Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lanh ao
2005
1
T AP MOT
VA N DU N G BA N
THAN: NHN LAI
T AI NANG CUA
TIEN NHAN
Lanh ao
Toan Bo 6 Tap
Tap 1
Van Dung Ban Than: Nhn Lai Tai
Nang Cua Tien Nhan
Tap 2
Van Dung Boi Canh: Nhn Lai Tai
Nang Cua Tien Nhan
Tap 3
Van Dung oi Tng: Nhn Lai
Tai Nang Cua Tien Nhan
Tap 4
Van Dung Ban Than: Tai Nang Cua
Nhng Nhan Vat ng ai
Tap 5
Van Dung Boi Canh: Tai Nang Cua
Nhng Nhan Vat ng ai
Tap 6
Van Dung oi Tng: Tai Nang
Cua Nhng Nhan Vat ng ai
4
bien soan
Ha Hng Quoc
chuyen gia quan tr
THE NAO LA
La n h a o la nghe
thua t va khoa ho c
na n g s so n g.
Kho n g tr la nghe
thuat va khoa hoc ap
at s chet.
8
ke
khong tr
la
11
12
ngi
lanh ao
la
mo t ng i bie t va n
dung ban than, biet van
du n g bo i ca n h cu n g
phng tien thien xao va
biet van dung oi tng
e lo i cuo n va o
con ng do
chnh mnh va c h
dan vi chu y
cung nhau tranh
thu nhng muc
tieu chu nh tien
ti cu canh
mong cau.
17
T rong nhng xa
ho i thoa n g hoa t ,
nhng ngi lanh
ao ung ngha co
mat moi cap o
va cong viec lanh
ao c thc hien
moi cap o.
Ho tham d v i
mot tinh than lanh
manh, khong t ton
cung khong t ti.
18
19
Chu Thch
1. Nhn suot dong lch s cua nhan loai, neu anh gia mot
cach that khach quan, nhng con ngi xng ang c ton
xng la minh quan hoac thanh nhan khong co nhieu. Neu
ch biet thu ong trong cay vao nhng nhan vat phi pham
nay th van menh cua con ngi tren mat at chac chan se
khong c sang sua lam.
2. Hai ch lanh tu cu ky cung nhng y niem benh hoan
chung quanh no la mot bat hanh ln va v the khong nen e
no tiep tuc hien hu trong ngon ng ung an va trong tam
thc chan chnh.
21
BAN THAN?
ngi
lanh ao
la
26
30
32
La n h a o la la m
nhng quyet nh at
tren s chon la va
s chon la cua con
ngi lanh ao cham
c trai tim cua ca
the, noi c vong
tay vi tap the, cuon
hu t c qua n
chung.
55
T na n g tch lu y
c ni ban than tuy
thuoc vao chieu rong
cua s hoc hoi, chieu
sau cua s ao luyen,
va chieu day cua s
ap dung kien thc vao
i song.
59
Ho c ta p la mo t ta c
trnh va la mot tac
trnh dien ra lien tuc
trong mo i th i gian,
di moi khong gian, t
moi oi tng, bang moi
phng tien.
64
66
74
85
Biet gi mnh co y
ngha la biet lang
nghe, biet thch ng
va biet tai tao.
87
Bie t la n g nghe la
mot ky thuat va la
mot nghe thuat ma
bat c mot ngi lanh
ao gioi nao cung phai
co kha nang nay .
92
nhng ch dau (key measures; leading/trailing indicators) cung nh lang nghe ket qua (results; performance feedback/feed forward).
