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G. Donald Allen
Archimedes
Archimedes
Archimedes Works
Archimedes
Archimedes
1.1
2pn Pn
pn + Pn
an+1 =
an An
pn+1 =
An+1 =
p
pn Pn+1
2an+1 An
an+1 + An
Archimedes
1.3
Archimedes
1.4
On Floating Bodies
Archimedes
than the gold. For more details, consult the Archimedes home page,
http://www.mcs.drexel.edu./~crorres/Archimedes/index.html.
1.5
Sand-Reckoner
1.6
In a treatise of two volumes Archimedes discovered fundamental theorems concerning the center of gravity of plane figures and solids. His
most famous theorem gives the weight of a body immersed in a liquid,
called Archimedes principal.
1.7
Quadrature of a Parabola
4
4ABC
3
where the triangle and parabolic segment have the same base and height.
The standard technique of proof, the method of exhaustion, was used.
Archimedes
C
Segment of a
parabola and inscribed triangle.
Note: the
slope at B
is the same
as the
line
AC.
1.8
Spirals
Archimedes
10
That is, the area enclosed by the spiral arc of one revolution is one
third of the area of the circle with center at the origin and of radius at
the terminus of the spiral arc.
4 In
f () = a, we have
1
2
R 2
0
(a)2
d =
4 2 3
a .
3
1
2
R 2
0
Archimedes
11
He also showed how to trisect angles using the spiral. Suppose the
particular angle to be trisected is / AOB. Construct circles with center
O that intersect the spiral. Construct the line segment OD and mark
the point C. Trisect the segment CD and construct circles with center
O with the respective radii at the trisection points. Since the spiral
sweeps out the radius in exact proportion to the respective angle, the
new circles will intersect the spiral at equal angles from the lines OA
and OB. The angle between them will be the same, as well. Thus the
angles / AOB is trisected.
The Method
Archimedes
2
12
Inventions
Archimedes
3
13
Influence
The magnitude and originality of Archimedes achievement is monumental. However, his influence on ancient mathematics was limited.
Many reasons could be attributed, one being that mathematics in the
Greek world was in something of an eclipse of his mathematics. Another is the hegemony of the Romans, who had little interest in theoretical works, particularly mathematics. Though some of his results, such
as approximations to by 22
, became commonplace, his deeper results
7
of hydrostatics and quadrature were never continued in any important
way as far as is known. This seems true, despite his publication
of The Method, in which he hoped to show others the basis of his
techniques.
Nearly a millennium was to follow, when in the 8th and 9th centuries there were some substantial Arabic contributions that seem to be
inspired by Arabic translations of Archimedes works.
The greatest influence of his work came much later in 16th and 17th
centuries with the printing of texts derived from the Greek. Knowledge
of these works was reflected in the work of the greatest mathematicians
and physicists of the day, Galileo (1564 - 1642) and Kepler (1571
- 1630). Later, more mathematically sound editions such as David
Rivaults edition and Latin translation (1615) of the complete works
was profoundly influential on mathematicians of a stature no less than
Ren Descartes (1595 - 1650) and Pierre de Fermat (1601 - 1665).
The ancient works including Archimedes cast a pale across these times
challenging mathematicians of the day to understand and advance the
ancient results. It is widely regarded that the greatest advances of the
16th century would have be delayed without them. Had The Method
been discovered earlier than the late 19th century, modern mathematics
may have taken an entirely different course concluding, of course, the
same essential results but with mechanical underpinnings instead of
geometrical ones.