Con ngi suy ngh bng bng, d, rut, gan hay tim c?

Tn mn v t Hn Vit t duy (phn 6.1)

Nguyn Cung Thng
nguyencungthong@yahoo.com

T ngy phu thut thay tim thnh cng, gii y hc bt u ch n nhiu trng hp nh cu
chuyn v c Claire Sylvia (1988) sau khi thay tim li tr nn thch ung bia (c rt ght ung
bia trc khi thay tim) v c nhiu suy ngh khc hn lc trc (ging vi ngi cho c tri
tim). Ngoi ra c nhiu d kin khoa hc cho thy tri tim khng ch l c quan (my) bm m
cn c nhng t bo qun l cc tn hiu nh no b (c n 60-65 % t bo nh no b) v c
khong 40000 n-ron lin kt vi no b. Cng ngy cng nhiu d kin cho thy con ngi suy
ngh khng ch bng no b (u) m cn dng nhiu b phn khc nh tim, lng ... Bi vit ny
ghi nhn cc suy ngh v suy ngh v cm xc t kinh nghim c nhn khi gii quyt vn (v
gii ton) v nht l t gc ngn ng vn ha phn nh qua ting Vit, ting Trung (Quc) so
vi cc ngn ng khng lin h nhng thng gp trn th gii. Nhiu d kin ngn ng cho
thy cc khuynh hng t duy tp trung vo mt s phn khc nhau trn c th con ngi nh
quy-no (no l ngun, ch cha) so vi quy-phc (bng l chnh, mc 3.7). Bi vit ny (phn
6.1) gii thiu s qua cc nghin cu mi v cc cch dng rt c (truyn thng) trong cc nn
vn ha con ngi, phn nh phn no n lc tm hiu cc hot ng tinh thn qua ngn ng.

Mt h thng thn kinh nm dc theo rut (lng) cn c

gi l no b th hai (the second brain) trch t bi vit
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=gutsecond-brain

1. T duy phng Bc (quy-no)

Sau y l cc t Hn Vit/HV thng gp ch s suy ngh hay nhng hot ng lin h

1.1 T hay t (suy ngh, suy t)1 l t HV vit bng b tm hp vi ch tn (m c, ci

thp , ngha l nh u tr s sinh) ch khng phi l ch in nh cch vit by gi (vit
n gin nhng li vit sai) suy ngh l lin hp (tng hnh) gia con tim v u no - ta thy
r iu ny khi xem cc cch vit c hn nh tiu trin trch t trang
http://www.chineseetymology.org/CharacterEtymology.aspx?submitButton1=Etymology&chara
cterInput=%E6%80%9D

so vi ch t khi th

Cch vit va tng hnh va hi ca ch t phn nh lng tin ca ngi Hn c v kh nng

t duy ca con ngi: t tri tim n u (c) - theo Thuyt Vn Gii T (TVGT, bin hiu
6666) th t l

dung d - tng tm tn thanh - phm t chi thuc giai tng t - tc t thit

Theo hc gi on Ngc Ti th ch t khng phi l loi ch hnh thanh (nh TVGT ghi), v
dung (hay dong, y l khi nim ch/vt cha s bn n phn sau) cn c th l ch du
(hiu bit, sng sut). Tn l ch tng hnh ci u ngi

Gip Ct vn

Tiu trin

Khi th

Thnh ra ta khng ngc nhin khi thy nhiu ch Hn khi din t qu trnh suy ngh thng dng
b tm nh t , tng , l/l (lo lng) , nim , hoi , duy , thn ...v.v
Ch tt gm c ch (b) tim v ch thi (la chn) cho ra ngha bit r (tng tn): s
hiu bit tng tn c lin quan n hot ng ca tri tim. Th d nh hai ch tm hp li ta c
ch him thm
ngha l xt xa (au lng), nu ba ch tm hp li thnh ra ch him ta
(hay cn c l nh) hm hay lo ngh, ngoi ra t ghp tm a (vng t cha con tim) hm
ngha tnh tnh! Ch hoi c ngha c nht l ngh n (ng t), sau ny ngha m rng ch
lng, bng hay ngc (danh t): th d nh cch dng hoi bo (m p trong lng), ng
hoi (cng rut/anh em rut) ... Khuynh hng m rng ngha ny ca ting Hn c phn
ngc chiu vi ting Vit: t bng d (c th) n sng d, ti d (tru tng).

1.2 Duy
Duy cng l suy ngh (t), l mt dng ngc cng ha ca chuy , cc ngha khc ca duy l
ch c mt, tuy (d). Hc gi on Ngc Ti ghi nhn cc lin h t nh gia duy v nim
(thng t suy ngh thng xuyn), duy v l (mu t lo lng suy ngh), duy v nguyn
(dc t suy ngh thm mun), duy v hoi (nim t lun suy ngh), duy v tng (k t
mong c trong suy ng) y l cc ch da vo b tm ch nhng hot ng tinh

thn, tuy nhin trong vn t Hn Vit c mt ch thng dng hn nhiu v cng cng ngha hay
l suy dng b th (tay) thay v b tm. Mt im ng ch l cc t in Vit B
La/VBL (1651), t in Taberd (1772/1838) khng c ghi ch duy.

