BIN I NG NHT

Trong cc k thi hc sinh gii ton lp 9 v tuyn sinh vo lp 10

cc trng chuyn, cc bi ton v bin i ng nht thng
hay xut hin v vic gii chng thng khng d dng vi cc
em hc sinh. Di y ti xin trnh by chi tit li gii mt s
thi cc em c th tham kho v rt ra nhng kinh nghim
cho bn thn khi gii cc bi ton dng ny.

Bi 1. Cho a, b l cc s tha mn a b 0 v a 3 a 2b ab 2 6b3 0 . Tnh gi

a 4 4b 4
tr biu thc P 4
b 4a 4
Gii.

a 3 a 2b ab 2 6b3 0 a 3 2a 2b a 2b 4b3 ab 2 2b3 0

a 2 a 2b b a 2b a 2b b 2 a 2b 0

a 2b a 2 ab 3b 2 0
2

b 11

V a ab 3b a b 2 0, a b 0 nn a 2b
2
4

Do

a 2 2b 2 a 2 2b 2
4b 2 2b 2 4b 2 2b 2
a 4 4b 4
12
4
P 4
2

4
b 4a
9 7
21
b 2a 2 b 2 2a 2
b 2 8b 2 b 2 8b 2

Bi 2.Cho 3 s x, y, z i mt khc nhau tha x 3 3x 1; y 3 3 y 1; z 3 3z 1

Chng minh x 2 y 2 z 2 6
Gii.

V Tin Trnh Trng PTNK

Ta c: x 3 y 3 3 x y x y x 2 xy y 2 3 x y
x 2 xy y 2 3 1 (v x y )

Tng t ta cng c y 2 yz z 2 3

2 ; z 2 zx x 2 3 3

Ly (1) (2) ta c: x 2 z 2 xy yz 0 x z x y z 0 x y z 0
(v x z ).
V x y z 0 x 2 y 2 z 2 2 xy yz zx
Cng (1), (2), (3) v theo v ta c:

12 x

2 x 2 y 2 z 2 xy yz zx 9 2 x 2 y 2 z 2

y2 z2 9

x2 y 2 z 2 6
Bi 3. Chng minh rng nu:

a2
b2
c2
a
b
c

1 th

0
bc c a a b
bc ca ab

Gii:
Cch 1: T

a
b
c

1 , ta c:
bc c a a b

a
b
c
a2
ab
ac
+
1

1
bc
c a a b
bc
c a ab

b
a
c
b2
ab
bc
1

2
ca
bc ab
ca
bc ab

c
a
b
c2
ac
bc
1

3
a b
bc ca
ab
bc ca

T 1 , 2 , 3 ta c:
a2
b2
c2
ab
ac
ab
bc
ac
bc

bc c a a b
ca a b
bc ab
bc ca
bc ac
bc ab
ac
ab
a b c

ca ca ab ab bc bc

V Tin Trnh Trng PTNK

 abc

b a c c a b a b c

ca
a b
bc

abcabc 0

a
b
c

abc
bc ca ab

Cch 2: Ta c: a b c

a2
b2
c2
a
b
c abc
bc
ca
a b
a2
b2
c2

0
bc c a a b

Bi 4. Cho a, b 0, c 0. Chng minh rng:

1 1 1
0 ab ac bc
a b c

Gii

a c b c a b a b 2 ab

a b

a b

c0
2

Ta c: a b a c b c a b a c b c
a b ac2

a c b c b c

a c b c

c
2

a c b c

c 2 a c b c

c 2 ab ac bc c 2 ab ac bc 0

ab bc ca
1 1 1
0 0
abc
a b c

Bi 5. Cho tam thc bc hai P x ax 2 bx c a 0 tha mn P x 2 2 P 2 x 2.

