Rng
168
C S K THUT IN 1
c trng.
V.1. Khi nim.
V.2. Cc ngun ph thuc.
V.3. S tng ng ca mng hai ca phi h.
C s k thut in 1
169

V.1. Khi nim.
Mng hai ca phi h l mng hai ca m quan h cc bin dng, p trn cc ca khng c quan h
tng h vi nhau.
Khi cc b s A, B, Z, Y, H, G c 4 tham s c lp tuyn tnh Mch tng ng ca
mng hai ca phi h ta c 4 phn t.

Ngun ph thuc (ngun b iu khin) l ngun m trng thi dng, p ca n ph thuc vo trng
thi ca mt nhnh khc trong mch.
Phn loi:
Ngun p ph thuc p: in p trn hai cc ca ngun ph
u1(t)
e2(t) = k.u1(t)
thuc vo trng thi in p trn mt nhnh khc trong mch.

Ngun p ph thuc dng: in p trn hai cc ca ngun
ph thuc vo trng thi dng in trn mt nhnh khc trong
mch.
C s k thut in 1
i1(t)
e2(t) = .i1(t)
170

Phn loi:
Ngun dng ph thuc p: Dng in sinh ra bi ngun ph
thuc vo trng thi in p trn mt nhnh khc trong mch.
Ngun dng ph thuc dng: Dng in ca ngun ph

thuc vo trng thi dng in trn mt nhnh khc trong
u1(t)
j2(t) = .u1(t)
i1(t)
j2(t) = .i1(t)
mch.
C s k thut in 1
171

Do mng hai ca phi h c 4 tham s c lp tuyn tnh nn s tng ng ca mng 2 ca phi
h s bao gm 4 phn t.
S tng ng dng 2 tr khng + 2 ngun b iu khin.
i1(t)
Xt b Z: u1 Z11.i1 Z12 .i2
u2 Z 21.i1 Z 22 .i2
i2(t)
Z11
Z22
u1(t)
u2(t)
e1= Z12.i2
e2= Z21.i1
i2(t)
i1(t)
X
u1(t) Y
11
i
1
i2
Y
u1
11 .
Y
u1
21 .
j1
j2
Y22 u2(t)
Y
u2
12 .
Y22 .u 2
j1= Y12.u2
j2= Y21.u1
C s k thut in 1
172

S dng 2 tr khng + 2 ngun b iu khin.
i1(t)
H11
u1(t)
i2(t)
e1
H22 u2(t)
j2
u1 H11 .i1 H12 .u2

i2 H 21 .i1 H 22 .u 2
e1= H12.u2
j2= H21.i1
i2(t)
i1(t)
X
H
:
t
G22
u1(t) G
11
i
1
u2
j1
e2
u2(t)
G
u1 G
i2
11 .
12 .
G21 .u1 G22 .i2
j1= G12.i2
e2= G21.u1
C s k thut in 1
173

Xt b Z:
u1 Z11.i1 Z12 .i2
u2 Z 21.i1 Z 22 .i2
Z 21 Z 1 2 Z
u1 Z11.i1 Z12 .i2
u2 Z12 .i1 Z 22 .i2 Z .i1

S hnh T
Vi b Z cho, ta lun tnh c cc gi tr Zd1,

Zd2, v Zn theo cng thc:
Z n Z12
Z d 2 Z 22 Z12
Z d 1 Z11 Z12
Z Z 21 Z12
C s k thut in 1
i2(t)
i1(t)
Zd1
u1(t)
Zd2
Zn
e Z .i1
u2(t)
174

Xt b Y:
i1 Y11.u1 Y12 .u2
i2 Y21.u1 Y22 .u2
Y21 Y12 Y
i1 Y11.u1 Y12 .u2
i2 Y12 .u1 Y22 .u2 Y .u1

S hnh
Vi b Y cho, ta lun tnh c cc gi tr Yn1,

i2(t)
i1(t)
Yn2, v Yd theo cng thc:
Yd Y12
Yn 2 Y22 Y12
Yn1 Y11 Y12
Y Y21 Y12
Yd
u1(t)
Yn1
u2(t)
Yn2
j(t )
j (t ) Y .u1 (t )
C s k thut in 1
175
C S K THUT IN 1
Chng 8: Mch in ba pha.
I. Khi nim.
II. Mch ba pha i xng v khng i xng ti tnh.
III. Tnh v o cng sut mch in ba pha.
IV. Mch ba pha c ti ng - Phng php thnh phn i xng
V. Phn tch mch ba pha khng i xng bng phng php thnh
phn i xng.
C s k thut in 1
176
C S K THUT IN 1
I. Khi nim.
I.1. nh ngha.
I.2. Cch to ngun in ba pha.
I.3. ng c khng ng b ba pha.
I.4. Cch u dy mch ba pha.
phn i xng.
C s k thut in 1
177
Chng 8: Mch in ba pha

I.1. nh ngha.
Mch in ba pha l mch in lm vic vi ngun kch thch ba pha.
Ngun in ba pha gm 3 ngun in 1 pha c:
Cng bin hiu dng.

Cng tn s.
t
Pha ban u lch nhau 1200 theo ng th t.
eA (t ) Em .sin t (V ).
E A E 00 (V )
eB (t)
0
0
eB (t ) Em .sin(t 120 )(V ). E B E 120 (V )

0
e
(
t
)
E
.sin(
120
)(
V
).
m
C
E C E 1200 (V )
eA (t ) eC (t )
Nhn xt:
Ti mi thi im, tng cc sut in ng ca 3 dy qun u trit tiu.
eA (t ) eB (t ) eC (t ) 0
1200 120
E A EB EC 0
Th t pha: Pha B chm hn pha A 1 gc 1200; pha C sm hn pha A 1 gc 1200.
C s k thut in 1
178

I.2. Cch to ngun in ba pha.
to ra ngun in ba pha, ngi ta thng dng my pht in xoay chiu ng b ba pha i
xng.
Cu to my pht in ng b ba pha i xng:
Stator: C dng hnh tr, gn trn thn my, trn t 3 cun dy AX, BY, CZ ging nhau v
lch nhau 1 gc khng gian 1200.
Rotor: C dng hnh tr trn, t trong stator, c th quay quanh 1 trc. Trc rotor c gn
vi tuc bin.
Hot ng ca my pht in ng b ba pha i xng:
Rotor c t ha bng dng in 1 chiu ly t ngun kch thch bn ngoi, tr thnh mt
nam chm in.
Rotor quay u (do tc ng ca bn ngoi nh hi nc, thy in, hoc ng c ko ) vi
vn tc . T trng nam chm ca rotor qut qua mi dy qun stator to ra sut in ng
cm ng xoay chiu hnh sin trn cc cun dy AX, BY, CZ.
C s k thut in 1
179

a. T trng quay.
Xt 3 cun dy stator cp bi h thng dng in 3 pha i xng.
iA (t ) I m .cos t.
0
iB (t ) I m .cos(t 120 ).
0
iC (t ) I m .cos(t 240 ).
C
Y
B
Z
iT
iT
iA
iB
i
C
I m
2
A
Z
B
Quy c: Dng in dng l dng i ra

khi u cun dy, i vo cui cun dy.
p dng quy tc vn nt chai

t
T
3
iB
I m
2
T trng trong my in l t trng quay.

t
2
T
3
iC
C s k thut in 1
iB
I m
2
180

b. ng c khng ng b ba pha.
Cu to:
Stator: Gm cc cun dy c tc dng to ra t trng quay.
Rotor: C cu to kiu lng sc on mch. Cc thanh dn c lp
xin so vi ng sinh ca lng sc.
Nguyn l hot ng:
T trng quay do cc cun dy stator to ra ct cc thanh dn dy
qun rotor lm sinh ra cc sut in ng cm ng.
Dy qun rotor ni ngn mch nn cc sut in ng cm ng sinh
ra cc dng in cm ng trong cc thanh dn.
Lc tc dng tng h gia dng trong thanh dn vi t trng quay lm rotor quay cng chiu
vi chiu quay ca t trng.
C s k thut in 1
181

Mi dy qun stator c mt cc u v mt cc cui (cc u l cc y chiu dng dng in
i ra, cc cn li l cc cui).
C 2 cch u dy ngun in ba pha:
Ni hnh sao Y:
Ni 3 cc cui X, Y, Z chm li mt im O, gi l im trung tnh ca ngun.
C
X
A
B
Pha A
Dy trung tnh
Pha B
e A (t )
eC (t )
Pha C
eB (t )
S tng ng
O
D
P
h
ay
tr
C
A
B
u
n
g
t
n
h
eA (t )
eB (t )
eC (t )
S 3 pha - 4 dy
Mng 3 pha - 4 dy vi ti ni hnh sao thng dng cung cp in mng in sinh hot.
C s k thut in 1
182

Ni hnh tam gic :
Ni u dy ca cun trc vi im cui ca cun sau.
C
A
B
Z
Y
X
Pha A
S tng ng
P
h
a
C
A
B
Pha B
eC (t )
eC (t )
e A (t )
eB (t )
Pha C
eA (t )
eB (t )
S 3 pha - 3 dy
Mng 3 pha - 3 dy vi ti ni hnh sao thng dng cung cp in cho mng in

cng nghip, phc v nhu cu sn xut, vi ti l cc ng c 3 pha.
C s k thut in 1
183

Cc ti ca mng in 3 pha cng c th c u ni theo 2 cch: Hnh sao Y v hnh tam gic
O
T
P
P
S
S
ru
h
n
a
a
C
A
B
g
C
A
B
h
t
h
n
n
h
h
ZA
t
Y
ZA
-i
3
3
ZC
ZB
ZC
p
p
Cch u
dy
ca
ngun
v
ti
khng
ph
thuc
vo
h
h nhau v c th khc nhau.
a
a
- e (t )
Zd
A
4
3
Od
d
eB (t )
Z
d
y
y
eC (t )
ZB
Zd
Zd
C s k thut in 1
Ti ni Y
3 pha - 4 dy
Ti ni Y
3 pha - 3 dy
Ti ni
3 pha - 3 dy
184
C S K THUT IN 1
I. Khi nim.
II.1. Khi nim mch ba pha i xng.
II.2. c im mch ba pha i xng.
II.3. Cch phn tch mch ba pha i xng.
II.4. Mch ba pha khng i xng ti tnh.
phn i xng.
C s k thut in 1
185

II.1. Khi nim mch ba pha i xng.
Mi b phn ca mch ba pha u gm ba phn hp li; mi phn hp thnh h thng ba pha c
gi l mt pha ca mch in.
V d: My pht in c 3 dy qun, ng dy truyn ti c 3 dy, ti 3 ba gm 3 ti mt pha hp
thnh.
Mch in ba pha i xng l mch in ba pha c ngun i xng v ti i xng, trong :
Ngun ba pha i xng l ngun c:
Ti ba pha i xng l ti c
Bin bng nhau.
Bin bng nhau.
Tn s bng nhau.
Pha bng nhau.
Pha ban u lch nhau 1200, ng theo th t pha.

Khi nim v i lng pha v dy.
Cc dng in chy trn dy dn t ngun n ti v in p gia cc dy y c gi l dng
in dy v in p dy. K hiu: Id, Ud.
Dng in v in p trn cc pha ca ngun hoc ti c gi l dng in pha v in p
pha. K hiu: If, Uf.
C s k thut in 1
186

a. Mch ni hnh sao Y.