1.3 Suy
Ch c cc cch c tha hi thit (ng Vn/V) thng hi thit (Tp
Vn/TV, Vn Hi/VH) hay l thi: nh trong cch dng thi phin (x ng, lt ). Ngha c
3

nht ca thi l y (c th, dng tay) nh thi mn (y ca), thi xa (y xe) ... Tuy
nhin thi cn mt cch c khc l xng try thit (V), xuyn try thit
(TV, VH) hay l suy: y l cch c ph thng hn, VBL ch c ghi dng suy cng nh t in
Taberd; suy l tm cho ra manh mi, khai m c ngha nguyn thy rt c th.

1.4 Ngh
Ngh l son tho , c lng, d tnh Hai ch suy v ngh u c ngha c nht l nhng
hot ng c th nh tm ti, o lng (v u dng b th) so vi hai ch t v duy c ngha c
nht l xt on, nhng hot ng tinh thn (v u dng b tm). Khng phi ngu nhin m
suy v ngh tng hin din trong ting Vit t lu i (VBL, t in Taberd ) so vi t v
duy, cng nh t ghp t duy2 khng thy trong cc t in trc th k 21. Ti thi Tp Vn
(1037/1067) mi thy cch vit ngh bng b tm hay b ngn - cho thy trng hp nng
cp (cho ph hp vi truyn thng vn ho Hn) t tay (di) ln tim hay ming ( trn). Ngh
b tm ngha nguyn thu (Thuyt Vn Gii T, c l ngi) l s hi, e ngi ... Mt cch nhn
khc l kh nng tng ng ca cc c quan thn th nh tay (b th), tim (b tm) v ming
(b khu) trong qu trnh t duy theo truyn thng (ngi Hn). Thay i b th cng cho thy
trung tm tnh cm l tim nh no l tc gin, phin h dng b tm so vi no b nhc l
c, u li dng b nhc (hai ch c ging nhau/ng m nhng khc ngha/d ngha). Ch no
b tm cn c mt dng tng ng l hay no b n (Unicode 36F4). No b n3 l ch him
so vi cc ch no dng b nhc (tn s dng l 86730 trn 369369126) v no b tm (tn s dng l
7388 trn 175865108). Tnh cht c th qua cch dng tay chn, bng d ... l mt trong nhng c

tnh ca ngn ng v vn ha nng nghip (phng Nam) m ta s gp li nhiu ln trong bi

vit ny.

Tn s dng (tn sut) ca ngh b th l 13399 trn 175865108

Tn s dng ca ngh b ngn

l 17 trn 237243358

Ch ngh dng b tm (Unicode 61DD) l ch him

(trch t trang
http://www.chinalanguage.com/dictionaries/?mode=view&module=chardict&query= )

2. T duy phng Nam (quy-phc)

T duy trong vn ha truyn thng nng nghip cho thy nhng tnh cht c th v thc t, lin
h trc tip n cc c quan tiu ha ca con ngi nh lng (rut), d (dy) v bng Hnh v
sau y trch t cun Dictionnaire franco-tonkinois illustr ca tc gi P.G. Vallot (1898)

Theo t in Taberd (1772/1838) th d cng l bng (venter, ting La Tinh), tuy nhin theo hc
gi Paulus Ca (i Nam Quc m T V/NQATV/1895) th di rn gi l d v trn rn
gi l bng bng di cn gi l tiu d Tm li, cc c quan lng, bng, d u nm v
tr thp nht trong c th con ngi so vi tim v no b. C phi v tr rt thp ca cc trung
tm tinh thn (d, bng, lng ) nh hng ti tm nhn ngn hn hay khng? Hay c lin h g
n ngun gc M-Lai a-o/Malayo-Polynesian t thi xa xa? Tng phn vi cch nhn
quy-no rt r nt ca phng Ty (xem 3.6), c h lun quan trng no t cc d kin ngn
ng vn ha ny ? Dn tc Vit tng tri qua bao nhiu th thch t mi trng sng (bo
t cng lt li) v lch s (b xm ln) nn ch sinh tn th u tin phi l n ung (c thc
mi vc c o) sng qua ngy ch kh lng m c thi gian ngh n nhng chuyn xa
vi hay l c an c mi lc nghip c. Tnh hung ngy nay c khc so vi qu kh, c l
5

cng l lc chng ta phi nh bng xem cn phi thay i t duy phn no hi nhp vi tro
lu vn minh hin i.

2.1 D
D l ci bao trong bng cha n ung, tc l con v - ngha rng: ni chung c ci
bng (Vit Nam T in/1931/1954). Nh vy c tng quan g gia d v v? Phn 4 s phn
tch cc lin h ng m gia v v d. Cc cch dng ch ghp d lit k sau y, tm thm cc
cu ca dao lin h trn trang mng ny http://e-cadao.com/cadaosearch.asp .