Chng minh: P x P x vi mi x .
V Tin Trnh Trng PTNK

Gii
Theo gi thit ta c:
P 1 P 2 1 2; P 1 P 2 1 2 P 2 1 P 2 1
P 2 P 2 2 2; P 2 P 2 2 2 P 2 2 P 2 2
2

T P 2 1 P 2 1 ta c: a b c a b c
2

a c 2b a c b 2 a c 2b a c b 2
4b a c 0 b a c 0
2

T P 2 2 P 2 2 ta c: 4a 2b c 4a 2b c
2

4a c 4b 4a c 4b 2 4a c 4b a c 4b 2
8b 4a c 0 b 4a c 0

Do : b 4a c b a c 0 3ab 0 b 0 (v a 0 )
Kh : P x ax 2 c nn P x P x

Cch khc: Theo gi thit ta c:

P x2 2 P 2 x 2
2

a x 2 2 b x 2 2 c ax 2 bx c 2

ax 4 4ax 2 4a bx 2 2b c a 2 x 4 b 2 x 2 c 2 2abx3 2acx 2 2bcx 2

ax 4 b 4a x 2 4a 2b c a 2 x 4 2abx 3 b 2 2ac x 2 2bcx c 2 2

V Tin Trnh Trng PTNK

a a 2

a 1
2ab 0

2
b 4a b 2ac b 0
2bc 0
c 2

2
4a 2b c c 2

Vy P x x 2 2 nn P x P x
Bi 6. Cho a, b, c l ba s thc tha mn a b c 0 v abc 0
a) Chng minh a 2 b 2 c 2 2ab
b) Tnh gi tr biu thc: P

1
1
1
2 2
2
2
2
2
a b c b c a c a 2 b2
2

Gii

a) V a b c 0 a b c a b c 2
a 2 b 2 2ab c 2 a 2 b 2 c 2 2ab

b) Tng t cu a) ta c: a 2 b 2 c 2 2ab
b 2 c 2 a 2 2bc
c 2 a 2 b 2 2ca

Do : P

1
1
1
1
1
1
abc
2 2
2

0
2
2
2
2
2
a b c b c a
c a b
2ab 2bc 2ca
2abc
2

Bi 7. Cho a, b, c l ba s thc tha iu kin:

4a 2 2b 2 2c 2 4ab 4ac 2bc 6b 10c 34 0

Hy tnh: S a 4

2009

b 4

2009

c 4

2009

Gii

V Tin Trnh Trng PTNK

4a 2 2b 2 2c 2 4ab 4ac 2bc 6b 10c 34 0

2

4a 2 4a b c b c b 2 6b 9 c 2 10c 25 0
2

2a b c b 3 c 5 0
2a b c
a 4

b 3
b 3
c 5
c 5

Vy S 0

Bi 8. Cho a, b, x, y l cc s thc tha mn: x 2 y 2 1 v

x4 y 4
1

a b ab

x 2010 y 2010
2
1005
1005
1005
a
b
a b

Chng minh:

Gii
x 2 y 2 1 v

x4 y 4
1

a b ab
2

2
2
2
x4 y 4 x y

bx 4 ay 4 a b ab x 2 y 2
a b
ab
4
2 4
2 4
4
4
2 2
4
Do : abx b x a y aby abx 2abx y aby
a 2 y 4 2ay 2bx 2 b 2 x 4 0
2

ay 2 bx 2 0 ay 2 bx 2
1005

x2
Ta c:
a

1005

y2

b

1005

ab

Bi 9. Nu ax3 by 3 cz 3 v

x2 y 2 x 2 y 2
1

a
b
a b
a b

x 2010 y 2010
2
1005 1005
1005
a
b
a b

1 1 1
1 th:
x y z

ax 2 by 2 cz 2 3 a 3 b 3 c

Gii.

V Tin Trnh Trng PTNK

ax 3 by 3 cz 3 3 3 1 1 1

ax 3 x 3 a
x
y
z
x y z

Ta c: A 3 ax 2 by 2 cz 2 3

Tng t ta c:
Do :

A 3
a
x

A 3
A
b, 3 c
y
z

A A A

x y z

1 1 1
A A 3 a 3 b 3 c
x y z

Bi 10. Cho 3 a 3 b 3 c 3 a b c th vi mi s nguyn dng l n ta u c:

n

a n b n c n a bc

Gii

Hng ng thc: x y x x 3 y 3 x 3 3 x y y z z x
Do ta c: 3 a 3 b 3 c 3 a b c
a bc abc3

a3b

b3c

c3 a 0

a3b

b3c

c3a

Tch ca v tri ca ng thc trn phi c t nht mt nhn t bng 0.

