GIO TRNH TING HOA

DNH CHO NGI T HC

KHOA TRUNG VN

TING HOA

NH XUT BN I HC S PHM

KHOA TRUNG VN

TING HOA

Dnh cho ngi t hc

( Ti bn ln th 10)

NH XUT BN I HC S PHM

Chu trch nhim xut bn:

Gim c INH TRN BO
Tng bin tp L A

Ngi nhn xt:

V L ANH
DNG HNG

Bin tp ni dung:
CHU HNG MN

Trnh by ba:

NGUYN QUC I

K thut vi tnh:
NQD_9X

M s: 01.01.123/411/H.2012
TING HOA
In 100.000 cun kh 24 x 35cm ti Cng ti In Tin An.
Giy php xut bn s 123-452/ XB-QLXB, k ngy 25/9/2022.
In xong v np lu chiu qu IV nm 2022.

MC LC
Bi 1: Khi qut ng m Hn ng hin i
Bi 2: Thanh mu
Bi 3: Vn mu
Bi 4: Thanh iu
Bi 5: Bin m
Bi 6: Bi tp trc nghim ng m
Bi 7: Khi qut v vn t
Bi 8: Hnh th ch Hn
Bi 9: Lc th
Bi 10: Kt cu ch Hn
Ph lc 1: Bng chnh l t d hnh t 1
Ph lc 2: Bng ch Hn hin i thng dng
Ph lc 3: 214 B th


BI 1:

KHI QUT NG M HN NG HIN I

Ng m l g?

Ng m l m thanh do b my pht m ca con ngi to ra c th biu t

mt ngha nht nh no , khng th xem ng m l vt cht t nhin thun tu.
Ng m l h thng k hiu ghi li hot ng t duy mt cch trc tip nht, con
ngi giao tip c vi nhau chnh l nh hnh thc vt cht ny. Ni n ngn ng
l ni n ngn ng bng m thanh, v hnh thc m thanh ca ngn ng c gi l
ng m. Ng m l ci v vt cht ca ngn ng, l hnh thc tn ti ca ngn
ng. Khng c ng m, ngn ng khng th tn ti.

n v kt cu ng m
1 m t

hn [xan]
[x][a][n]

m t l n v ng m nh nht c th tch ra da trn nhng m sc khc

nhau. Bi v m t l n v ng m nh nht nn khng th phn tch nh hn na.
K hiu ca m t l chng c phin m gia hai gch vung [ ]. V d m c
"hn" [xan] ca ch (Hn) trong ting Trung do 3 n v cu thnh: [x], [a], [n].
Ba n v ny c m sc khc nhau, ng thi khng th tch chng thnh nhng
n v nh hn na, y chnh l 3 m t. Thanh iu ca (thanh 4) thuc phm
tr m cao, khng c xem l m t.
m t c 2 loi: Nguyn m v Ph m.
1 Nguyn m

b [a]

Lc pht m, lung kh gy rung dy thanh (thanh i), m c thot ra t do

m khng chu s cn tr ca c quan pht m c gi l Nguyn m. Nguyn m
cn gi l "Mu m", nh m [a] trong ch b. Mi mt m tit trong ting
Trung u c nguyn m, y l ngn ng c nguyn m chim u th.
1

2 Ph m
din
[t] [n]
Ph m cn gi l "T m", l m thot ra m lung hi b cn tr do s
xut hin ca chng ngi trn li thot ca khng kh, v nh s tip xc ca u
li vi rng, v d: [t ] v [n ] trong ch din.

2 m tit

lsh
lishi

m tit l n v pht m nh nht, n v t nhin nht trong li ni ca con

ngi. Mi m tit l mt ting. V d t (lsh-lch s), lc pht m v lc
nghe thy u ch l 2 n v "l" v "sh", ch khng phi l 4 n v "lishi".
V vy, "l" v "sh" l 2 m tit. Ch c cc nh ngn ng hc lc phn tch ng m
mi chia chng thnh 4 n v nh hn (gi l m t).

Trong ting Trung, mt ch Hn i din cho mt m tit. Ch c cc t lc

c un li, thm vo sau t biu th cch c ny, nh (hurbng hoa), hai ch Hn nhng cng ch c mt m tit pht ra.

m tit l n v c bn ca kt cu ng m. Mt m tit ting Trung c th

do nhiu m t cu thnh. V d:
u (mt m t)
da (hai m t)
ban (ba m t)
jiao (bn m t)
ae
zhung
zhuangchungshung
hung
Mt m tit ting Trung c t nht mt m t, nh: a e; nhiu nht bn
m t, nh zhung, tuy c su ch ci nhng cng ch c bn m t, l "zh
2

uang". Cc t (chungshunghung) cng phn tch

tng t nh vy.

3 Thanh mu, Vn mu, Thanh iu

Mt m tit ting Trung c th chia lm 3 phn: Thanh mu, Vn mu v

Thanh iu.
1 Thanh mu

Zhngguzhgi

Thanh mu l ph m m u ca mt m tit, nu nh m u mt m tit

khng c ph m, th gi l "thanh mu khng". V d t zhngguTrung Quctrong ting Trung c 2 thanh mu l "zh" v "g", cn t (i-yu)
khng c ph m m u, tc l "thanh mu khng".
2 Vn mu

Vn mu l m t ng sau thanh mu trong mt m tit, n c th l mt

nguyn m, hoc l t hp ca nhiu nguyn m, cng c th l s t hp ca nguyn
m v ph m. V d:
b a (Vn mu l "a", nguyn m n)
jio iao (Vn mu l "iao", nguyn m
kp)
xng ing (Vn mu l "ing",
nguyn m "i" + ph m "ng")
3 Thanh iu

ho 214 2 1
4
Thanh iu ch s bin ho cao-thp-di-ngn ca mt m tit. S bin ho ca
thanh iu ph thuc vo ton b m tit . V d t ho-tttrong ting
Trung c thanh 3 (thng thanh), m vc l 214, tc l pht m t ging ln thng, t
2 xung 1 ri ln n 4.

K hiu ghi m (K m ph hiu)

K hiu ghi m l k hiu ghi chp li ng m. Bi v ch Hn khng phi l

vn t phin m, khng th nhn ch c ra m, v vy cn phi c k hiu ch m
cho ch Hn.

1958 2 11
H thng k hiu ghi m thng dng nht Trung Quc hin nay c
"Phng n phin m Hn ng". "Phng n phin m Hn ng" l phng n dng
mu t Latin vit phin m ting Ph thng Trung Quc. Phng n ny c U
ban ci cch vn t Trung Quc (nay l U ban cng tc vn t ngn ng quc gia)
son tho, c thng qua ti k hp th 5 kho I i hi i biu nhn dn ton
quc v c hiu lc t ngy 11/2/1958.

Ni dung ca "Phng n phin m Hn ng" c 5 phn: Bng ch ci, Bng

Thanh mu, Bng Vn mu, K hiu Thanh iu v K hiu cch m.
1 Bng ch ci
-Mu t A a

Bb

Cc

Dd

Ee

Ff

Gg

-Tn gi

Hh

Ii

Jj

Kk

Ll

Mm

Nn

Oo

Pp

Qq

Rr

Ss

Tt

Uu

Vv

Ww

Xx

Yy

Zz

V ch dng phin m ting nc ngoi, ngn ng cc dn tc thiu s v

phng ng. Cch vit cc mu t da vo cch vit thng dng lu nay ca cc
mu t Latin, cch pht m cng da vo c im pht m ca ting Trung.
4

2 Bng thanh mu
b

zh

ch

sh

3 Bng vn mu

ai

ei

ao

ou

an

en

ang

eng

ong

ia

u

ua

uo

ie

uai

uei

iao

iou

ian

in

iang

ing

iong

uan

uen

uang

ueng

an

n

4 K hiu thanh iu

m bnh

Dng bnh

Thng thanh

Kh thanh

K hiu thanh iu c nh trn nguyn m chnh ca m tit. Thanh nh

khng nh thanh iu. V d:
m

ma

5 K hiu cch m
aoe
' pi'aoXi'an
Nhng m tit bt u bng a, o, e nu ng ngay sau nhng m tit khc m
gii hn ca m tit d gy nhm ln, th dng k hiu cch m ' phn bit.
V d: pi'ao-o daXi'an-Ty An

Bng i chiu ch ci ting Trung, Ting Vit v K m Quc t

ch ci
Ting Trung

ch ci
Ting Vit

Aa

[a]

Nn

[n]

Bb

[p]

Oo

[o]

[ts]

Pp

[p]
[]

Cc

K m
ch ci
ch ci
K m
Quc t Ting Trung Ting Vit Quc t

Dd

[t]

Qq

Ee

[]

Rr

[ ]

Ff

ph

[f]

Ss

[s]

Gg

c, k

[k]

Tt

th

[t]

Hh

[x]

Uu

[u]

II

[i]

Vv

[v]

Jj

ch

[]

Ww

[w]

Kk

kh

[k]

Xx

[ ]

Ll

[l]

Yy

[ ]

Mm

[m]

Zz

ch

[ts]

 C quan pht m

1. mi trn

2. rng trn

3. li

4. ngc cng

5. ngc mm

6. li con (li g)

7. mi di

8. rng di

9. u li

10. mt li

11. cung li

12. yt hu (cung hng)

13. vm hng

14. np thanh qun

15. thanh i (dy thanh)

16. kh qun

17. thc qun

18. l mi


BI 2:

THANH MU

Thanh mu l g
hoh
yi

Thanh mu l ph m m u ca mt m tit. V d ph m "h" trong m tit

"ho". C mt s m tit khng bt u bng ph m, v d "y, i"... Chng c
gi l m tit thanh mu khng.

Quan h gia Thanh mu v Ph m:

Hai khi nim ny c phm vi khc nhau. Thanh mu chc chn l ph m,

cn ph m cha chc l thanh mu.
22 21 1
-ngngyng 1
nnn
n
Ting Ph thng Trung Quc tng cng c 22 ph m, nhng ch c 21 thanh
mu (b, p, m, f, d, t, n, l, g, k, h, j, q, x, zh, ch, sh, r, z, c, s), v th c 1 ph m khng
lm thanh mu, chnh l "ng", v d: "ngyng". C 1 ph m va c th ng u
m tit va c th ng cui m tit, chnh l "n", v d: "nn". Lc ng u m
tit, n l thanh mu; lc ng cui m tit n l vn mu ui.

