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Power plant Engineering

A.O.M. Abdul Ahad

List of Problems for


Power Plant Engineering
Prob-1.1
Mechanical energy is supplied to a dc generator at the rate of 4200 J/s. The generator delivers
32.2 A at 120 V.
i) What is the efficiency of the generator?
ii) How much energy is lost per minute of generation?

Steam Power Plants


Prob-2.1
A steam power station has an overall efficiency of 20% and 0.6 kg of coal is burnt per kWh of
energy generated. Calculate the calorific value of the fuel.
Prob-2.2
A thermal station has the following data:
Max. demand = 20,000 kW, Load factor = 40% , Boiler efficiency = 85%,
Turbine efficiency = 90% , Coal consumption = 0.9 kg/kWh, cost of coal = Tk. 300/ton.
Determine i) Thermal efficiency and ii) Coal bill per annum.
Prob-2.3
A steam power station spends Tk. 30 lakh per annum for coal used in the station. The coal has a
calorific value of 5000 kCal/kg and costs Tk. 300 per ton. If the station has thermal efficiency of
33% and electrical efficiency of 90%, find the average load on the station.
Prob-2.5
A 100 MW steam station uses coal of calorific value 6400 kcal/kg. Thermal efficiency of the
station is 30% and electric efficiency is 92%. Calculate coal consumption per hour when the
station is delivering its full rated output.
Tu-Prob. 1
A generating station has an overall efficiency of 15% and 0.75 kg of coal is burnt per kWh by the
station. Determine the calorific value of coal in kilocalories per kilogram.
Tu-Prob. 2
A 75 MW steam power station uses coal of calorific value of 15,000 kcal/kg. Thermal efficiency
of the station is 30% while electrical efficiency is 80%. Calculate the coal consumption per hour
when the station is delivering its full output.
Tu-Prob. 3
A 65,000 kW steam power station uses coal of calorific value of 15,000 kcal/kg. If the coal
consumption per kWh is 0.2 kg (0.5) and load factor of the station is 40%. Calculate i) Overall
efficiency and ii) coal consumption per day.
Tu-Prob.4
A 60 MW steam power station has a thermal efficiency of 30%. If the coal burnt has a calorific
value of 6950 kcal/kg , calculate i) coal consumption per kWh, and ii) the coal consumption per
day.
List of Problems

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Power plant Engineering


A.O.M. Abdul Ahad

Tu-Prob.6
A thermal station has an efficiency of 15% and 1 kg of coal is burnt per kWh generated.
Determine the calorific value.

Variable Load and Different Factors


Ex-3.1 The maximum demand on a power station is 100 MW. If the annual load factor is 40%, calculate
total energy generated in a year.
Ex-3.2 A generating station has a connected load of 43 MW and a maximum demand of 20 MW; the
units generated being 61.5106 per annum. Calculate i) demand factor and ii) load factor.
Ex-3.3 A 100 MW power station delivers 100 MW for 2 hours, 50 MW for 6 hours and is shut down for
the rest of each day. It is also shut down for maintenance for 45 days each year. Calculate its
annual load factor.
Ex-3.4 A generating station has a maximum demand of 25 MW, a load factor of 60%, plant capacity
factor of 50% and a plant use factor of 72%. Find (i) the reserve capacity of the plant, (ii) the
daily energy produced, and (iii) maximum energy that could be produced daily if the plant while
running as per schedule was fully loaded.
Ex-3.5 A diesel station supplies the following loads to various consumers:
Industrial load
: 1500 kW
Commercial load : 750 kW
Domestic power : 100 kW
Domestic light
: 450 kW
If the maximum demand on the station is 2500 kW and the number of kWh generated per year
is 45105 , determine i) diversity factor, and ii) annual load factor.
Ex-3.6 A power station has a maximum demand of 15,000 kW. The annual load factor is 50% and plant
capacity factor is 40%. Determine the reserve capacity of the plant.
Ex-3.7 A power supply is having the following loads:
Type

Maximum demand (kW)

Diversity of group

Demand factor

Domestic

1500

1.2

0.8

Commercial

2000

1.1

0.9

Industrial

10000

1.25

If the overall system diversity factor is 1.35, determine i) the maximum demand and ii)
connected load of each type.
Ex-3.9 It has been desired to install a diesel power station to supply power in a suburban area having
the following particulars.
i)
1000 houses with average connected load of 1.5 kW in each house. The demand factor
and diversity factor being 0.4 and 2.5 respectively.
ii) 10 factories having overall maximum demand of 90 kW.
iii) 7 tube wells of 7 kW each and operating together in the morning.

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Power plant Engineering


A.O.M. Abdul Ahad
The diversity factor among above three types of consumers is 1.2. What should be the minimum
capacity of the station?
Ex-3.10
A generation station has the following daily load cycle.
Time (hrs)

06

6 10

10 12

12 16

16 20

20 24

Load (MW)

40

50

60

50

70

40

Draw the load curve and find


i)
Ex-3.14

Maximum demand,

ii) Units generated/day, iii) Average load, and iv) load factor.