Xt in p gia 2 im trung tnh ngun v ti:
V
Y .E Y .E Y .E
U O 'O A A B B C C
YA YB YC
Y . E A Y . EB Y . EC E A EB EC
U O 'O
0
c
3.Y
3
h
Lp phng trnh Kirchoff 2 cho vng OAOO ta c:
E A U A U O 'O U A
Tng t c: E B U B
b
a
; EC U C
IB
EB
ZB
ZC
EC
IC
IN
YA YB YC Y
Trung tnh ngun

v ti trng nhau
H thng in p pha
trn ti i xng

H thng dng in trong mch: I A Y .U A ; I B Y .U B ; I C Y .U C
i
Dng in trong dy trung tnh: I N I A I B I C 0
ZA
EA
p
T tam gic OAH ta c quan h gia in
h p dy v in p pha:
0
a
0
U AB 2.U A .cos 30 3.U A U AB 3.U A .e j .30
C s k thut in 1
IA
H
O
EA
U CA
EB
EC
UAB
Id I
BC
;U d
3.U
IN 0
H thng dng
in pha i xng
187
.e j .30

b. Mch ni tam gic
C
A
B
IA
I CA
U CA
U AB
I BC
I AB
IB
Z
Z
IC
C s k thut in 1
BC
3 I
. e j.30
188

Do nhng c im trn, qu trnh phn tch v gii mch 3 pha i xng c th a v bi ton xt
cc bin trng thi trn mt pha. Trng thi v cc qu trnh trn 2 pha cn li cng hon ton ging
trn pha ang xt nhng v mt thi gian chng s lch nhau 1/3 chu k.
Thng thng qu trnh phn tch v xt mch 3 pha thng c thc hin trn s ni ti hnh
sao Y. Trong trng hp nu ti ni tam gic th ta c th dng cng thc chuyn i.
Cng thc chuyn Y - :
Cng thc chuyn - Y:
Z1
Z1
Z12
Z2
Z13
23
Z .Z
Z13 Z1 Z 3 1 3
Z2
Z .Z
Z 23 Z 2 Z 3 2 3
Z1
Z .Z
Z12 Z1 Z 2 1 2
Z3
C s k thut in 1
Z2 Z3
Z12
Z3
Z1
Z13
Z12 .Z13
Z12 Z13 Z 23
Z3
Z 23
Z2
Z12 .Z 23
Z12 Z13 Z 23
Z13 .Z 23
Z12 Z13 Z 23
189

E
IZ
O
C
A
B
V d: Xt mch 3 pha c s nh hnh bn.

Chuyn - Y, xt ring pha A.
EA
Dng in dy: I A
I A1
Z d ( Z1 //
. 2
Z
Z1 2 3
3
IA
Dng in pha ti Z2:
Z2
)
3
; I A2
IA
IA
Z
Z1 2
3
.
.Z1
I Z2 I f
3.e
C s k
i thut in 1
j .30 0
Tn tht dc ng dy: U d Z . I d Z . I A Z .
d
d
d
M
Ad1
Z
I A2
IA
EA
I A1
I A2
Z2
3
EA
Z d ( Z1 //
Z2
)
3
e
j .1200
(
e
j .1200
190

Ngun ba pha cung cp cho cc b dng in 1 pha nh thp sng, sinh hot, cc ng c mt pha,
bin p hn, l h quang thng lm vic trng thi khng i xng (khng i xng do ti
khng i xng).
Khi , ta coi mch ba pha l mt mch phc tp c 3 ngun 1 pha tc ng c th dng tt c
cc phng php xt: Dng vng, th nt, dng nhnh, xp chng, mng 1 ca
Phng php th nt thng c s dng xt mch hnh sao.
O
N
O ' O
EC
EA
EB
u IA
; IB
; IC
; I N I A I B IC
ZA
ZB
ZC
EB
Nu t hay chp 1 pha th khng nh hng n cc pha khc.

N
U O 'O
E U O 'O
IC C
; IN 0
ZC
C s k thut in 1
Y .E Y .E Y .E
A A B B C C
YA YB YC
E U O 'O
E U O 'O
IA A
; IB B
ZA
ZB
YA
EA
U O 'O
IA
IC
YN
YA . E A YB . EB YC . EC
YA YB YC YN
E A U O 'O
E U O 'O
; IB B
ZA
ZB
YB
EC
EC U O 'O
; I N I A I B IC
ZC
191
YC

Thc t nhiu khi ta ch bit cc in p dy m khng bit in p ca tng pha ca ngun. Lc
c th thay th h thng in p dy bng mt h thng ba ngun hoc hai ngun p tng ng,
min sao m bo in p dy cho.
V
T
ad
AB
AB
;U
AC
AC
Chn chiu dng vng nh hnh v.

:
t Lp phng trnh mch theo phng php dng vng, ta c:
h
I Z A I v1
aC
yh
o
h
Z B . I v1 ( Z B Z C ). I v 2 E C E B
( Z A Z B ). I v1 Z B . I v 2 E B
O
B
I v1
I ZA
I ZB
I Z B I v 2 I v1
I ZC I v 2
ZA
v2
EB
EC
ZB
ZC
I ZC
m
C
s k thut in 1
192
C S K THUT IN 1
I. Khi nim.
phn i xng.
C s k thut in 1
193

III. Tnh v o cng sut mch ba pha.
C th tnh cng sut mch 3 pha bng cch cng cng
P
W
C
A
N
*BPB
AC
sut ca tng pha li.

~
ZA
S 3 fa U A . I A U B . I B U C . I C
P3 fa PA PB PC
Q3 fa QA QB QC
ZB
ZC
S o cng sut mch 3 pha - 3 phn t
Vi mch 3 pha i xng, cng sut cc pha bng nhau, nn ch cn o cng sut trn mt pha.
~
S 3 fa 3.U A . I A
P3 fa 3.P1 fa 3.U f .I f .cos 3.U d .I d .cos
W
P
C
A
T
*B21
i
n
Q3 fa 3.Q1 fa 3.U f .I f .sin 3.U d .I d .sin i
Y
Vi mch 3 pha khng i xng, bng cch thay h
h
o
thng ba pha bng 2 ngun tng ng, ta c:
S o cng sut mch 3 pha - 2 phn t
^
c
P3 fa Ptai PE1 PE2 Re{U AC . I A } Re{U BC . I B }
E1
E2
C s k thut in 1
194
C S K THUT IN 1
I. Khi nim.
IV.1. Khi nim mch ba pha c ti ng.
IV.2. H in p c s ca phng php thnh phn i xng.
IV.3. Cng thc phn tch v tng hp.
IV.4. Tnh cht cc thnh phn i xng trong mch 3 pha.
phn i xng.
C s k thut in 1
195

IV.1. Khi nim mch ba pha c ti ng.
Trong h thng mch in 3 pha, thc t c cc phn t ti m h s h cm, t cm, v do tng
tr cc pha ca n khng c nh, chng thay i mt cch phc tp theo mc khng i xng
ca trng thi dng in ba pha. Ngi ta gi nhng phn t l ti ng.
Nu coi h thng l tuyn tnh, vi mt trng thi dng, p khng i xng, ta tm cch phn tch ra
nhng h thnh phn i xng theo nhng dng chnh tc no sao cho vi mi h thnh phn
dng chnh tc y, tng tr cun dy l xc nh.
Khi ta c th dng tnh cht xp chng gii bi ton mch khng i xng, bng cch:
Phn tch ngun ba pha khng i xng ra nhng thnh phn i xng dng chnh tc.
Tm p ng i vi mi thnh phn y ri xp chng li.
Phng php thnh phn i xng ca Fortescue da trn s phn tch chnh tc nhng h dng p
ba pha thnh nhng thnh phn i xng thun, nghch v khng.
C s k thut in 1
196

IV.2. H in p c s ca phng php thnh phn i xng.
Nh ni, phng php thnh phn i xng ca Fortescue l phng php xt mch in ba pha
khng i xng bng cch phn tch chnh tc nhng h dng p ba pha thnh nhng thnh phn
i xng thun, nghch v khng.
H thnh phn i xng thun, nghch v khng chnh l h in p c s trong phng php thnh
phn i xng vi:
Thnh phn th t thun:
aa2
Thnh phn th t ngc:
Thnh phn th t khng:
aa2
U A2
A1
U A0 U
B0
U C1
U B2
B1
U A1 A 0 (V )
U B1 a .U A1
C s k thut in 1
U A 0 A 0 (V )
U B 0 U A0
U B 2 a.U A 2
U C1 a.U A1
U A 2 A 0 (V )
U C0
U C2
U C 2 a .U A 2
2
U C 0 U A0
197

T
h
e
o
,U
,U
Cng thc tng hp:
U B U B1 U B 2 U B 0
C
c
n
n
g
g
t
t
h
h
s k thut in 1
C
c
A1
,U
U A U A1 U A 2 U A0
c
c
U C U C1 U C 2 U C 0
A1
,U
A2
,U
A0
A2
,U
A0
U A U A1 U A 2 U A0
U B a .U A1 a.U A 2 U A0

2
U C a.U A1 a .U A 2 U A0
A1
A2
A0
A
1
,U
A 2
,U
1
(U A a.U B a 2 .U C )
3
1
(U A a 2 .U B a.U C )
3
1
(U A U B U C )
3
A 0
,U
,U
198

V d: Phn tch h thng in p khng i xng trn ti thnh cc thnh phn i xng.
U A 120(V ) ; U B 120 120 (V ) ; U C 0.

0
Theo cng thc phn tch, cc thnh phn i xng ca in p pha A l:
1
1
2
U A1 (U A a.U B a .U C ) (120 120 1200 120 0 ) 80(V )
3
3
1
1
2
U A 2 (U A a .U B a.U C ) (120 120 1200 2400 ) 40 600 (V )
3
3
1
U A0 (U A U B U C ) 40 600 (V ).
3
T ta c th tnh c cc thnh phn i xng ca U B , U C :
U B1 80 120 (V )
U B 2 40 180 (V )
0
U B 0 40 600 (V ).
C s k thut in 1
0
U
C1 80 120 (V )
; U C 2 40 600 (V )

U C 0 40 600 (V ).
199

V d: Tm dng in trong cc pha nu bit cc thnh phn i xng
I A1 5 900 ( A) ; I A 2 5 900 ( A) ; I A0 0.
Theo cng thc tng hp ta c:
I A I A1 I A 2 I A0 5 900 5 900 0( A)
I B a . I A1 a. I A 2 I A0 5 300 5 300 5. 3( A)
I C a. I A1 a 2 . I A 2 I A0 5 1500 5 1500 5. 3.1800 ( A)
C s k thut in 1
200

IV.4. Tnh cht cc thnh phn i xng trong mch 3 pha.
T cng thc tng hp, ta c:
A A1 A2 A0
A B C (1 a 2 a ). A1 (1 a a 2 ). A2 3. A0
B a . A1 a. A2 A0
2
C a. A1 a . A2 A0
2
A B C 3. A0
Tng ba lng pha ca h bng ba ln gi tr thnh phn th t khng.
Xt hiu 2 trng thi, ta c: A B ( A1 A2 A0 ) ( B1 B 2 B 0 ) ( A1 B1 ) ( A2 B 2 )
Hiu hai lng pha ca h khng cha thnh phn th t khng.

T 2 tnh cht trn ta c th suy ra mt s tnh cht sau:
Dng trong dy trung tnh bng ba ln thnh phn th t khng ca dng in dy.
I N I A I B I C 3. I 0
in p dy lun khng c thnh phn th t khng.
C s k thut in 1
201
C S K THUT IN 1
I. Khi nim.
phn i xng.
V.1. Mch ba pha c ngun khng i xng.
V.2. Cc s c ngn mch, t dy trong mch ba pha.
V.3. Cc iu ha cao ca dng - p trong mch ba pha.
C s k thut in 1
202

Gi s mt ngun 3 pha c cc sut in ng khng i
xng t ln mt ti nh hnh bn. Cn tm dng in xc
lp trong cc pha ca ti.
Ta phn tch h sut in ng khng i xng thnh cc
thnh phn i xng thun, nghch khng.
Ngun
Ti
A
Z1ng
Z1t
Z2ng
Z2t
Z0ng
Z0t
ZN
1
2
U A1 (U A a.U B a .U C )
3
1
U A 2 (U A a 2 .U B a.U C )
3
1
U A0 (U A U B U C )
3
E A1 E A 2 E A0
A
E B1 E B 2 E B 0
Thay th cc ngun sut in ng vo s p dng
E C1 E C 2 E C 0
C
tnh cht xp chng ta tch thnh 3 bi ton i xng, trong

mi bi ton ch c mt b thnh phn i xng sut
ZN
in ng.
C s k thut in 1
203

I A1
Bi ton 1:
Ngun tc dng l mt h sut in ng th t thun
Z1ng
E A1 , E B1 , E C1. Khi mch in hon ton i xng.

