Trn Thnh Minh Phan Lu Bin - Trn Quang Ngha

H NH H C 10
Ch ng 2.

Tch V Hng V ng Dng

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Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

1.Tch v hng ca hai vect

A .Tm tt gio khoa :
1 . Gc gia hai vect :
a) Gc hnh hc : Gc hnh hc l hnh to bi hai tia c chung gc .S o a ( tnh bng )
ca mt gc hnh hc tha : 0o a 180o
Nu 0o a 90o v a khng phi l gc c bit (0o ;30o ; 45o ;60o ;90o ) cc gi tr
lng gic ca a c tnh bng my tnh b ti
y
G
Nu 90o < a 180o , ta dng gc b tnh gi
a
tr lng gic ca a :
G
sin a = sin(180o a )
b
cos a = cos(180o a )
tan a = tan(180o a )

O
x
G G
G
b) Gc gia hai vect : Cho 2 vect a ; b ( 0 ) ;
JJJG G JJJG G
G G
V cc vect OA = a ; OB = b Gc AOB c gi l gc gia 2 vect a ; b
G JJG
K hiu : (a, b)
2 . Tch v hng ca hai vect :
GG
G G
a ) nh ngha : Tch v hng ca hai vect a , b k hiu l a.b l mt s xc nh bi :
JGG G G
G G
a.b = a b cos(a, b)
cot a = cot(180o a )

b) Tnh cht :
GG GG
a.b = b.a
G G G JGG G G
a.(b + c) = a.b + ac
G G
G G G JJG
(k a )b = k (a.b) = a.(kb)

D
C

Ta cng c cc kt qa sau :
G2 G 2
GG
G G
a = a ; a.b = 0 a b

A F

Ch : S dng cc tnh cht ta s c cc h thc :

JJG G
G2
G G G2
(a + b) 2 = a + 2a.b + b
G G G G G2 G2
(a + b)(a b) = a b
JJJG JJJG
c) Cng thc hnh chiu : Cho hai vect bt k , AB ; CD . Gi E , F ln lt l hnh chiu
vung gc ca C , D xung ng thng AB . Ta c cng thc :
JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG
AB.CD = AB.EF
d) Cng thc v ta
:
G
G
Cho cc vect : a = ( a1 , a2 ) ; b = (b1 , b2 ) . Ta c cc cng thc :

2
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Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

G
2
2
a = a1 + a2
GG
a.b = a1b1 + a2b2
G G
a b a1b1 + a2b2 = 0
G G
a1b1 + a2b2
cos(a, b) =
2
2
2
2
a1 + a2 . b1 + b2

3 . p dng :
JJJG JJJG
Bi ton 1 : Tm tp hp im M tha : MA.MB = k (1) ( A , B c nh ; k l hng s )
Gi I l trung im ca AB , ta c :
JJJG JJG JJJG JJG
(1) ( MI + IA)( MI + IB ) = k MI 2 IA2 = k
IM 2 = k + IA2

k + IA2 > 0: Tp hp cc im M l ng trn ( I ,

k + IA2 )

k + IA2 = 0: Tp hp cc im M l : { I }
k + IA2 < 0 : Tp hp cc im M l tp rng
Bi ton 2 : Phng tch ca mt im i vi mt ng trn .
Cho ng trn tm I JJJ
, bn
knh R v mt im M . Mt ng thng bt k qua M ct ng
G JJJG
trn ta A v B . Biu thc MA.MB c gi l phng tch ca im M i vi ng trn (I) .
Ta c :
JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJJG JJJG JJG JJJG JJJG
M /( I ) = MA.MB = MB.MB ' = ( MI + IB).( MI + IB ')
JJJG
JJG
T
= MI 2 IB 2 (do IB ' = IB)
A
= MI 2 R 2
Ch : Do biu thc trn , ta cng c : M /( I ) = MT 2
( MT l tip tuyn v t M n ng trn (I) )

B'

B . Gii ton :
Dng ton 1 : S dng my tnh fx-500MS tnh gi tr lng gic ca mt gc
V d 1 : Tnh cc gi tr sau
a) sin 65o 43'36"; b) tan(62o 25'16"); c) cot(42o12 ')
Gii :
n phm MODE nhiu ln mn hnh hin ln dng ch
Deg
Rad
Gra
1
2
n phm 1 chn n v o gc l
a) n lin tp cc phm : sin 6 5 o 4 3 o 3 6 o = 0,9115
b) n lin tip cc phm :tan 6 2 o 2 5 o 1 6 o = 1,9145
c) n lin tip cc phm : 1 tan 4 2 o 1 2 o = 1,1028
Vy sin 65o 43'36" = 0,9115; tan(62o 25'16") = 1,9145;cot(42o12 ') = 1,1028
V d 2 : Tnh x bit : a) sinx = 0,3502 b) tanx = 2 c) cotx = 2,619
Gii :
3
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Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

a) n lin tip cc phm : shift sin 0 . 3 5 0 2 = o mn hnh hin ln 20o 29 '58"

Vy : x = 20o 29 '58"
b) n lin tp cc phm : shift tan 2 = o mn hnh hin ln
Vy :
x = 63o 26 '5"
63o 26 '5"
c) n lin tip cc phm :shift tan ( 1 2 . 6 1 9 ) = o mn hnh hin ln
Vy :
x = 20o 53'53"
20o 53'53"
Dng ton 2 : Tnh gi tr lng gic ca gc gia 2 vect
V d 1 :JJJ
Cho
hnh
JG JJJ
G vung
JJJG ABCD
JJJJJG ; tnh gi tr lng gic ca gc gia cc cp vect sau :
( AC ; BC ) . (CA ; DC )
Gii :
Ta cJJJ
: G JJJG
JJJG JJJG
JJJG JJJG
: BC = AD ( AC , BC ) = ( AC , AD ) = DAC = 45o
JJJG JJJG
2
Do : sin( AC , BC ) = sin 45o =
2
JJJG JJJG
2
cos( AC , BC ) = cos 45o =
2
JJJG JJJG
JJJG JJJG
o
tan( AC , BC ) = tan 45 = 1 = cot( AC , BC )
JJJG JJJG
JJJG JJJG
JJJG JJJG
Tng t , v CE = DC ; = (CA, DC ) = (CA, CE ) = 135o v ta c :

2
2
;cos = cos135o = cos 45o =
;
2
2
tan = tan135o = tan 45o = 1; cot = 1

sin = sin135o = sin 45o =

(v 135o ; 45o b nhau )