A power station has the daily load cycles as : 260 MW for 6 hours, 200 MW for 8 hours,
160 MW for 4 hours and 100 MW for 6 hours.
If the power station has 4 generators of 75 MW each, calculate
i)
Daily Load factor
ii) Plant capacity factor
iii) Daily requirement of fuel.
The calorific value of oil used is 10000 kcal/kg and the average heat rate of station is
2860 kcal/kWh.

Ex-3.15 A power station has the following load cycle:


Time (hrs)

68

8 12

12 16

16 20

20 24

24 26

Load (MW)

20

40

60

20

50

20

Plot the load curve and the load duration curve. Also calculate the energy generated per day.
Figures show the daily load curve and load duration curve.
Ex-3.16 The annual load duration curve of a certain power station can be considered as a straight line
from 20 MW to 4 MW. To meet this load, three turbine generator units, two rated at 10 MW
each and one rated at 5 MW are installed.
Determine i) installed capacity, ii) plant factor, iii) units generated per annum, iv) load factor
and v) utilization factor.

Diesel Power Station


Ex-2.14 A diesel power station has fuel consumption of 0.28 kg per kWh, the calorific value of fuel
being 10000 kcal/kg. Determine i) the overall efficiency, and ii) efficiency of the engine if
alternator efficiency is 95%.
Ex-2.15 A diesel power station has the following data :
Fuel consumption/day = 1000 kg
Units generated/day = 4000 kWh
Calorific value of fuel = 10000 kcal/kg
Alternator efficiency = 96 %
Engine mechanical efficiency = 95 % .
Estimate (i) specific fuel consumption, (ii) overall efficiency and (iii) thermal efficiency of the
engine.
List of Problems

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Power plant Engineering


A.O.M. Abdul Ahad
Ex-2.16

A diesel power plant has one 700 kW and two 500 kW generators. The fuel consumption is
0.28 kg per kWh and the calorific value of the oil is 10200 kcal/kg. Estimate (i) the fuel oil
required for a month of 30 days and (ii) overall efficiency. Plant capacity factor is 40 %.

Nuclear Power Station


Ex-2.17

An atomic power reactor can deliver 300 MW. If due to fission of each atom of U-235 the
energy released is 200 MeV, calculate the mass of uranium fissioned per hour.

Ex-2.18 What is the power output of a U-235 reactor if it takes 30 days to use up 2 kg of fuel? Given
that energy released per fission is 200 MeV and Avogadros number is 6.023 1023 per mole.
Some notes : Uranium-235 Fission products (A + B) 210 MeV.
The fission of a single U-235 nucleus is accompanied by the release of over 200 MeV (32 pJ) of
energy. This may be compared with about 4 eV (6.410-7 pJ) released by the combustion of
an atom of carbon-12. Hence, the fission of uranium yields something like 3 million times as
much energy as the combustion of same mass of carbon.
Alternatively, it may be stated that 1 kg of fissile material should be capable of producing the
same amount of energy as about 2,700 metric tons of coal. (3104 kJ/kg, 13000 Btu/lb).
Another point is that: fission of 1.08 kg of fissile material will produce 1000 MW.d of thermal
energy. Another important number : it is based on the release of 32 pJ per fission.
12
10
Consequently, 1/(32 10 ) 3.1 10 fissions are required to produce 1 of heat energy.

Hydro Power Plants


Ex-2.6 A hydro-electric generating station is supplied from a reservoir of capacity 5106 cubic meters
at a head of 200 meters. Find the total energy available in kWh if the overall efficiency is 75 %.
Ex-2.7 It has been estimated that a minimum run off approximately 94 m3/s will be available at a
hydraulic project with a head of 39 m. Determine (i) firm capacity and (ii) yearly gross output.
Assume the efficiency of the plant to be 80 %.
Ex-2.8 Water for a hydro-electric station is obtained from a reservoir with a head of 100 meters.
Calculate the electrical energy generated per hour per cubic meter of water if the hydraulic
efficiency is 86 % and electrical efficiency is 92 %.
Ex-2.9 Calculate the average power in kW that can be generated in a hydro-electric project from the
following data :
Catchment area : 5 109 m2 ;
Mean head : h = 30 m
Annual rainfall : F = 1.25 m ;
Yield factor : K = 80 %
Overall efficiency : 70 % ;
Load factor : 40 %
Calculate the rating of generators involved.
Ex-2.10

A hydro-electric power station has a reservoir of area 2.4 square kilometers and capacity
5106 m3. The effective head of water is 100 meters. The penstock, turbine and generation
efficiencies are respectively 95 %, 90 % and 85 %.
i) Calculate the total electrical energy that can be generated from the power station.
ii) If a load of 15000 kW has been supplied for 3 hours, find the fall in reservoir level.