Cch gii ging hon ton bi ton mch in ba pha i
xng: Dng s tch ring pha A, ta c:
I A1
Bi ton 2:
Z1t
S th t thun
E A1
Z1ng Z1t
Z2ng
Ngun tc dng l mt h sut in ng th t ngc
E A1
E A2 , E B 2 , E C 2.
E A2
I A2
Z2t
Tng t nh trn, ta cng c s tnh ton cho mch ba

pha i xng khi xt ring pha A.
I A2
C s k thut in 1
S th t ngc
E A2
Z 2 ng Z 2t
204

Bi ton 3:
Ngun tc dng l mt h sut in ng th t khng
Z0ng
E A0 , E B 0 , E C 0 , tng tr ti Z0t v tng ngun Z0ng u i
Z0ng
xng.
Z0ng
Z0t
Z0t
Z0t
E A0
E B0
EC0
ZN
Lc ny mch in c dy trung tnh, dng in trong dy

trung tnh bng 3 ln dng in th t khng.
Xt ring pha A ta c:
I A0
Z0n
Z 0 ng
E A0
Z 0t 3.Z N
I A0
E A0
3Z
Z0
t
S th t khng
Ch : Vi s th t khng, nu khng c dy trung tnh, dng in trong cc pha

s bng khng.
C s k thut in 1
205

Sau khi tnh c cc thnh phn dng in do tng h thng ba pha thun, nghch, khng tc dng
ring r, p dng cng thc tng hp, ta tnh c dng in trong mi pha:
I A I A1 I A 2 I A0
I B a . I A1 a. I A 2 I A0
2
I C a. I A1 a . I A2 I A0
2
Cc bc gii bi ton mch ba pha c ngun khng i xng:

Phn tch ngun i xng thnh tng ca cc thnh phn thun, nghch, khng.
Lp v tnh cc gi tr dng p cn thit trn cc s thun, nghch, khng. (S thun v
nghch c kt cu ging nhau; s th t khng c thm tng tr dy trung tnh vi gi tr
tng gp 3 ln)
p dng cng thc tng hp tnh ton cc gi tr dng, p cn tm.
C s k thut in 1
206

V d: Tnh dng in trong cc pha ca mch 3 pha khng i
0
0
xng
hnh bn,
bit:
E Anh
6500(
V ); E
B 6800 135 (V ); E C 6300 130 (V )
Z1ng Z 2 ng j.14(); Z 0 ng j.1(); Z N j.10();

Z1t 40 j.45(); Z 2t 2 j.8(); Z 0t j.3();
Ngun
A
Z1ng
Z2t
Z0ng
Z0t
ZN
E A1 E A 2 E A0
cc thnh phn th t thun nghch khng.
E B1 E B 2 E B 0
C s k thut in 1
Z1t
Z2ng
Gii:
Phn tch h thng sut in ng khng i xng thnh
1
2
E A1 ( E A a. E B a . E C ) 6420 20 (V )
3
1
2
E A 2 ( E A a . E B a. E C ) 800 13,500 (V )
3
1
E A0 ( E A E B E C ) 783(V )
3
Ti
E C1 E C 2 E C 0
C
ZN
207

Xt s thun:
Xt s ngc:
I A1
E A1
S th t thun
I A1
E A1
90, 2 57,500 ( A)
Z1ng Z1t
Xt s khng:
E A0
I A0
3
g Z
S th t khngN
I A0
Z 0 ng
E A0
23 900 ( A)
Z 0t 3.Z N
C s k thut in 1
E A2
40.5 710 ( A)
Z 2 ng Z 2t
p dng cng thc tng hp ta c:
Z
n
I A2
Z2t
S th t ngc
A2
E A2
Z2ng
Z
0
t
I A I A1 I A 2 I A0 111 56, 200 ( A)
I B a . I A1 a. I A 2 I A0 81, 2 141,500 ( A)
I C a. I A1 a . I A 2 I A0 111 82, 450 ( A)

2
208

Khi mch ba pha i xng b s c (s c t dy, ngn mch ), phn mch ni s c s khng
i xng na. in p ti phn mch s c lp thnh mt h in p khng i xng.
Phng php xt bi ton mch in ba pha s c:
Phn tch thnh phn in p khng i xng ti v tr s c thnh cc thnh phn i xng
thun, nghch, khng.
p dng phng php xt mch ba pha i xng.
C 2 loi s c trong mch ba pha:
S c dc ng dy: V d: S c t dy 1 pha, t dy 2 pha
Lm thay i tng tr pha ca ng dy.
Thay th v tr s c bng h thng dng, p mc ni tip vo ng dy.
S c ngang ng dy: V d: S c ngn mch 2 pha, chm t 1 pha
Lm thay i tng tr cch in gia cc pha ng dy vi nhau v vi t.
Thay th v tr s c bng h thng dng, p mc song song vo ng dy.
C s k thut in 1
209

a. S c t dy 1 pha.
UA
Z fa A
Hin tng:
Tng tr ti v tr s c: Z fa B 0
Z
fa C 0
B
C
UA 0
in p ti v tr s c: U B 0

UC 0
Phng trnh s c:
IA 0
UB 0
UC 0
C s k thut in 1
UC
I A1 I A 2 I A0 0
a .U A1 a.U A2 U A0 0
2
a.U A1 a .U A1 U A0 0
UB
210

a. S c t dy 1 pha.
V d: Cho mch in 3 pha n gin, cho ng dy b t pha A lm thnh mt b phn khng i
xng biu din bng mt hnh ch nht. Tm cc dng p trong mch.
Phn mch
s c
Ngun
Z1ng
Z2ng
ng dy
Z1d, Z2d, Z0d
Z0ng
ZN
Ti i xng
Z1t
Z2t
Z0t
Ti i
xng
Tr phn s c ra, mch in cn li hon ton i xng.

Mun a bi ton ny v i xng cn thay th h thng in p khng i xng phn s c
bng nhng thnh phn i xng thun, nghch, khng.
C s k thut in 1
211

a. S c t dy 1 pha.
V d:
Ngun
Ti i xng
Z1ng
Z2ng
ng dy
Z1d, Z2d, Z0d
Z0ng
ZN
Z1ng
Z1d
E A1
Z2ng
I A1
S th t thun
C s k thut in 1
Z1t
Z2t
Z0t
Ti i
xng
U A1
Z1t
Z2d
U A2
I A2
S th t ngc
Z0ng
Z2t
3ZN
U A0
Z0d
I A0
Z0t
S th t khng
Th t khng ch chy trong mch c
dy trung tnh
212

a. S c t dy 1 pha.
V d:
S th t thun:
S th t ngc:
Z1ng
I A2
Z1d
I A1
EZA1
Etd1
I A1
U A1
Z1t
1
t
Z1ng .Z
E A1 .Z
E td 1
; Z td 1
Z Z1ng
Z Z1ng
U A1 I A1 .( Z td 1 Z1d Z1t ) E td 1
C s k thut in 1
Z
Z
td
U Ag 2 I A 2 .(t Z td 2 Z 2 d Z 2t ) 0
I A2
U A2
U A1
U A2
Z
2
d
Z
2
Z td 2 t
Z 2 ng .Z
Z Z 2 ng
S th t khng:
I A0
U A0
Z0
3 ng
ZN
Z
0d
Z
0t
U A0 I A0 .(3.Z N Z 0 ng Z 0 d Z 0t ) 0
213

a. S c t dy 1 pha.
V d:
Vy c 6 phng trnh = 3 phng trnh s c + 3 phng trnh lp t s thun, nghch, khng.
U A1 I A1 .( Z td 1 Z1d Z1t ) E td 1
U A0 I A0 .(3.Z N Z 0 ng Z 0 d Z 0t ) 0
I A1 I A 2 I A0 0
a 2 .U A1 a.U A 2 U A0 0
a.U A1 a .U A1 U A0 0
2
I A1 , I A 2 , I A0 , U A1 , U A 2 , U A0
U A 2 I A 2 .( Z td 2 Z 2 d Z 2t ) 0
Gii 6 phng trnh ny ta tm c:
Thay
U A1 , U A 2 , U A 0
vo s thun,
nghch, khng tm c dng p th t

thun, nghch, khng mi nhnh trong
mch.
tm dng p trn cc nhnh ca mch
in, tao dng cng thc tng hp:
U A U A1 U A 2 U A0
I B a . I A1 a. I A 2 I A0
C s k thut in 1
I C a. I A1 a . I A 2 I A0
2
214

b. S c t dy 2 pha.
UA
UB
UC
c. S c chm t 1 pha.
A
B
C
B
C
B
C
B
C
A
B
UA
M
C
I A 0 ; IB 0 ; UC 0
UA UB
d. S c ngn mch 2 pha.
UB
UC
B
C
B
C
UC
IA 0 ; UB 0 ; UC 0
I A 0 ; I B 0 ; U C Z. I C
C s k thut in 1
215

C nhiu nguyn nhn sinh ra cc iu ha cao ca sut in ng v dng ba pha:
My pht in ch to khng hon ho sinh ra cc sut in ng khng sin

Phn tch sut in ng thnh chui Furie, ngoi sng c bn c tn s , cn cha nhiu sng
bc cao c tn s 3, 5, 7
Do my pht in c cu to i xng, nn sut in ng cc pha hon ton ging nhau, v lch
nhau v thi gian 1/3 chu k nn:
ekA (t ) Ek . 2.sin k ..t

T
2.
ekB (t ) Ek . 2.sin k.(t ) Ek . 2.sin( k ..t k .
)
3
3
C s k thut in 1
216

ekA (t ) Ek . 2.sin k ..t
Nhn xt:
T
2.
ekB (t ) Ek . 2.sin k.(t ) Ek . 2.sin( k..t k .
)
3
3
Cc sng iu ha c k = 3n k = n.2. to thnh h thng th t khng.

Cc sng iu ha c k = 3n + 1 k = n.2. + 2./3 to thnh h thng th t thun.
Cc sng iu ha c k = 3n + 2 k = n.2. + 4./3 to thnh h thng th t ngc.
Suy ra:
Dng in trong dy trung tnh ch cha cc sng iu ha bc 3.n ca dng pha.
I N 3. I 32 I 92 I152 ...
in p pha bao gm tt c cc sng iu ha:
U f U12 U 32 U 52 U 72 U 92 ...
in p dy khng cha thnh phn th t khng (3n)
C s k thut in 1
U d 3. U12 U 52 U 72 U112 ...
217
C S K THUT IN 1
Chng 9: Khi nim c bn v qu trnh qu

trong h thng
C s k thut in 1
218
C S K THUT IN 1

trong h thng
I.1. Khi nim v qu trnh qu .
I.2. S tn ti ca qu trnh qu .
I.3. Ni dung bi ton qu trnh qu .
C s k thut in 1
219

trong h thng
Qu trnh ca h thng v mch c m t bi nhng h phng trnh vi tch phn trong min thi
gian t.
S mch
(Quy lut, tnh
cht qu trnh)
t = t 0:
Thay i kt
cu thng s ca
mch
Lut
H phng trnh
(H s, ton t,
kch thch)
K
K
ng tc ng m
S mch mi
(Quy lut, tnh cht
qu trnh mi)
Lut
H phng trnh mi
(H s, ton t, kch thch)
Mi ng tc ng m kt thc mt qu trnh c ng vi mt h phng trnh c no , v khi

u mt qu trnh qu hin hnh ng vi mt h phng trnh mi.
Qu trnh qu ca h thng l qu trnh nghim ng h phng trnh mi, khi u t ln cn
thi im t0.
C s k thut in 1
220

trong h thng
Qu trnh c
Qu trnh mi
t
- 0+
Qu trnh qu
Thi gian qu
Qu trnh mi
xc lp
t = 0: Trng thi ca h chuyn t qu trnh c sang qu trnh mi.