V d 2 : Cho
JJJG hnh
JJJG ch nht
JJJG ABCD
JJJG c AB = 4cm ; AD =3cm . Tnh cc gc :
a = ( AC , AD ) ; b = (CA, BC )
Gii :
Ta c : a = gc CAD Suy ra :
CD 4
= = 1,333 a = 53o 7 '
tan a =
AD
3G
JJJG JJJG
JJJG JJJ
JJJG JJJG
b = (CA, BC ) = (CA, CE ) ; (CE = BC )
Suy ra b = gcACE .M gcACE v gc CAD b nhau
Nn b = 180o 53o 7 ' = 126o53 '

Dng ton 3 : Tinh tch v hng

V d 1 : Cho tam gic ABC u cnh bng 3a
.
M , N l hai im thuc cnh AC sao cho AM = MN = NC
Tnh nhng JJJ
tch
vG hng
G JJJ
JJJG Jsau
JJG : JJJJG JJJG
AB. AC ; AC.CB ; BM .BN
Gii :
Ta c
JJJG JJJG
1 9a 2
o
AB. AC = AB. AC cos 60 = 3a.3a. =
2
2

A
M
N
B

4
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Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

JJJG JJJG JJJJGJJJJG

JJJJGJJJG
V CE = AC ; ( AC , CB ) = (CE ,CB ) = BCE = 120o
JJJG JJJG
1 9a 2
o
AC.CB = AC.CB cos120 = 3a.3a.( ) =
2
2
JJJJG JJJG JJJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG
BM .BN = ( AM AB )( AN AB )
JJJJG JJJG JJJG JJJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG 2
= AM . AN AB. AM AB. AN + AB

= AM . AN cos 0o AB. AM cos 60o AB. AN cos 60o + AB 2

1
1
= a.2a.1 3a.a ( ) 3a.2a ( ) + 3a.3a
2
2
13 2
= a
2
V d 2 : Cho tam gic ABC , trng tm G ; JJJG
M l m
mJG trJJJ
nGng thng (d) qua G v
JJJGt iJJJ
vung gc vi cnh BC . Chng minh rng ( MA + MB + MC ).BC = 0

Gii :
JJJJG JJJG
JJJG JJJG JJJJG
JJJJG
JJJG JJJG JJJJG JJJG
JJJJG JJJG
Ta c : MA + MB + MC = 3MG ( MA + MB + MC ).BC = 3MG.BC = 0 v MG BC
V d 3 : Cho hnh vung ABCD cJJJ
nh
bng
; GJJJG
M , N ln lt l trung im ca BC v CD .
G JJJJ
G aJJJJ
Tnh cc tch v hng sau : AB. AM ; AM AN
Gii : Ta c :
JJJG JJJJG JJJG JJJG JJJJG JJJG 2 JJJG JJJJG
AB. AM = AB( AB + BM ) = AB + AB.BM
JJJG JJJJG JJJG JJJJG
= a 2 + 0 = a 2 ( AB BM AB.BM = 0)
JJJJGJJJG JJJG JJJJG JJJG JJJJG
AM AN = ( AB + BM )( AD + DN )
JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJJG JJJJG JJJG JJJJG JJJJG
= AB. AD + AB.DN + BM . AD + BM .DN
= 0 + AB.DN cos 0o + BM . AD cos 0o + 0

M
D

a
a
N
= a. .1 + .a.1 = a 2 ( AB AD; BM DN )
2
2
Dng ton 4 : S dng nh l chiu
JJJG JJJG
JJJG JJJG
V d 1 : Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A v AB.CB = 4 ; AC.BC = 9 . Tnh ba cnh ca tam gic

Gii :
Ta c
JJJ:G C
JJJGhnh
JJJG chiu2 xung ng thng AB ln lt l A , B .Do :
JJJ,G B c
4 = AB.CB = AB. AB = AB AB = 2 . Tng t :
C
JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG
2
9 = AC.BC = AC. AC = AC AC = 3

BC = AB 2 + AC 2 = 4 + 9 = 13
V d 2 : Cho
ABC
JJJG tam
JJJgic
JG JJJ
G . Tm tp hp cc im M tha h thc:
BC.(2 AM BC ) = 0 (1)
Gii :
JJJJG JJJG JJJG 2
(1) 2 AM .BC = BC
JJJJG JJJG BC 2
AM .BC =
2
B
Gi A , M ln lt l hnh chiu ca A , M xung ng

AA

A'

M'

C
5

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Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

JJJJG JJJG JJJJJJG JJJG

JJJJJJG JJJG BC 2
thng BC , theo nh l hnh chiu , ta c : AM .BC = A ' M '.BC Do : A ' M '.BC =
>0
2
JJJJJJG JJJG
Suy ra 2 vect A ' M ' , BC cng hng
JJJJJJG JJJG BC 2
BC 2
BC
A ' M '.BC =
A'M '=
Do ; A ' M '.BC =
2
2
2
Vy im M c nh ( v A c nh v BC khngi )
Do : Tp hp cc im M l ng thng ( d ) vung gc vi BC ti M
V d 3 : Cho tam gic ABC c ba ng caoJJJJJ
l :GAA
GiG JJJ
MG, N , P ln lt l
JJJG , BB
JJJJJG,CC.
JJJG JJJJ
trung im ca BC , CA , AB . Chng minh : A ' M .BC + B ' N .CA + C ' P. AB = 0
Gii :
Gi O l tm ng trn ngai tip v H l trc tm ca tam gic , ta c :
A , B , C ln lt l hmh chiu ca H xung BC , CA , AB .
M , N , PJJJJJ
ln
lGt lJJJhmh
G JJJ
G JJJGchiu ca O xung BC , CA , AB
Do : A ' M .BC = HO.BC (theo nh l hnh chiu )
N
Tng t JJJJJ
: G JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG
B'
B ' N .CA = HO.CA : C ' P. AB = HO. AB
JJJJJG JJJG JJJJJG JJJG JJJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JG
Do : A ' M .BC + B ' N .CA + C ' P. AB = HO.( BC + CA + AB ) = HO.O = 0
Dng ton 5 : Chng minh mt h thc gia cc di

JJJG 2
Ta thng s dng cc tnh cht ca tch v hng v tnh cht AB = AB 2

C
A'

O
C' P

V d 1 : Cho tam gic ABC c gc BAC = 120o ; AB =3 ; AC = 6 Tnh cnh BC

Gii : Ta c
JJJG 2 JJJG JJJG
JJJG 2
JJJGJJJG JJJG 2
BC 2 = BC = ( AC AB) 2 = AC 2 AC AB + AB = 36 2.6.3cos120o + 9
= 36 + 18 + 9 = 63
BC = 63 = 3 7
V d 2 : Cho tam gic ABC trng tm G ; BC = a ; CA = b ; AB = c
JJJG JJJG AB 2 + AC 2 BC 2
a) Chng minh rng AB. AC =
2
b) Tnh AG theo ba cnh a , b , c
Gii :