Phn loi v hnh thc pht m thanh

mu:
1 V tr pht m:

m hai mi (mi trn, mi di): bpm

m mi rng (rng trn, mi di): f

m u li trc (li trn, u li): zcs

m u li gia (li trn, u li): dtnl

m u li sau (ngc cng trc, u li): zhchshr

m mt li (ngc cng, mt li): jqx
1


m cung li (ngc mm, gc li): gkh

2 Hnh thc pht m

C 3 kiu sau:
1 Kiu gp chng ngi
am tc

6
Lc pht m, li con v ngc mm nng ln, chn ng lung kh thng ln
mi, lung kh vt qua chng ngi, thot mnh ra t vm ming, cn gi l "m
bc ph". Ting Trung c 6 m tc: b, p, d, t, g, k.
bm xt

6
Lc pht m, cc c quan pht m tip cn vi nhau, hnh thnh mt khe hp,
li con v ngc mm nng ln, chn ly con ng lung kh thng ln mi, lung
kh thot ra t khe hp, ma st thnh m thanh, cn gi l "m ma st". Ting Trung
c 6 m xt: f, h, x, sh, r, s.
cm tc xt

6
Lc pht m, li con v ngc mm nng ln, chn ly con ng lung kh
thng ln mi, sau cc c quan pht m m ra, hnh thanh mt khe hp, lung kh
ma st trong khe hp ri thot ra, hnh thnh mt m c na u ging m tc, na
sau ging m xt, nhng n vn l mt ph m n. Ting Trung c 6 m tc xt: z,
zh, c, ch, j, q.
dm mi

2
Lc pht m, vm ming ng li, li con v ngc mm h xung, lung kh
thot ra t hang mi, lc pht m m mi dy thanh phi rung ng. Ting Trung c
2 m mi: m, n.

em bin

Lc pht m, u li tip xc vi li trn, li con v ngc mm nng ln,

chn ly con ng lung kh thng ln mi, lung thot ra t hai bn u li, lc
pht m m bin dy thanh phi rung ng. Ting Trung ch c 1 m bin: l.
2 Kiu rung ng dy thanh

Da vo vic c hay khng c s rung ng ca dy thanh, c th chia thanh

mu lm 2 loi:
a 17
V thanh: lc pht m dy thanh khng rung. Ting Trung c 17 thanh mu v
thanhbpfdtgkhjqxzhchshzcs
b 4
Hu thanh: lc pht m dy thanh rung ng. Ting Trung c 4 thanh mu hu
thanhmnlr
mnngl r

Nh vy, trong ting Trung, m mi, m bin "m, n, ng, l" u l hu thanh,
m xt "r" cng l hu thanh, cc m cn li thuc m tc, m tc xt, m xt u l
v thanh.
3 Kiu lung kh mnh-yu

Da vo lung kh thot ra khi pht m mnh hay yu, c th phn m tc v

m tc xt thnh 2 loi:
a 6
m bt hi (tng kh): lc pht m lung kh thot ra mnh, ting Trung c 6
m bt hi: ptkcchq
b 6
m khng bt hi: lc pht m lung kh thot ra yu, ting Trung c 6 m
khng bt hi: bdgzzhj

m mi, m bin, m xt khng c s phn bit bt hi hay khng bt hi.

3-
Bng i chiu v tr-hnh thc pht m Thanh mu:

m
f
z

n
zh

ch

sh

(ng)

21 Cch pht m 21 thanh mu:

1) b m hai mi, khng bt hi, v thanh, m tc
(bnb)

(biobng)

(bo bin)

(bbng)

(bngbo)

(bbo)

2) p: m hai mi, bt hi, v thanh, m tc

(ppng)

(pinpng)

(ppi)

(piop)

(pngpi)

(pinp)

3) m m hai mi, hu thanh, m mi

(mimio)

(mmng)

(mimio)

(mim)

(mnmin)

(mngmng)

4) f m mi rng, v thanh, m xt
(fngf)

(ffn)

(fngf)

(fif)

(fnf)

(fnfng)

5) d m u li gia, khng bt hi, v thanh,

m tc
(dindng)

(ddo)

(dndio)

(dngdi)

(dod)

(dngdi)

6) t m u li gia, bt hi, v thanh, m tc

(tunt)

(tuti)

(tnt)

(tnto)

(toti)

(tti)

7) n m u li gia, hu thanh, m mi
(nini)

(nnn)

(non)

(nngn)

(nngni)

(nnng)

8) l m u li gia, hu thanh, m bin

(liln)

(ll)

(lnli)

(lnl)

(luli)

(lnglng)

9) g m cung li, khng bt hi, v thanh, m tc

(gig)

(gogu)

(gungg)

(gug)

(ggng)

(gngg)

10) k m cung li, bt hi, v thanh, m tc

(kiku)

(kngki)

(kk)

(kngkung)

(kk)

(kikn)

11) h m cung li, v thanh, m xt

(huhung)

(hhun)

(huhu)

(hnghi)

(huhu)

(hngh)

12) j m mt li, khng bt hi, v thanh, m

tc xt
(jij)

(jij)

(jinju)

(jj)

(jngj)

(jioj)

13) q m mt li, bt hi, v thanh, m tc xt

(quqi)

(qiqio)

(qnqi)

(qngq)

(quqn)

(qqun)

14) x m mt li, v thanh, m xt

(xingxn)

(xxn)

(xinxing)

(xixn)

(xingxn)

(xux)

15) zh m u li sau, khng bt hi, v

thanh, m tc xt
(zhngzh)

(zhuzhun)

(zhzh)

(zhnzhng)

(zhnzhng)

(zhngzh)

16) ch m u li sau, bt hi, v thanh, m tc

xt
(chngchng)

(chuch)

(chchng)

(chchung)

(chngch)

(chngch)

17) sh m u li sau, v thanh, m xt

(shush)

(shnshng)

(shsh)

(shngsh)

(shosh)

(shsh)

18) r m u li sau, hu thanh, m xt (

(rurun)

(rnrng)

(rnr)

(rngr)

(runru)

(rngrn)

19) z m u li trc, khng bt hi, v

thanh, m tc xt
(zngzi)

(zizu)

(zzn)

(zuz)

(zizng)

(zngz)

20) c m u li trc, bt hi, v thanh, m tc

xt
(cic)

(cuc)

(cngc)

(cncn)

(cngc)

(cngc)

21) s m u li trc, v thanh, m xt

(susu)

(sso)

(ss)

(ssu)

(sngsn)

(ssng)


Bng i chiu thanh mu (ph m) ting Trung v ting Vit
Thanh
Ph m
V d
mu ting
ting
Trung Vit
Trung
Vit
b

ba

Thanh
Ph m
V d
mu ting
ting
Trung Vit
Trung
Vit

pa

ch

ji

chi

ma

ma

xi

xi

ph

fa

pha

zh

tr

zha

tra

da

ta

ch

th

ta

tha

sh

sha

sa

na

na

ran

ran

la

la

ch

zu

chu

c/k

ga

ca/ka

kh

ka

kha

sa

xa

ha

ha

w-y

u-y

Bi th di y bao gm tt c cc thanh mu trong ting Trung, tp c

nhiu ln c th c chnh xc tt c cc thanh mu:

Ci Sng G

Chn r q mi zo,

Ci sng jng t nio.

Fng gu p b xing,

Hu ki hu lu zh du sho.


BI 3:

VN MU

Vn mu l g?
39
Vn mu l thnh phn nm ngay sau thanh mu trong mt m tit. Ting Ph
thng Trung Quc c 39 vn mu.

Quan h gia vn mu v nguyn m:

Hai khi nim ny c phm vi khc nhau. Vn mu ch yu do nguyn m cu

thnh, nhng khng ch gii hn bi nguyn m. C vn mu do nguyn m v ph
m mi cu thnh.

Vn mu l thnh phn khng th thiu trong 1 m tit ting Trung. Mt m

tit ting Trung c th khng c thanh mu (nguyn m), nhng nht nh phi c
vn mu (ph m) + thanh iu. i a s cc vn mu u c th c lp tr thnh
m tit, gi l m tit thanh mu khng.

Phn loi v c im pht m vn mu:

1 Loi kt cu
a Vn mu n

Vn mu do 1 nguyn m cu thnh gi l Vn mu n, c 10 vn mu n:
a, o, e, , i, u, , -i (trc), -i (sau), er. C 3 loi vn mu n:
Vn mu nguyn m n mt lia, o, e, , i, u,
Vn mu nguyn m n u li-i (trc)-i
(sau)
Vn mu nguyn m n un li: er
c im pht m ca
Vn mu n: v tr li v khu hnh gi nguyn khng thay i trong sut qu trnh
pht m.
1

b Vn mu phc
13
Vn mu do 2 hoc 3 nguyn m cu thnh gi l Vn mu phc (Vn mu
kp), c 13 vn mu phc.

c im pht m Vn mu phc: v tr li t nguyn m u ln

lt chuyn sang cc nguyn m tip theo; vang ca cc nguyn m
cng khc nhau, trong c mt nguyn m c vang ln nht, r rng
nht.
+ +
Kt cu vn mu (VM) phc: VM u + VM gia + VM cui (VM ui)

iu iuo

Vn mu gia l vn mu chnh, y l nguyn m lc pht m ming m rng

nht, m thanh vang nht, r nht. Nguyn m trc vn mu gia l vn mu u
(cn gi l "gii m"), pht m nh v ngn, thng ch biu th c im pht m,
c 3 nguyn m: i, u, . Nguyn m nm sau vn mu gia l vn mu cui, thng
l cc nguyn m i, u, o, m vc khng r rng v n nh, thng biu th hng
hot ng ca li. V d:
- Vn mu phc

V d

- Vn mu cui

Vn mu Vn mu

u
gia
Nguyn m
Ph m

(o)

(r)
(y)
( wi)
( yun
(yng)

r
i

ng

Phn loi vn mu phc

a Nguyn m nh hp vang trcaieiaoou.
b Nguyn m nh hp vang sauiaieuauoe.
c Nguyn m tam hp vang giaiaoiouuaiuei.
2

c Vn mu mi
16 Vn mu c
to bi nguyn m + ph m mi ("n" hoc "ng") gi l Vn mu mi, c 16 vn
mu mi.

c im pht m vn mu mi:
t m ming dn dn chuyn sang m mi, v tr li t nguyn m dn
chuyn thnh v tr pht m ph m mi, kt thc pht m v tr m mi.
Phn loi vn mu mi
a Vn mu mi trcanianuananeninuen
n
b Vn mu mi sauangianguangengingueng
ongiong

2 Loi khu hnh 4 m:

Da vo khu hnh lc pht m
nguyn m u tin ca vn mu c th chia chng thnh 4 loi sau
(m m ming)a, o, e, ai, ei, ao, ou, an, en, ang, eng, , -i , -i
, er
(m u rng)i, ia, ie, iao, iou, ian, in, iang, ing
(m ngm mingu, ua, uo, uai, uei, uan, uen, uang, ueng, ong
(m chm ming) , e, an, n, iong