Gan d

Cht d

D lnh (VBL)

Lng d, bng d

Non d

D c (VBL)

Sng d (sng tr, thng minh)

Tt d

Hp hi d (VBL)

Ti d (ti tr)

Chuyn d

Hn d (tin chc)

Xu d

Lnh d

Ph d

Ngi d (nghi s, h nghi)

Lng mung (lang) d th

Lng chim d c

Tho d (i/a chy)

Ghi lng tc d

Ngay d (tht th)

Chc d vng lng

Bun d (bun nn, bun ma)

Kho d (VBL)

Tho d (i/a chy)

Bo d (to gan)

Cng d (VBL, khng tiu) Mt d

Ch d ( bng, ghi vo lng)

Rng d (rng lng)

Ti d

Bn d

Gan vng d st

H d

v.v
Truyn Kiu dng ch d 6 ln so vi VBL dng 11 ln, t in Taberd dng 11 ln. NQATV
dng d 16 ln.

2.2 Bng
Cc ch ghp dng bng
ng bng

Tc bng
6

Bng bng (bng lng)

Nt bng

Mt bng (mt lng, mt )

Hp bng/bng hp (bng d hp hi)

Xu bng/bng xu

Nh bng (nh mn, hp bng)

Tt bng/bng tt

Bn bng (VNT)

m bng (NQATV)

M bng (rng chu)

au bng

Nga bng (nh trn)

Ln bng (rng lng - to bng hay bng cha)

Chuyn bng

Bng rng (rng lng)

C bng (ln bng, bng to, c thai)

Ny bng (bng a ra trc)

Bng ng (bng mang, bng cha )

Bng ph

Snh bng

V bng (nh lng chu)

y bng (no bng)

m bng (khng chu)

Thit bng (tht lng)

m bng (cam chu)

Chc bng (no bng)

Phnh bng

Cht bng (cht d)

bng (ghi lng)

Cht bng (khng yn tm, cht d)

Rng bng (to bng, NQATV)

Si bng

Bp bng (cam chu)

Trng bng (khng c )

Nng bng (nng lng, nng rut)

Tht bng (nghi ng, s st)

Nhn bng (bng cha con trai, NQATV)

Thng bng (no bng)

Trn bng (bng cha con gi, NQATV)

i bng

Bu bng (bng trn nh tri bu)

Bng m (m phng ra, gin)

Mt bng

Vng bng

Ngh bng

Buc bng
v.v
7

Truyn Kiu dng ch bng mt ln so vi t in Taberd dng 7 ln, VBL dng bng nh vng
(qu ma). NQATV dng bng 58 ln.

2.4 Lng
Cc ch ghp dng lng
Lng d (bng d, tm a )

Tm lng

Tc lng

Lng ngay

Lng n

Lng son

Lng tht/tht lng

Lng thnh

Lng nhn

Lng lnh

Lng tt

Lng thng

Lng c

Lng tham

Lng dm

Lng gian

Lng t

Lng ty

Lng khng (lng sch hay bng i)

Lng chay (lng khng)

Vui lng

Toi lng

p lng

Ph lng (ph d)

Tha lng

Phi lng

ng lng

Cung lng (chnh lng)

Mi lng

Sn lng

Ht lng

Kh lng

V/v lng (v n)

Du lng (mc lng)

Xiu lng

Sn lng

Ng lng

Gic lng

N lng

Dc lng

Non lng

C lng (c gan)

Tr lng (tr mt)

Chu lng

Va lng (da lng)

Mua lng (ly lng)

C lng

nh lng (nh d)

ng lng

Bng lng

Rn lng

Thn lng

Rn lng (sa lng)

Dn lng

m lng (bng lng)

Mt bng

Vng lng

Bn lng

Cn lng (d thay i)

Cng lng (cng u)

8

Ngui lng

Lt lng (hay ng lng thng hi)

Ngui lng

Nng lng

Chch lng

Mch/mch lng

Mt lng

Phin lng

Bun lng

Nng lng

An/yn lng

Cam lng

lng ( bng)

Ghi lng

Ri lng

au lng

Cm lng

Du lng

Lt lng

M lng

V lng

Thuc lng

Nm lng

ng lng

c lng

ng lng

Mt lng

Hai lng

Th lng

m lng

Dn lng

Th lng

Dn lng

Chay lng (NQATV)

i lng (i bng)

No lng (no bng)

Cc lng

Lt lng

Quyt lng

Rp lng (rp tm)

Soi lng

Xui lng

Nao lng

Ngi lng

Gi lng

Thun lng

Buc lng

Di lng

Pht lng

No lng

Hi lng

m lng

Ni lng

Buc lng

Nao lng

u lng

Rt lng

Hay lng (An Nam Dch Ng)

Ly lng mnh m liu lng ngi (VBL) suy bng ta ra bng ngi
v.v
Truyn Kiu dng ch lng 162 ln, k c mt s t ghp (v ly) nh lng lng (tt c mi
lng) so vi t in Taberd dng 91 ln, VBL dng 18 ln. NQATV dng lng 133 ln. Truyn
Kiu l mt kit tc ca ngh thut phn tch tm l ca vn hc VN, m ch tm ch c dng
8 ln, iu ny cho thy cch dng ngn ng dn ta thin v c quan di tim (bng, d, lng)
9

 din t tnh cm. Hy xem phm tr ngha ca ch lng (Nm)

trong cc ti liu Tam
Thin T (on Trung Cn bin son, ti bn ln th nm/2004) v Ng Thin T (V Vn
Knh/Khng c bin son/2002 ) thy ti sao c cc cch dng trn

hung (ngc) lng

trung (ni tm) lng

xoang lng

lng

ng lng

tm lng

thm (thnh tht) lng

hoi (ngc) lng

ch lng

tnh lng - lng ch Nm, mt dng vit bng b tm hp vi ch Hn lng

T bng so snh trn, mt ln na ta thy ngay ting Hn c khuynh hng dng cc c quan
trn (nh tim, ngc) din t tinh thn, tnh cm so vi ting Vit lng (c quan di) bao gm
cc ngha ny.