JJJG JJJG AB 2 + AC 2 BC 2
JJJG 2 JJJG JJJG
JJJGJJJG
Ta c : BC 2 = BC = ( AC AB ) 2 = AC 2 + AB 2 2 AC AB AB. AC =
2
Gi M l trung im ca BC , ta c :
JJJG 2 JJJJG 2 1 JJJG JJJG
AG = AM = . ( AB + AC )
3
3 2
JJJG
JJJG JJJG
JJJG JJJG
2
1
1
AG 2 = AG = ( AB + AC ) 2 = ( AB 2 + AC 2 + 2 AB. AC )
9
9
1
1
= (b 2 + c 2 + b 2 + c 2 a 2 ) = (2b 2 + 2c 2 a 2 )
9
9
1
Vy : AG =
2b 2 + 2c 2 a 2
3
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Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

V d 3 : Cho hnh vung ABCD tm l O , cnh bng a .Chng minh rng vi mi im M ta

c : MA2 + MB 2 + MC 2 + MD 2 = 4 MO 2 + 2a 2
Gii :
Ta c :

JJJG 2 JJJJG JJJG

JJJJG JJJG
MA2 = MA = ( MO + OA) 2 = MO 2 + OA2 + 2MO.OA
JJJG 2 JJJJG JJJG
JJJJG JJJG
MB 2 = MB = ( MO + OB) 2 = MO 2 + OB 2 + 2 MO.OB
JJJJG 2 JJJJG JJJG
JJJJG JJJG
MC 2 = MC = ( MO + OC ) 2 = MO 2 + OC 2 + 2 MO.OC
JJJJG 2 JJJJG JJJG
JJJJG JJJG
MD 2 = MD = ( MO + OD)2 = MO 2 + OD 2 + 2MO.OD
JJJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG
MA2 + MB 2 + MC 2 + MD 2 = 4MO 2 + 4OA2 + 2MO(OA + OB + OC + OD)
= 4 MO 2 + 4(

a 2 2
) +0
2

= 4MO 2 + 2a 2
JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JG
a 2
(OA + OB + OC + OD = O ; OA = OB = OC = OD =
)
2
Dng ton 6 : Chng minh 2 vect vung gc (hay 2 ng thng vung gc)
G
G
JGJJG 1
G G
G JJJG
V d 1 : Cho a = 6 ; b = 4 ; cos(a,b) =
Chng minh rng hai vect ( a + b) ; (a 2b)
6
vung gc

Gii : Ta c
G G G G G2
G G G G G2
GG
(a + b).(a 2b) = a 2ab + b.a 2b = 36 a.b 2.16
G G 1
1
= 36 a b . 32 = 36 6.4. 32 = 0
6
6
G G
G G
(a + b) (a 2b)
V d 2 : Cho hnh thang vung ABCD c 2 y l AD = 2a ; BC = 4a ; ng cao AB =
2a 2 . Chng minh rng hai ng cho AC v BD th vung gc vi nhau
Gii : Ta c
JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG
AC.BD = ( AB + BC )( BA + AD) = AB.BA + AB. AD + BC.BA + BC. AD

= AB.BA cos180o + 0 + 0 + BC. AD cos 0o

= 2a 2.2a 2(1) + 4a.2a.1 = 8a 2 + 8a 2 = 0
JJJG JJJG
AC BD
Vy hai ng cho AC v BD vung gc vi nhau

Dng ton 7 : S dng cng thc v ta

V d 1 : Cho tam gic ABC v A( 10 , 5 ) ; B( 3 , 2 ) ; C( 6 , -5 ) .Chng minh rng tam gic
ABC vung ti B .
Gii : JJJG
JJJG
Ta c : AB = (3 10, 2 5) = (7, 3) ; BC = (6 3, 5 2) = (3, 7)
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Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

JJJG JJJG
JJJG JJJG
Suy ra : AB.BC = ( 7).(3) + (3).( 7) = 0 AB BC . Vy tam gic ABC vung ti B

V d 2 : Cho tam gic ABC c A( 3 , 1 ) ; B( -1 , -1 ) ; C( 6 , 0 )

a) Tnh gc A ca tam gic ABC .
*b) Tnh ta giao im ca ng trn ng knh AB v ng trn
ng knh OC
Gii :
JJJG
JJJG
Ta c : AB = ( 4, 2) ; AC = (3, 1)
JJJG JJJG 4.3 + (2).(1) 10
1
=
cos A = cos( AB, AC ) =
=
16 + 4. 9 + 1 10 2
2
o
Vy gc A bng 135

*b) Gi MJJJ
lGgiao im ca ng
AB
knh OC , ta c : M
JJJG trn ng knhJJJ
JJJng
JG v ng trn
JG
( x , y ) ; MA = (3 x,1 y ); MB = (1 x, 1 y ); MC = (6 x, y ); MO = ( x, y ) v
JJJG JJJG
MA MB
MA.MB = 0
(3 x)(1 x) + (1 y )(1 y ) = 0
JJJJG JJJJG

(6 x)( x) + ( y )( y ) = 0

MC MO
MC.MO = 0
x 2 + y 2 2 x 4 = 0 (1)
4 x 4 = 0 [ (1) (2)]
2
2
2
2
(2)
x + y 6x = 0
x + y 6x = 0
x =1

x = 1

2
1 + y 6 = 0
y = 5

Vy c hai giao im M : M 1 (1, 5) ; M 2 (1, 5)

V d 3 : Cho tam gic ABC c A( 5 , 3 ) ; B( 2 , - 1 ) ; C( -1 , 5 )
a) Tnh ta trc tm H ca tam gic
b) Tnh ta chn ng cao v t A
Gii :
tm
JJJJa)
JJJta
G Gi H( x , y ) l
G trc JJJ
G , ta c :
JJJG
AH = ( x 5, y 3); BC = (3, 6); BH = ( x 2, y + 1); AC = (6, 2)
JJJJG JJJG
( x 5)(3) + ( y 3)(6) = 0
AH BC
AH .BC = 0
JJJG JJJG