Thi gian qu : Tnh t thi im t = 0 cho n thi im trc khi h xc lp trng thi mi.
Nghim ca qu trnh qu l nghim h phng trnh vi tch phn ca mch xt trong ch mi
tnh t thi im t = +0.
C s k thut in 1
221

trong h thng
Trng thi xc lp ca h thng khng thnh lp ngay sau qu trnh ng m m thng phi tri
qua mt qu trnh qu v:
V mt ton hc:
Cc bin trng thi x(t), i(t), u(t) l nghim ca h phng trnh vi tch phn trong
min thi gian t:
Chng phi kh vi n nhng cp nht nh.
Chng phi bin thin lin tc t nhng gi tr u x(+0), i(+0), u(+0) (c

quyt nh bi trng thi c v h phng trnh c ca mch).
Cc nghim xc lp mi ca mch xxl(t), ixl(t), uxl(t) l nghim ca h phng trnh vi

tch phn ca mch trong ch mi (khng ty thuc vo trng thi c).
Qu trnh trong h thng phi chuyn tip qu dn n qu trnh xc lp
C s k thut in 1
222

trong h thng
V mt vt l:
Qu trnh h thng trong mch Kirchoff l mt qu trnh nng ng lng.
Cc s hng o hm thng gn vi s c mt ca nhng kho trong h thng (kho in,
kho t ).
Qu trnh nng lng trong mi kho thng bin thin lin tc (nu khng, cng sut
np vo kho s ln v hn). Do nhng trng thi nng lng ban u t = +0 cc kho
thng phi chuyn tip dn n trng thi xc lp.
Qu trnh trong h phi tri qua mt khong thi gian qu .
C s k thut in 1
223

trong h thng
I.3. Ni dung bi ton qu trnh qu .
C th phn thnh hai loi bi ton:
Bi ton phn tch mch:
Lp h phng trnh m t qu trnh xt ca mch hay s mch: l h phng
trnh vi tch phn trong min thi gian.
Tm nghim qu trnh qu x(t).
Phn tch tnh cht, c im ca qu trnh qu : Qu trnh qu dao ng hay
khng, nghim qu s tng gim dn v hn hay tin n xc lp, qu trnh tng gim
nhanh hay chm
Bi ton tng hp mch: Yu cu xc nh s cng cc thng s ca n sao cho c th to
ra c nhng tnh cht cn c ca qu trnh, hoc to ra mt quan h cn c gia p ng v
kch thch.
C s k thut in 1
224
C S K THUT IN 1
Chng 9:Khi nim c bn v qu trnh qu

trong h thng
II.1. Tnh lin tc ca cc bc o hm. Bi ton chnh v khng chnh.
II.2. Hm bc nhy Hevixaid - Hm Dirac.
C s k thut in 1
225

trong h thng
II.1. Tnh lin tc ca cc bc o hm. Bi ton chnh v khng chnh.
Qu trnh mch m t bi mt h phng trnh vi phn cha nhng s hng o hm n cp m ca
bin xk(t), xk(t), ,xk(m)(t) th ni chung cc o hm ca n n cp m-1 phi lin tc.
Trong thc t thng gp nhng php ng m bo m c tnh lin tc cc s hng o hm. Ta
gi l nhng php ng m chnh, tng ng vi bi ton qu chnh.
Tuy nhin, i khi c nhng ng tc ng m s khin mt s lng ng l phi lin tc (0,+0) th li buc phi gin on. Php ng m nh vy c gi l khng chnh, tng ng vi
bi ton qu khng chnh.
R
L
R
e(t)
C
K
j(t)
e(t)
c th p dng c cch gii phng trnh vi phn ca Ton gii tch, ta s coi nhng qu trnh
bin thin bc nhy (khng lin tc) l lin tc v kh vi theo mt ngha no .
C s k thut in 1
226

trong h thng
II.2. Hm bc nhy Hevixaid - Hm Dirac
a. Hm bc nhy Hevixaid:
0
1(t ) 1
1(t)
vi t <
vi0t >
kh vi
0
ti t = 0
Hm Hevixaid 1(t-T) c tnh kh
1(t T ) 1
vi t <
viTt >
khTvi
ti t = T
1(t-T)
vi, v c trng bi 2 yu t:
Thi im nhy T.
Bin bc nhy 1.
1
t
0
t
T
phn nh qu trnh vt l, v gii tch ta hiu bc nhy Hevixaid l gii hn rt ngn li v hn

quanh t = 0 hay t = T ca nhng qu trnh lin tc kh vi k(t).
V d: (t ) 0.5.(1 th(k .t )
k
0 khi t < 0
lim
(
t
)
k
1 1
k
k (t ) arctg (k .t )
1 khi t > 0
2
(t)
1
1
2
0
C s k thut in 1
227

trong h thng
1(t ) 1
a. Hm bc nhy Hevixaid:
ng dng hm bc nhy Hevixaid:
Thay th cho kha ng, ngt:
e2(t)
e1(t)
e(t)
e(t ) E. 2.sin(.t ).1(t )
e1 (t ) E. 2.sin(.t ).1(t T )
v
v
it
kh
it
vi<
>
ti00
t=
0
e2 (t ) E. 2.sin[.(t T )].1(t T )
Biu din cc xung:

u(t)
u(t)
20V
u1(t) = 20.1(t) (V)

20.1(t)
20V
50
t
- 20V
C s k thut in 1
u2(t) = - 20.1(t-50) (V)

50
u(t) =u1(t) +u2(t) =20.1(t) - 20.1(t-50) (V)
- 20.1(t-50)
228

trong h thng
b. Hm Dirac: (t), (t-T).
Khi nim hm Dirac c nh ngha nhm biu din nhng xung tc ng trong mt thi gian
ngn quanh thi im t0 vi xung lng I.
t2
I f f (t ).dt
t1
(t)
f(t)
f(t)
t1
t3
t0
t4
t1
t2
f(t)
(t)
t3
t0 t4
t2
t1
(t)
t3 t0 t4
t2
Nu di xung T = t2 - t1 nh so vi thi gian qun tnh ca h th ta c th ng thi rt ngn

di xung v tng thch ng cng xung min sao m bo tng ng v mt xung lng,
v v thi im t0 quanh xung tc ng.
t4
t2
t3
t1
I (t ).dt I f f (t ).dt
C s k thut in 1
229

trong h thng
b. Hm Dirac: (t), (t-T).
nh ngha: Hm Dirac l o hm ca bc nhy Hevixaid.
(t )
d
d
1(t ) ; (t T ) 1(t T )
dt
dt
Tnh cht:
Cc xung Dirac tc ng ti cc thi im khc nhau l c lp tuyn tnh vi nhau.
Cc xung Dirac tc ng ti cng mt thi im, nhng cc cp khc nhau l c lp tuyn
tnh vi nhau.
Nhn (t) vi hng s A th c mt xung Dirac c ln xung lng tng ln A ln.
Nhn mt xung Dirac vi mt hm thi gian th ta c gi tr ca hm ti thi im t.
f (t ). (t ) f (0). (t )
f (t ). (t T ) f (T ). (t T )
C s k thut in 1
230
C S K THUT IN 1

trong h thng
III.1. Khi nim s kin.
III.2. Phng php tnh s kin.
C s k thut in 1
231

trong h thng
III.1. Khi nim s kin.
S kin ca bi ton qu trnh qu ca h thng l gi tr qu trnh v cc o hm ln cn nh
quanh khi im ca bi ton, trong cn bit ring r s kin ti t = +0 v t = -0.
Qu trnh hin hnh bt u t cc s kin x(+0), x(+0), , x(n-1)(+0) tr i. Vic tm s kin nhm
mc ch xc nh cc hng s tch phn, t xc nh c qu trnh hin hnh.
Cc s kin x(-0), x(-0), , x(n-1)(-0) ti t = -0 ty thuc qu trnh c, nhng chng cn thit tm
cc s kin t = +0.
Vy, xc nh c cc hng s tch phn trong nghim ca qu trnh qu , ta cn phi xc
nh c s kin mi ti t = +0 theo cc s kin ti t = -0.
S kin c lp l nhng s kin c th tnh trc tip t nghim ca qu trnh xc lp c.
V d: iL(-0), (-0), uC(-0), q(-0),
S kin ph thuc l nhng s kin cn li tnh bng cch gii h phng trnh vi cc s kin c
lp bit.
C s k thut in 1
232

trong h thng
a. Lut ng m
Vic xc nh c s kin mi ti t = +0 theo cc s kin c ti t = -0 l cn thit nhm tnh cc

hng s tch phn trong nghim ca qu trnh qu .
Gi tr cc s kin c lp ti t = +0 c tnh theo cc gi tr c ti t = -0 thng qua lut ng m.
Lut ng m 1: Tng t thng mc vng trong mi vng kn lin tc ti thi im ng m.
(0) (0)
vongkin
hay
vongkin
Lk .ik ( 0)
vongkin
Lk .ik ( 0)
vongkin
H qu: Nu vng xt c 1 cun dy, th dng in qua cun dy s bin thin lin tc ti thi
im ng m.
iL (0) iL (0)
Lut ng m 2: Tng in tch mt nh phi lin tc ti thi im ng m.
q (0) q (0)
k
dinh
dinh
hay
C .u
k
Ck
dinh
(0) Ck .uCk (0)

dinh
H qu: Nu ti nh ch c mt t in th in p trn t in s bin thin lin tc ti thi

im ng m.
C s k thut in 1
uC (0) uC (0)
233

trong h thng
b. Cc bc tnh s kin:
Xt mch ch c. Tnh s kin c lp ti t = -0.

V d: Vi mch Kirchoff, cc s kin c lp l: iL(-0), (-0); uC(-0), q(-0).
p dng lut ng m tnh gi tr s kin c lp ti t = +0.
(0) (0)
vongkin
vongkin
q (0) q (0)
k
dinh
hay iL ( 0) iL ( 0)
hay uC ( 0) uC ( 0)
dinh
Lp phng trnh vi tch phn ca mch trong ch mi (ch yu theo phng php dng nhnh).
Ti t = +0: Thay cc s kin bit vo phng trnh tnh cc s kin ph thuc.
o hm h phng trnh n cp cn thit gii ra cc s kin ph thuc khc.
C s k thut in 1
234

trong h thng
b. Cc bc tnh s kin:
V d 1:
Ti t = -0: iL(-0) = 0 (A).
i(t)
R
K
p dng lut ng m: iL(+0) = iL(-0) = 0.
Lp phng trnh mch ch mi: R.i + L.i = E

Xt ti t = +0: R.i (0) L.i '(0) E
i '( 0)
E
L
V d 2: Cho R1 = R2 = R = 4, L1 = L2 = 2H, E = 12V

Ti t = -0: i (0) 12 2( A) ; i (0) iL1 (0) 1( A)
L1
L2
6
2
p dng lut ng m:
(0) (0)
vong
vong
i1(t)
L1
L2
R1
K
i3(t)
R2
E
R
i2(t)
( L1 L2 ).i (0) L1.iL1 (0) L2 .iL 2 (0)

i (0)
C s k thut in 1
L1.iL1 (0) L2 .iL 2 (0)

1.5( A)
L1 L2
235

trong h thng
R1
b. Cc bc tnh s kin:
V d 3: Cho R1 = R2 = 1, L2 = 1H, C3 = 1F, E = 1V.
i1(t)
Tnh s kin n o hm cp 1.
Tnh s kin c lp ti t = -0:
K
L2
i2(t)
uC (0) 0(V )
E
iL (0)
0.5( A)
2.R
R2
C3
i3(t)
p dng lut ng m: u (0) u (0) 0(V )

C
C
iL (0) iL (0) 0.5( A)
Lp phng trnh mch ch mi:
i1 i2 i3 0
di
(*) R1.i1 R2 .i2 L2 . 2 E
dt
1
i3 .dt E
R1.i1 uC (0)
C
3 0
C s k thut in 1
Xt ti t = +0:
i1 (0) i2 (0) i3 (0) 0

i2' (0) 0.5
'
i1 (0) i2 (0) i2 (0) 1
i3 (0) 0.5
i (0) 1
1
236

trong h thng
R1
b. Cc bc tnh s kin:
V d 3: Cho R1 = R2 = 1, L2 = 1H, C3 = 1F, E = 1V.
i1(t)
Tnh s kin n o hm cp 1.
o hm h phng trnh vi tch phn ch mi
K
L2
i2(t)
R2
C3
i3(t)
i ' i ' i ' 0

1
2
3
'
'
''
R1.i1 R2 .i2 L2 .i2 0
1
R1.i1' .i3 0
C3
Xt ti t = +0:
C s k thut in 1
i1' (0) i3 (0) 0.5( A / s )

i3' (0) i1' (0) i2' (0) 0.5 0.5 0
237

trong h thng
b. Cc bc tnh s kin:
V d 4: Tm s kin ca bi ton sau.
i1(t) R1
Cho e (t ) 100. 2 . sin(103.t 45)(V ) R1 = 100, R3 = 20, L2 = 100mH.