2.5 Rut
Cc ch ghp dng rut
t rut

au rut

Xu rut (xu bng)

Bun rut (bun d, bun nn)

Xt rut

Qun rut

Nng rut

Rut mm (mu chy rut mm)

St rut

Ln rut

No rut

Nt rut

Thi rut

Tht rut

v.v
Truyn Kiu dng ch rut 12 ln so vi VBL dng 7 ln, t in Taberd dng 10 ln.
NQATV dng rut 41 ln.
gii thch phn no s tn dng c quan tiu ha phn di c th trong ting Vit din
t trng thi tinh thn, GS Nguyn Th Bch H4 nhn xt rng
T duy ca ngi nng dn trng la Vit Nam lun gn vi ci n. Ni lo i km mt ma,
lo nht l thiu n, i bng khin ci bng tr thnh i tng t duy ca ngi Vit Nam, h
10

thng ly ci bng (d, lng, rut) lm thc o mi hin tng i sng t c th n tru
tng: tt - xu, yu - ght, vui - bun, c - thin, suy ngh - hnh ng, thng minh - ngu dt,
trng thi lo lng, ch i... Tt bng - xu bng, sng d - ti d, c lng - mt lng, hi lng bng lng - mch lng, phi lng, ngh bng, au lng, nng lng, st rut, suy bng ta ra bng
ngi, khc mu tanh lng, lng lang d th,... ri t bng, lng, d, c gn cho mun vt trong
th gii t nhin: lng sng, lng bin, lng t, lng h, lng sng, lng mng,... trong khi ngi
Trung Quc thng dng ch tm (tri tim) din t (ht trch).

3. Nhn rng ra - tnh cht ph qut (universality)

3.1 Tuy cc trung tm suy ngh da vo ngn ng c v nh khc bit: tim, u c (c quan
trn/CQT so vi bng lng d rut/c quan di/CQD... Nhng vn c vt tch trong ting Hn
dng cc t ch CQD din t tnh tnh hay tnh trng tinh thn nh (qua vi th d ca ch
ghp/hai ch, khng k n cc thnh ng tc ng nhiu hn hai ch)

Can trng

(gan v rut, ch tnh tnh)

Can m

(gan v mt, ngha rng ch tnh can m khng s hi)

i m

(mt ln, ngha rng l gan d)

m i

(ln mt, ngha rng l gan d, liu) th t ch ngc

m tiu

(nh mt, ngha rng l nht gan)

Tm m

(tim v mt, ch kh, can m)

Tm phc

(tim v bng, ngha rng l t him yu, ngi thn tn )

Phc tm

ngha nh trn nhng th t ch ngc, cho thy phn no cch dng hai
c quan tim v bng mi l quan trng (hm thn tn) thay v th t trc sau!

Tm a

(ch cha tim, bng d con ngi)

Ni tm

(trong tim, ngha rng l t tng, lng thnh)

Tm trng

(tim v rut, un khc trong lng)

Tm can

(tim v gan, ch thn i hn ht)

on trng (t rut, ct m rut, au n v cng nh b t rut)

11

v.v
Trong truyn thng chn v cha bnh TQ, ng tng (tm, can, t, ph, thn- tim, gan, d
dy, phi, thn) ng vai tr ch o cng nh khi din t cc trng thi tinh thn. Cc th d
trn cho thy khng ch c ting Vit mi tn dng cc c quan c th trong cch dng n d hay
hon d ch tnh trng tinh thn. Lch s cu to ch Hn nh ch no phn nh r nt khuynh
hng chung tim lm ngun (source) hay ch cha (container) cm xc, cng nh ch phin
cho thy la (b ha, kh dng ln) v v tr nh hng (hit, ci u) hi nng

dng ln u l cch dng n d rt thng gp trong cc ngn ng trn th gii5, ch trng

thi tc gin - so vi cc cch dng nng bng, si bng, si rut trong ting Vit. T in
Taberd (1772/1838) v i Nam Quc m T V (1895) cn ghi cc t ghp bng gan, chy
bng bng (bng bng) v ni gan, chy gan Thng ta ni cn gin ni ln, ni sng (si
sng sc) cng cng mt nh hi trong mt bnh cha hay nc si mun trn (vt) ra ngoi!

Gip ct vn

Tiu trin

Khi th - ch ha (la)

Gip ct vn

Kim vn

Khi th - ch hit (u)

3.2 Ting Nht c t hara

(c theo m Nht/KUN reading) ch bng, cn c l fuku

(c theo m Hn/ON reading so vi phc HV ). Theo truyn thng Nht th bng l trung
tm ca tinh thn, hay phn chnh ca mt con ngi, tng ng vi ci u (c) ca Ty
phng. Tri tim ting Nht l shinzou (tm tng), i khi kokoro (tm, tinh thn) hay mune
(hung, ngc) c dng din t tm t (tru tng).