( x 2)(6) + ( y + 1)(2) = 0
BH AC
BH . AC = 0
x 2 y = 1 x = 3

3
7
x
y

=
y = 2

Vy ta trc tm H l : H( 3 , 2 )

b) Gi A(
) l
JJJxJG, y JJJ
G ta chn ng cao v t A , ta c :
AA ' BC x 2 y = 1 (1) ( tng t cu a )
JJJG
JJJG
JJJG
BA ' = ( x 2, y + 1) ; BA ' cng phng BC = ( 3, 6) .
Suy ra :
6( x 2 ) + 3( y + 1 ) = 0 (2) .Gii (1) v (2) ta c : x = y = 1
Vy ta chn ng cao A v t A l : A( 1 , 1 )
Dng ton 8 : Tm tp hp im
JJJG JJJG JJJJG JJJG
a ) ( MA + MB ).( MC MB ) = 0 (1)
V d 1 :Cho tam gic ABC . Tm tp hp cc im M tha :
JJJG JJJG
b) MA2 + MA.MB = 0 (2)

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Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

Gii :
JJJG JJJG
JJJG JJJJG JJJG JJJG
a) Ta c : MA + MB = 2 MI ; MC MB = BC ( I l trung im ca AB )
JJJG JJJG
( 1 ) 2MI .BC = 0 MI BC : Vy tp hp cc im M l ng thng ( d ) qua I v vung
gc vi BC
JJJG 2 JJJG JJJG
JJJG JJJG JJJG
(2) MA + MA.MB = 0 MA.( MA + MB ) = 0
b)
JJJG JJJG
2MA.MI = 0 MA MI
Vy tp hp cc im M l ng trn ng knh AI ( I l trung im ca AB )
*V d 2 : Cho hnh vung ABCD cnh bng a . Tm tp hp cc im M tha :
JJJG JJJJG
a2
a) MA.MC =
4
JJJG JJJJG JJJG JJJJG
b) MA.MC + MB.MD = a 2
JJJG JJJG JJJJG JJJG JJJJG
c)( MA + MB + MC ).( MA + MC ) = a 2
Gii :
Gi O l tm hnh vung ( cng l trung im AC ) . Ta c :
JJJG JJJJG
JJJJG JJJG JJJJG JJJG
a2
a2
MA.MC = ( MO + OA).( MO + OC ) =
4
4
2
JJJG
JJJG
a
MO 2 OA2 = (do OC = OA)
4
2
2a 2 a 2 a 2
a
a
2
2
OM = OA
=
=
OM =
4
4
4
4
2
a
Vy tp hp cc im M l ng trn tm O , bn knh bng
2
TJJJ

ta Gc
JJJJGt ,JJJ
JJJ:JG
G ng
MA.MC + MB.MD = a 2 MO 2 OA2 + MO 2 OB 2 = a 2

MO 2 = a 2 OM = a (do OA = OB =

a 2
)
2

Vy tpJJJhp
ccG im
tm
, bn
JJJJG M lJJJng
G JJJ
JG JJJGtrnJJJ
JG OJJJ
JG knh bng a
Ta c MA + MB + MC = 3MG ; MA + MC = 2 MO ( G l trng tm tam gic ABC ) . Do :
JJJG JJJG JJJJG JJJG JJJJG
JJJJG JJJJG a 2
( MA + MB + MC ).( MA + MC ) = a 2 MG.MO =
6
2
2
2
a
a
1
a
1 a 2 2 26a 2
) =
MJ 2 JO 2 =
JM 2 =
+ ( GO) 2 =
+( .
6
6
2
6
6 2
144
a 26
JM =
12
1
1
1 a 2
( J l trung im ca OG ; JO = GO ; GO = BO = .
)
2
3
3 2
a 26
Vy tp hp cc im M l ng trn tm O , bn knh bng
12
Dng ton 9 : Tnh phng tch . Tnh on tip tuyn .
V d 1 : Cho 4 im A( - 2 , 1 ) ; B( 4 , 7 ) ; M( 0 , 2) ; N(- 3 , - 5 )
Tnh phng tch ca im M , N i vi ng trn ng knh AB

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10

Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

Gii :
Ta c : ta tm I ca ng trn ( cng l trung im ca AB ) :
2 + 4 1 + 7
I(
,
) I( 1 , 4 )
2
2
Ta cng c :
JJG
IA = (2 1,1 4) = (3, 3) R 2 = IA2 = 9 + 9 = 18
JJJG
IM = (0 1, 2 4) = (1, 2) M /( I ) = IM 2 R 2 = (1 + 4) 18 = 13
JJG
IN = (3 1, 5 4) = (4, 9) N /( I ) = IN 2 R 2 = (16 + 81) 18 = 79
V d 2 : Cho 4 im A( - 2 , - 1 ) ; B( - 1 , 4 ) ; C( 4 , 3 ) ; M( 5 ,- 2 ). Chng minh rng im M
ngoi ng trn ngai tip tam gic ABC v tnh on tip tuyn MT v t M n ng trn
ngai tip tam gic ABC ( T l tip im )
Gii :
Gi I ( x , y ) l tm ng trn (ABC) ,ta c :
JJG
JJG
JJG
IA = ( x + 2, y + 1) ; IB = ( x + 1, y 4) ; IC = ( x 4, y 3)
2
2
( x + 2) 2 + ( y + 1) 2 = ( x + 1) 2 + ( y 4) 2
IA = IB

2
2
2
2
2
( x + 2) + ( y + 1) = ( x 4) + ( y 3) `
IA = IC
x + 5y = 6
x =1

3x + 2 y = 5 y = 1

Suy ra : I( 1 , 1 ) ; MI 2 = (5 1) 2 + (2 1) 2 = 16 + 9 = 25 ; R 2 = IA2 = 9 + 4 = 13
Do : M /( ABC ) = MI 2 R 2 = 25 13 = 12 MI > R Vy im M ngoi ng trn (ABC)
Ta cng c : MT 2 = M /( ABC ) = 12 MT = 12 = 2 3 .