Gi s 3 a 3 b 0 3 a 3 b 3 b a b
Do vi mi s nguyn dng n l ta c:

a n b

Khi ta c: n a b c n c n a n a n c n a n b n c

Bi 11. Chng minh rng nu cc s a, b, c tha mn:

4

a4 b4 a b c4 d 4 c d

V Tin Trnh Trng PTNK

th

a2 b2 a b c2 d 2 c d

Gii.
4

Khai trin a b a 4 4a 3b 6a 2b 2 4ab3 b 4 a 4 b 4 6a 2b 2 4a 3b 4ab3

2

2
4
2
2
Ta c: a 2 b 2 a b a 4 b 4 a b 2 a 2b 2 a 2 a b b 2 a b

a 4 b 4 a b 2 a 4 b 4 3a 2b 2 2a 3b 2ab3
4

a 4 b 4 a b a 4 b 4 a 4 b 4 6a 2b 2 4a 3b 4ab 4
4

a4 b4 a b a4 b4 a b

4
2 a 4 b4 a b

2
4
Tng t ta c: c 2 d 2 c d 2 c 4 d 4 c d

2
2
Do ta c: a 2 b 2 a b c 2 d 2 c d

a 2 b 2 a b c 2 d 2 c d (v a 2 b 2 a b 0 c 2 d 2 c d 0 )

Bi 12. Cho ba s a, b, c tha mn a b c 0; a, b, c 0 v

1 1 1
1

a b c a bc

Chng minh :

1
a

2015

1
b

2015

1
c

2015

1
a

2015

2015

c 2015

Gii

V Tin Trnh Trng PTNK

Ta c:

a b
1 1 1
1
1 1
1
1
ab

a b c a bc
a b abc c
ab
c a b c

a b c a b c ab 0 a b c a c b a c 0
a b a c b c 0

p dng kt qu trn cho 3 s: a 2015 , b 2015 , c 2015 ta c:

1
a

2015

1
b

2015

1
c

2015

1
a

2015

2015

2015

a 2015 b2015 b 2015 c 2015 c 2015 a 2015 0

M ta c: x k y k x y ( k l) nn

2015

b 2015 b 2015 c 2015 c 2015 a 2015 a b b c c a Q Q

Do : a 2015 b 2015 b 2015 c 2015 c 2015 a 2015 0 . Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.

Bi 13. (Bi ton tng qut)

Cho a, b, c l ba s khc 0 tha mn a b c 0 v
1 1 1
1

a b c a bc

Chng minh:

1
1 1
1
n n n
vi n l.
n
a
b c
a bn c n

MT S BI TP.
Bi 14. Cho 4 a 2 b 2 5ab 2a b 0 Tnh gi tr biu thc M

ab
4b 2 a 2

Bi 15. Cho a b c 0 . Rt gn biu thc

a2
b2
c2

a 2 b2 c2 b2 c2 a 2 c 2 a 2 b 2

V Tin Trnh Trng PTNK

Bi 16. Cho 4 s nguyn a , b, c, d tha a b c d v ab 1 cd

Chng minh c d
Bi 17. Cho a , b, c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic. Chng minh rng nu

a b b c c a 8abc th tam gic cho l tam gic u.

Bi 18. Cho x, y , z tha x 2 y 2 z 2 1 v x 3 y 3 z 3 1. Tnh P xyz
Bi 19. Cho hai s a , b khc 0 v tha a b 1 .
Chng minh

2 ab 2
a
b
3
2 2
b 1 a 1 a b 3
3

Bi 20. Cho 3 s a , b, c tha a b c 0 . Tnh gi tr biu thc

P a b c3 b c a 3 c a b3

Bi 21. Cho cc s a , b, c v x, y , z tha ax by cz 0 v a b c

Chng minh:

ax 2 by 2 cz 2
2

bc y z ac x z ab x y

1
2006

2006

Bi 22. Cho 3 s a , b, c khc 0 tha a 3 b3 c3 3abc v a b c 0 .

a
2b
3c

Tnh gi tr biu thc P 2014 2014 2014

b
c
a

V Tin Trnh Trng PTNK

10