12

Mt kim s Nht ang sa son nghi thc harariki trch t mng

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku
C l nhiu ngi bit n tc m bng harariki ca gii hip s o Nht, harariki tht ra l m
Nht (so vi m Nm/nm na) ca t Hn thit phc (ct bng) seppuku nhng c ngc
li (th t ch ngc); t ghp haramaki l ming (vi) bao bng cho khi lnh Xem qua vi
t ghp vi hara nh

Hara guroi

bng en, ngha rng ch tnh tnh ln lo (khng tin c)

Hara no ookii

bng ln, hm qung i, rng lng

Hara gitanai

bng d, hm c n, tnh xu

Hara gei

kh nng bng, ngha rng l kh nng c bit (siu vit)

Hara ga tatsu

bng ng dy, hm tc gin (si bng, ln rut)

Hara o miseru

m bng ra cho thy, hm chn tht, lng thnh

Hara o yomu

c bng, hm c c t tng ca ngi no

Hara o shimeru

bp (lm cho cht) bng, hm sn sng, quyt ch lm vic g

v.v
Cc ch ghp trn, nht l vi t hara (bng) thng dng c bit cho phi nam, cn phi n3
li dng t onaka.
13

3.3 Ting Thi6 cng dng jai (tim) l trung tm ca tnh tnh nh jai dee

(jai l tim, dee l

tt) ngha rng l tt bng, lng tt (ho tm); hua
l (ci) u v hua dee l thng minh
(u tt, sng d); dt ai (dtk l ri, rt) ngha rng l sng st, kinh ngc; p ai
(jp l tn thng, au) ngha rng l au kh (au lng, bun lng); kao pung
(ko l nhp
vo, pung l bng) ngha rng l hc thuc lng ( bng). Theo hc gi Thi Peansiri
Vongvipanond7 th jai (tim, tm) dng nhiu hn hua (u) cho thy ngi Thi chung tnh
cm hn l ch.

3.4 Ngay c ting Basque (Euskara), mt loi ngn ng bit lp (language isolate), vng ng
bc Ty Ban Nha cng cho thy nhiu cch dng tn cc c quan bng/tim ch trng thi tinh
thn v tnh cm. Gan thng dng din t cc tnh tiu cc nh li bing, a nghi, th hn
So vi tri tim c th dng ch trng thi tch cc (yu thng, rng lng, gan d ) hay
tiu cc (hn nht, c c, bun phin ). C nhiu bng chng8 cho thy ting Basque cng
dng buru (u) suy ngh (thng minh, sng tr) so vi bihotz (tim) ch cc xc ng.

3.5 Ting Akan (hay Kwa) ni pha ng Phi Chu (ng nam Ivory Coast) cng dng tn gi
tri tim ch cm xc. Trong mt bi nghin cu v khi nim n d trong ting Akan v ting
Anh, tc gi Gladys Nyarko Ansah9 pht hin tnh nng gin c th biu hin qua cc cch dng
nc nng (hay si, nh si bng/si rut/si gan ting Vit) trong mt (ch) cha u hin
din trong c hai ngn ng v.v

3.6 Ting Mwan10 (trong ng h Mande Ty Phi chu) cng dng tn gi cc b phn c th
nh bng (kp) ch trung tm tinh thn, tnh cm nh cu ja n
p ngha l ti qun
mt cu truyn ri; ngha en cu ny l cu truyn ri khi bng ti ri. Cch dng zr m l
ch ngi n b thng yu vi ngha en l ngi n b trong gan (zr l gan).

3.7 Theo cc hc gi M Lai11, tn gi gan trong c th l hati cng chnh l trung tm ca t

duy, linh hn, s sng Ting Chm hatai l gan so vi ting Giarai htai, hai ngn ng ny
u dng t ghp vi gan ch gan d, can m. Ngi M Lai tin rng gan c kh nng iu
khin con ngi (cha t/raja), iu ny thy rt r qua cch dng hati trong ting M Lai
Baik hati

gan tt, ngha rng l tt bng, lng tt (ho tm)

Murah hati

gan r, ngha rng l rng lng, qung i

Sakit hati

gan au, ngha rng l tc gin

Patah hati

gan b/v, ngha rng l au lng, bun lng, t rut

Lembut hati

gan nh, ngha rng l lng tt

Ambil hati

em (mang) gan, ngha rng l c tnh, ng chm

Jatuh hati

ri (rt) gan, ngha rng l say m, thy thng

14

Panas hati

gan nng, ngha rng l tc gin (nng bng)

Kecil hati

gan nh i, ngha rng l cm thy au lng, tn thng

Hati buntu

gan b chn/cn, ngha rng l cm thy khng thoi mi, s st

Buah hati

qu (tri) gan, ngha rng l ngi yu

Hati-hati

Coi chng! Hy cn thn!