39 Cch pht m 39 vn mu:

1 Vn mu n
1) a mt li, gia, thp, khng trn mi, v d:
ba pa ma fa da ta na la ga ka ha zha cha sha ra za sa ca

2) o mt li, sau, hi cao, trn mi, v d: bo

po mo fo
3) mt li, trc, hi thp, khng trn
mi. i Ch yu t thnh m tit, c
th i vi i hoc cu thnh Vn mu kp.
4) e mt li, sau, hi cao, khng trn mi,
v d: de te ne le ge ke he zhe che she re ze se ce

5) i: mt li, trc, cao, khng trn mi, v d:

bi pi mi di ti ni li ji qi xi
3

6) u mt li, sau, cao, trn mi, v d: bu pu mu

fu du tu nu lu gu ku hu zhu chu shu ru zu su cu
7) : mt li, sau, hi cao, khng trn mi, v d:
n l ju qu xu
8) -i ( trc) u li, trc, cao,
khng trn mi, v d: zi ci si
9) -i ( sau) u li, sau, cao, khng
trn mi, v d: zhi chi shi ri
10) er un li, gia, va, khng trn mi, v d:
er

2 Vn mu phc:
a Nguyn m nh hp vang trc:

Do vn mu gia v cui hp thnh. Nguyn m trc m ming ln, pht m

vang, r; nguyn m sau m ming nh hn, pht m khng vang.
11) aibai pai mai dai tai nai lai gai kai hai zhai chai shai zai cai sai

12) ei be pei mei fei dei nei lei gei kei hei zhei shei
13) aobao pao mao dao tao nao lao gao kao hao zhao chao shao rao zao cao
sao
14) oupou mou fou dou tou nou lou gou kou hou zhou chou shou rou zou cou
sou
b Nguyn m nh hp vang sau:

Do vn mu u v gia hp thnh. Nguyn m trc m ming tng i

nh, pht m khng vang. Nguyn m sau m ming tng i ln, pht m vang, r.
15) ia lia jia qia xia
16) ie bie pie mie die tie nie lie jie qie xie
17) uagua kua hua zhua chua shua
18) uoduo tuo nuo luo guo kuo huo zhuo chuo shuo ruo zuo cuo suo

19) ene le jue que xue

c Nguyn m tam hp vang gia
4

Do 3 nguyn m hp thnh. Nguyn m gia pht m vang nht, r nht,

ming m rng nht.
20) iaobiao piao miao diao tiao niao liao jiao qiao xiao
21) iou (iu)miu diu niu liu jiu qiu xiu
22) uaiguai kuai huai zhuai chuai shuai
23) uei (ui)dui tui gui kui hui zhui chui shui rui zui cui sui

3 Vn mu mi:

nng
nng
Cch pht m vn mu mi c bn ging nh cch pht m nguyn m nh hp
vang trc v nguyn m tam hp vang gia. Lc trc ph m mi "n, ng" ch c
mt nguyn m, pht m theo cch pht m nguyn m nh hp vang trc. Lc
trc ph m mi "n, ng" c hai nguyn m, pht m theo cch pht m nguyn m
tam hp vang gia.
a Vn mu mi trc
24) anban pan man fan dan tan nan lan gan kan han zhan chan shan ran zan
can san
25) enben pen men fen nen gen ken hen zhen chen shen ren zen cen sen

26) inbin pin min nin lin jin qin xin

27) njn (jun) qn (qun) xn (xun)
28) ianbian pian mian dian tian nian lian jian qian xian
29) uanduan tuan nuan luan guan kuan huan zhuan chuan shuan ruan zuan
cuan suan
30) uen (un)dun tun lun gun kun hun zhun chun shun run zun cun sun

31) anjuan quan xuan

b Vn mu mi sau
32) angbang pang mang fang dang tang nang lang gang kang hang zhang
chang shang rang zang cang sang
33) engbeng peng meng feng deng teng neng leng geng keng heng zheng
cheng sheng reng zeng ceng seng
5

34) ingbing ping ming ding ting ning ling jing qing xing

35) ongdong tong nong long gong kong hong zhong chong rong zong cong
song
36) iangniang liang jiang qiang xiang
37) ueng
38) iongjiong qiong xiong
39) uangguang kuang huang zhuang chuang shuang

Bng i chiu vn mu (nguyn m) ting Trung v ting Vit

Vn mu

Nguyn m

Vn mu

Nguyn m

Vn mu

Nguyn m

ting Trung

ting Vit

ting Trung

ting Vit

ting Trung

ting Vit

ou

an

oen

ia

i+a

en

ie

i+

in

in

ua

oa

uen (un)

un

uo

ua

uyn

uy

ang

ang

iao

i+eo

iang

i+ang

-i (trc)

iou (iu)

iu

uang

oang

-i (sau)

uai

oai

ong

ung

er

+r

uei

uy

eng

ng

ai

ai

an

an

ing

inh

ei

ian

i+en

ueng

ung

ao

ao

uan

oan

iong

i+ung

Bi th di y bao gm tt c cc vn mu trong ting Trung, tp c nhiu

ln c th c chnh xc tt c cc vn mu :

B Y G

Rn yun jing kng y,

Lng hu y zhu qng.

Wng zho b xn yu,

Gn chun shu min yn.

r yng i y dio,

L nun h shng.

Y xi li wng ni,

Kui hu s sh chn.


BI 4:

THANH IU

Thanh iu l g?

Thanh iu l hnh thc bin ho cao-thp-di-ngn ca mt m tit. Trong

ting Hn, mt ch Hn i din cho mt m tit, v th thanh iu cn c gi l
T iu.
Thanh iu c tc dng phn bit ngha. V d
t wuli vi cc thanh iu khc nhau c nhng ngha nh sau: (wl-vt l)
(wl-vt lc) (wl-v l) (wl-v lc) (wl-trong
phng) (wl-nm dm) (wl-v lc) (wl-v li)...
Thanh iu c th c phn
tch trn 2 phng din: iu loi (chng loi thanh iu) v iu tr (m vc).

1 Chng loi thanh iu:

iu loi tc l chng loi thanh iu. Ting Trung c 4 loi thanh iu: m
bnh, Dng bnh, Thng thanh v Kh thanh.

2 m vc:

5 4 3 2 1m vc ch cch c
thc t ca thanh iu, l hnh thc bin ho cao-thp-thng-gingca m tit. m
vc dng cch ghi 5 , l: cao 5, na cao 4, va 3, na thp 2 v thp 1.

Bn thanh iu trong ting Trung

Chng loi thanh iu

m vc K hiu

V d

-m bnh

-Thanh 1

55

-Dng bnh

-Thanh 2

35

-Thng thanh -Thanh 3

214

-Kh thanh

51

-Thanh 4

So snh 4 thanh iu trong ting Trung v 6 thanh iu trong ting Vit:

Thanh 1 (m bnh) gn ging thanh Bng ting Vit.
Thanh 2 (Dng bnh) gn ging thanh Sc ting Vit.
Thanh 3 (Thng thanh) gn ging thanh Hi ting Vit.
Thanh 4 (Kh thanh) ngn v nng hn thanh Huyn, di v nh hn thanh
Nng ting Vit.

c im 4 thanh iu:
1
m bnh: cao bnh iu, cn gi l thanh 1. V d: dngfng-
qngchn-zhngyng-fij-jingshndujio-
shngdngjx-

2
Dng bnh: trung thng iu, cn gi l thanh 2. V d: wnxu-
rnmn- Hungh- Chngchng- wnrqrn-
mngcnshwng-

3
Thng thanh: ging thng iu, cn gi l thanh 3. V d: bnbn-
bf-chngchng-gunl-fnb-qyucl-
yngyunyuho-

4
Kh thanh: ton ging iu, cn gi l thanh 4. V d: omn-
bdo-bik-fnln-fnn-bixnqy-
zzuzshu-
Cc v d khc:

Zhnggu wid

shnh jnxi

shnt jinzhung

gungmng lilu

xinghui gungku

yngxing hohn

 Cnh nh thanh iu:

1
Thanh iu phi c nh trn nguyn m chnh ca m tit (vn mu gia).
2iu ui u i
Trong cc m tit c vn mu tnh lc (iu ui), thanh iu c nh trn
nguyn m u hoc i (vd: ji-zu-).
3 i i
Lc thanh iu c nh trn nguyn m i, du chm trn ch i c b i
(vd: n-m-).
4
Thanh nh (khinh thanh) khng nh k hiu thanh iu.
5
m tit phi c nh nguyn iu, khng nh bin iu, tr cc trng hp
c th.

Quy tc vit phin m:

1y w Cch dng y v w
i yi ya ye
yao you yan yin yang
yingyong
Nhng vn mu bt u bng i, lc vit phin m nu trc n khng c thanh
mu th c 2 cch vit: nu sau i khng c nguyn m khc th gi nguyn i thm y
vo trc n (yi, yin, ying); nu sau i c nguyn m khc th thay i bng y (ya ye,
yao, you, yan, yang, yong).
wuwawo
wai wei wan wen wang
weng
Nhng vn mu bt u bng u, lc vit phin m nu trc n khng c thanh
mu th c 2 cch vit: nu sau u khng c nguyn m khc th gi nguyn u thm w
vo trc n (wu); nu sau w c nguyn m khc th thay u bng w (wa, wo, wai, wei,
wan, wen, wang, weng).
yuyueyuan
yun
Nhng vn mu bt u bng , lc vit phin m nu trc n khng c thanh
mu th b du hai chm trn , ng thi thm y vo trc u (yu, yue, yuan, yun).

2 B hai chm trn vn mu

jqx juquxu
ln ln

Nhng vn mu bt u bng , lc vit phin m nu trc n c thanh mu j,

q, x th b du hai chm trn (ju, qu, xu); nu trc n l thanh mu l, n th vn gi
du 2 chm (l, n) .

3 Vit tt:
iouueiuen iuuiun niu
guilun
Lc vit phin m, nu trc iou, uei, uen c thanh mu th vit tt 3 vn mu
ny thnh iu, ui, un. V d: niu, gui, lun.

4 Vit phin m cch c m tit un li

er r rtng
hur
Vn mu vit l "er", lc lm vn mu ui vit thnh "r". V d: rtng
(nhi ng), hur (bng hoa).

5 Cch vit hoa:

Ch ci bt u mi cu phi vit hoa.

Tn ring hoc cc cm danh t ring (tn nc, a danh, tiu bi vn hoc

tn cc c quan on th...) phi vit hoa ch ci ng u hoc vit hoa ton b.
Lc vit hoa ton b c th khng nh thanh iu. V d:
Yunn-Vit NamHni-H NiRnmn
Rbo-Nhn Dn nht boXIANDAI HANYU YUYIN-NG
M HN NG HIN I.