1
Tnh s kin c lp ti t = -0:
.
L2
R3
i2(t)
i3(t)
E
100 2 450
Im
1 900 ( A)
R j..L 100 j.100
.
i (t ) 1.sin(103.t 900 )(V )

Lp h phng trnh vi tch phn ch mi:
t = -0
iL(-0) = -1 (A)
Xt ti t = +0:
R.i1 L.i2' e(t )
L.i R.i3 0
i i i 0
1 2 3
'
2
Nu mun tm cc s kin o hm cp 1, 2 th ta o
hm h phng trnh vi tch phn ch mi n cp cn
100.i1 (0) 0,1.i2' ( 0) 100
'
0,1.i2 (0) 100.i3 ( 0) 0
i (0) i (0) i (0) 0
2
3
1
i3(+0) = 0 ; i2(+0) = -1 (A)

i1(+0) = -1 (A)
thit.
C s k thut in 1
238
C S K THUT IN 1
Chng 10: Cc phng php tnh qu trnh qu

trong mch in tuyn tnh.

C s k thut in 1
239
C S K THUT IN 1
Chng 10: Cc phng php tnh qu trnh qu trong mch
tuyn tnh h s hng
I.1. Ni dung phng php.
I.2. Lp phng trnh c trng.
I.3. S m c trng v dng iu nghim t do.
I.4. Trnh t gii qu trnh qu theo phng php tch phn kinh in.
I.5. Dng phng php tch phn kinh in xt mt s bi ton qu trnh qu .
I.6. Nhn xt.
C s k thut in 1
240
Chng 10: Cc phng php tnh qu trnh qu trong

mch tuyn tnh h s hng
T tng chung ca phng php:
M hnh ton hc ca bi ton qu trnh qu trong mch tuyn tnh l H phng trnh vi
phn + s kin.
i vi phng php tch phn kinh in, ta s dng nguyn tc xp chng trong mch tuyn
tnh gii.

I.1. Ni dung phng php:
Tm nghim ca qu trnh qu xq(t) di dng xp chng nghim ca qu trnh xc lp xxl(t) v
nghim ca qu trnh t do xtd(t).
ngha:
Nghim xc lp xxl(t):
xqd (t )
x xl (t ) xt d (t )
V mt vt l:
o Nghim xc lp c tm ch mi (sau khi ng ct kha K).
o Nghim xc lp c ngun (kch thch) ca mch duy tr quy lut bin thin ca
n c trng cho quy lut bin thin ca ngun.
C s k thut in 1
241

xqd (t ) x xl (t ) xtd (t )
ngha:
Nghim xc lp xxl(t):
V mt ton hc:
o Nghim xc lp l nghim ring ca phng trnh vi phn c v phi l kch thch

ca mch ta bit cch tnh nghim xc lp khi kch thch ca mch l ngun
hng, ngun iu ha, hay ngun chu k.
Nghim t do xtd(t):
V mt vt l:
o Nghim t do khng c ngun duy tr.
o Nghim t do tn ti trong mch l do qu trnh ng ct kha K lm thay i kt
cu hay thng s ca mch.
V mt ton hc:
Nghim t do l nghim ring ca phng trnh vi phn thun nht (phng trnh vi
phn c v phi bng 0)
C s k thut in 1
242

V mt ton hc, nghim t do ca phng trnh thun nht c dng:
xtd (t ) A.e pt
Mt khc, ta c o hm, tch phn ca hm A.ept lun c dng hm m:

dxtd (t )
p. A.e pt p.xtd (t )
dt
A pt xtd (t )
pt
x
(
t
).
dt
A
.
e
.
dt
.e
td
p
p
N
h

(p
h v

yp Gii phng trnh ta c c (n) nghim {p1 ...pn}. Vi mi pk cho ta mt nghim dng Ak.epk.t
n V
,h
g
Cn lp v gii phng trnh

tr
c trng tm nghim t do.
n yp
h hn
243
Cn
g s k thut in 1
( xtd
p.xtd
. xtd ...,
.xtd
xqd
(t )
x xl
(t )
A
k
.
e
pk
.t

Nghim t do l nghim ca phng trnh vi phn thun nht (khng c v phi). Vy i vi bi
ton mch, l phng trnh vi phn c lp cho cc mch in trit tiu ngun.
Cc cch lp phng trnh c trng ca mch:
i s ha phng trnh thun nht:
Lp (h) phng trnh vi tch phn ca mch ch mi.
Loi b cc ngun kch thch thu c phng trnh vi phn thun nht.
Thay th:
R
t
ra
Cho: p = 0 tm c cc s m c trng pk.
c
p
C s k thut in 1
d
dt
(.)
(.).dt
p (.)
1
p
(.)
244

V d:
Lp phng trnh mch:
P
h
i
i
g
R .i
R
.i
tr
n
R .i
i
C
h
V
v
i
i
tn
dg
hi
n
gm
m
t
p
ad
C s k thut in 1
tr
o:
1td
1td
2 td
i3td 0
2 td
2 td
L2
di2 td
0
dt
3td .dt uC ( 0) 0
1td
R1
R1
R2
p.L2
R1
i 1 i2 i3 0
di
R 1.i1 R2 .i2 L2 . 2 E
dt
1
R1.i1 i3 .dt uC (0) E
C3
i1(t)
L2
i2(t)
R2
C3
i3(t)
i1td i2 td i3td 0
R1 .i1td R2 .i2 td p.L2 .i2 td 0
R1 .i1td
1
.i3td uC ( 0) 0
p.C
itd 0 p = 0
0
1
p.C
i1td
i2 td
i3td
0
0
0
itd
1
1
p 1
p
p
p1,2 1 j
p2 p 2 0
245

Cc cch lp phng trnh c trng ca mch:
i s ha mch in:
Phng trnh mch in c dng phng trnh vi phn l v trong mch in tn ti cc
phn t c qun tnh L (qun tnh t trng), C (qun tnh in trng).
C th lp phng trnh c trng trc tip mch in ( trit tiu ngun) ch xc lp
mi bng cch i s ha mch in: L p.L ; C 1/p.C.
Tnh tng tr vo hoc tng dn vo ca 1 nhnh bt k v cho bng 0.
Z Kvao ( p ) 0
YKvao ( p) 0
Chng minh: Khi xt mch ch mi, trit tiu ngun, nu ta nhn dng t do (hoc in p t
do) ca 1 nhnh bt k vi tng tr vo (hoc tng dn vo) ca nhnh th phi bng 0 v mng 1
ca xt trong trng hp ny l khng ngun.
Z K vao ( p ).iKtd 0
YKvao ( p ).uKtd 0
C s k thut in 1
n
g
Z K vao ( p) 0
YK vao ( p) 0
246

V d: Lp phng trnh c trng ca mch sau.
R1
i1(t)
L2
i2(t)
ip.
iR
1t
2t
3t
L
12
2
dd
R2
C3
i s ha
i3(t)
1
pC. 3
ip.
iR
3t
2t
L
22
dd
R1
Zvao 1
1
p.C3
C s k thut in 1
1
Z vao1 R1 ( p.L2 R2 ) //
p.C3
1
Z vao 2 ( R2 p.L2 ) ( R1 //
)
p.C3
1
Z vao 3
R1 //( R2 p.L2 )
p.C3
247

xqd (t ) xxl (t ) xtd (t )
Gi tr ca s m c trng s quyt nh dng iu ca qu trnh t do quyt nh n dng iu

ca qu trnh qu trong mch:
Du ca s m c trng quyt nh qu trnh t do s tng hay gim khi t (qu trnh qu
s tin n 0 hay tin n nghim xc lp).
ln ca s m c trng quyt nh tc bin thin ca qu trnh t do.
Dng nghim ca s m c trng quyt nh qu trnh t do l dao ng hay khng dao ng.
S m c
trng pk
c im qu
trnh qu
C s k thut in 1
Phng trnh
c trng
Thng s, cu
trc mch in
iu chnh
248

pk > 0
a. a thc c trng c nghim thc n pk.

Ak
Dng nghim t do:
pk < 0
xtd (t )
A
k 1
.e pk .t
- Ak
Dng iu nghim t do:
xtd ()t
Nu pk < 0: Nghim t do s gim v 0

qu trnh qu s i n nghim xc lp xxl(t).
Nu pk > 0: Nghim t do tng ln khi t .

| pk | quyt nh tc tng/gim nhanh chm ca nghim t do.
Cch v hm: xtd(t) = A.e p.t.
Ti t = 0 xtd(0) = A
T
A.e-1
C s k thut in 1
xt d
A.
e1
A.e 1
1
p
A.e-2
i
sau khong thi gian t = th bin
h ca xtd thay i e ln.
t
nu
nu
p
p
t=
2 3
xtd (t )
0
0
Qu trnh qu c coi
l xc lp khi t = 3
249

b. a thc c trng c nghim thc kp p1 = p2 = p.
Dng nghim t do:
xtd (t ) ( A1 A2 .t ).e
p .t
Dng iu nghim t do: C dng gn ging vi trng hp trn. y l gii hn gia qu trnh
giao ng v khng dao ng ca nghim qu trnh qu .
C s k thut in 1
250

c. a thc c trng c nghim phc: p j.