v.v
Cch dng gan l trung tm (ngun) ca cm xc tng ng vi lng/bng/d ca ting Vit,
hay ni cch khc l cc c quan di (thp nht, CQD) ng vai tr chnh trong ngn ng
din t tnh cm v tnh thn. Ting Anh/Php hin i thuc ng h n u cho thy r trung
tm tnh thn quy v no so vi trung tm tnh cm li quy v tim; khi phn tch cc d kin t
cc dn tc v vn ha khc nhau trn th gii, ta thy c ba khuynh hng chnh12 khi dng
ngn ng (tn gi cc b phn trn ngi) ch trng thi tinh thn (t duy) hay cm xc
i) Cerebrocentrism (quy-no, dng no b hay u c l trung tm t duy, d no vi trung)
ii) Cardiocentrism (quy-tm, dng tim lm trung tm t duy)
iii) Abdominocentrism (quy-phc, dng bng lm trung tm t duy)
Cc khuynh hng trn c th thay i theo thi gian (lch i) v khng gian (a l, mi
trng) cng nh c nhng c tnh chung (ph qut) hay ring cho tng khu vc vn ha: y
l nhng chiu hng nghin cu rt th v nhng khng nm trong phm vi bi vit ny.
Nh thy trn, ngi Hn c khuynh hng quy-tm khc vi khuynh hng quy-phc
ca phng Nam, tuy nhin vn khng n gin nh vy v c kh nng cc t HV v (d
dy) v m (mt) c lin quan n d v lng ting Vit. Phn sau s pht ho s qua cc tng
quan ng m ny.

4. Nhng tng quan bt ng: v l d v m l lng?

4.1 V
V (d dy) - ging Bc Kinh by gi l wi (theo pinyin) so vi ging Qung ng wai6,
ging H wui5, vui5, wi5 - v l m HV c theo phin thit

15

qu thit (Qung Vn/QV, Tp Vn/TV, Vn Hi/VH)

u thit (Chnh T Thng/CTT)

v qu thit (Ngc Thin/NT, T V/TVi)

vn qu thit (TVGT) v.v

So vi cch c ca dy hay duy (c, ch, bui, d/vng) l

qu phn (TVa)

b phn (Tva)

duy qu phn (Tva)

v phi thit (Tvi)

v ph thit (CTT)

nhc hu thit (theo T Gim ) vi dng ngc cng ha nh- (j-): v-d-nh

v.v
Ngoi ra, c hai cun Tam Thin T (sd) v Ng Thin T (sd) u ghi dy l d:

dy d - d ch Nm, mt dng vit bng b khu hp vi ch Hn d/m

Nh vy ta thy c kh nng dy l d (vng), v v cng l d (dy) v cc m tng ng trn.

Ngoi ra, ta cn c mt s tng quan ng m khc da vo thnh phn hi thanh v nh v
b ngn ngha l bo cho, bo cho bit m ting Vit cn c dng ngc cng ha l dy; v
c l qu thit (V, TV, VH) v hin din trong Lun Ng nh (Khng) T v
(dy) T H rng hay T dy Nhan Uyn rng T dy T Cng rng v.v
Ch v b tm l ch him (Unicode 395C) cng c l qu thit (QV, TV, VH) c
ngha l s st, tm bt an (Ngc Thin, QV) m ting Vit tng c dng di nh knh di, di
s, quen di d - l di o, yu nhau ch em gi di nhau ch em du, hn cho ngi ta di
di cho ngi ta thng v.v
16

Tm li, khi so snh cc ch dng thanh ph v ta thy

V - d (dy) da vo tng quan dy d v khuynh hng ngc cng ha ca ting Vit
V - dy (dy bo)
V - di (knh di, knh s)

Tng quan gia nguyn m trc vi m ming nh -i- vi nguyn m sau vi m ming
ln hn nh -a/aj- d nhn ra khi quan st cc cp phi-bay, thi-thy, th-thy, mi-my, ch-giy,
si-say, s-si, uy-oai, thy-thoi, du-d v vai, vi -vy v vi -da?

4.2 m
m m (ngha l mt) - ging Bc Kinh by gi l dn (theo pinyin) so vi ging Qung ng
daam2, ging H dam3 - m HV l c theo phin thit

cm thit (TVGT, NT, V, QV, TV)

() cm thit (VH, CV)

lm thit (Tvi)

gim (hm) thit (CTT)

ng hn thit (TV)

ng can thit (TV) m n

can thit (QV)

ng ct thit (TV)

v.v
T thi Qung Vn , Tp vn, Loi Thin bt u dng dng (gin th) thay cho (phn
th) v nguyn m cng ph m cui cng bt u bin i. Mt s cch dng m ng ch
nh xch m (khng phi l mt , nhng c ngha l lng , lng son, trung
thnh) dng nh xch tm, an tm; phng m (bung/pht mt ra, hm m lng,
mnh dn ). Cc thnh ng trn u hm lng/bng13 . Mt nhn xt thm l m cn c
ngha l pha trong hay lng, v mt dng m c phc nguyn14 ca m l *tlam? hay *klam?
17

so vi klum (gan, ting Khng), klm (Bahna, Mnng, Biat), kloom (Laqven), khlm (Boloven)
v dng tin-Bc Bahna *klm; lm/lom (Cht), lm (Mng Bi, Ngun) v dng tin-VitMng *lom?, tin-Katuic *luam v tin-Palaunic *kntom. T hp ph m u kl- hay tl- khi
nhp vo ting Hn c khuynh hng mt ph m xt u li -l- cho ra dng m. Do ,
m c kh nng rt cao l n t phng Nam, hay l mt t Nam (Austroasiatic) nhp
vo vn t vng Hn c, v lm s vn t Hn tr nn phong ph.