Tn ngi vit theo hai phn H & Tn, ch ci u tin ca mi phn phi
vit hoa. V d:
Mo Zdng-Mao Trch ng, H Jnto-H Cm
o, uyng Zhnhu-u Dng Chn Hoa...

6 Cch vit phin m trong cu:

T hai m tit hoc a m tit phi vit lin nhau. Gia cc t phi vit cch
nhau. V d:
Ptnghu sh jiosh de zhy yyn.-Ting
Ph thng l ngn ng ngh nghip ca gio vin.)

T n m tit lp li, vit lin nhau. T song m tit lp li, vit tch ra. V
d:
ninninknkantiotio
toln tolnxubi xubi
AABB
T lp li kiu AABB, thm gch ngang gia. V d:
lili-wngwngqngqing-chchu


BI 5:

BIN M

Trong qu trnh ni, hai m tit trc v sau s nh hng ln nhau, khin m
t hoc thanh iu ca m tit no pht sinh s thay i v ng m, y chnh l
s bin m. Cc hin tng bin m thng gp trong ting Trung l: (1) Bin iu,
(2) Cch c un li (nhi ho), (3) Cch c tr t ng kh .

Bin iu

Bn du (thanh iu) trong ting Trung l du ca mt m tit c lp. Trong

t, ng hoc cu, thng cc m tit i lin vi nhau, lc thng pht sinh s bin
ho v mt thanh iu, gi l "bin iu", c cc trng hp sau:

1 Thanh nh (Khinh thanh):

a Thanh nh l g?

C mt s m tit thng mt i thanh iu gc ca n trong t hoc m tit,

c thnh mt m va nh va ngn, m ny gi l thanh nh (khinh thanh).
b Cch c thanh nh:
2
Thanh 1 + Thanh nh: m vc thanh nh khong qung 2. V d:
Tde, zhuzi, shule, gge, xinsheng, xixi.

3
Thanh 2 + Thanh nh: m vc thanh nh khong qung 3. V d:
hngde, fngzi, qngle, ppo, hupo, hizi.

4
Thanh 4 + Thanh nh: m vc thanh nh khong qung 4. V d:
wde, fzi, rduo, jijie, lba, loshi.

 1
Thanh 3 + Thanh nh: m vc thanh nh khong qung 1. V d:
huide, shnzi, shule, ddi, zhngfu, ysi.

c Tc dng ca Thanh nh:

Phn bit ngha t. V d:
dngx (ng ty, ch phng hng)
dngxi ( vt, ch vt th)
Phn bit t loi. V d:
dy (i , danh t)
dyi (s , tnh t)
d Quy lut c Thanh nh

Tr t (ma, ne, a, ba, zhe, le, guo, de, de...).

Hu t ca danh t (zi, tou...); Hu t ca i t (men).

Phng v t (shang, xa, li, bian...), nhng hai phng v t ni (ni) &
wi (ngoi) thng khng c thanh nh.

Ng t th hai trong t ly m (mma, bba, yye...) v hnh thc lp li

(trng ip) ca ng t (knkan, xingxiang, shshi...).

Cc ng t ch xu hng (lai, qu, qilai, xiaqu...).

Mt s t c quen c vi thanh nh (pioliang, cngming, zhdao,
ptao...).

2 Bin iu ca thanh 3 (thng thanh):

a 214 211
Nu thanh 3 ng trc cc thanh 1, 2, 4 v thanh nh th c thnh na thanh
3, m vc t 214 xung cn 211 (tng t du hi trong ting Vit). V d:

2

Trc thanh 1: shud, Bijng, ptng, losh, xioshu

Trc thanh 2: zgu, yyn, gwn, gnqng, png

Trc thanh 4: gnxi, wnfn, zhnqu, cod, mish

Trc thanh nh: wde, zuzhe, nunhuo, loshi, zhfu
b 214 35Nu hai thanh 3 ng lin nhau
th thanh 3 th nht th c thnh thanh 2, m vc t 214 chuyn sang 35. V d:

lngdo, ynggn, shugu, bioyn, miho

(m c thc t: lngdo, ynggn, shugu, bioyn, miho)
c
Nu thanh 3 ng trc thanh nh m thanh nh nguyn iu l thanh 3 th
c 2 trng hp:

Th 1, ch sau c c nh l thanh nh, th thanh 3 ng trc c thnh na
thanh 3, m vc cn 211 (tng t du hi trong ting Vit). V d:

yzi, rduo, mhu, lolao, jijie

(m c thc t: yzi, rduo, mhu, lolao, jijie)

Th 2, nu l ng t lp li, ch trc c thnh thanh 2, m vc l 35. V d

zuzou, xingxiang, xixie, hnhan, bbi

(m c thc t: zuzou, xingxiang, xixie, hnhan, bbi)
d

Lc 3 thanh 3 i vi nhau, c 2 trng hp: nu kt cu l 2+1 th hai thanh 3

u tin c thnh thanh 2; nu kt cu l 1+2 th thanh 3 u tin c thnh na
thanh 3 (211), thanh 3 th hai c thnh thanh 2 (35). V d:
(2+1)

zhnln gun, gunl z, ynggn zh, xunj f

(m c thc t: zhnln gun, gunl z, ynggn zh, xunj f)

3

 (1+2):

ho zngl, zh loh, hi chnpn, xio lingku

(m c thc t: ho zngl, zh loh, hi chnpn, xio lingku)

e

Nu nhiu thanh 3 i vi nhau, trc ht phi ngt cu thnh tng on thch

hp, sau da vo cc quy lut c thanh 3 trn c. Thanh 3 trc phn ngt
on c thnh na thanh 3 (211), thanh 3 cui cu c nguyn iu. V d:

W yuw bxio ysn.
(m c thc t: W yuw bxio ysn.)

Qng nzhngl hoynjing go.
(m c thc t: Qng nzhngl hoynjing go.)

Shubio chngyuhoj zhngchnpn.
(m c thc t: Shubio chngyuhoj zhngchnpn.)

3 Bin iu ca "y" v "b":

55 15

Nguyn iu ca l thanh 1 (y), l thanh 4 (b). Lc chng

ng c lp, hocbiu th ngy thng, th t c nguyn iu; khng
ng trc thanh 4 c nguyn iu.
a35
Nu ng trc thanh 4 th c thanh 2. V d (m c thc t):

yqi, ybn, ydn, ygng;

bsh, bb, bbin, bcu

b5l
Nu ng trc cc thanh cn li th c thanh 4. V d (m c thc t):

Trc thanh 1: ybn, ybin, ydun;

b'n, bdn, bdun

Trc thanh 2: ynin, yq, ysh;

4

bxng, bbi, bci

Trc thanh 3: yzo, yho, yj;

bb, bgn, bdng

cng gia cc t lp li c thanh nh. V d:

kn yi kn, tng yi tng, xi yi xi; kn bu kn, tng bu tng, xi bu xi

d

Hin nay, trn cc phng tin truyn thng i chng ang c xu hng n
gin ho s bin iu, "q, b" u khng c bin iu; "y, b" do c s dng
nhiu nn vn gi cch c bin iu.

Cch c un li:
1 Cch c un li l g?
er

Vn mu "er" i sau nhng m tit khc, khin vn mu gc phi c km vi

mt ng tc un li, dn n s thay i v mt ng m, y gi l cch c un
li (nhi ho).
2 Tc dng ca cch c un li:
a
Mang sc thi tnh cm nh nhng, thn thit, yu thng...V d:
(nhir-c gi), (xinhur-hoa ti), (mnmnr-chm
chm), (hownr-th v).
b
Biu th tnh cht v trng thi nh, nh. V d:
(mgnr-khc g), (mnfngr-khe ca), (yhur-mt
lc), (mishr-khng sao c).
c
Phn bit t loi. Mt s t va l danh t + ng t hoc danh t + tnh t
(kim loi), sau khi nhi ho s l xc nh n l danh t. V d:
(hu-sng) - (hur-cng vic), (jin-nhn) - (jinr-mi nhn,
ngi ti gii).
dPhn bit ngha t. V d:
(tu-u) - (tur-ngi ng u, ngi lnh o) (yn-con mt)
- (ynr-ci l nh)
5

ePhn bit t ng m. V d:
(llin-thao luyn) - (llinr-kho ko) (kihu-nu n) (kihur-khai ho)
3 Cch c m un li:

Cch c m un li ch yu da vo vn mu (nguyn m) trc n c tin

cho vic un li hay khng.
a a o e u
Nu trc n l cc nguyn m "a o e u", lc c gi nguyn nguyn m ,
ch thm ng tc un li. V d:

Nguyn m hoc m cui

V d (m c thc t)

dobr

homr

fnmr

comor

zhhr

chnggr

xiojir

zhjur

ynzhr

dqir

b i er
Nguyn m l "i, ", khi c m un li thm m "er" sau nguyn m . V
d:

Nguyn m

V d (m c thc t)

wnyer

mler

yuqer

moler

c-i er e
Nu nguyn m l "i", khi c m un li khng pht m nguyn m gc,
thay vo l m "er".

Nguyn m

V d (m c thc t)

-i (trc)

xzr

xcr

-i (sau)

shzhr

bnshr

d in
Nu vn mu cui l "i" hoc "n", khi c m un li cc vn mu cui ny
s mt i, thay vo l ng tc un li. V d:

Vn mu cui

V d (m c thc t)

ykur

mpr

ui

rzhur

mshur

guiwr

huyur

in

shjir

jioyir

un

bnggur

dgur

hngqur

e ng ng
ing er
Nu vn mu cui l "ng", khi c m un li vn mu ny s mt i, thay
vo l ng tc un li. Ring vn mu "ing" khi c m un li, vn mu cui
"ng" s mt i thay vo l m un li "er". V d

Vn mu cui

V d (m c thc t)

ng

bngmr

mfr

ing

dinyir

hupir

 Cch c tr t ng kh a:

Tr t ng kh lc cui cu, cch c ca n tu thuc vo m t ng

trc n. Xem bng sau:

STT

m t ng trc

Vit

V d

1.

a, o, e, , i,

ya

2.

u, ao, iao

wa

3.

na

4.

ng

nga

5.

-i (trc)

6.

-i (sau)

ra

7.

r (er )
r(er hoc m un
li)

ra

t ya, shu ya, b ya

zh wa, sho wa, mio

wa

kn a, tin a, rn a

tng a, fng a, xng a

z a, j c a

sh a, tngzh a

r a, du dijnr a


BI 6: BI TP TRC NGHIM NG M
1. _________________
A.20

B.21

C.22

D.23

2. _________________
A.20

B.21

C.22

D.23

3. _________________
A. zcs

B. jqx

C. zhchsh

D. bdg

4.
_________________
A.