List of Problems

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Power plant Engineering


A.O.M. Abdul Ahad
Ex-2.11

A factory is located near a water fall where the usable head for power generation is 25 m.
The factory requires continuous power of 400 kW throughout the year. The river flow in a
year is (a) 10 m3/s for 4 months, (b) 6 m3/s for 2 months and (c) 1.5 m3/s for 6 months.
(i) If the site is developed as a run-of-river type of plant, without storage, determine the
standby capacity to be provided. Assume overall efficiency of the plant as 80 %.
(ii) If a reservoir is arranged upstream, will any standby unit be necessary? What will be the
excess power available?

Ex-2.12 A run-of-river hydro-electric plant with pondage has the following data :
Installed capacity : 10 MW ;
Water head : 20 m
Overall efficiency : 80 % ;
Load factor : 40 %
(i) Determine the river discharge in m3/sec required for the plant.
(ii) If on a particular day the river flow is 20 m3/s, what load factor can the plant supply?
Ex-2.13 The weekly discharge of a typical hydro-electric plant is as follows :
Day

Sun

Mon

Tue

Wed

Thu

Fri

Sat

Discharge (m3/s)

500

520

850

800

875

900

546

The plant has an effective head of 15 m and the overall efficiency of 85%. If the plant operates
on 40% load factor, estimate (i) average daily discharge, (ii) pondage required and (iii)
installed capacity of the proposed plant.

Economics and Tariffs of Power Generation


Ex-4.1

A transformer costing Tk. 90,000 has a useful life of 20 years. Determine the annual
depreciation charge using straight lone method. Assume the salvage value of the equipment to
be Tk. 10,000.
Ex-4.2 A distribution transformer costs Tk. 2,00,000 and has a useful life of 20 years. If the salvage
value is Tk. 10,000 and rate of annual compound interest is 8 %, calculate the amount to be
saved annually for replacement of the transformer after the end of 20 years by sinking fund
method.
Ex-4.3 The equipment in a power station costs Tk. 15,60,000 and has a salvage value of Tk. 60,000 at
the end of 25 years. Determine the depreciated value of the equipment at the end of 20 years
by the following methods.
(i) Straight line method, (ii) Diminishing value method and (iii) Sinking fund method at 5 %
compound interest annually.
Ex-4.4 A generating station has a maximum demand of 50,000 kW. Calculate the cost per unit
generated from the following data :
Capital cost : Tk. 95106 ;

Annual load factor : 40 %

Annual cost of fuel and oil : Tk. 9106 ; Taxes, wages and salaries, etc. : 7.5106
Interest and depreciation = 12 %
List of Problems

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Power plant Engineering


A.O.M. Abdul Ahad
Ex-4.5 A generating station has an installed capacity of 50,000 kW and delivers 220106 units/annum.
If the annual fixed charges are Tk. 160 per kW installed capacity and running charges are 4 paisa
per kWh, determine the cost per unit generated.
Ex-4.6 A generating plant has a maximum capacity of 100 kW and costs Tk. 1,60,000. The annual fixed
charges are 12 % consisting of 5 % interest, 5 % depreciation and 2 % taxes. Find the fixed
charges per kWh if the load factor is (i) 100 % and (ii) 50 %.
Ex-4.7

Estimate the generating cost per kWh delivered from a generating station with following data :
Plant capacity = 50 MW ;
Annual load factor : 40 %
Capital cost : 1.2 Crores ;
Annual cost of wages, taxes, etc. : Tk. 4 lakhs
Cost of fuel, lubrication, maintenance, etc. : 1.0 paisa/kWh generated
Interest : 5 % per annum ;
Depreciation : 6 % per annum of initial value.
Ex-4.8 A generating station has the following data :
Installed capacity = 300 MW ; Capacity factor = 50 % ; Annual load factor : 60 %
Capital cost : Tk. 109 ;

Annual cost of fuel, oil, etc. : Tk. 9107

Annual interest and depreciation: 10 %.


Calculate (i) the minimum reserve capacity of the station and (ii) the cost per kWh
generated.
Ex-4.9

The capital cost of a hydro-power station of 50 MW capacity is Tk. 1,000 per kW. The annual
depreciation charges are 10 % of the capital cost. A royalty of Tk. 1 per kW per year and Tk 0.01
per kWh generated is to be paid for using the river water for generation of power. The
maximum demand on the power station is 40 MW and annual load factor is 60 %. Annual cost
of salaries, maintenance charges, etc. is Tk. 7,00,000. If 20 % of this expense is also chargeable
as fixed charges, calculate the generation cost in two part form.
Ex-4.10 The annual working cost of a power station is represented by the formula
Tk. (a + b.kW + c.kWh), where the terms have their usual meanings. Determine the values of
a, b and c for a 60 MW station operating at annual load factor of 50 % from the following
data : (i) Capital cost of building and equipment : Tk. 5106
(ii) Annual cost of fuel, oil, taxes and wages of operating staff : Tk. 9,00,000
(iii) Interest and depreciation on building and equipment : 10 % per annum
(iv) Annual cost of organization and interest on cost of site, etc. : Tk. 5,00,000.
Ex-4.11

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