Rieng noi ve s van dung ban than cua mot ngi
lanh ao, biet lang nghe ay ac biet muon noi
ti nhng viec sat thc hn: (1) biet thiet lap mot
he thong thong tin thoang hoat va hieu qua; (2)
biet lt lay, ghi nhan, phan tch va tan dung thong
tin, ac biet la chu y ti nhng dau hieu cho thay
nhng nguy c co the xay ra; (3) biet tao lap va
boi dng mot moi trng thoang hoat e moi
ngi co the tch cc ong gop tieng noi xay dng,
khong lo ngai b trng phat en noi ch gi im
lang hoac ch noi mot chieu theo thng cap; (4)
biet tm en nhng ngi tai gioi hn mnh that
nhieu e tham van va loi keo ho ve vay boc chung
quanh; (5) biet hoi ung ngi tuy theo viec va
ung luc tuy theo tnh hnh; (6) biet chap nhan s
phe phan cua ban va cua oi phng roi dung o
lam c s e tai tham nh lai van e va ieu
chnh lai ke sach; va (7) quan trong hn het la
biet nhan loi va cam n nhng ngi ch iem s
sai lam hoac s thieu sot hoac s nong can; dam
noi toi sai la ac tnh cua mot ngi lanh ao t
tin va co am lc.
93
Biet
Lang Nghe la . . .
Biet thiet lap mot he thong thong tin
thoang hoat va hieu qua.
Biet lt lay, ghi nhan, phan tch va
tan dung thong tin, ac biet la chu y
ti nhng dau hieu cho thay nhng nguy
c co the xay ra.
Biet tao lap va boi dng mot moi
trng thoang hoat e moi ngi co
the tch cc ong gop tieng noi xay
dng, khong lo ngai b trng phat en
noi ch gi im lang hoac ch noi mot
chieu theo thng cap.
94
95
cha cua vua Tran Nhan Tong, cho hop hoi ngh
Dien Hong hoi ke anh giac. Cau hoi then chot
trong hoi ngh lan sau cung nay la co nen anh
hay khong? S chuan b rao riet cua bo phan
lanh ao nha Tran cho thay mot ieu rat ro: quyet
tam chong Nguyen Mong xam lc cu nc la
ieu a c xac nh dau cho nhan dan co chon
la khac. Nhng cai tuyet vi cua cau hoi -cong
vi ngi hoi, thi gian va boi canh c hoinam trong nhng muc ch cua no. Mot cau hoi
e phoi kiem lai tnh hnh, e tham nh lan chot
y ch au tranh cua dan toc, e van ong y thc
va quyet tam khang chien, e the hien hoa t
pha chnh quyen s ton trong ung mc tieng noi
cua nhan dan, e mat thiet hoa s gan gui gia
chnh quyen va nhan dan, e lam sau day them
niem tin cua nhan dan oi vi chnh quyen, e
c s hau thuan tuyet oi cua nhan dan. Ngay
26 thang 12 nam 1284, thi iem bat au cuoc
chien tranh ve quoc, quan Nguyen Mong anh
vao Vnh Chau, Noi Bang, Thiet Lc va Chi
Lang. Ch sau 5 ngay tien quan t Loc Chau
xuong canh quan pha Tay cua Bot La ap Nh
cung nh ai quan cua Thoat Hoan a pha v
tuyen phong ng pha Bac, chu yeu bao ve Thang
Long cua quan ai Viet, va bat au tien xuong
ong bang pha Nam. Mat tran Noi Bang tan v
102
tam cua ngi lanh ao. Cai biet lang nghe cua
Tran Nhan Tong, cua bo phan lanh ao nha Tran,
va cua toan dan quan ai Viet a huy ong c
sinh lc cua dan toc ti mc cha tng co trong
lch s; mot thi ma vu lc, tn lc va tr lc cua
at nc c van dung ti nh cao cha tng co
trong lch s.
Nhng th du tren cho thay ngi lanh ao can
phai biet lang nghe t nhieu loai oi tng: lang
nghe thng cap, lang nghe thuoc cap, lang nghe
quan chung, lang nghe chnh mnh, lang nghe ca
nhan, lang nghe tap the, lang nghe ngi tr, lang
nghe ke ngu, lang nghe ngi than can, lang nghe
ke khong quen, lang nghe ke thu, lang nghe ong
ch. Ngi lanh ao can phai biet lang nghe qua
nhieu phng tien: chuyen van, hop ban, ai hoi,
ngh luan, chnh sach va c trnh, van van. Ngi
lanh ao phai biet lang nghe lien tuc va lang nghe
chnh xac, lang nghe nhng cai tho phu lan nhng
cai vi te, lang nghe vi thc tam va am lc. Va
sau khi a lang nghe phai hanh ong v muc ch
toi hau cho cai lang nghe la e hanh ong, hanh
ong ung va hanh ong kp thi.