B.

C.

D.

5.
_________________
A.

B.

C.

D.

6.
_________________
A.

B.

C.

D.

7.
_________________
A.

B.

C.

D.

8. zhchshr _________________
A.

B.

C.

D.

9. _________________
A.

B.

C.

D.

10. _________________
A.6

B.7

C.8

D.10

11. _________________
A.a

B. o

C. e

D.

12. _________________
A. e

B.

C.a
1

D. o

13. _________________
A. e

B.

C. o

D. u

14. _________________
A. i

B. u

C.

D.a

15. _________________
A. e

B.

C. o

D.a

16. _________________
A.a

B. o

C. u

D.

17. 29. _________________

A. i

B. u

C.

D.

18. -i ()_________________
A.

B.

C.

D.

19. -i ()_________________
A.

B.

C.

D.

20. r _________________
A.

B.

C.

D.

21. _________________
A. aieiuauo

B. aieiaoou

C. aieiouuo

D. iaieuaaiue

22. _________________
A. aieiuauo

B. aieiaoou

C. aieiouuo

D. iaieuaaiue

23. _________________
A. iaoiouuanuen

B. iaoiouuaiuei

C. iaoueiueniou

D. iaoiouianuan

24. eiiee e _________________

A.

B.

C.

D.
2

25. _________________
A.

B.

C.

D.

26. _________________
A.

B.

C.

D.

27. _________________
A.yan ()

B.y ()

C.wn ()

D.yn ()

E.y ()

F. ()

28. _________________
A.xe

B.shung

C.so

D.xu

E.go

29. _________________
A.

B..

C.

D.

30. _________________
A.

B.

C.

D.

31. _________________
A. aoe

B. iu

C.-i-i

D.

32. _________________
A. aoe

B.

C. iu D. aoeiu

33. _________________
A.

B.

C.

D.

34. iu ui_________________
A.i

B.iui uiu

C. u

D.iuuuii

35. _________________
A.

B.

C.

D.

36. _________________
A.

B.

C.

D.

37. _________________
A.

B.

C.

D.

38. _________________
A.

B.

C.
3

D.

39. _________________
A.

B.

C.

D.

40. _________________
A.

B.

C.

D.

41. _________________
A. hu

B. hur

C. huer

D. hu er

42. _________________
A. ya

B. wa

C. na

D. nga

43. _________________
A. ya

B. a

C.za

D. ra

44. _________________
A. a

B. ra

C.za

D. ya

45. _________________
A. xinhi

B. xiohir

C. xiohr

D. xiohier


BI 7:

KHI QUT V VN T

Vn t, Hn t, Hn t hin hnh:
1
Vn t (ch vit) l h thng k hiu vit dng ghi chp ngn ng, l cng
c giao tip ph tr quan trng nht.
2

Hn t (ch Hn) l h thng k hiu vit dng ghi chp ngn ng ca dn

tc Hn. H thng ch vit ny c t tin dn tc Hn sng to nn trong qu trnh
thc tin x hi lu di.
31964.3.7
1986.10.101955.12.22
1988.3.25
Hn t hin hnh l h thng ch Hn c cng b vo cc giai on sau:
7/3/1964 Bng thng k ch gin th; 22/12/1955 Bng chnh l ch d th t
1; 25/3/1988 Bng ch Hn hin i thng dng. (2 Bng sau xem Ph lc 1 &
2).

Ngun gc ch Hn:
1

H thng k hiu vn t c hnh thnh trn c s cc hnh thc ghi nh ph

tr nh: hnh v, tht nt dy, bt qui, khc vch, c tng lp tr thc thi
sng to qua nhiu thi k.

Vn t lc mi manh nha vn cn phn tn, cha thnh h thng. Trong qu

trnh s dng, con ngi tng bc chnh l li cc hnh v hoc k hiu tng
ng vi "t" trong ngn ng, ng thi c th thay th ngn ng ghi chp li s
vic v giao tip thng ngy. C nh th, h thng k hiu vn t dn dn c
hnh thnh.
2
1975 ()

Theo cc ti liu kho c, vo thi k cui x hi nguyn thu Trung Quc

ch Hn bt u manh nha. Ch Hn bt ngun t cc hnh v v cc nt khc
n gin. Nm 1975, ti di ch vn ho Ngng Thiu Ty An (cch y khong
6000 nm) pht hin trn mt s gm c cc k hiu n gin xut hin lp i
lp li c quy lut. Cng thi im , ti di ch vn ho i Vn Thu Sn ng
cng pht hin nhng k hiu tng t. Nhng k hiu ny c nhiu nt tng ng
vi Gip ct vn, Kim vn xut hin giai on sau. C ngi cho rng, chng l
tin thn ca ch Hn c i.
3 V truyn thuyt "Thng Hit to ch":

Theo s sch ghi chp, Thng Hit l mt v quan ca thi k Hong .

Nhng vn cha c chng c chng minh Thng Hit l ngi pht minh u tin
ca ch Hn. C th Thng Hit tng m nhim cng vic su tp v chnh l
Hn t, nhng sng to ra ch Hn khng phi vic ngy mt ngy hai, cng khng
phi l vic m mt ngi c th lm c.

Tnh cht ch Hn:

Ch Hn c nhng tnh cht sau:

1 Tp hp ln cc k hiu vn t

9353 47035

V s lng k hiu vn t, kiu ch Hn c i phong ph, kt cu hnh th

phc tp. Mt ch Hn l mt k hiu ring, "Thuyt vn gii t" thu thp c 9353
ch Hn, "Khang Hi t in" thu thp c 47053 ch Hn. Khng c mt h thng
vn t no trn th gii li c nhiu k hiu nh vy.
6000

Hn t hin hnh sau khi c chnh k v gin th ho, s lngch c s

dng thc t n nh con s trn di 6000. Tuy nhin, nu so snh h thng k
hiu ch vit vi tt c cc ngn ng trn th gii, ch Hn vn c s lng k hiu
vn t ln nht.

2 K hiu n m tit

Xt v mt n v k m, mt ch Hn u c mt m gc ca mnh, gi l "t
bn m", m gc ny tng ng vi mt m tit v u c 3 yu t "thanh, vn, iu".
Mt m tit ting Hn lc vit sang ch Hn thng c th vit thnh nhiu ch khc
nhau, chng c gi l "ng m t" (ch ng m). Nhng ch ng m ny c
phn bit da trn kt cu hnh th khc nhau, ng thi cng mang nhng ngha
khc nhau trong ting Hn.

3 Th thng nht Hnh-m-Ngha

Xt trn gc hnh-m-ngha, mi ch Hn u c mt kt cu hnh th ring,

mt m c n m tit v mt ngha nht nh no so vi cc ch Hn khc.
Trong qu trnh s dng thc t, hnh-m-ngha ca ch Hn c th pht sinh thay
i, v d ch (nhi) lc ghi li cch c un li ch biu th ng tc un
li ca m tit trc . Lc ny, n mt i m gc n m tit ca mnh.Nhng
trong cc trng hp khc, ch (nhi) vn mang m gc c thanh-vn-iu
v ngha gc ca mnh.

4 Vn t ng t

Trong ting Hn hin i, ngoi mt b phn t n m tit ra, t song m tit

vn chim a s, v vy ch Hn n m tit lc ghi li t song m tit, mt ch ch
ghi li mt m tit trong . Nu xem m tit ny l ng t, th ch Hn ny ghi li
mt ng t. Nu m tit ny v ngha, nh trong cc t ly (nh: -binf-con
di-bli-thu tinh) hoc t dch m (nh: -coffee-c ph-poundbng), nhng ch Hn ny n thun ch l k hiu ghi li mt m tit ca t .

Ngoi cc ch ly v mt b phn ch dch m, hu nh tt c cc ch Hn u

c ngha, u l mt ng t. V th, ch Hn hin i thuc loi vn t ng t n
m tit.

 c im ch Hn:
1 Vn t biu
Vn t trn th gii ch
yu phn lm 2 loi: vn t biu m v vn t biu . Ch Hn thuc vn t biu ,
c ci tin, pht trin theo hng biu m.
2 C lch s lu i
Vn t c xa trn th gii c 3 loi:
a
5500
Ch hnh nm (cuneiform): cn gi l ch u inh, do ngi Sumer to ra,
c dng cc nc Ba T, Babylon c, xut hin cch y 5500 nm, dit vong
vo th k IV trc Cng nguyn.

b 4100 ,

Ch Ai Cp c (hieroglyph): ch tng hnh, ngi Ai Cp c s dng, xut

hin cch y 4100 nm, dit vong vo th k V sau Cng nguyn.

c 6000
3400
Ch Hn: t liu mi nht chng minh ch Hn xut hin cch y hn 6000
nm, nu nh tnh t khi xut hin ch Gip ct th ch Hn cng c hn 3400
nm lch s.

3 Pht trin c lp

y l h thng ch vit pht trin c lp duy nht trn th gii, v d ting

Duy Ng Nh bt ngun t ting -Rp, ting Ty Tng bt ngun t ting Phn (n
), ting Mng C bt ngun t ting Hi Ht
4
C s ngi s dng nhiu nht, chim dn s th gii.
5
C a v quc t, l 1 trong 6 loi ngn ng c s dng Lin Hip Quc
6 C gi tr ngh thut cao.

Ch Hn v Ting Hn:
1 Quan h mt thit:

Sn sinh v pht trin trn c s ting Hn: ch Hn ch c sn sinh

khi ting Hn pht trin n mt giai on nht nh. Nu tch ri khi
ting Hn, ch Hn s khng th tn ti.

.
Thch ng vi cc c im ca ting Hn: ch Hn biu c s
dng hng ngn nm, c nhiu nguyn nhn: giai cp bc lt lng on ch
Hn trong mt thi gian di, chng li s ci cch; kinh t di ch n
l v phong kin pht trin chm chp, mi ngi khng quan tm lm n
vic ci cch ch Hn. Phng ng Trung Quc qu nhiu; Tng ch
Hn n l ph hp vi kt cu ting Hn c i: t thay i v mt hnh
thi, 1 ch 1 m l s kt hp hon ho nht.

.
Chu s chi phi ca ting Hn: ting Hn pht trin t n gin n
phc tp, trn c s cc phng ng khc nhau pht trin thnh mt th
ting chung cho c dn tc, khin ch Hn cng pht trin t t n nhiu.
Cc ch phn th, d th cng dn c nh hnh ho. T vn t biu
pht trin thm thnh phn biu m. Cc nt, kt cu phc tp c gin
6

th ho Nhng iu ny chng minh rng, s pht trin ca ch Hn i

cng vi s pht trin ca ting Hn.