1,2
1,2
1,2
Dng nghim t do:
Ae. k .t
cos(k.t k )
xtd (t )
Ak .e k
.t
. cos( k .t
k 0
A.ek .t
xtd ()t
x t()
n
g
A.e k .t
A.e k .t
Cch v nghim t do:

u
cos( k .t k )
A.e k .t
k 0
C s k thut in 1
251

I.4. Trnh t gii qu trnh qu theo phng php tch phn kinh in.
t nghim qu dng:
xqd (t ) x xl (t ) xt d (t )
Tm cc gi tr dng, p xc lp ch mi.
Lp phng trnh c trng v tm nghim t do ca mch ch mi.
Tnh cc hng s tch phn: (bi ton tnh s kin)
Xt mch ch c, tnh cc s kin c lp ti t = - 0.
p dng lut ng m tnh gi tr s kin c lp ti t = + 0.
Lp phng trnh mch ch mi. Ti t = + 0 thay cc s kin c lp tnh cc s kin
ph thuc khc. Nu cn th o hm n cp cn thit tnh cc s kin ph thuc khc.
Tng hp nghim qu . V v nhn xt dng iu ca nghim.
Ch : Trong 1 mch in, cc bin cng i lng nh dng, p s c cng s m tt, chng ch
khc nhau hng s tch phn.
C s k thut in 1
252

a. ng mch R - C vo mt ngun p hng.
t nghim:
Nghim xc lp: uCxl (t ) E

iCxl (t ) 0
Nghim t do:
Phng trnh c trng: R 1 0 p 1 xtd (t ) A.e
p.C
R.C
Tnh hng s tch phn:
S kin: u (0) 0 u ( 0) 0
C
C
1
.t
R .C
C
E
1
Lp phng trnh mch ch mi: R.i (t ) uC (0)
iC (t ).dt E
C 0
X
E
t
1
.t
t
R .C
uCqd (t ) E A1.e
it
1
Tng hp nghim:
.t
=
1
iCqd (t ) 0 A2 .e R.C
.t
+
uCqd (t ) E.(1 e R.C ) 0:
uC (0) 0 E A1 A1 E.
E
1
.t
E
Khi t = + 0:
R
.
C
E
iCqd (t ) .e
iC (0) A2
R
R
R.i ( 0)
i ( 0)
E
R
u C xl (t )
i t()
C s k thut in 1
E \ R
uCqd ( t )
uCtd (t )
253

b. ng mch R - C vo mt ngun p iu ha
e(t ) Em sin(t 1 )
Nghim xc lp:
Nghim t do:
uCxl (t )
duCxl (t )
1
j
C
i
(
t
)
C
Cxl
R
dt
jC
U Cm
t
1
p
xtd A.e RC
RC
Em
Tm hng s tch phn:

S kin:
uC (0) uC (0)
C
e(t)
1
Lp phng trnh mch: R.i uC (0) iC (t ).dt e(t )
C 0
E sin 1
Xt ti t = +0: R.i (0) e(0) Em sin 1 i ( 0) m
R
Nghim qu : uCqd (t ) uCxl (t ) uCtd (t )
iCqd (t ) iCxl (t ) iCtd (t )
Xt ti t = +0: uCqd ( 0) uCxl (0) A1 A1 uCxl (0)

iCqd (0) iCxl (0) A2 A2
C s k thut in 1
Em sin 1
iCxl (0).
R
Qu trnh ng mch
R - L vo ngun p
hng v iu ha c
xt tng t
254

I.5.3. Xt qu trnh qu vi mch cp hai R - L - C.
Phng trnh c trng: R p.L 1 0 p 2 R . p 1 0
p.C
L.C
Bin lun:
1
R
4.
LC
L
E
C
Nu: R 2 L lun c 2 nghim m p

1,2
1,2
C
xtd (t ) A1.e 1 .t A2 .e 2 .t
R
Nu: R 2 L

c nghim kp p1,2
C
2L
xtd (t ) ( A1 A2 .t )e .t
2
Nu: R 2 L c 2 nghim phc p R j. R 1 j
1,2
C
2L
(2 L) 2 LC
xtd (t ) A.e .t .cos( .t )

C s k thut in 1
255

V d: Tnh dng in qu trong mch.
t nghim:
R1=1
i1qd(t)
L2=1H
Tnh nghim xc lp:
i2qd(t)
i1 xl i2 xl
Tnh nghim t do:
E
R1 R2
0.5( A) ; i 3xl 0( A)
E=1V
R2=1
C3=1F
i3qd(t)
Phng trnh c trng:
1
2
R1 ( R 2 pL 2 ) //
0 p 2 p 2 0 p1,2 1 j
pC3
xtd (t ) A.e t .cos(t )

Tm hng s tch phn:
Ti t = - 0: u ( 0) 0(V ) ; i ( 0) i (0)
C3
2
L
E
0.5( A)
R1 R2
p dng lut ng m:
uC3
C s k thut in 1
( 0 )
u
C3
( 0 )
0 (
V
i
L
( 0 )
i2
( 0
)
iL
( 0
)
( 0 )
0 .
5 ( A)
256

R1=1
Tm hng s tch phn:
i1qd(t)
Lp phng trnh mch ch mi:
L2=1H
i2qd(t)
(*
)
E=1V
R2=1
C3=1F
i3qd(t)
i1 i2 i3 0
R1 .i1 R2 .i2 L2 .i2' E
R1 .i1 uC (0)
1
C
.dt E
Xt ti t = +0: i1 (0) i2 (0) i3 (0) 0

i3 (0) 0.5( A)
'
'
i1 (0) i2 (0) i2 (0) 1 i2 ( 0) 0.5( A / s)
i1 (0) 1
i1 (0) 1( A)
Xt ti t = +0:
o hm h phng trnh (*):
C s k thut in 1
i1' i2' i3' 0

' ' ''
i1 i2 i2 0
i1' i3 0
i3' (0) 0( A / s)
i1' (0) 0.5( A / s)
257

R1=1
Nghim qu :
i1qd (t ) 0.5 A1.e t .cos(t 1 )
i (t ) A1.e cos(t 1 ) A1e .sin(t 1 )

'
1qd
i1qd(t)
L2=1H
i2qd(t)
E=1V
R2=1
C3=1F
i3qd(t)
Xt ti t = +0:
i1qd (0) 1 0.5 A1.cos 1

A1.cos 1 0.5 (1)
'
(2)
i1qd (0) A1.(sin 1 cos 1 ) 0.5 A1.sin 1 0
1 0
A1 0.5
Chia (2) cho (1): tg1 0

Tnh ton tng t ta c:
i1qd
( t)
0.5 0 .5.e t . c os( t )( A)
i2 qd (t ) 0.5 0.5.e t .sin(t )( A)

i3qd (t )
C s k thut in 1
2 t
.e .sin(t 450 )( A)
2
258

I.6. Nhn xt.
Phng php tch phn kinh in l phng php n gin, s dng trc tip ton hc tm
nghim qu .
Nghim qu c tch thnh hai thnh phn: Nghim t do + nghim xc lp c nhc im:
Ch p dng c cho cc bi ton qu tuyn tnh: Tha mn tnh xp chng cc p ng
trong mch.
p dng cho cc bi ton tm nghim xc lp mt cch d dng: Mch c kch thch l ngun
hng, ngun iu ha.
C s k thut in 1
259
C S K THUT IN 1
tuyn tnh h s hng

II.1. Phng php tch phn Duyamen.
II.2. Phng php hm Green.
C s k thut in 1
260

Phng php tch phn Duyamen l phng php da trn vic xp chng p ng i vi kch
thch (bt k) c khai trin thnh chui bc nhy nguyn t.
a. Phn tch hm f(t) bt k thnh cc bc nhy nguyn t.
Thc hin khai trin kch thch f(t) bt k thnh nhng bc nhy nguyn t Hevixaid 1(t-).df().
t
1(t ). f (t ) 1(t ). f (0) 1(t ).f ( )

0
Ta c:
f ( )
f(t)
df ( )
.d f ' ( ).d
d
df()
f(0)
t=
t
1(t ). f (t ) 1(t ). f (0)
f ' ( ).d
C s k thut in 1
261

a. Phn tch hm f(t) bt k thnh cc bc nhy nguyn t.
f(t)
f1(t)
Vi hm c nhiu bc nhy.
t1
1(t ). f (t ) 1(t ). f1 (0) f1' ( ).d 1(t t1 ).f (t1 )

0
f 2' ( ).d
t1
f2(t)
t1
f3(t)
t
t2
Ta coi hm nhiu bc nhy f(t) l tng ca cc hm k(t) lin tc.

n
1(t ). f (t ) (t ) k (t )
1
k (t ) [1(t tk 1 ) 1(t tk )]. f k (t )
trong :
Vy ta c:
f(t)
1
1(t ). f (t ) (t ) ' ( ).d
t1
t2
C s k thut in 1
262

b. p ng Hevixaid .
p ng Hevixaid h(t) l p ng qu khi kch thch ca mch l hm bc nhy nguyn t.
p ng Hevixaid h(t) cho bit tnh cht qu trnh dao ng di tc dng kch thch bc nhy:
Dao ng hay khng dao ng.
Bin thin nhanh hay chm.
Tin n xc lp hay khng xc lp khi t
Vic tm p ng Hevixaid h(t) thng khng kh khn, v c thc hin bng phng php tch
phn kinh in.
C s k thut in 1
263

K

b. p ng Hevixaid .
V d1 : Tnh p ng Hevixaid hi(t) bit trc khi ng kha K, t C cha np in.
Phng trnh trnh c trng:
Phng trnh ch mi:
S kin c lp:
uC (0)
.t
uC (0) uC (0) 0
1
iC (t ).dt R.i (t ) E
C 0
Xt ti t = +0: i (0) E
R
V d2 : Tnh p ng Hevixaid hi(t) ca mch in hnh bn.

Phng trnh trnh c trng:
R p.L 0 p
R
L
R
.t
1
iqd (t ) ixl (t ) itd (t ) A.e L
R
S kin c lp:
C s k thut in 1
1(t)
1
1
R0 p

p.C
R.C
iCqd (t ) iCxl (t ) iCtd (t ) 0 A.e
iL (0) iL (0) 0
hi (t )
1
.e
R
1
.t
R .C
Xt ti t = +0:
iqd (0)
hi (t )
1
1
A A
R
R
1
(1 .e
R
R
.t
L
R
1(t)
264

c. Cng thc tch phn Duyamen .
1(t)
p ng
h(t)
1(t- ).f()
p ng
Ta c:
1(t ). f (t ) 1(t ). f (0)
Vy nu kch thch f(t) dng:
1(t- )
p ng
p ng
h(t- )
f().h(t- )
1(t ).x(t ) 1(t ). f (0).h(t )

t
1(t ). f (t ) 1(t ). f (0)
f ' ( ).d
p ng
1(t ).x(t ) 1(t ). f (0).h(t ) f ' ( ).h(t ).d

0
(Cng thc tch phn Duyamen ngha hp)
C s k thut in 1
265

c. Cng thc tch phn Duyamen.
f *h
'
Tch
xp:
f ( ).h(t ).d
'
Cc dng cng thc tnh phn Duyamen ngha hp.

t
1(t ).x(t ) 1(t ). f (0).h(t ) f ( ).h(t ).d

'
1(t ).x(t ) h(0). f (t ) f ( ).h (t ).d

'
1(t ).x(t ) 1(t ). f (0).h(t ) f ' (t ).h( ).d

0
1(t ).x(t ) h(0). f (t ) f (t ).h ' ( ).d

0
Cc dng ca cng thc tnh phn Duyamen ngha rng.

t
1(t ).x(t ) ( ).h(t ).d

'
1(t ).x(t ) h ( ). (t ).d

'
C s k thut in 1
1(t ).x(t ) ' (t ).h( ).d

0
1(t ).x(t ) h ' (t ). ( ).d

0
266

K

V d 1: Tnh dng qu trong mch R - C khi tc ng l xung p nh hnh v.
Ta c: e(t ) U .[1(t ) 1(t T )]
hi (t )
e(t)
1 .t
1
.e vi
R
R.C
e(t)
U
p dng cng thc tch phn Duyamen ngha hp:

t
1(t ).x(t ) 1(t ). f (0).h(t ) f ' ( ).h(t ).d
t
0
1
1
1(t ).iqd (t ) U . .e .t u ' ( ).h(t ).d U . .e .( t T ) u ' ( ).h(t ).d
R
R
0
T
0
1(t ).iqd (t )
C s k thut in 1
U .t
e .1(t ) e .(t T ) .1(t T )
R
267

K

V d 1: Tnh dng qu trong mch R - C khi tc ng l cc xung p nh hnh v.

e(t)
p dng khi nim o hm ngha rng:
e(t ) U .[1(t ) 1(t T )] e '(t ) U . (t ) U . (t T )

t
p dng cng thc tch phn Duyamen ngha rng: 1(t ).x(t )
'
( ).h(t ).d
1(t ).i (t ) U (t ) (t T ) * 1(t ). e . t