105
Ngc lai, nhng he thong phc tap bien thai (complex systems) la nhng he thong khong khang
nh (non-deterministic systems) va la nhng he
thong khong thuan khien c (non-tractable systems). Ngi ta kho co the tien lieu chnh xac
hanh vi cua mot he thong phc tap bien thai (nonpredictable system), ngay ca trng hp chc nang
cua nhng bo phan cau tao nen he thong o eu
c hieu ro. Ngoai thuoc tnh khong khang nh
va khong thuan khien (complex systems first property: non-determinism and non-tractability), nhng
he thong phc tap bien thai con co thuoc tnh th
hai la kho tach phan (complex systems second
property: limited decomposability). Rat kho, neu
khong muon noi la khong the nao, tach phan c
mot he thong phc tap bien thai thanh nhng bo
phan rieng re ma chc nang cua moi bo phan van
duy tr nh trc (it is very difficult, if not impossible, to attemp decomposing a complex system
into functionally stable parts). Nhng he thong
phc tap bien dang co mot cau truc nang ong (a
dynamic structure). S giao ng thng trc cua
mot he thong phc tap bien thai vi moi trng
cua no (permanent interaction with its environment of a complex system) phoi hp vi nhng
thuoc tnh nay sinh va t to chc cua no (properties of emergence and self-organization) cho phep
110
no t tai cau tao theo chc nang (allow it to functionally restructure itself). Nay sinh va t to chc
la thuoc tnh th ba cua nhng he thong phc tap
bien thai (complex systems third property: emergence and self-organization). Nay sinh la hoat
trnh a en nhng cau truc, nhng dang tnh,
nhng thuoc tnh mi va khe hp (emergence is
the process of deriving some new and coherent
structures, patterns and properties). Hien tng
nay sinh xay ra v dang tnh, khong theo trc tuyen
va c phan bo, cua nhng giao ng gia nhng
phan t ben trong he thong suot mot thi gian
(emergent phenomena occur due to pattern,
nonlienar and distributed, of interactions between
the elements of the system over time). Thuoc
tnh nay sinh khong the trc tiep nhan ra va d
oan c (not directly accessible; nor directly
identiable and anticipatory), dau la hieu biet tng
tan tng bo phan rieng le nam trong he thong o,
nhng hien tng nay sinh co the quan sat c
cap o tong the (obervable at a global level), dau
la khi phat t nhng phan t cap o a phng
(even though generated by local-level elements).
Con cai nghiem c cua thuoc tnh t to chc
nam hien tng cau truc cua he thong thng
xuat hien ma khong co nhng ap lc ro ret hoac
nhng dnh lu en t ben ngoai he thong (the
111
essence of self-organization is that system structure often appears without explicit pressure or involvement from outside the system). Noi mot
cach khac, nhng rang buoc tren the dang cua
mot he thong phc tap bien thai la ket qua cua
nhng giao ng gia nhng phan t ben trong he
thong (the constraints on form of a complex system are internal to the system, resulting from the
interactions among the elements within the system). Cai goi la t to chc co the tien trien dan
theo thi gian hoac khong gian, co the duy tr mot
hnh dang on co hoac co the the hien mot hien
tng chuyen hoa tam thi (the self-organization
can evolve in either time or space, maintain a
stable form or show transient phenomena). Sau
het, thuoc tnh th t cua nhng he thong phc
tap bien thai la ban chat phan bo (complex systems
fourth property: distributed nature). Mot he hong
goi la c phan bo khi tai nguyen cua he thong
o c phan phoi tren nhieu iem trong he thong
(a system is said to be distributed when its
rersources are physically or virtually distributed
on various locations). Nhng tai nguyen cua mot
he thong co the la tin tc, la nang lng, la bieu
trng van van.
Trong thien nhien, mot con ong hoac mot bay
112
115
Biet
THCH NG la . . .
