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Tu-Prob.6
A thermal station has an efficiency of 15% and 1 kg of coal is burnt per kWh generated.
Determine the calorific value.
Diversity of group
Demand factor
Domestic
1500
1.2
0.8
Commercial
2000
1.1
0.9
Industrial
10000
1.25
If the overall system diversity factor is 1.35, determine i) the maximum demand and ii)
connected load of each type.
Ex-3.9 It has been desired to install a diesel power station to supply power in a suburban area having
the following particulars.
i)
1000 houses with average connected load of 1.5 kW in each house. The demand factor
and diversity factor being 0.4 and 2.5 respectively.
ii) 10 factories having overall maximum demand of 90 kW.
iii) 7 tube wells of 7 kW each and operating together in the morning.
List of Problems
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06
6 10
10 12
12 16
16 20
20 24
Load (MW)
40
50
60
50
70
40
Maximum demand,
ii) Units generated/day, iii) Average load, and iv) load factor.
A power station has the daily load cycles as : 260 MW for 6 hours, 200 MW for 8 hours,
160 MW for 4 hours and 100 MW for 6 hours.
If the power station has 4 generators of 75 MW each, calculate
i)
Daily Load factor
ii) Plant capacity factor
iii) Daily requirement of fuel.
The calorific value of oil used is 10000 kcal/kg and the average heat rate of station is
2860 kcal/kWh.
68
8 12
12 16
16 20
20 24
24 26
Load (MW)
20
40
60
20
50
20
Plot the load curve and the load duration curve. Also calculate the energy generated per day.
Figures show the daily load curve and load duration curve.
Ex-3.16 The annual load duration curve of a certain power station can be considered as a straight line
from 20 MW to 4 MW. To meet this load, three turbine generator units, two rated at 10 MW
each and one rated at 5 MW are installed.
Determine i) installed capacity, ii) plant factor, iii) units generated per annum, iv) load factor
and v) utilization factor.
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A diesel power plant has one 700 kW and two 500 kW generators. The fuel consumption is
0.28 kg per kWh and the calorific value of the oil is 10200 kcal/kg. Estimate (i) the fuel oil
required for a month of 30 days and (ii) overall efficiency. Plant capacity factor is 40 %.
An atomic power reactor can deliver 300 MW. If due to fission of each atom of U-235 the
energy released is 200 MeV, calculate the mass of uranium fissioned per hour.
Ex-2.18 What is the power output of a U-235 reactor if it takes 30 days to use up 2 kg of fuel? Given
that energy released per fission is 200 MeV and Avogadros number is 6.023 1023 per mole.
Some notes : Uranium-235 Fission products (A + B) 210 MeV.
The fission of a single U-235 nucleus is accompanied by the release of over 200 MeV (32 pJ) of
energy. This may be compared with about 4 eV (6.410-7 pJ) released by the combustion of
an atom of carbon-12. Hence, the fission of uranium yields something like 3 million times as
much energy as the combustion of same mass of carbon.
Alternatively, it may be stated that 1 kg of fissile material should be capable of producing the
same amount of energy as about 2,700 metric tons of coal. (3104 kJ/kg, 13000 Btu/lb).
Another point is that: fission of 1.08 kg of fissile material will produce 1000 MW.d of thermal
energy. Another important number : it is based on the release of 32 pJ per fission.
12
10
Consequently, 1/(32 10 ) 3.1 10 fissions are required to produce 1 of heat energy.
A hydro-electric power station has a reservoir of area 2.4 square kilometers and capacity
5106 m3. The effective head of water is 100 meters. The penstock, turbine and generation
efficiencies are respectively 95 %, 90 % and 85 %.
i) Calculate the total electrical energy that can be generated from the power station.
ii) If a load of 15000 kW has been supplied for 3 hours, find the fall in reservoir level.
List of Problems
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A factory is located near a water fall where the usable head for power generation is 25 m.