R
e(t)
t
0
U .t
e .1(t ) e .(t T ) .1(t T )
R
(Tch xp ca phn b Dirac vi mt hm thi gian s cho hm vi i s ca phn b Dirac)
C s k thut in 1
268

K


Ta c:
hi (t )
1 .t
1
.e vi
R
R.C
e(t)
p dng cng thc tch phn Duyamen ngha hp:
e(t)
1(t ).x(t ) 1(t ). f (0).h(t ) f ' ( ).h(t ).d
Trong khong 0 t T ta c:
1(t ).iqd (t )
U
R.T
.( t )
e
d
U
1 e .t
R. .T
Trong khong t > T ta c bc nhy u(T) = -U:

t
U
U
U 1 .T
1
1(t ).iqd (t )
. e .(t ) .d .e .(t T )
1 .e .e .t
R.T 0
R
R .T
.T
C s k thut in 1
269

K


e(t)
p dng cng thc tch phn Duyamen ngha rng:
e '(t )
i (t )
U
R.T
i (t )
i (t )
U
1(t ) 1(t T ) U . (t T )
T
U
e(t)
U
( t )
( t )
1(
1(
T
)
.
e
.
d
T
).
e
.d
R
0
t
0
U
U .(t T )
.( t ) t
.( t ) t
1(
).
e
1(
T
).
e
1(
t
T
).
.e
0
T
R. .T
R
U
U
1(t ) e .t 1 1(t T ) 1 e .( t T ) 1(t T ). .e (t T )
R. .T
R
C s k thut in 1
270

K

V d 3: Tnh dng qu trong mch R - C khi tc ng l xung p hm m

p ng Hevixaid ca dng trong mch R-C c dng:
hi (t )
e(t)
1 .t
1
.e
,
R
R.C
Ta c: u (t ) U .e .t
e(t)
u '(t ) .U .e .t
p dng cng thc Duyamen theo ngha hp ta c:
U .e .t
1(t ).x(t ) 1(t ). f (0).h(t ) f ' ( ).h(t ).d

0
t
0
U
1
i (t ) .e .t .U .e . . .e .(t ) .d
R
R
0
i (t )
C s k thut in 1
U
.e .t .e .t
R ( )
271

K

V d 3: Tnh dng qu trong mch R - C khi tc ng l xung p hm m

e(t)
p dng cng thc Duyamen theo ngha rng vi:
u '(t ) U . (t ) .U .e .t
e(t)
Ta c:
U
.U . .( t )
( t )
).
e
.
d
e .e
.d
R 0
R 0
t
i (t ) u ' * hi
U .e .t
t
0
U
.U
U
.U
i (t ) .e .t
.e .t .e ( ) .e .t
.e .t e( ).t 1
R
R.( )
R
R.( )
0
i (t )
U
. .e .t .e .t
R.( )
C s k thut in 1
272

Phng php hm Green da trn vic khai trin kch thch 1(t).f(t) thnh nhng xung Dirac nguyn
t, v tm qu trnh qu x(t) bng tng nhng p ng i vi nhng xung nguyn t y.
a. Phn tch hm f(t) bt k thnh dy xung Dirac nguyn t.
Thc hin khai trin kch thch 1(t).f(t) thnh mi dy xung v hn nhng xung Dirac nguyn t:
Mi xung c rng d, tc ng ti thi im t =
Chiu cao xung Dirac f().
f(t)
Xung lng = din tch ca xung = f().d
f().d
Khi ta c:
t
1(t ). f (t )
Dng tch xp:

C s k thut in 1
f ( ). (t ).d
f (t ). ( ).d
1(t ). f (t ) f * * f
273

b. p ng hm Green g(t).
p ng hm Green g(t) l p ng ca mch khi kch thch trong mch l hm Dirac (t).
V hm g(t) l p ng mch khi kch thch l xung Dirac (tc ng trong mt thi gian rt ngn) nn
hm g(t) m t c im, hnh vi ca mch mt cch thun khit hn.
(t- )
t
Kch thch xung Dirac

f( ).(t- ).d()
g(t- )
Kch thch
Mch tuyn tnh
p ng
dx(t) = f().d.g(t- )
d
Kch thch nguyn t
1(t).f(t )
1.(t ).x(t )
t
Kch thch 1(t).f(t)
Tnh giao
hon
f ( ).g (t ).d f * g
1(t ).x(t ) g * f
g ( ). f (t ).d
C s k thut in 1
274

b. p ng hm Green g(t).
Nhn xt:
Vic s dng v tnh ton vi hm Green s ngn gn hn do khng c cc s hng lin quan
n bc nhy ca kch thch v hm truyn t: f(0).h(t), h(0).f(t)
Hm Green
Cng thc Duyamen

t
1(t ).x (t ) 1(t ). f (0).h (t )
f ( ).h(t ).d
'
x (t )
0
t
1(t ).x (t ) h(0). f (t )
f ( ).h ' (t ).d
f ( ).g (t ).d
0
t
x (t )
g ( ). f (t ).d
Cng thc hm Green dng chung cho mi qung thi gian t m khng cn ch ti nhng
on chp ni ca hm (t)
C s k thut in 1
275

c. Cch tm hm Green g(t).
So snh cng thc hm Green v cng thc tch phn Duyamen ngha rng, ta c:
Cng thc Duyamen
Hm Green
t
1(t ).x(t ) h' (t ). ( ).d
x(t )
f ( ).g (t ).d
1(t ).x(t ) h ( ). (t ).d
x (t )
'
g ( ). f (t ).d
dh(t ) dh(t )
g (t )
d
dt
Suy ra:
C s k thut in 1
g (t )
d
h (t )
dt
276

K

V d 1: Tnh p uC(t) qu trong mch R - C khi tc ng l xung p nh hnh v.

Ta c: e(t ) U .[1(t ) 1(t T )]
e(t)
Bit p ng Hevixaid vi p trn t: hu (t ) 1 e .t vi

C
Vy hm Green tng ng: g u (t ) h (t ) .e
C
'
uC
p qu trn t l:
1(t ).uC (t ) u * g uC .e
.( t )
.t
1
R.C
e(t)
U
.U .[1( ) 1( T )].d
t
0
1(t ).uC (t ) .U e
.( t )
.1( ).d .U e .(t ) .1(t ).d

0
1(t ).uC (t ) U .e .( t ) 1(t ).U .e ( t ) U . 1 e .t 1(t T ).U 1 e .(t T )

C s k thut in 1
277


R
V d 2: Tnh p qu uC(t), uR(t) trong mch R - C khi tc ng l xung p hm m

e(t)
p ng Hevixaid ca cc p uC(t), uR(t) trong mch R-C c dng:
huR (t ) 1(t ).e .t , huC (t ) 1 e t ,
1
R.C
t
Vy cc hm Green tng ng l: g uR (t ) (t ) .1(t ).e
e(t)
guC (t ) .e t
U .e .t
t
p qu trn R l:
0
t
U
1(t ).uR (t ) U (t ) .e . .e .( t ) .d U .e .( t )
.e .t .e ( ).
.e .t .e .t

0
0
1
p qu trn C l:
t
1(t ).uC (t ) U .e . .e (t ) .d
.U .e .t .e ( ). U .
e .t e .t

0
0
t
C s k thut in 1
278
C S K THUT IN 1
tuyn tnh h s hng.

III.1. Tinh thn ca phng php ton t Laplace.
III.2. Cc nh l v quan h nh - gc.
III.3. Cch tm gc theo nh Laplace.
III.4. Tnh qu trnh qu bng phng php ton t Laplace.
C s k thut in 1
279

III.1. Tinh thn ca phng php ton t Laplace.
Lm php song nh bin i cp phn b thi gian (t) = 1(t).f(t) (hm gc thi gian) v s phc
p vi mt s phc F(p) (nh Laplace) sao cho:
t
(t ).dt
1
.F ( p )
p
H phng trnh vi
tch phn h s hng
H phng trnh i
s tuyn tnh nh F(p)
p.F(p)
Nh quan h song nh :
Gii phng trnh i s tm nh F(p) tm c nghim gc (t).
Xt tnh cht v i s ca nh F(p) kho st c dng iu nghim ca phng trnh vi
tch phn.
C s k thut in 1
280

f f (0) f (0)

a. o hm gc.
Xt hm f(t) bt k.
1(t).f(t)
F(p)
f(t
)
o hm ca f(t):
-0+0
1(t ). f (t ) 1(t ). f '(t ) (t ). f (0)

'
1(t ). f '(t ) 1(t ). f (t ) (t ). f (0)

'
1(t ). f '(t ) p.F ( p) f ( 0)

Ti t = 0:
f f (0) f (0)
1(t ). f '(t ) p.F ( p ) f ( 0) [ f (0) f ( 0)]
1(t ). f '(t ) p.F ( p ) f ( 0)

C s k thut in 1
281

a. o hm gc.
ng dng:
i(t)
Xt cun dy:
L
u(t)
uL (t ) L.
d
i (t ) l.i ' (t )
dt
Chuyn sang min nh:
iL(t)
IL (p)
uL(t)
U L ( p ) L.[ p.I L ( p) i ( 0)]

U L ( p ) p.L.I L ( p) L.i ( 0)]
I(p)
p.L
U(p)
C s k thut in 1
I L ( p)
UL (p)
i ( 0) U L ( p )
p
p.L
1
p.L
L.i(-0)
I(p)
iL ( 0)
p U(p)
282

b. Tch phn gc.
Xt hm f(t) bt k. 1(t).f(t)
Tch phn ca f(t):
F(p)
1(t ). f (t ).dt
1
.F ( p )
p
ng dng:
Xt t in.
uC (t ) u (0)
Chuyn sang min nh.
iC(t)
U C ( p)
u (0)
1
.I C ( p ) C
p.C
p
UC(p)
C s k thut in 1
1
. iC (t ).dt
C
IC(p)
1
IC(p) p.C
uC (0)
p
iC(t)
C
uC(t)
uC(t)
UC(p)
I C ( p ) p.C.U C ( p) C.uC ( 0)
p.C
I(p)
C.uC(-0)
UC(p)
283

b. nh l v dch gc.
1(t ). f (t )
F ( p)
1(t T ). f (t T )
e T . p .F ( p )
Xt hm f(t) bt k.
Vy:
V d:
e(t)
1(t ).e(t ) 10.1(t ) 10.1(t 0.2)

