Ontology l g?

C mt thc t l chng ta ang ngp lt dn trong kho d liu khng l m vn ang phnh to, ln
dn ln theo tng giy trn internet. V trong bi cnh nh vy th trit l ca Google mang li
nhng thng tin p ng tt nht i vi ngi dng bng nhng cng c tm kim rt mnh nh
mt v cu tinh khi nc l trn v. Phi cng nhn rng trit l y lm nn mt g khng l trong
cng ngh tm kim thng tin trn mng v tht kh c th tng tng nu khng c mt cng c
Search nh vy th liu internet c pht trin c th ny.
Nhng cng cn nhn ra rng, g khng l ny cng khng th p ng c ht nhu cu ca c dn
trn mng. Chc chn bn tng tm nhng thng tin trn mng bng nhng cng c Search v
nhn c nhng kt qu khng st thc vi nhu cu tm kim v n mt lc no bn li nh bn
b hay tnh c tm c mt trang tuyt vi, p ng y nhng g bn cn.
V sao vy? Vn c bn nm c ch hot ng ca h thng web. Cc trang web cha cc thng
tin a phng tin: text, hnh nh, m thanhd dng tnh hay ng th cng l nhng thng tin
ch c tc dng hin th cho ngi dng ch khng cho my tnh hiu v x l. V vy, vi h
thng web nh vy th chng ta phi tm kim thng tin trn web bng cch no? ng nhin l
phi phn tch thng tin trn trang web (data mining) v cng ngh x l vn bn tr thnh mt
ti nghin cu c pht trin rt nhanh chng. Cc cng c Search vi c ch hot ng dng
web spider lng sc nhng trang web mi, phn tch d liu trn trang web c gng hiu ni
dung ca n, sau nh ch s v lu tr cc thng tin quan trng v a ch ca trang web. Khi
ngi search thng tin, h s a ra nhng t kha, nu t kha khp vi nhng t quan trng ca
trang web no th trang s l kt qu tr v ca php tm kim.
Nhng c ch ny hn ch ng ngha. V nu ch s dng nhng t kha tm kim th do vn
ngn ng (t a ngha) m c nhiu s nhp nhng v nhm ln dn n kt qu sai. Hn na, vic
hiu ni dung ca trang web thng qua phn tch text cng khng phi l phng php c chnh
xc cao. V vy, m cng ng nhng nh nghin cu vn nung nu mt mong mun ng ngha
ha h thng web. Ngha l trang web by gi s cha ng thng tin ch o trn trang v biu
din di dng m my tnh c th hiu c, x l c. V nu vin cnh thnh cng th trit l
thng tin mi ni s bin thnh thng tin tt nht mi ni.
Vn quan trng nht y l lm th no cc trang web c c nhng thng tin ng ngha
ch o ca n. V d nh trang web ny ni v vn g? Thuc lnh vc noTt nhin, cu tr li
d nht s l hy ngi no cung cp ni dung cho trang web vit thng tin ng ngha ca web
v h chnh l ngi nm r nht thng tin quan trng trn web. Vy th gii php c ri???

Chng ta hy cng nhau to v mt cng c, c th l mt ngn ng chun cho web m c th biu

din c thng tin ng ngha cho web, c th to mt m hnh d liu web m my tnh c th
hiu c. V W3C Web Semantic Group cho ra i cc ngn ng nh RDF (Resource
Desciption Framework), RDF shema, v OWL vi mt hi vng nh th. Cch thc biu din mt
cch hnh thc cc khi nim nhm mc ch to ng ngha cho web ngi ta gi l ontology trong
computer science.
Khi nim v ontology
Trong khoa hc my tnh, mt ontology l mt m hnh d liu biu din mt lnh vc v c s
dng suy lun v cc i tng trong lnh vc v mi quan h gia chng. Ontology cung cp
mt b t vng chung bao gm cc khi nim, cc thuc tnh quan trng v cc nh ngha v cc
khi nim v cc thuc tnh ny. Ngoi b t vng, ontology cn cung cp cc rng buc, i khi cc
rng buc ny c coi nh cc gi nh c s v ngha mong mun ca b t vng, n c s
dng trong mt min m c th c giao tip gia ngi v cc h thng ng dng phn tn hn tp
khc.

Cc ontology c s dng nh l mt biu mu trnh by tri thc v th gii hay mt phn ca n.

Cc ontology thng miu t:
* Cc c th: Cc i tng c bn, nn tng
* Cc lp: Cc tp hp, hay kiu ca cc i tng
* Cc thuc tnh: Thuc tnh, tnh nng, c im, tnh cch, hay cc thng s m cc i tng c
v c th em ra chia s.
* Cc mi lin h: Cc con ng m cc i tng c th lin h ti mt i tng khc.
B t vng ontology c xy dng trn c s tng RDF v RDFS, cung cp kh nng biu din ng
ngha mm do cho ti nguyn Web v c kh nng h tr lp lun.
Cc phn t trong ontology
Cc c th (Individuals) - Th hin
Cc c th l cc thnh phn c bn, nn tng ca mt ontology. Cc c th trong mt ontology c