C . Bi tp rn luyn :
2 .1 Cho
tam
u
bng
a . Tinh cc tch v hung
JJJG JJJ
JJJG JJJ
JJJG JJJcnh
G gic
JG ABC
G JJJ
G
sau : AB.GB ; AB.CM ; AB ( AB 2 AC ) ( G l trng tm tam gic ABC v M l trung im
ca BC )
2 . 2 .Cho
vung
ti A : AB = 3 ; AC = 4. TJJJ
nGhJJJ
c
c
Gcg
JJJ
JGJJJG
JJJGtam
JJJGgic ABC
JJJG JJJ
G
( AB, BC ) ; ( AC , BC ) v cc tch v hng sau : AB.BC ; AC .BC
2. 3 .Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A ; AB
= G3 ,JAC
= 4 . Trn tia AB ly im D sao cho
JJJJG JJJ
JJG JJG
BD = 4 Tnh cc tch v hng sau : BC .BD ; AC.BI ( I l trung im ca CD )
2 .4 . Cho tam gic ABC uJJJ
, cGJnh
ng
lGtrn
JJG b
JJJ
G JaJJG, GJJJJ
JJJG g tm tam gic ; M l mt im bt
k . Chng minh rng T = ( MA.GB + MB.GC + MC.GA ) c gi tr khng i . Tnh gi tr
ny .
2 .5 . Cho hnh vung ABCD , cnh bng a . Dng nh l hnh chiu tnh cc tch v
hng sJJJ
au
: G JJJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG
G JJJ
JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG
AB.BD ; ( AB + AD ).( BD BC ) ; (OA + OB + OC ). AB ( O l tm hnh vung )
* 2 .6 . Cho tam gic ABC u , cnh bng a . Tm tp hp cc im M tha :
JJJG JJJG JJJJG 3a 2
(CA + 2 BC ).CM =
4
2 . 7 .Cho tam gic ABC c trng tm l G .Chng minh rng :

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11

Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG

1
GA.GB + GB.GC + GC.GA = (GA2 + GB 2 + GC 2 )
2
2 .8. Cho hnhJJJvung
ABCD
cnh
bng
a ; I l trung im ca CD . Tnh cc tch v
G JJG JJJGJJJG
hng sau : BD.BI ; BI .BG ( G l trng tm tam gic ABD )
JJJJG
JJG
J
2 .9 .Cho hnh ch nht ABCD c AB = 4 ; AD = 3 v im M tha AM = k AB .nh k
2 ng thng AC v DM vung gc

2 . 10 . Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A . Trn tia i ca tia AB ,ly im D sao cho AD =
AC ; trn tia i ca tia AC , ly im E saocho AE = AB .
Chng minh rng ng trung tuyn ca tam gic ADE th vung gc vi BC
G
G
G
G
G
JJG
2 . 11 . Cho : a = 6 ; b = 3 .nh x hai vect sau vung gc vi nhau ( a + xb) ; (a xb)
2 . 12. Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A ; D thuc tia AC v AD = 3AC Chng minh rng
1
AG 2 = ( AB 2 + 16 AC 2 ) (G l trng tm tam gic BCD )
9
* 2 .13. Cho t gic ABCD
JJJGJJJG
a) Chng minh rng ; AB 2 BC 2 + CD 2 DA2 = 2 AC DB
b)Suy ra rng iu kin cn v t gic ABCD c 2 ng cho vung gc l
AB 2 + CD 2 = BC 2 + AD 2
2 . 14 . Cho tam gic ABC . Tm tp hp cc im M tha :
JJJG JJJG JJJJG
a ) ( AB + AC ). AM = 0
JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJJG
* b) MA.( MA + 2 MB + MC ) = 0
* JJJG
2 .15JJJG
. Cho
ABC u , cnh bng a . Tm tp hp cc im M tha :
JJJJtam
G gic
2
( MA + MB ).MC = a
2 . 16 . Cho hai im A( 1 , 2 ) ; B( 6 , 3 ) . Tm ta im C nm trn trc Ox bit rng
tam gic ABC vung ti C .
2 . 17 . Cho 4 im A( - 1 , 0 ) ; B( 0 , 3 ) ; C( 3 , 2 ) ; D( 5 , - 2) . Chng minh rng t gic
ABCD l mt hnh thang vung . Tnh din tch ca hnh thang ny
.

D. Hng dn gii hay p s

JJJG JJJG
a 3 3 a2
o
2 .1 AB.GB = AB.GB.cos 30 = a.
.
=
3
2
2
2
JJJG JJJJG
a 1 a
AB.CM = AB.CM .cos 60o = a. . =
.
2 2 4
JJJG JJJG JJJG
JJJG JJJG
1
AB.( AB 2 AC ) = AB 2 2 AB. AC = a 2 2a.a.cos 60o = a 2 2a 2 . = 0
2
JJJG JJJG
2 .2 . ( AB, BC ) v gc ABC b nhau ;cosABC = (3 : 5) = 0,6 Suy ra
JJJG JJJG
ABC = 53o 7 ' 48" ( AB, BC ) = 180o 53o 7 ' 48" = 126o52 '12"

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12

Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

AC 4
cosACB=
= = 0,8
BC 5
JJJG JJJG
( AC , BC ) = ACB = 90o ABC = 36o52 '12 "
JJJG JJJG
3
3
AB.BC = AB.BC.( ) = 3.5.( ) = 9
5
5
JJJG JJJG
4
4
AC.BC = AC.BC. = 4.5. = 16
5
5
JJJG JJJG
2.3 BC.BD = BC.BD.cos CBD

C
I
A

3
= 5.4.( ) = 12
5
JJJJG JJG JJJG JJG JJJG JJJG JJG JJJG JJJG
AC.BI = AC ( AI AB) = AC. AI ( AC. AB = 0)
JJJG 1 JJJG JJJG 1
= AC. ( AC + AD) = AC 2 = 8
2
2
2 . 4 .Ta
JJJGc J:JJG JJJJG JJJG JJJG JJJJG JJJJG JJJG JJJJG
MA = GA GM ; MB = GB GM ; MC = GC GM
JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG
T = GA.GB + GB.GC + GC.GA GM (GA + GB + GC )
= GA.GB.cos120o + GB.GC.cos120o + GC.GA.cos120o 0
a 3 2 1
a2
2 a 3 a 3
= 3(
) .( ) =
(do GA = GB = GC = .
=
3
2
2
3
2
3
JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG
2
2.5. AB.BD = AB.BA = a
JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG
( AB + AD)( BD BC ) = AC.CD = DC.CD = a 2
JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG
a 2 2 a2
(OA + OB + OC ). AB = OB. AB = OB.OB = OB 2 = (
) =
2
2
*2 .6JJG. Ta JJJ
cG : JJJG JJJG JJJG JJG JJG
V AI = 2 BC ; CA + 2 BC = CA + AI = CI
( I c nh v tam gic ACI l na tam gic u)
JJJG JJJG JJJJG JJG JJJJG
(CA + 2 BC ).CM = CI .CM
JJG JJJJJG
= CI .CM '
JJG JJJJG 3a 2
a 3 1
Theo gi thit : CI .CM ' =
CM ' =
= CI
4
2
2
Vy tphp cc im M l ng trung trc ca on CI

A
B

I
M'

2 . 7 .Ta c :
JJJGJJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG
JJJG JJJG JJJG G
GA + GB + GC = 0 GA2 + GB 2 + GC 2 + 2GA.GB + 2GB.GC + GC.GA = 0
JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG
1
GA.GB + GB.GC + GC.GA = (GA2 + GB 2 + GC 2 )
2
2 .8 .