The factory requires continuous power of 400 kW throughout the year. The river flow in a
year is (a) 10 m3/s for 4 months, (b) 6 m3/s for 2 months and (c) 1.5 m3/s for 6 months.
(i) If the site is developed as a run-of-river type of plant, without storage, determine the
standby capacity to be provided. Assume overall efficiency of the plant as 80 %.
(ii) If a reservoir is arranged upstream, will any standby unit be necessary? What will be the
excess power available?
Ex-2.12 A run-of-river hydro-electric plant with pondage has the following data :
Installed capacity : 10 MW ;
Water head : 20 m
Overall efficiency : 80 % ;
Load factor : 40 %
(i) Determine the river discharge in m3/sec required for the plant.
(ii) If on a particular day the river flow is 20 m3/s, what load factor can the plant supply?
Ex-2.13 The weekly discharge of a typical hydro-electric plant is as follows :
Day
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Discharge (m3/s)
500
520
850
800
875
900
546
The plant has an effective head of 15 m and the overall efficiency of 85%. If the plant operates
on 40% load factor, estimate (i) average daily discharge, (ii) pondage required and (iii)
installed capacity of the proposed plant.
A transformer costing Tk. 90,000 has a useful life of 20 years. Determine the annual
depreciation charge using straight lone method. Assume the salvage value of the equipment to
be Tk. 10,000.
Ex-4.2 A distribution transformer costs Tk. 2,00,000 and has a useful life of 20 years. If the salvage
value is Tk. 10,000 and rate of annual compound interest is 8 %, calculate the amount to be
saved annually for replacement of the transformer after the end of 20 years by sinking fund
method.
Ex-4.3 The equipment in a power station costs Tk. 15,60,000 and has a salvage value of Tk. 60,000 at
the end of 25 years. Determine the depreciated value of the equipment at the end of 20 years
by the following methods.
(i) Straight line method, (ii) Diminishing value method and (iii) Sinking fund method at 5 %
compound interest annually.
Ex-4.4 A generating station has a maximum demand of 50,000 kW. Calculate the cost per unit
generated from the following data :
Capital cost : Tk. 95106 ;
Annual cost of fuel and oil : Tk. 9106 ; Taxes, wages and salaries, etc. : 7.5106
Interest and depreciation = 12 %
List of Problems
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Estimate the generating cost per kWh delivered from a generating station with following data :
Plant capacity = 50 MW ;
Annual load factor : 40 %
Capital cost : 1.2 Crores ;
Annual cost of wages, taxes, etc. : Tk. 4 lakhs
Cost of fuel, lubrication, maintenance, etc. : 1.0 paisa/kWh generated
Interest : 5 % per annum ;
Depreciation : 6 % per annum of initial value.
Ex-4.8 A generating station has the following data :
Installed capacity = 300 MW ; Capacity factor = 50 % ; Annual load factor : 60 %
Capital cost : Tk. 109 ;
The capital cost of a hydro-power station of 50 MW capacity is Tk. 1,000 per kW. The annual
depreciation charges are 10 % of the capital cost. A royalty of Tk. 1 per kW per year and Tk 0.01
per kWh generated is to be paid for using the river water for generation of power. The
maximum demand on the power station is 40 MW and annual load factor is 60 %. Annual cost
of salaries, maintenance charges, etc. is Tk. 7,00,000. If 20 % of this expense is also chargeable
as fixed charges, calculate the generation cost in two part form.
Ex-4.10 The annual working cost of a power station is represented by the formula
Tk. (a + b.kW + c.kWh), where the terms have their usual meanings. Determine the values of
a, b and c for a 60 MW station operating at annual load factor of 50 % from the following
data : (i) Capital cost of building and equipment : Tk. 5106
(ii) Annual cost of fuel, oil, taxes and wages of operating staff : Tk. 9,00,000
(iii) Interest and depreciation on building and equipment : 10 % per annum
(iv) Annual cost of organization and interest on cost of site, etc. : Tk. 5,00,000.
Ex-4.11
List of Problems
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