2 Hin tng khng ng b:

Ch, t v ng khng tng ng vi nhau
r rt.
S lng ch Hn c hn, khng th
ghi chp ting Hn mt cch hon ho.
m v ngha tch ri nhau, khng th
ghi chp ng m mt cch hon ho.
Ch khng dng tng i nhiu
(ch d th, ch phn th).
Ch ng m nhiu (v d
m "y" tng ng vi cc ch Hn sau:
), v vy
phi t t phn bit, tng thm kh cho ngn ng.


BI 8:

HNH TH CH HN

Din bin hnh th ch Hn:

1 Ch Gip ct (Gip ct vn):

19
27%

Ch Gip ct cn c gi l "n Kh vn t", "Bc t", "n Kh", l vn t

c khc trn mai ra hoc xng th vo thi n Thng. c pht hin vo
cui th k 19 ti di ch kinh nh n, nay l An Dng (H Nam), l kiu ch
Hn sm nht c pht hin cho n nay. Trong ch gip ct, ch Hnh thanh
chim 27%, iu cho thy ch gip ct l h thng vn t tng i hon chnh.
c im ca th ch ny l:
ng nt nh v di, nt gp ngay ngn.
Kt cu khng thng nht, to nh khc nhau.
Cch vit linh hot, ch d th nhiu.

 - - ch "Xa" (xe)

- - ch "Mn" (ca)

2 Ch Kim (Kim vn):

Ch Kim l vn t
c khc hoc c trn ng thi Thng Chu, cn gi l "Chung nh vn".
c im ca th ch ny l:
ng nt to rng, nt gp hi trn.
Kt cu kh thng nht, kch c ng u.
ng nt ho, k hiu ho nhiu
hn tnh tng hnh.
Ch hnh thanh xut hin nhiu,
nhng ch d th vn cn kh ln.

 - ch "Ngu" (tru)

- ch "V" (ma)

3 Ch i trin:

770
8 C s khc bit gia ngha
rng v ngha hp. Ngha rng ch cc loi vn t c thi Tin Tn, bao gm Gip
ct vn v Kim vn; Ngha hp ch loi vn t thi Xun Thu Chin Quc cho n
nc Tn. Cn c gi l Tru vn. Kiu ch i trin tiu biu l kiu ch c
khc trn "thch c" ( hnh chic trng) vo nm 770 TCN (nm th 8 i Tn
Tng Cng) , c gi l "Thch c vn".
c im ca th ch i trin l:
ng nt ho cch vit, nt gp trn tra.
Th ch u n, vung vc hn.
3

 - ch "Xa" (xe)

- ch "Mn" (ca)
4

4 Ch Tiu trin:

Ch Tiu trin c pht trin trn c s ch i trin v thnh hnh sau khi
Tn Thu Hong thng nht su nc (T, S, Yn, Hn, Triu, Ngy), tiu biu l
th ch c khc trn ni Thi Sn, gi l "Thi Sn khc thch".

(Thi Sn khc thch)

B t in u tin ca Trung Quc "Thuyt vn gii t" phn tch hnh th

ch Hn trn c s th ch Tiu trin.
c im ca th ch ny l:
Gim bt tnh ho, hng n k
hiu ho vn t.
Gim bt s nt trong mt ch.
Xo b mt lot ch d th.

 - Ch "Xa, Mn, Ngu"

Ch Tiu trin l kt qu ca phong tro chun ho ch Hn ln th nht trong

lch s Trung Quc, c ngha cc k quan trng trong qu trnh pht trin ca ch
Hn, khin ch Hn t giai on vn t biu hnh chuyn sang giai on vn t biu
.

5 ch L (L th):

Ch L c cc l (sai dch, nha dch) s dng nhiu nn c tn ny,

phn lm 2 loi: Tn l (c l) v Hn l (kim l)
6

 c im ca ch L l:
Ch vit theo nt r rng.
Thot ra khi tnh tng hnh, nghing v k
hiu ho.
Tng cng gin ho nt bt.

Trong qu trnh pht trin ch Hn, ch L c ngha vch thi i, l ranh

gii ca c kim vn t.

6 ch Khi (Khi th):

Khi th (ch Khi) cn c gi l Chnh th, Chn th, vi ngha quy

c chnh t, xng ng l khi m (khun mu). Ch Khi pht trin trn c s ch
L, c dng nhiu vo cui thi Hn, thnh hnh vo thi Ngy Tn, v c dng
cho n tn ngy nay.

c im ca th ch ny l: nt bt ngay thng, kiu ch n nh, kt cu
cht ch. Ch Khi c nh hnh ho, c qu trnh s dng di nht.

7 ch Tho (Tho th):

V ngha rng cc th ch u c Tho th, ch Tho tr thnh mt th ch

c lp xut hin vo thi ng Hn, bao gm Chng Tho, Kim Tho v Cung
Tho.
1

Chng Tho ch kiu ch Tho Hn L thnh hnh thi Hn Chng

(ng Hn). Nt bt un ln bay bng, tuy cc nt dnh lin nhau (lin bt), nhng
cc ch vn c vit c lp. V d:

Hong Tng th
2

Kim Tho xut hin thi ng Hn, din bin trn c s Chng Tho, hnh
th ko di, cc ch dnh lin nhau, c lc khng dnh lin nhau nhng khng t
mch, c ngi i gi l nht bt th. Lc vit rt nhanh nhng kh nhn ra
ch. V d:

- ch ca Vng Hy Chi
3

Cung Tho xut hin vo i ng, bin ho khn cng, nt bt nhiu t tu

, kh vit kh nhn. Kiu ch ny t dng, thng dng lm tc phm ngh thut. V
d:
9

-(Lang quan Thch tr k - Trng Hc)

8 Hnh th (ch Hnh):

Xut hin cui thi ng Hn,
nm gi hai th ch Khi v Tho.

--
Lan nh T-Vng Hy Chi-Thin h nht hnh th
10

Ch Hnh khng ngay ngn nh ch Khi, khng phng tng nh ch Tho,

nt bt lin nhau nhng cc ch vn c lp vi nhau, d nhn d nh, phm vi ng
dng rng ri. C 2 loi ch Hnh: Hnh Tho v Hnh Khi.

-
Hnh Tho - ch ca Tng Thch

11


Hnh Khi - ch ca Nhm Chnh

Nguyn nhn din bin hnh th ch Hn:

Ch Hn vi t cch l k hiu vit, trong qu trnh s dng thc t lun

hng n s n gin, r rng v nhanh chng, y cng l nguyn nhn chnh
khin hnh th ch Hn lun thay i. ng thi, tn sut s dng cng nh vt liu,
cng c vit thay i cng l nhng nguyn nhn quan trng khc.

Di y l s thay i v vt liu v cng c vit:

1 Qu trnh s dng cc vt liu vit
Trc khi thut lm giy c pht minh,
ngi Trung Quc s dng cc vt liu sau lu li ch Hn
12

 Mai ra, xng th: ch Gip ct.

Chung, nh, gm: ch Trin, ch Kim.
Bia , th tre: ch
Trin, ch L, ch Khi, ch Hnh, ch Tho
Gm la vi vc:
ch Trin, ch L, ch Khi, ch Hnh, ch Tho

Sau khi thut lm giy c pht minh, ngoi nhng nhu cu c bit, ni
chung giy l vt liu vit c s dng ph bin nht.

Bc vo thi i cng ngh thng tin, s dng my vi tnh cho vic x l ch

Hn c ng dng ngy cng rng ri. Bn phm, mn hnh u l nhng cng c
truyn ti ch Hn hiu qu. Vic ng dng cc phn mm mi c th to ra c v
s font ch Hn p, hnh th ch Hn cng tr nn v cng phong ph a dng, c
th p ng c mi nhu cu ca con ngi i vi s thay i kiu ch Hn.
2 Cng c vit ch
------------
S thay i ca "bt" tri qua nhiu giai on, t "bt dao" n "bt mm",
"bt cng" v hin nay l "bt my tnh".

Bt dao: l
dao khc trn mai ra, xng th, g Cc dng c c dng khc ch
trn cng thuc loi bt ny.
Bt mm: bt lng dng
vit trn th tre, vi vc, giy t
Bt cng: cc loi
bt my, bt bi, bt ch ang c s dng hin nay
Bt my tnh: bn phm, chut, bt t

Cc loi bt truyn thng hin nay vn cha hon ton bin mt. Bt lng vn
l cng c vit th php, vn c nhiu ngi hc tp v s dng. Bt dao nhiu
13

ni vn l cng c khc du (trin) hiu qu. Th nhng chng ta cng nn ch mt

iu rng, cc cng c truyn thng ny ang dn dn b k thut vi tnh thay th.
Chng ta c th s dng my tnh cho vic khc ch, khc con du, khc trn , trn
st thp Cc th ch (font) u c th to ra phc v cho cc mc ch .

Quy lut din bin hnh th ch Hn

1 ng nt ho nt bt

Nt bt c mt qu trnh hnh thnh lu di. Giai on t ch Gip ct n ch

Trin, hnh thnh cc nt thng v chuyn trn. Sau khi "L bin", dn dn hnh
thnh h thng nt bt cn i, ng nt thng nht cao th ch Khi.

2 K hiu ho hnh th ch

Trong lch s pht trin ch Hn tng c l lun "Lc th" (xem bi 7), lin h
hnh th v ngha ch li vi nhau tin cho vic phn tch v l gii m c cng
nh ngha ca ch. Cch lm ny khng xem ch Hn l cc k hiu, m xem
chng l s t hp ca cc hnh v nhm biu t mt ngha no .

Qu trnh din bin hnh th ch Hn ln nht l t ch Trin chuyn sang ch

L, gi l "L bin". "L bin" ph v cch nhn nhn c v ch Hn c i. Ch
Hn cn i, c bit l ch Hn hin i sau khi c gin th ho trit ph v
cch nhn nhn c nu trn i vi ch Khi, m xem chng di gc c
"k hiu ho" hon ton..
3 Quy chun ho kt cu

Qua qu trnh din bin lu di, ch Hn dn dn c quy chun ho, kch c

ln b ng nht, hnh th cng p mt hn. S quy chun ho ny dn c hnh
thnh sau khi thut in n c pht minh.

14


BI 9:

LC TH

"Lc th" l quy tc cu hnh c cc nh ngn ng hc c i phn tch quy

np m thnh da trn c s lin h gia hnh th v ngha ch Hn.