Khong bao thu, co chap, bam vao nh kien
han hep, nhng nguyen nhan ot chay sinh lc
va lam kho can au oc lan tam huyet cua moi
ngi chung quanh.
Khong nga man va chu quan, nguyen nhan a
en nhng that bai te hai a nhn thay trc va
co the ngan chan.
Khong e thien kien cua chnh mnh va cua
nhng ngi vay quanh lam mu loa, phai nhn
thay s that ung vi s that nh chnh no th
mi co the cai thien c hoan canh va nam
c c hoi tot.
Khong giao ieu va cuong tn, nguyen nhan
lam cho the gii nho hep lai va ay tang toc.
Khong e b thuc ay bi cuong vong ca nhan,
khat vong t no la sc manh nhng cuong vong
[khat vong thieu han nhng kiem soat khach
quan] la ong lc dan en s huy diet cua chnh
mnh
va nhieu ngi khac.
116
117
125
126
135
Biet
Tai Tao la . . .
Biet lot xac bien thanh con
ngi mi cho vai tro mi trong
giai oan mi.
Biet lam cho thuoc vien va
quan chung hoi phuc sinh lc
sau nhng tieu hao ln.
Biet bao dng sinh lc cua
thuoc vien va quan chung e
van dung lau dai va hieu qua.
140
lc, chnh ban than cua hai vua Tran Thanh Tong
va Tran Nhan Tong a nhieu lan em mang mnh
ra lam moi nh co y lam tieu hao lc lng quan
ch va dan du chung lun sau vao tran a bat li
e roi sau o dan quan ai Viet co the trien khai
chien lc bao vay va tieu diet. Qua hanh ong
cua ban than hai vua a the hien mot cach vo
cung thc te va gan gui cai g thc s la dan vi
quy, xa tac t chi, quan vi khinh cua ngi lanh
ao co d tai va c. Sau khi ap tan t xam
lc th ba, Tran Nhan Tong a c Trung ai Phu
Tran Khac Dung i cong phng vat, nam 1288,
va kem theo o la mot la th len an toi ac chien
tranh. Vua Tra n Nha n To n g vie t : Na m Ch
Nguyen th 23 (1286), bnh chng A Ly Hai tham
cong ngoai bien gii, lam trai thanh ch. Do the,
tieu quoc sinh linh mot phng phai chu lam than.
. . .Mua ong nam Ch Nguyen th 24 (1287) lai
thay ai quan thuy bo eu tien sang, thieu ot
chua chien khap nc, ao bi mo ma to tien, bat
giet ngi dan gia tre, ap pha san nghiep tram
ho, cac hanh ong tan nhan pha phach khong g
la khong lam. . . . Tham chnh O Ma Nhi lau nam
binh thuyen rieng ra ngoai bien, bat het bien dan
vung bien, ln th giet chet, nho th bat i, cho
en ca treo troi xe mo, mnh au khap chon. Tram
ho b bc ti cho chet, ben day len cai hoa con
150
162
5. Biet Ri Bo Vu ai Lanh ao
168
6. Khong e Rt Vao
Con ng H Hoai
195
Li Ket
Chu Thch
4. Phan Duy Kha & La Duy Lan & inh Cong V, Nhn Lai
Lch S, xb nam 2003 tai Ha Noi, nxb Van Hoa Thong Tin.
5. Trch trong bai ng thi ieu Nguyen Trung Trc cua
c nhan Huynh Man at, Tuan Phu Ha Tien, mot s phu
trong hang ngu chong Phap, que tai Rach Gia.
6. Le Manh That, Toan Tap Tran Nhan Tong, trang 235, xb
nam 2000 tai TP HCM, nxb TP HCM
7. Th Tran Ha Tien vao thi o co ten la Truc Bang Thanh
va con co ten khac la Phng Thanh.