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13

Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

JJJG JJG JJJJG 1 JJJG JJJG 1 JJJG 2 1 JJJG JJJG JJJG

BD.BI = BD. ( BD + BC ) = BD + BC.( BC + CD)
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
3a 2
= BD 2 + BC 2 + 0 = (a 2) 2 + a 2 =
2
2
2
2
2
. JJG JJJG
JJJ
G
JJJ
G
JJJ
G
JJJ
G
JJJ
G
1
1
BI .BG = ( BC + BD) ( BA + BD + BB )
2
3
1
2a 2
= (0 + a 2 + a 2 + 2a 2 ) =
6
3
JJJG JJJJG
2.9. AC DM AC.DM = 0
JJJJG JJJG JJJJG JJJG
( AB + AD)( AM AD) = 0
JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG
( AB + AD)(k AB AD) = 0
9
kAB 2 AD 2 = 0 k .16 9 = 0 k =
16
2 . 10 . Gi AI l trung tuyn ca tam gic ADE , ta c :
JJG 1 JJJG JJJG
AI = ( AD + AE )
2
JJG JJJG 1 JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG 1
AI .BC = ( AD + AE ).( AC AB) = (0 + AD. AB AE. AC 0)
2
2
1
= ( AC. AB AB. AC ) = 0 AI BC
2
2. 11 . x = 2
2 .12 .Ta c :
JJJG 1 JJJG JJJG JJJG 1 JJJG JJJG JJJJJG
AG = ( AB + AC + AD) = ( AB + AC + 3 AC )
3
3
JJJG
JJJG JJJG
2
1
AG 2 = AG = ( AB 2 + 16 AC 2 + 8 AB. AC )
9
1
= ( AB 2 + 16 AC 2 )
9
JJJG 2 JJJG 2 JJJG 2 JJJG 2
2.13. a) AB 2 BC 2 + CD 2 DA2 = AB BC + CD DA
JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG
JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG
= ( AB + BC )( AB BC ) + (CD + DA)(CD DA)
JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG
= AC ( AB BC CD + DA) = AC ( DB BD)
JJJG JJJG
= 2 AC.DB
JJJG JJJG
b) AC BD AC.BD = 0 AB 2 BC 2 + CD 2 DA2 = 0
AB 2 + CD 2 = BC 2 + AD 2
2 .14 . a) Tp hp cc im M l ng thng d qua A v vung gc vi trung tuyn AI
ca tam gic
ABC
JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJJG
JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJJG
MA( MA + 2 MB + MC ) = 0 MA.( MA + MB + MB + MC ) = 0
b)
JJJG JJJG JJJG
JJJG JJJJG
MA.(2 MJ + 2 MI ) = 0 4 MA.MK = 0 MA MK
( J , I , K ln lt l trung im ca AB , BC , IJ) .Vy tp hp cc im M l ng trn
dng knh AK

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14

Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

JJJG JJJG JJJJG

JJJG JJJJG
a2
2.15.( MA + MB).MC = a 2 2MI .MC = a 2 MJ 2 JC 2 =
2
.
2
2
2
2
a
a 3 2 8a + 3a
11a
a 11
2
JM = + (
) =
=
JM =
2
4
16
16
4
( I , J ln lt l trung im ca AB , CI ) . Vy tp hp cc im M l ng trn ( J ,
a 11
)
4
2 16 , C hai im C : C( 2 , 0 ) ; C( 7 , 0 )
2 17 . Hnh thang ABCD vung ti A v D . Din tch ca hnh thang ny
bng 15

2. H thc lng trong tam gic

A . Tm tt gio khoa
1 .nh l cosin : Trong mt tam gic ABC , bnh phng mt cnh bng tng cc bnh phng
ca hai cnh cn li tr i tch ca hai cnh nhn vi cosin ca gc xen gia chng
.
A
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos A
b 2 = c 2 + a 2 2ca cos B

c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos C

Suy ra :

cos A =

b2 + c2 a 2
c2 + a 2 b2
a 2 + b2 c2
;cos B =
;cos C =
2bc
2ca
2ab

2 .nh l sin : Trong mt tam gic ABC , t s gia mt cnh v sin ca gc i din cnh
bng ng knh ca ng trn ngoi tip tam gic
a
b
c
=
=
= 2R
sin A sin B sin C

3 .Cng thc tnh di ng trung tuyn

.

2(b 2 + c 2 ) a 2
4
2
2(c + a 2 ) b 2
2
mb =
4
2
2(a + b 2 ) c 2
2
mc =
4

ma =

ma
mb
B

mc
C

(AB = c ; BC = a ; CA = b ; ma ; mb ; mc l cc trung tuyn v t A ,B ,C )

4 . Cng thc tnh din tch :
Din tch S ca tam gic ABC c tnh bi cc cng thc sau :

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15

Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

1
1
1
ab sin C = bc sin A = ca sin B
2
2
2
abc
S=
4R
S = pr

S=

S=
( vi p =

p( p a)( p b)( p c)

ha

1
(a+b+c) ; R l bn knh ng trn ngai tip ; r l bn knh ng trn ni tip )
2

5 . Gii tam gic :

Gii tam gic l tm mt s yu t ca tam gic khi bit mt s yu t ca tam gic

B . Gii ton
V d 1 : Cho tam gic ABC c BC = 40cm ; CA = 13cm ; AB = 37cm Tinh gc nh nht ca tam

gic ABC .
Gii :
Ta bit rng : i din vi cnh nh nht l gc nh nht .Ta li c :
CA < AB < BC nn B < C < A . Vy B l gc nh nht . Theo cng thc ta c :
c 2 + a 2 b 2 37 2 + 402 132 2800
=
=
= 0,9459
cos B =
2ca
2.37.40
2960
B = 18o55'
Vy gc nh nht ca tam gic ABC l gc B v B = 18o 55 '
V d 2 : Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A v AB = 3 ; AC = 4 . Trn cnh BC ly im D sao cho
CD = CB . Tnh cc cnh BD , AD ; cc gc B , D , A ca tam gic ABD ; bn knh ng trn
ngai tip v din tch ca tam gic ny
Gii