4.3 Thay lng i d?

Ting Anh C (Old English) tng dng tim th hin tinh thn/tnh cm nhng t thi
Descartes (1596-1650) th khuynh hng lng phn tr nn r nt: trung tm tinh thn cho suy
lun l u (no) v trung tm tnh cm th tim. Cc d kin v m (ngun gc phng
Nam) v cc cch dng n d lin h cho thy phn no ting Hn tng dng cc c quan
di (bng, lng hay b nh hng phng Nam) trc khi hng v cc c quan trn nh
tim, c y l mt kt qu ph hp vi nhng d kin ngn ng khc v ngun gc tn gi
12 con gip, cc danh t nh giang (sng), d (vui-voi) u n t phng Nam v lm
giu cho vn ha Hn m rt t ngi nhn ra. Vn tr nn th v hn na khi ta thy rng cc
b phn tiu ha n hay phn di c th lin quan trc tip n vn ha n ung (m
thc), c tnh cch tm thi (so vi lu di), tn ngng phn thc, trng tnh hn l: cc c tnh
ca t duy VN - nn c khai trin thm nhng khng nm trong phm vi bi ny.

5. Ph ch v ph bnh thm
Phn ny khng hon ton theo cch ghi ti liu (Bibliography) tham kho APA hay MLA v bao
gm cc ph bnh thm v ti, ti liu v tc gi ngi c c th tra cu thm chi tit v
chnh xc. Bn c nn xem thm cc bi vit lin h nh "Tm l con nui, Lng l con " ca
BS Nguyn Hy Vng trang ny http://www.gioo.com/NguyenHyVong/NguyenHyVongTamLong.html hay bi bo "Ngi Vit t duy bng ...
ci bng ?!" trang http://tuanvietnam.vietnamnet.vn/nguoi-viet-tu-duy-bang-cai-bung , bi vit
"Ci bng cha ... tinh thn" (GS Nguyn c Dn) trn trang http://tuoitre.vn/Van-hoa-Giaitri/360580/Cai-bung-chua-tinh-than.html hay http://khoavanhocngonngu.edu.vn/home/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=863%3Acai-bng-chatinh-thn&catid=71%3Angon-ng-hc&Itemid=107&lang=en ; bi vit i mi Gio dc: Cn
mt hi ngh Din hng trang http://giaoduc.net.vn/Giao-duc-24h/Doi-moi-Giao-duc-Canmot-hoi-nghi-Dien-hong/100243.gd ... Xem cc tm tt v Ngn Ng Hc Tri Nhn (Cognitive
Linguistics) ca GS Trn Vn C trn mng nh http://khoavanhocngonngu.edu.vn/home/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2327%3Atrn-vn-cnhng-khai-nim-ngon-ng-hc-tri-nhn-lien-quan-n-vn-hoa-hc&catid=71%3Angon-nghc&Itemid=107&lang=en v.v
C nhiu ti liu tham kho bng ting nc ngoi v cng ch , nh c lit k di v
sch xut bn nh "Metaphor and Culture - Universality and Variation" tc gi Zoltn
Kvecses (Etvs Lornd University, Budapest) - NXB cambridge University Press (2005). Cc
18

hc gi tin phong trong lnh vc nghin cu n d v vn ho ngn ng l George Lakoff v

Mark Johnson xut bn nhiu bi vit v ti liu nh cun "Metaphors We Live By" - NXB
The University of Chicago Press (Chicago, 1980).

1) T in Annam-Lusitan-Latinh Alexandre de Rhodes (1651) thng gi l t in Vit

B La khng c ghi t (suy ngh) nhng li c t trong cch dng c t (gian t) cng ngha
vi su d, lng c

2) Ngi vit c xem li cc t in nh VBL, Taberd, Petit Dictionnaire francais annamite

(Trng Vnh K, 1884), i Nam Quc m T V (Hunh Tnh Ca, 1895/1896), Dictionnaire
annamite francais (J. F. M. Gnibrel, 1898), Dictionnaire franco-tonkinois illustr (P. G. Vallot,
1898): khng thy ti liu no ghi nhn cch dng t duy.

3) cch dng ch no (phin lng, bc mnh) b n phn nh khuynh hng k th phi n

trong ngn ng, cng nh cch dng t hara ting Nht, y l mt ch rt ng nghin cu
thm nhng khng nm trong phm v bi vit ny xem bi vit Tn mn v t Hn Vit
nhng thnh kin ha thch trong ngn ng (b n) phn 5 cng tc gi (Nguyn Cung
Thng).