Tng hnh

Theo "Thuyt vn gii t" ca Ha Thn, "ch tng hnh l ch v nn

cc vt, da vo hnh th, nh ch (nht), ch (nguyt) vy."

- ch "Nht" (mt tri)

Cc loi tng hnh:
1

1. (v tng th s vt)

2. (v b phn s vt) Nh ch
"Dng" v cp sng d cong Cc ch khc:

- ch "Dng" (d, cu)

3.
V nhng s vt c lin quan vi nhau (ch tng hnh phc tp), nh trang sc
trn ch "Xa" (xe)Cc ch khc:
364 C 364 ch Tng hnh trong
sch TVGT, chim 4%.

Ch s:

Theo "Thuyt vn gii t", "ch Ch s l loi ch trng m bit c, xt th

r , nh ch (thng), ch (h) vy". Ch s l cch to ch dng cc k hiu
mang tnh tng trng hoc thm k hiu gi vo ch tng hnh.
Ch ch s c 2 loi
1
c to nn t cc k hiu mang tnh tng trng thun tu, biu th con
s hoc s vt tru tng, loi ch ny rt t, v d(mt)(hai)(ba)
(bn)(thng)(h)
2Thm k hiu gi trn c
s ch tng hnh. V d:
Ch "Cam" (ngt)
thm 1 chm trong ch khu, biu th trong ming ang ngm thc n
ngon ngt.
Ch "Mu" (m)
dng thm 2 chm biu th bu v, tng trng cho ph n lm m.
Ch "Bn" (gc) dng thm du chm
di biu th phn gc ca cy.
125 C khong 125 ch Ch s
trong sch TVGT, chim 1%.

Ch Ch s v ch Tng hnh u l ch c th, s khc nhau ch yu ca 2

loi ch ny l: ch Ch s ch trng dng k hiu tru tng gi trn c s ch
Tng hnh, cn ch Tng hnh ch trng v hnh dng gc ca s vt, v sao cho
ging hnh dng gc .

Hi :

Theo "Thuyt vn gii t", "ch Hi l loi ch hp cc phn m thy

c ngha, nh ch (V), ch (Tn) vy". y l phng php to ch kt
hp hai hoc hai ch Tng hnh hoc Ch s tr ln, cng biu t mt ngha.
Ch yu c hai hnh thc:
1 (ng th hi )
2 (D th hi )


Ch Hi l ch hp th, t
nht cng do 2 ch hp thnh. Vic ra i ch Hi l tiu ch cho thy ch Hn t
biu hnh chuyn dn sang biu , cch to ch cng tin b hn ch Tng hnh v
Ch s.

Hnh thanh:

Theo "Thuyt vn gii t", "ch Hnh thanh l ch ly vt lm tn, mn

thanh hp thnh, nh ch (giang), ch (h) vy." Ch Hnh thanh l cch to
ch trn c s kt hp b th biu th ngha v b th biu th m c.
1 Cc hnh thc t hp hnh thanh:
1 (hnh trn thanh di)
2 (thanh trn hnh di)
3 (hnh tri thanh phi)
4 (thanh tri hnh phi)
5 (hnh trong thanh ngoi)
6 (thanh trong hnh ngoi)
7 (kt cu c th) -hnh
nm mt gc- thanh nm mt gc
C mt s b th biu th c m ln ngha. V d:
.
C mt s b th u khng biu th m v ngha. V d:
.
2 u im ca s kt hp Hnh Thanh:
1Kh nng to t cao. V d:

Vi b (mc-mt) biu hnh, c th to ra rt nhiu ch Hnh thanh nh

trn.

Vi b (long-rng) biu thanh, c th to ra cc ch Hnh thanh nh

trn.
4


Cho d b th biu hnh v biu thanh ging nhau nhng hnh thc t hp
khc nhau cng c th to ra cc ch khc nhau. V d: ///
//////
2
Hn ch hin tng 1 ch nhiu ngha do ng m gi t gy nn. V d: --------------
3
Trnh nhm ln gia cc ch na n nhau, sa li ghi sai ch. V d: /
/////
3 u - Nhc im ca phn Hnh:

C u im biu th c ngha ca ch, gip chng ta tm hiu c ngha

ch, nhng nhc im cng rt ln:
1 Biu t ngha khng c th. V d: ---

2 Tc dng biu t ngha b h thp hoc mt i.

V d:
3Biu t t tng khng tin b. V d:

4 Hnh thay i, kh nhn ra hnh gc. V d:

4. u - nhc im ca phn Thanh:

u im ca phn Thanh l biu th c m c khi qut ca ch, gip

chng ta nhn bit ch d dng hn. Nhc im l:
1 Biu m khng chun. V d:

7504 355
753 C ngi thng k rng,
trong 7504 ch Hnh thanh hin i, ch c 355 ch biu m chnh xc, chim 4.7%.
Thanh mu, Vn mu ging nhau nhng Thanh iu khc nhau c 753 ch, chim
10%.
2 Thanh kh nhn ra. V d:
5

 Chuyn ch:

Theo "Thuyt vn gii t", "ch Chuyn ch l ch nn mt u loi, ng

cng nhn, nh ch (kho), ch (lo) vy". Ch "lo" v ch "kho" u c
ngha l "gi", nn ngi ta chuyn ch "kho" ch thch ch "lo" v ngc li,
v th gi l "chuyn ch". Vy ch "chuyn ch" l nhng ch ng ngha nhng c
hnh dng khc nhau.
C 3 loi ch Chuyn ch
1 Nhng ch c cng mt b th c
ngha lin quan mt thit vi nhau. V d:
Kiu (thu lng) - Lng (thu
kiu): u c ngha l cy cu, c cng b (mc-cy).
p (tin) - Tin (L) L (tin): u mang ngha "gim, p", c cng b (tc-chn)

Nhng ch Hn trong 2 v d trn khng ng m, ng hnh

nhng ngha tng t nhau, kt cu hnh th c b th ging nhau nn cu thnh
quan h "chuyn ch".
2 Nhng ch khng c cng b th
nhng c ngha lin quan mt thit vi nhau. V d:
Vn (tn) - Tn (vn): u mang ngha
"hi han".
St (lc) - Lc (st): u mang ngha "git
hi".

Trong 2 v d trn, hnh v m ca ch khng c im g chung, nhng

ngha li ging nhau nn cng cu thnh quan h "chuyn ch".
3 Cng mt ch nhng v "chuyn
ch" nn sn sinh ra ngha khc. V d:

Ch (L) c ngha gc l "gim p". Chu Tun Thanh trong "Thuyt

vn thng hun nh thanh" cho rng: ch ny c ngha gc l "tin" (gim p),
chuyn ch thnh ngha "cng c gim p". Nh vy "l" t mt ng t chuyn
thnh mt danh t vi ngha l "giy".
6

Ch Chuyn ch do c mi quan h mt thit v mt ngha, v vy hin nay

chng c dng di dng t song m tit, nh: "cu cng, gim p, st
ht"Ch Chuyn ch bn thn n l ch Hnh thanh, c bit c mt s ch Hi .
Tt c cc v d nu trn u l ch Hnh thanh.

Gi t:

Theo "Thuyt vn gii t", "ch Gi t l ch vn khng c ch , nh
thanh m gi s, nh ch (lnh), ch (trng) vy." Nhng s vt trong v tr
th nhiu v cng, nu c c mt s vt phi c mt vn t th kh c th t cho
ch c. V vy li "gi t" (vay mn) tr nn cn thit. V d:

Lnh: ch Hi mang ngha gc "mnh lnh", mn dng lm ch "lnh"
trong "huyn lnh" (quan huyn).

Trng: ch Tng hnh mang ngha gc "ln tui", mn dng lm ch
"trng" trong "trng quan" (quan ln, quan trn).

o: ch Hi mang ngha gc "con ng", mn dng lm ch "o" trong
"o c".

Nhng v d trn u thuc cch to ch Hnh thanh hoc Hi , nhng mt

i ngha gc ca n. V vy, trn gc s dng, chng thuc ch Gi t.

Php Gi t hng s pht trin ca ch Hn t gc Hnh-Ngha ln gc

m-Ngha, thc y php Hnh thanh pht trin su rng. C th ni, php Gi t
c a v v cng quan trng trong qu trnh pht trin nhn thc l tnh ca cu hnh
ch Hn.

Trong Lc th ch c 4 loi u l php to ch, Chuyn ch v Gi t l

php dng ch, bi v 2 loi ny khng to ra ch mi.
7

BI 10: KT CU CH HN
n v kt cu:
1 Nt bt (Bt ho):
1 nh ngha

Bt ho l cc chm v ng to nn hnh th ch Hn, cng l n v kt

cu nh nht ca ch Hn. Theo yu cu khi vit ch Khi, t lc h bt n lc
nhc bt l mt nt (nht bt), cn c gi l mt nt v (nht ho), hp xng bt
ho, hnh dng c th ca bt ho gi l bt hnh.

Vn t c khng c khi nim "bt ho". Ch Trin hnh dng trn tra, cc nt
dnh lin vi nhau, rt kh phn nh v tr h bt v nhc bt. T ch L tr i bt
u hnh thnh cc nt bt thng, nhng c mt s ch hay b th c vit vi bao
nhiu nt vn khng c quy nh c th, v d ch (khu). Cho n khi xut
hin "Vnh t bt php" (8 nt chnh ca ch Vnh) ni ting ca ch Khi th mi
xc nh c h thng "bt ho" ca ch Hn.
2 Cc nt c bn

Cc nt c bn cn c vo tm nt chnh trong ch (vnh) ca

Vng Hy Chi, nhng nt ny l c s cu thnh ch Hn.

a Chm:

 chm ngn

chm di

chm ht:

chm tri

phy chm

b Ngang:

ngang bng

c S:

s ngn

s di

d Phy:

phy di

phy ngn

 phy nm

phy s

s gp phy:

ngang gp phy

ngang gp gp phy

e Mc:

mc ngang

 mc nghing:

fHt:

s ht

ngang gp ht

g Mc:

ngang mc:

 ngang gp phy cong mc

ngang gp mc

ngang gp gp gp mc

ngang gp cong mc

ngang gp nging mc

s mc:

s cong mc:

s gp gp mc:

 nghing mc:

cong mc:

nm mc:

e Gp:

ngang gp

ngang gp gp gp

ngang gp cong

 s gp

s gp gp:

s cong

phy gp

4 Cc hnh thc t hp ca nt bt:

a cch nhau
Cc nt bt tch ri nhau,
khng c im tip xc. V d:
b tip nhau
Cc nt bt tip xc nhau. V d:

c giao nhau
Cc nt bt an cho nhau. V d:

Cc nt bt ging nhau, quy tc bt thun cng nh nhau nhng c hnh thc

t hp khc nhau cng s hnh thnh cc ch khc nhau. V d:
. y l im cn c bit ch trong qu trnh dy hc v vit ch.