BC = AB 2 + AC 2 = 9 + 16 = 5 ; BD = 2 BC = 10
AB 3
AC 4
= ; sin B =
=
cos B =
BC 5
BC 5
Ta c AD 2 = BA2 + BD 2 2 BA.BD cos B
3
= 9 + 100 2.3.10. = 73
5
AD = 73

D
C

Ta cng c

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16

Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

cos B =

3
= 0, 6 B = 53o 7 '
5

4
3.
AB
AD
AB sin B
=
sin D =
= 5 = 0, 2808
sin D sin B
AD
73
o
D = 16 18'
Suy ra : BAD = 180o (53o 7 '+ 16o18') = 110o 25'
Bn knh ng trn ngai tip tam gic ABD cho bi cng thc :
AD
73 5 73
R=
=
=
= 5,34
2sin B 2 4
8
5
Ta li c 2 tam gic ABC v ACD c din tch bng nhau (v c chung ng cao v t A v 2
cnh y BC ,CD bng nhau ) Do :
1
S ABD = 2 S ABC = 2. . AB. AC = 3.4 = 12
2
4
V d 3 : Cho tam gic ABC c AB = 5cm ; AC = 7cm ; cosA= Tnh din tch , bn knh
5
ng trn ngai tip , ni tip ca tam gic v ng cao v t A
Gii :
Ta c :

16 3
1
1
3 21
=
= 10, 5cm2
; S = AB. AC.sin A = 5.7. =
25 5
2
2
5 2
4
BC 2 = AB 2 + AC 2 2 AB. AC.cos A = 25 + 49 2.5.7. = 18 BC = 3 2cm
5
3 2 5 2
BC
BC
2R =
R=
=
=
cm
sin A
2sin A 2. 3
2
5
21
S
21
2
r= =
=
cm
p 5 + 7 + 3 2 12 + 3 2
2
1
2S
21 7 2
S = AH .BC AH =
=
=
cm
BC 3 2
2
2

sin A = 1 cos 2 A = 1

V d 4 : Cho hnh vung ABCD c cnh bng 6cm ; E l trung im ca CD . Tnh bn knh

ng trn ngai tip tam gic ACE v cc gc ca tam gic ny

Gii : Tac

C
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17

Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

AC = AB 2 = 6 2cm ; AE = AD 2 + DE 2 = 3 5cm; ACE = 45o

AE
3 5 3 10
cm
=
=
2sin ACE
2
2
6
AD
sin AED =
=
= 0,8944 => AED = 63o 25'
AE 3 5
o
AEC = 180 63o 25' = 116o 35' => CAE = 180o (116o35'+ 45o ) = 18o 25'
R( ACE ) =

V d 5 : Trong mt tam gic ABC bt k , chng minh rng :

a) ha = 2 R sin B sin C

b) S = 2 R 2 sin A sin B sin C

( ha l ng cao v t A ; R l bn knh ng trn ngai tip v S l din tch ca tam gic ABC )
Gii :
Ta c :
1
2 S bc 2 R sin B.2 R sin C
aha ha =
=
=
= 2 R sin B sin C
2
a
a
2 R sin A
a = 2 R sin A
a
b
c

=
=
= 2 R b = 2 R sin B
(do
sin A sin B sin C
c = 2 R sin C

Theo cu a) ta cng c :
1
1
S = aha = (2 R sin A).(2 R sin B sin C ) = 2 R 2 sin A sin B sin C
2
2
S=

V d 6 : Cho hnh vung ABCD c cnh bng a . Mt ng trn c bn knh bng

a 6
, qua 2
3

nh A , C v ct cnh BC ti E . Tnh on AE v gc BAE

Gii :
Ta c :ACE = 45o v bn knh ng trn ngai tip
a 6
tam gic ACE bng
Do , theo nh l sin
D
A
3
AE
a 6
a 6 2 2a 3
= 2.
AE = 2.
.
=
o
sin 45
3
3
2
3
Tam gic vung ABE cho :
AB
a
3
cos BAE =
=
=
=> BAE = 30o
AE 2a 3
2
B
E
C
3
o
V d 7 : Cho tam gic ABC c BAC = 120 .AD l phn gic trong ca gc A (D thuc cnh
BC ) .Chng minh rng tng hai bn knh ng trn ngai tip tam gic ABD v tam gic ADC
bng bn knh ng trn ngai tip tam gic ABC
Gii :
Ta c

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18

Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

BAD = DAC = 60o

sin BAD = sin DAC = sin BAC =

3
2

Theo nh l sin , ta c :
BD
BD
DC
DC
2 R( ABD ) =
; 2 R( ADC ) =
=
=
sin BAD
sin DAC
3
3
2
2
BC
BC BD + DC
2 R( ABC ) =
=
=
= 2 R( ABD ) + 2 R( ADC )
sin BAC
3
3
2
2
R( ABC ) = R( ABD ) + R( ADC )
V d 8 : Cho tam gic ABC v im M thuc cnh BC .Bit rng :
bc sin( + )
BAM = ; CAM = .Chng minh rng AM =
c sin + b sin
Gii :
Ta c :
1
1
S( ABC ) = AB. AC.sin A = bc sin( + )
2
2
1
1
S( ABM ) = AB. AM .sin BAM = AM .c.sin
2
2
1
1
S( ACM ) = AC. AM .sin CAM = AM .b.sin
2
2

M :
1
1
bc sin( + ) = AM (c sin + b sin )
2
2
bc sin( + )
Suy ra AM =
c sin + b sin
S( ABC ) = S( ABM ) + S( ACM )

V d 9 : Chng minh rng iu kin cn v tam gic ABC vung ti A l

2
2
2
mb + mc = 5ma (ma , mb , mc l 3 trung tuyn v t A,B,C )
Gii :
Ta c :
2

2(c 2 + a 2 ) b 2 2(a 2 + b 2 ) c 2
2(b 2 + c 2 ) a 2
+
=5
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2c + 2a b + 2a + 2b c = 10b + 10c 5a 2

mb + mc = 5ma

9a 2 = 9(b 2 + c 2 )
a 2 = b2 + c2
Vy tam gic ABC vung ti A
V d 10 : Cho tam gic ABC c AB = c = 45 ; AC = b = 32 ; BAC = 87 o . Tnh cc cnh v cc

gc cn li
Gii :
Ta c :

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19

Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos87 o = 322 + 452 2.32.45.cos87o

= 2898 a = 2898 = 53,8
cos B =

c 2 + a 2 b 2 452 + 2898 322

=
= 0,8052
2ca
2.45.53,8

ABC = 36o 22 '

ACB = 180o (87 o + 36o 22 ') = 56o38'