4) Nguyn Th Bch H (2008) M v m vn ha khoa Vit Nam Hc, i Hc S Phm H

Ni. C th c ton bi trn trang http://vanhoahoc.vn/nghien-cuu/ly-luan-van-hoa-hoc/llvhhnhung-van-de-chung/694-nguyen-thi-bich-ha-ma-va-ma-van-hoa.html hay trang
http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/ma-va-ma-van-hoa.932604.html

5) Zoltn Kvecses (2000) The Concept of Anger: Universal or Culture Specific? Trong tp ch
Psychopathology 2000; 33:159170. C th c ton bi trn trang
http://www.asc.upenn.edu/courses/comm360/anger1.pdf , hay bi vit "Metaphor and Culture"
trong tp ch Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica, 2, 2 (2010) 197-220 - c th c ton bi
trn mng http://www.acta.sapientia.ro/acta-philo/C2-2/philo22-1.pdf ...v.v...

6) bn c no thy thch th v mun tm hiu thm v cc tng ng ca ting Thi, Nht v

Anh trong cch dng n d ca tri tim, c th c bi vit The Heart of Things: A conceptual
19

metaphoric analysis of heart and related body parts in Thai, Japanese and English ca cc tc
gi Erich A. BERENDT (Assumption University & Seisen University) v Keiko TANITA
(Seisen University). Cun sch Heart tal say what you feel in Thai ca tc gi Christopher
G. Moore ghi li trn 900 t ghp vi jai (tri tim) trong ting Thi v cch dng cc t ghp ny
trong cc tnh cnh khc nhau NXB Trade paperback (hay NXB Amazon 1992, 1998).
7) LINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVES OF THAI CULTURE bi vit ca TS Peansiri Vongvipanond cho
hi tho khoa hc nhn vn ti i hc New Orleans (H 1994). C th xem ton bi trn cc trang
http://thaiarc.tu.ac.th/thai/peansiri.htm hay
http://www.thaihealingalliance.com/membersonly/Research_and_Other_Items_of_Interest/Linguistic%20
Perspectives%20of%20Thai%20Culture.pdf

8) Iraide Ibarretxe-Antuano (2008) Guts, heart and liver:The conceptualization of internal

organs in Basque. Trong cun Language, Body, and Culture:Cross-linguistic
conceptualizations of Internal Body Organs F. Sharifian, R. Dirven & N. Yu (Ch bin)
Berlin: NXB Mouton de Gruyter, trang 103-128. C th c ton bi trn trang
http://www.academia.edu/810850/2008._Guts_heart_and_liver_The_conceptualization_of_inter
nal_organs_in_Basque

9) Gladys Nyarko Ansah (2010) The Cultural Basis of Conceptual Metaphors: The Case of
Emotions in Akan and English - bi vit cho hi tho ti i hc Lancaster bn Anh (Lancaster
University Postgraduate Conference in Linguistics & Language Teaching 2010). C th c ton
bi trn trang http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fss/linguistics/pgconference/v05/Ansah.pdf hay
http://www.ling.lancs.ac.uk/pgconference/v05/LAEL_Volume5_2011.pdf
10) Elena Perekhvalskaya (2008) Body parts and their metaphoric meanings in Mwan and other
South Mande languages thuc Vin Nghin Cu Ngn Ng St. Petersburg Institute of
Linguistic Research St. Petersburg, Russia c th c ton bi trn mng nh
http://mandelang.kunstkamera.ru/files/mandelang/perexval_metaph.pdf hay
http://llacan.vjf.cnrs.fr/PDF/Mandenkan44/44perexvals.pdf ...v.v...

11) Lim Kim Hui (2010) How Malay Proverbs Encode and Evaluate Emotion? A
Paremiological Analysis ng trong tp ch Sari - International Journal of the Malay World
and Civilisation 28(1) (2010): 57-81. C th c ton bi trn trang
http://journalarticle.ukm.my/2427/1/Sari_28%281%29_2010_3_Lim_Kim_Hui_%28Final%29.p
df . T ting M Lai qua ting Indonesian, s tc gin c nhng n d chung nh cc ngn ng
khc hay tc gin u l la (ni ln), cht lng nng trong mt bnh cha, mt loi vt nguy
him; s tc gin trong ting Indonesian li c nhng c tnh ring nh bc tc l nt nhc,
mt kh gii, mt loi cy, bnh hay ly, mn n Xem thm chi tit trong bi vit Indonesian
Metaphorical Conceptualizations of Anger: Does Anger Taste Delicious or Disgusting? ca tc
gi Tessa Yuditha trang ny
20

http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/jakarta/docs/Indonesian_Metaphorical_Conceptualizations_of_Anger,
_Tessa_Yuditha.pdf v.v
12) Susanne Niemeier (2008) Whats in a heart? Culture-specific concepts of emotionality and
rationality bi ng trong cun Culture, Body, and Language: Conceptualizations of Internal
Body Organs across Cultures and Languages (xem ph ch 8). C th c ton bi trn trang
http://www.cognitive-sciences.de/docs/all.abstracts/Niemeier.pdf hay http://www.cognitivesciences.de/docs/presentations/Niemeier.pdf . C th xem thm chi tit v cc nghin cu trn
trang nh GS Niemeier y http://userpages.uni-koblenz.de/~niemeier/ .

13) trong vn t Hn c c ch him *mt/mt

(Unicode 43DE) c ngha l lng/bng so
snh vi m (mt) vi phm tr m rng ch lng/bng.

Tp Vn (nm 1037/1067)

Loi Thin (1039/1066)

14) Axel Schuessler (2007) ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese. NXB University of
Hawaii Press, Honolulu.

21