th bao gm cc i tng c th nh con ngi, ng vt, ci bn cng nh cc c th tru tng

nh cc thnh vin hay cc t. Mt ontology c th khng cn bt k mt c th no, nhng mt
trong nhng l do chnh ca mt ontology l cung cp mt ng ngha ca vic phn lp cc c th,
mc d cc c th ny khng thc s l mt phn ca ontology.
Cc lp (Classes) - Khi nim
Cc lp l cc nhm, tp hp cc i tng tru tng. Chng c th cha cc c th, cc lp khc,
hay l s phi hp ca c hai.
Cc ontology bin i tu thuc vo cu trc v ni dung ca n: Mt lp c th cha cc lp con, c
th l mt lp tng quan (cha tt c mi th), c th l lp ch cha nhng c th ring l, Mt lp
c th xp gp vo hoc b xp gp vo bi cc lp khc. Mi quan h xp gp ny c s dng
to ra mt cu trc c th bc cc lp, thng l vi mt lp thng dng nht kiu Thing trn nh
v cc lp rt r rng kiu 2002, Ford pha di cng.
Cc thuc tnh (Properties)
Cc i tng trong ontology c th c m t thng qua vic khai bo cc thuc tnh ca chng.
Mi mt thuc tnh u c tn v gi tr ca thuc tnh . Cc thuc tnh c s dng lu tr
cc thng tin m i tng c th c. V d, i vi mt c nhn c th c cc thuc tnh: H_tn,
ngy_sinh, qu_qun, s_cmnd
Gi tr ca mt thuc tnh c th c cc kiu d liu phc tp.
Cc mi quan h (Relation)
Mt trong nhng ng dng quan trng ca vic s dng cc thuc tnh l m t mi lin h gia
cc i tng trong ontology. Mt mi quan h l mt thuc tnh c gi tr l mt i tng no
trong ontology.
Mt kiu quan h quan trng l kiu quan h xp gp (subsumption). Kiu quan h ny m t cc
i tng no l cc thnh vin ca cc lp no ca cc i tng.
Hin ti, vic kt hp cc ontology l mt tin trnh c lm phn ln l th cng, do vy rt tn
thi gian v t . Vic s dng cc ontology l c s cung cp mt nh ngha thng dng ca
cc thut ng ct li c th lm cho tin trnh ny tr nn d qun l hn. Hin ang c cc nghin
cu da trn cc k thut sn sinh ni kt cc ontology, tuy nhin lnh vc ny mi ch hin hu

v mt l thuyt.
Ngn ng OWL
OWL (The Web Ontology Language) l mt ngn ng gn nh XML dng m t cc h c s tri
thc. OWL l mt ngn ng nh du dng xut bn v chia s d liu trn Internet thng qua
nhng m hnh d liu gi l ontology. Ontology m t mt lnh vc (domain) v din t nhng i
tng trong lnh vc cng nhng mi quan h gia cc i tng ny. OWL l phn m rng v t
vng ca RDF v c k tha t ngn ng DAML+OIL Web ontology mt d n c h tr bi
W3C. OWL biu din ngha ca cc thut ng trong cc t vng v mi lin h gia cc thut ng
ny m bo ph hp vi qu trnh x l bi cc phn mm.
OWL c xem nh l mt k thut trng yu ci t cho Semantic Web trong tng lai. OWL
c thit k c bit cung cp mt cch thc thng dng trong vic x l ni dung thng tin ca
Web. Ngn ng ny c k vng rng s cho php cc h thng my tnh c th c c thay th
cho con ngi. V OWL c vit bi XML, cc thng tin OWL c th d dng trao i gia cc kiu
h thng my tnh khc nhau, s dng cc h iu hnh v cc ngn ng ng dng khc nhau. Mc
ch chnh ca OWL l s cung cp cc chun to ra mt nn tng qun l ti sn, tch hp mc
doanh nghip v chia s cng nh ti s dng d liu trn Web. OWL c pht trin bi n c
nhiu tin li biu din ngha v ng ngha hn so vi XML, RDF v RDFS, v v OWL ra i
sau cc ngn ng ny, n c kh nng biu din cc ni dung m my c th biu din c trn
Web.
Cc phin bn ca OWL
Hin nay c ba loi OWL : OWL Lite, OWL DL (description logic), v OWL Full.
OWL Lite: h tr cho nhng ngi dng ch yu cn s phn lp theo th bc v cc rng buc n
gin. V d: Trong khi n h tr cc rng buc v tp hp, n ch cho php tp hp gi tr ca 0 hay 1.
iu ny cho php cung cp cc cng c h tr OWL Lite d dng hn so vi cc bn khc.OWL DL
(OWL Description Logic): h tr cho nhng ngi dng cn s din cm ti a trong khi cn duy
trnh tnh tnh ton ton vn (tt c cc kt lun phi c m bo tnh ton) v tnh quyt nh
(tt c cc tnh ton s kt thc trong khong thi gian hn ch). OWL DL bao gm tt c cc cu
trc ca ngn ng OWL, nhng chng ch c th c s dng vi nhng hn ch no (V d:
Trong khi mt lp c th l mt lp con ca rt nhiu lp, mt lp khng th l mt th hin ca mt
lp khc).
OWL DL cng c ch nh theo s tng ng vi logic m t, mt lnh vc nghin cu trong logic

 to nn s thit lp chnh thc ca OWL.OWL Full mun cp ti nhng ngi dng cn s din
cm ti a v s t do ca RDF m khng cn m bo s tnh ton ca cc biu thc. V d, trong
OWL Full, mt lp c th c xem xt ng thi nh l mt tp ca cc c th v nh l mt c th
trong chnh bn thn n. OWL Full cho php mt ontology gia c thm nghi ca cc t vng c
nh ngha trc (RDF hoc OWL).
Cc phin bn ny tch bit v cc tin ch khc nhau, OWL Lite l phin bn d hiu nht v phc
tp nht l OWL Full.
Mi lin h gia cc ngn ng con ca OWL:
- Mi ontology hp l da trn OWL Lite u l ontology hp l trn OWL DL
- Mi ontology hp l da trn OWL DL u l ontology hp l trn OWL Full
- Mi kt lun hp l da trn OWL Lite u l kt lun hp l trn OWL DL
- Mi kt lun hp l da trn OWL DL u l kt lun hp l trn OWL Full

(Bi vit c tham kho ca nhiu gio s )