8. Nguyen Hu Hieu, Chua Nguyen va Nhng Giai Thoai
M at Phng Nam, xb nam 2002 tai TP HCM, nxb Tre
9. Ngo Hu, Dng C ai Ngha Quang Phuc To Quoc,
trang 4, 12/25/2004
10. Ngo Hu, Dng C ai Ngha Quang Phuc To Quoc,
trang 7, 12/25/2004
11. Le Manh That, Toan Tap Tran Nhan Tong, trang 63, xb
nam 2000 tai TP HCM, nxb TP HCM
12. Le Van Hu & Ngo S Lien & Phan Phu Tien, ai Viet
S Ky Toan Th Ban Ky, trang 269-270, xb nam 2001, an
ban ien t do Vien Khoa Hoc Xa Hoi Viet Nam chuyen
dch 1985-1992
13. Le Van Hu & Ngo S Lien & Phan Phu Tien, ai Viet
S Ky Toan Th Ban Ky, trang 270, xb nam 2001, an ban
198
22. Le Manh That, Toan Tap Tran Nhan Tong, trang 164, xb
nam 2000 tai TP HCM, nxb TP HCM
23. Le Manh That, Toan Tap Tran Nhan Tong, trang 202, xb
nam 2000 tai TP HCM, nxb TP HCM
24 Le Van Hu & Ngo S Lien & Phan Phu Tien, ai Viet S
Ky Toan Th Ban Ky, trang 353, xb nam 2001, an ban ien
t do Vien Khoa Hoc Xa Hoi Viet Nam chuyen dch 19851992
25. Le Manh That, Toan Tap Tran Nhan Tong, trang 169171, xb nam 2000 tai TP HCM, nxb TP HCM
26. Nguyen Khac Thuan, Viet S Giai Thoai, trang 25, xb
nam 2004, tai TP HCM, nxb Giao Duc
27. Le Van Hu & Ngo S Lien & Phan Phu Tien, ai Viet
S Ky Toan Th Ban Ky, trang 269-270, xb nam 2001, an
ban ien t do Vien Khoa Hoc Xa Hoi Viet Nam chuyen
dch 1985-1992
28. Nguyen Khac Thuan, Danh Tng Viet Nam Tap 2, trang
149-150, xb nam 2004 tai TP HCM, nxb Giao Duc
29. Nguyen Khac Thuan, Danh Tng Viet Nam Tap 5, trang
55-56, xb nam 2004 tai TP HCM, nxb Giao Duc
30. Nguyen Khac Thuan, Danh Tng Viet Nam Tap 2, trang
149-150, xb nam 2004 tai TP HCM, nxb Giao Duc
200
31. Nguyen Khac Thuan, Danh Tng Viet Nam Tap 2, trang
139, xb nam 2004 tai TP HCM, nxb Giao Duc
32. Nguyen Khac Thuan, Danh Tng Viet Nam Tap 2, trang
139, xb nam 2004 tai TP HCM, nxb Giao Duc
33. Nguyen Khac Thuan, Danh Tng Viet Nam Tap 2, trang
134-140, xb nam 2004 tai TP HCM, nxb Giao Duc
34. inh Cong V, Cac Bac Khai Quoc Trieu Le, trang 223245, xb nam 2003 tai TP HN, nxbVan Hoa Thong Tin
35. Nguyen Khac Thuan, Danh Tng Viet Nam Tap 2, trang
40-45, xb nam 2004 tai TP HCM, nxb Giao Duc
36. Nguyen Khac Thuan, Danh Tng Viet Nam Tap 2, trang
46, xb nam 2004 tai TP HCM, nxb Giao Duc
37. Nguyen Khac Thuan, Danh Tng Viet Nam Tap 2, trang
46, xb nam 2004 tai TP HCM, nxb Giao Duc
38. inh Cong V, Cac Bac Khai Quoc Trieu Le, trang 157,
xb nam 2003 tai TP HN, nxbVan Hoa Thong Tin
39. inh Cong V, Cac Bac Khai Quoc Trieu Le, trang 246,
xb nam 2003 tai TP HN, nxbVan Hoa Thong Tin
40. inh Cong V, Cac Bac Khai Quoc Trieu Le, trang 252,
xb nam 2003 tai TP HN, nxbVan Hoa Thong Tin
41. inh Cong V, Cac Bac Khai Quoc Trieu Le, trang 250,
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