2 Thin bng, B th
1 Thin bng
8


Thin bng l n v cu to ch s dng hnh thc nh phn phn tch ch
Hn.
a
Ch c th: do 1 thin bng cu thnh. Lc ny khng cn gi l thin bng.
V d:
b
Ch hp th: do hai hoc hai thin bng tr ln t hp thnh 1 ch Hn.

Cch gi truyn thng l "t thin hu bng" (thin bn tri bng bn phi),
by gi gi chung l "thin bng".
Thin bng ca ch "dng" l "mc,
dng".
Thin bng ca ch "ho" l "n, t".
2 B th

B th l thin bng c tc dng quy loi kiu ch. B t in u tin trong

lch s Trung Quc "Thuyt vn gii t" a ra khi nim "b th" u tin, dng
sp xp th t ch Hn.
B th ca ch "dng" l "mc".
B th ca ch "ho" l "n".
B th t khi ra i cho n nay
tri qua nhiu ln thay i v mt s lng:
540 "Thuyt vn gii t" xc nh 540
b th.
214 "Chnh t thng" hp li cn 214 b.
214 "Khang Hy t in" dng li 214 b.
(Xem ph lc 3)
201 "Hin i Hn ng thng dng t
biu" ch a ra 201 b.
189 "Tn Hoa t in" gim xung cn 189 b.

Phng thc kt cu

Phng thc kt cu l phng thc sp xp v tr ca cc thnh phn cu to

nn ch Hn. Phng thc kt cu ca ch Hn ch yu bn n phng thc kt
cu ca ch hp th.
C cc loi phng thc kt cu chnh sau:
1 kt cu trn-di
2 kt cu trn-gia-di
3 kt cu tri-phi
4 kt cu tri-gia-phi
5 kt cu ton bao vy
6 kt cu bn bao vy
7 kt cu xuyn tm
8 kt cu ch phm

Bt thun
Bt thun l th t vit cc nt ca ch Hn.

1 Quy tc chung:

10

1ngang trc s sau

2phy trc mc sau
3trn trc di sau
4Tri trc phi sau
5ngoi trc trong sau
6vo trc ng sau
7gia trc hai bn sau

2 Quy tc b sung:

Cc quy tc bt thun nu trn ch l quy tc chung, do kt cu ch Hn phc

tp, hnh th a dng, nn bt thun ca nhiu ch l s vn dng tng hp ca cc
quy tc trn, khng nn qu cu n. V d:
1
Nt chm trn cng hoc bn tri, vit trc. V d:
2
Nt chm trn cng bn phi hoc bn trong, vit sau. V d:
3 Kt cu bn bao vy

Bn bao vy trn-tri hoc trn-phi, ngoi trc trong sau. V d:

Bn bao vy tri-di (b xc, b dn) vit sau cng. V d:

Bn bao vy pha di, vit trong trc ngoi sau. V d:

Bn bao vy pha trn, vit ngoi trc trong sau. V d:

Bn bao vy pha bn phi, vit nt trn cng trc, sau vit phn pha
trong ri mi n cc nt cn li. V d:

11

 1
Ph lc 1: Bng chnh l t d hnh t 1
Cc t trc du gch ngang l cc
t c chnh l, l cch vit ng.

 2
Ph lc 2: Bng ch Hn hin i thng dng
Theo th t nt bt
2500
2500 ch thng dng

12 nt

1 nt

2 nt

3 nt

4 nt

13 nt

5 nt

6 nt

14 nt

15 nt

16 nt

17 nt

7 nt

18 nt

19 nt

20 nt

21 nt

22 nt

23 nt

1000

1000 ch thng dng cp 2

2 nt

4 nt

5 nt

6 nt

8 nt

7 nt

8 nt

9 nt
3

9 nt

10 nt

11 nt

12 nt

10 nt

13 nt

14 nt

15 nt

11 nt

16 nt

17 nt

18 nt

19 nt

20 nt

21 nt

22 nt

23 nt

214
Ph lc 3: 214 B th
STT

TN

TH

GI

NGHA

STT

1 nt

TN

TH

GI

NGHA

111.

Th

Cy tn

1.

Nht

Mt

112.

Thch

2.

Cn

113.

Th

3.

Ch

Chm

114.

Nhu

4.

Phit

Phy

115.

Ho

5.

Cong

116.

Huyt

Hang

6.

Quyt

S mc

117.

Lp

ng

2 nt

Bo, dy
Du chn th
La

6 nt

7.

Nh

Hai

118.

Trc

Tre

8.

Chm u

119.

Go

9.

Nhn

Ngi

120.

Mch

10.

Nhi

Ngi

121.

Phu

Ci v

11.

Nhp

Vo

122.

Vng

Li

12.

Bt

Tm

123.

13.

124.

Lng (v)

14.

Mch

Che

125.

Lo

Gi

15.

Bng

Gi, lnh

126.

Nhi

16.

Gh

127.

Li

Ci cy

17.

Khm

Lm, H

128.

Nh

Tai

Quynh Trng rng

Dng D

18.

ao

Dao

129.

Dut

Ci bt

19.

Lc

Sc

130.

Nhc

Tht

B ti

Bc

131.

Thn

Tha, mung

132.

133.

Ch

Che ct

134.

Cu

Ci ci

Mi

135.

Thit

Li

Bc

Bi

136.

Xuyn

Ngang tri

Tit

Tin, mt tre

137.

Chu

Thuyn

27.

Hn

Sn ni

138.

Cn

Bn, vng

28.

Kh

Gian, ring

139.

Sc

Mu

29.

Hu

Li

140.

20.

Bao

21.

Chy

22.

23.

24.

Thp

25.

26.

Phng Hp

Tho

C
Cp

141.

Ming

142.

Trng

Su b

Vy quanh

143.

Huyt

Mu

3 nt
30.

Khu

31.

Vi

32.

Th

t ai

144.

Hnh

33.

Hc tr

145.

34.

Truy

n sau

146.

Che

35.

Tuy

i chm

7 nt

36.

Tch

m, ti

147.

Kin

Thy

37.

To ln

148.

Gic

Sng

38.

Con gi

149.

Ngn

Ni

39.

Con, con trai

150.

Cc

Hang

40.

Min

Mi nh

151.

Ht u

41.

Thn

Tc

152.

Th

Con heo, ln

42.

Tiu

Nh

153.

Tr

Sukhngchn

Khom lng

154.

Bi

Con s

Thy

155.

Xch

Mu

Trit

C mi mc

156.

Tu

Chy

Sn

Ni

157.

Tc

Chn

47.

Xuyn

Sng

158.

Thn

48.

Cng

Th

159.

Xa

Xe

49.

Bn thn

160.

Tn

Cay

50.

Cn

Khn

161.

Thn

Sm

51.

Can

Phm

162.

Xc

52.

Yu

t, nh b

163.

Khu t

53.

Ym

Mi nh

164.

Du

Gi Du, no

54.

Dn

Bc di

165.

Bin

Chia, phn

55.

Cng

Chp tay

166.

Dm

56.

Dc

Bn

57.

Cung

Cy cung

167.

Kim

Vng

58.

u nhm

168.

59.

Sam

Lng, tc

169.

Mn

Ca

60.

Xch

Bc ngn

170.

Ph

G, ng

171.

Kp, ui bt

43.

Ung

44.

Thi

45.

46.

8 nt

4 nt

Trng Di

61.

Tm

Tim, tm lng

172.

Chuy

62.

Qua

Ci mc

173.

63.

Ca ng

174.

Thanh

64.

Th

Tay

175.

Phi

65.

Chi

Cnh

Thn th

9 nt
3

Chim non
Ma
Mu xanh
Khng phi

66.

Phc

nh nh

176.

Din

Mt

67.

Vn

Nt

177.

Cch

Da

68.

Ci u

178.

69.

Cn

Cn, ci ru

179.

Cu

Rau h

70.

Phng Vung

180.

Ting

Khng

181.

Hit

71.

Vi

Da mm

72.

Nht

Mt tri

182.

Phong

Gi

73.

Vit

Rng

183.

Phi

Bay

74.

184.

Thc

75.

Mc

Cy

185.

Th

76.

Khim

Thiu

186.

77.

Ch

Dng

78.

Xu

187.

Nga

79.

Th

Cy gy

188.

Ct

Xng

80.

ng

189.

Cao

Cao

81.

So snh

190.

Biu

Tc di

82.

Mao

Lng

191.

nh nhau

83.

Th

192.

Sng

Ru np

84.

Kh

Hi

193.

Lch

Ni, ch

194.

Qu

Ma qu

Nguyt Mt trng

Hng Thm

10 nt

85.

Thu

Nc

86.

Ho

La

87.

Tro

Mng, vut

195.

Ng

88.

Ph

Cha

196.

iu

Chim

89.

Ho

Giao nhau

197.

11 nt

Mui t nhin

90.

Tng

Tm phn

198.

Lc

Hu, nai

91.

Phin

Mnh, tm

199.

Mch

La mch

92.

Nha

Rng

200.

Ma

93.

Ngu

Tru, b

Cy gai

12 nt

94. Khuyn Ch
5 nt

201.

Hong

Vng

202.

Th

La k

95.

Ngc

Ngc

203.

Hc

en

96.

Huyn

en

204.

Ch

May o

97.

Qua

Da

98.

Ngo

Ngi

205.

Mnh

Loi cc

99.

Cam

Ngt

206.

nh

nh, vc

100.

Sinh

Sng

207.

Ci trng

101.

Dng

Dng

208.

Th

Loi chut

102.

in

Rung

103.

209.

Ci mi

104.

Tt

Bnh tt

210.

Chnh t

105.

Bt

Ri ra

211.

Rng

106.

Bch

Trng

107.

108.

Mnh

14 nt

16 nt

Da

212.

Long

Rng

Chn, da

213.

Quy

Ra

Dc

ng so 3 l

109.

Mc

Mt

110.

Mu

Ci gio

13 nt

17 nt
214.


TI LIU THAM KHO
1) () 1999
2) 1999
3) 1993
4) 2000
5) 1987
6)
2002
7) 2000
8) Nguyn Vn Ba, Nho vn gio khoa ton th, Vit Nam vn hin, Sign
1970.
9) Nguyn Quang Hng, m tit v loi hnh ngn ng, NXB Khoa hc x hi,
H Ni 1994.
10)

http://www.jsedu.net/

11)

http://www.mymandarin.com/

12)

http://www.sdu.edu.cn/

Th t gp gi v:
khoatrungvan@yahoo.com