10 10 0.2 p 10
.e
.(1 e 0.2 p )
p p
p
C s k thut in 1
10
t
0
0.2
284

c. nh l v dch nh.
1(t ). f (t )
F ( p)
1(t ). f (t ).e ma.t
F ( p a)
Xt hm f(t) bt k.
Vy:
d. nh l v s ng dng.
1(t ). f (t )
Xt hm f(t) bt k.
Vy:
e. o hm nh.
1(t ). f (a.t )
t
1(t ). f ( )
a
Xt hm f(t) bt k.
Vy:
C s k thut in 1
1(t ). f (t )
1(t ).( t ). f (t )
F ( p)
1
p
.F ( )
a
a
a.F (a. p )
F ( p)
d
F ( p)
dp
285

f. Tch phn nh.
1(t ). f (t )
1
1(t ). f (t )
t
F ( p).dp
1(t ). f (t )
F ( p)
f ( ). f (t ).d
F1 ( p ).F2 ( p )
Xt hm f(t) bt k.
Vy:
g. nh l tch xp.
Xt hm f(t) bt k.
Vy:
F ( p)
g. nh l v cc gi tr b.
Xt hm f(t) bt k.
Vy:
1(t ). f (t )
lim1(t ). f (t )
F ( p)
lim p.F ( p )
lim1(t ). f (t )
lim p.F ( p )
t 0
C s k thut in 1
p
p 0
286

a. Php tch phn Riman-Mellin.
a j
1
t. p
1(t ). f (t )
F
(
p
).
e
.dp
2. . j a j
b. Tra bng quan h nh - gc.
cos(a.t )
p
p2 a2
1
t 2
p
sin(a.t )
a
p2 a2
(t ) 1
e a.t
1(t )
C s k thut in 1
1
p
1
pa
287

c. Dng cng thc Hevixaide
Khi xt mch, ta thng gp phn thc hu t dng:
b0 b1. p b2 . p 2 ... bm . p m F1 ( p)
F ( p)
2
n
a0 a1. p a2 . p ... an . p
F2 ( p )
a0 an, b0 bm: hng s thc
Cng thc Hevixaide cho gc ca nh Laplace F(p) khi a thc t s F1(p) c bc nh hn a thc
mu s F2(p) (m < n) (trong trng hp m n, ta s thc hin php chia a thc).
Nu F2(p) = 0 c nghim thc, n: p1, p2. Nu F2(p) = 0 c nghim thc kp: p1 = p2 = pk.
1(t ). f (t ) A1.e p1 .t A2 .e p2 .t
vi Ak lim
p pk
F1 ( p )
F2' ( p )
(k = 1,2)
Nu F2(p) = 0 c phc: p1,2 = - j.
1(t ). f (t ) 2. Ak .e
vi Ak lim
p pk
C s k thut in 1
.t
.cos( .t k )
1(t ). f (t ) ( A1 A2 .t ).e p.t

vi A1 lim
p pk
d F1 ( p )
2
.(
p
p
)
k
dp F2 ( p )
F1 ( p )
.( p pk ) 2
F2 ( p )
A2 lim
p pk
F1 ( p)
Ak k
'
F2 ( p)
288

p2 2
F1 ( p )
E ( p)
p.( p 4) 2 F2 ( p )
V d: Tm hm gc ca cc nh sau.
I ( p)
20
F ( p)
1
( p 5).( p 6) F2 ( p)
F2 ( p ) 0
p1 5
p2 6
F2' ( p) 2 p 11
1(t ).i (t ) A1.e 5.t A2 .e 6.t

20
20
p 5 2. p 11
A1 lim
20
20
p 6 2. p 11
A2 lim
1(t ).i (t ) 20.(e 5.t e 6.t )
C s k thut in 1
F2 ( p ) 0
p1 0
p2 p3 4
F2' ( p ) 3. p 2 16. p 16
1(t ).e(t ) A0 ( A1 A2 .t ).e 4.t

F1 ( p ) 1
p 0 F ' ( p )
8
2
A0 lim
d F1 ( p )
7
2
.(
p
4)
p 4 dp F ( p )
8
2
A1 lim
F1 ( p )
9
.( p 4) 2
p 4 F ( p )
2
2
A2 lim
1 7 9
1(t ).e(t ) .t .e 4.t
8 8 2
289

V d: Tm hm gc ca cc nh sau.
U ( p)
F1 ( p )
100
p 2 2. p 10 F2 ( p )
F2 ( p) 0 p1,2 1 j.3
F2' ( p) 2. p 2
1(t ).i (t ) 2. A .e t .cos(3.t )
.
100
100 100
900
p 1 j .3 2.( p 1)
j.6
6
A lim
1(t ).i(t ) 33.333.e .cos(3.t )

2
t
C s k thut in 1
290

a. S ton t.
S ton t l s mch ch mi trong cc kch thch j(t), e(t) c chuyn sang
min nh J(p), E(p); cc phn t R, L, C c chuyn sang min nh km theo s kin.
Kch thch ca mch:
e(t)
E(p)
Cc phn t
j(t)
J(p)
iR(t)
IR(p)
uR(t)
UR(p)
U R ( p ) R.I R ( p )
iL(t)
uL(t)
IL(p) p.L
1
p.L
iL (0)
p
U L ( p ) p.L.I L ( p ) L.i ( 0)]

C s k thut in 1
C
uC(t)
L.i(-0)
UL(p)
iC(t)
IL(p
)
I L ( p)
1
u (0)
IC(p) C
p.C
p
UC(p)
UL(p)
i (0) U L ( p )
p
p.L
U C ( p)
I(p)
p.C
C.uC(-0)
UC(p)
u (0)
1
.I C ( p ) C
I C ( p) p.C.U C ( p ) C.uC ( 0)
p.C
p
291

b. Cc lut trong min nh Laplace.
Lut Ohm:
U ( p ) Z .I ( p )
I ( p) Y .U ( p )
Lut Kirchoff 1:
I ( p) 0
nut
Lut Kirchoff 2:
U ( p) E ( p)
vong
(c tnh n s kin)
vong
Min thi gian
Min nh Laplace
H phng trnh
H phng trnh
vi tch phn + s kin
i s nh phc + s kin
C s k thut in 1
292

c. Trnh t gii bi ton qu trnh qu .
Tm s kin c lp ca mch ti t = -0: uC(-0) ; iL(-0)
Xt mch ch c v tnh cc p ng uC(t), iL(t)
Thay ti t = -0 tnh cc s kin c lp uC(-0), iL(-0)
Lp s ton t cho mch in ch mi.
Lp v gii phng trnh mch trong min nh Laplace tm nghim X(p)
Lp phng trnh mch theo phng php: Dng nhnh, dng vng, th nh, mng 1 ca, 2
ca
Tm nghim qu xqd(t).
Tra bng quan h nh - gc.
Dng cng thc Hevixaide.
C s k thut in 1
293

R1

V d: Tm iCqd(t) khi ng mch t v tr 1 sang v tr 2, bit:
e1 (t ) 100.sin10 .t (V ) ; e2 (t ) 100.e
3
20.t
e1(t)
(V )
R1 10 ; R2 100 ; X C 10
Gii:
.
Tm s kin c lp uC(-0): U
C
Lp s ton t:
R2
e2(t)
uC (0) 50(V )
.
E1max
1
100
.
450
1
j..C
2
R1
j..C
uC (t )
u (0)
E2 ( p) C
F ( p)
1,5. p 10
p
I ( p)
1
1
( p 20)( p 100) F2 ( p )
R
p.C
F1 ( p )
A
lim
0, 25
1
p 20 F ' ( p )
1(t ).iCqd (t ) A1.e 20.t A2 .e 100.t
2
1(t ).iCqd (t ) 0, 25.e 20.t 1, 75.e 100.t
C s k thut in 1
1 2
F1 ( p)
1, 75
p 100 F ' ( p )
2
100
sin(103.t 450 )
2
R2
E2(p)
1
p.C
uC (0)
p
A2 lim
294

R1

V d: Tnh dng qu trong mch, bit:
i2 (0)
i1 (0)
0.5( A)
2
Lp s ton t:
I ( p)
I ( p)
E ( p) L1.i1 (0) M .i2 (0) L2 .i2 (0) M .i1 (0)

R1 R2 p.L1 p.L2 2. p.M
0.75. p 5
1(t ).i (t ) 0, 667 0, 0833.e 7,5.t ( A)
p.( p 7.5)
C s k thut in 1
R3
R2
Gii:
Tm s kin c lp:
E
10
i1 (0)
1( A)
R1 ( R2 // R3 ) 5 5
L1
i2
i1
E = 10 V = const ; R1 = 5; R3 = R2 = 10; L1 = 2H; L2 = 2H; M=1H.
L2
*
L1.i1(-0)
*
R1
10
p
p.L1
-2.p.M M.i2(-0)
R2
p.L2
I(p)
M.i1(-0) L2.i2(-0)
295

d. Nhn xt chung v phng php.
u im:
Gii bi ton qu trnh qu vi ngun kch thch bt k (tng khng nhanh hn hm e m)
Ch cn tnh s kin c lp ti t = - 0.
Gii c trc tip nghim qu .
C th thay th c cho mi phng php tch phn.
Nhc im:
Khi F2(p) l a thc bc cao, ta phi dng phng php gn ng tm nghim pk.
C s k thut in 1
296

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C S K THUT IN 1

Gio vin: Ths. Nguyn Vit Sn

I. Khi nim v m hnh trng - m hnh h thng.

I. Phng php dng nhnh.

I. Khi nim chung.

I. Khi nim v ngun kch thch chu k.

Chng 6: Mng mt ca Kirchoff tuyn tnh.

I. Khi nim v mng mt ca Kirchoff.

I. Khi nim v mng hai ca.

I. Qu trnh qu trong h thng.

I. Phng php tch phn kinh in.

I. Khi nim v m hnh trng - m hnh h thng.

I. Khi nim v m hnh trng - m hnh h thng.

Chng 1: Khi nim v m hnh mch Kirchoff

E(x, y, z, t), H(x,y,z,t)

gtb >> gmoi truong

Chng 1: Khi nim v m hnh mch Kirchoff.

Chng 1: Khi nim v m hnh mch Kirchoff

Chng 1: Khi nim v m hnh mch Kirchoff

Ngun in (ngun sut in ng, ngun dng) Hin tng pht

Phn t tiu tn (in tr R, in dn g) Hin tng tiu tn

Phn t kho in (in dung C) Hin tng tch phng ca kho in

Phn t kho t (in cm L, h cm M) Hin tng tch phng ca kho t

Chng 1: Khi nim v m hnh mch Kirchoff

Chng 1: Khi nim v m hnh mch Kirchoff

(Chiu ca mi tn l chiu quy c ca dng in sinh ra bi ngun)

Chng 1: Khi nim v m hnh mch Kirchoff

(Chiu ca mi tn l chiu quy c ca dng in sinh ra bi ngun)

Chng 1: Khi nim v m hnh mch Kirchoff

Phn loi: Da theo mi quan h gia 2 bin trng thi.

Chng 1: Khi nim v m hnh mch Kirchoff

Phng trnh trng thi:

Phn loi: Da theo mi quan h gia 2 bin trng thi.

Chng 1: Khi nim v m hnh mch Kirchoff

n v dn xut: 1mH = 10-3H

Chng 1: Khi nim v m hnh mch Kirchoff

Theo lut Lenx: Dng in i(t) sinh ra t thng (t)

Ngc li, xt mt cun dy L, v tn ti mt t thng

Chng 1: Khi nim v m hnh mch Kirchoff

Xt 2 cun dy L1 v L2 t gn nhau trong khng gian, cun dy L1 c dng in bin thin

Do L2 t gn L1, c mt phn t thng 21(t) mc vng qua cc cun dy L2 sinh ra sc

Chng 1: Khi nim v m hnh mch Kirchoff

Chng 1: Khi nim v m hnh mch Kirchoff

Chng 1: Khi nim v m hnh mch Kirchoff

Chng 1: Khi nim v m hnh mch Kirchoff

Chng 1: Khi nim v m hnh mch Kirchoff

ZAB: Tng tr tng ng ca nhnh AB

Chng 1: Khi nim v m hnh mch Kirchoff

YAB: Tng dn tng ng ca nhnh AB

ZAB: Tng tr tng ng ca nhnh AB

Chng 1: Khi nim v m hnh mch Kirchoff

Ch : Mch Kirchoff c (n) nhnh v (d) nh S phng trnh cho:

Chng 1: Khi nim v m hnh mch Kirchoff

V d: Lp phng trnh mch theo lut Kirchoff 1 v 2 cho mch in sau.

Phng trnh lut Kirchoff 1:

Phng trnh lut Kirchoff 2:

Chn bin l dng cc nhnh:

Chng 1: Khi nim v m hnh mch Kirchoff

Chng 1: Khi nim v m hnh mch Kirchoff

I. Khi nim v m hnh trng - m hnh h thng.

Chng 1: Khi nim v m hnh mch Kirchoff

Chng 2: Mch tuyn tnh ch xc lp iu ha.

II. S phc - Biu din hm iu ha trong min nh phc

Chng 2: Mch tuyn tnh ch xc lp iu ha.