C. Bi tp rn luyn .
2 . 18 .Cho tam gic ABC c ba cnh bng 10cm ; 13cm ; 17cm . Tnh din tch ,bn knh
ng trn ngai tip v bn knh ng trn ni tip ca tam gic
2 . 19 . Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A ; AB = 3 ; AC = 4 . Trn tia BC ly im D saocho
CD = 7 ; trn tia BA ly im E sao cho AE = 5 .Tnh cc cnh v cc gc ca tam gic
ADE
c
2 . 20 Tam gic ABC c 3 cnh l BC = a ; CA = b ; AB = c v trung tuyn AM =
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Chng minh rng 2b = a c ; sin A = 2sin B + sin C
2 .21 Cho tam gic ABC nhn c AB = 3cm ; AC = 4cm v din tch S = 3 3cm 2 Tnh
cnh BC v .ng cao AH ca tam gic ny .
2 .22 . Cho hnh vung ABCD cnh bng a , O l tm ca hnh vung v E l trung im
ca AB . Tnh bn knh ng trn ngai tip , din tch v cc gc ca tam gic OCE
2 .23 .Cho tam gic ABC c BC = a ; CA = b ; AB = c .Chng minh rng
tan A c 2 + a 2 b 2
=
tan B b 2 + c 2 a 2
2 . 24 . Cho tam gic ABC c : BAC = 60o ; BC = 7 ; AC = 2 . Tnh cnh AB v cc gc
ca tam gic ny
2 .25. Cho tam gic ABC c BC = a ; CA = b ; AB = c v cc cnh ny tha iu kin
b 2 + c 2 = 5a 2 Chng minh rng hai trung tuyn v t B v C th vung gc vi nhau
2 . 26 . Cho tam gic ABC c : AB = 3cm ; AC = 2x(cm) ; BC = 5cm .
a) nh iu kin ca x ( ABC l mt tam gic )
b) nh x gc BAC = 60o
* 2 . 27 . a) Cho tam gic MPQ c trung tuyn l MR .Chng minh rng
PQ 2
MP 2 + MQ 2 = 2 MR 2 +
2
b) Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A v c BC = 6 . Trn ng thng BC ly 2 im D
v E sao cho BD = BE = 1 .Chng minh rng AD 2 + AE 2 + 2 AC 2 = 74
2 .28 .Cho hnh thang vung ABCD ( A = B = 90o )v AB =4cm ;AD = 3cm ; BC = 11cm .
Tnh bn knh ng trn ngai tip tam gic BCD
..

D . Hng dn gii hay p s

2 .18 .

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Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

1
(10 + 13 + 17) = 20cm
2
S = p( p a)( p b)( p c) = 20.10.7.3 = 10 42 = 64,80cm 2
p=

R=

abc 10.13.17
221
=
=
= 8,52cm
4 S 4.10 42 4 42

r=

S 10 42
=
= 3, 24cm
p
20

2.19. BC = AB 25 + AC 2 = 9 + 16 = 5 BD = 5 + 7 = 12
BE = 3 + 5 = 8
DE 2 = BD 2 + BE 2 2 BD.BE.cos B
3 464
= 144 + 64 2.12.8. =
DE = 9, 63
5
5
3
cos B = = 0, 6 B = 53o 7 '
5
4
DE
BE
BE sin B
sin B = = 0,8 ;
=
sin D =
5
sin B sin D
DE
8.0,8
= 0, 6645 D = 41o38'
sin D =
9, 63
E = 180o (41o38'+ 53o 7 ') = 75o15'

2 .20 . p dng cng thc v ng trung tuyn :

2(b 2 + c 2 ) a 2
c 2 2(b 2 + c 2 ) a 2
2
AM 2 = ma =

=
4
4
4
2
2
2
a c = 2b
Theo nh l sin , ta c : a = 2RsinA ; b =2RsinB ; c = 2RsinC nn :
4 R 2 sin 2 A 4 R 2 sin 2 C = 2( 4 R 2 sin 2 B)
sin 2 A sin 2 C = 2sin 2 B
sin 2 A = 2sin 2 B + sin 2 C

2 .21 .Ap dng cng thc :

S=

1
1
AB. AC.sin A 3 3 = 3.4.sin A
2
2
( v gc A nhn )
3
o
sin A =
A = 60
2

Ta li c :
1
BC 2 = AB 2 + AC 2 2 AB. AC.cos 60o = 9 + 16 2.3.4. = 13 => BC = 13
2
2S 2.3 3 6 39
AH =
=
=
BC
13
13
2 . 22 . Ta c :

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Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

a2 a 5
EOC = 135 ; EC = EB + BC = a +
=
4
2
o

EC
a 5 a 10
=
=
2sin EOC
4
2
4.
2
EB a 1
OEC = ECB ; tan ECB =
=
= = 0,5
BC 2a 2
OEC = ECB = 26o33'
R( EOC ) =

O
D

OCE = 180o (135o + 26o 33') = 18o 27 '

2 .23 .Ta c :

sin A =

a
b2 + c2 a 2
sin A
abc
;cos A =
tan A =
=
2
2R
2bc
cos A R(b + c 2 a 2 )

tan B =

sin B
tan A c 2 + a 2 b 2
abc
=
=>
=
cos B R(c 2 + a 2 b 2 )
tan B b 2 + c 2 a 2

2 .24 .t AB = x ( x > 0 ) . Ta c :
BC 2 = AB 2 + AC 2 2 AB. AC.cos A
1
7 = x 2 + 4 2.x.2. x 2 2 x 3 = 0 x = 3 : AB = 3
2
3
AC
BC
AC sin 60o
=
sin B =
=
= 0, 6546
sin B sin A
BC
7
B = 40o53' ; C = 180o (60o + 40o 53') = 79o 7 '
2 .25 . Gi G l trng tm ca tam gic ABC . chng minh BM vung gc
vi CN ta ch cn chng minh tam gic BGC vung ti G. Ta c:
2
2
GB 2 + GC 2 = ( BM ) 2 + ( CN ) 2
A
3
3
4 2(c 2 + a 2 ) b 2 4 2(a 2 + b 2 ) c 2
+ .
= .
9
4
9
4
M
1
= 2(c 2 + a 2 ) b 2 + 2(a 2 + b 2 ) c 2
N
9
1
1
G
= (4a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) = (4a 2 + 5a 2 ) = a 2 = BC 2
9
9
C
B
Vy tam gic BGC vung ti G
2 .26 a) iu kin ABC l mt tam gic l :
BC AB < AC < BC+AB 5 - 3 < 2x < 5+3 1 < x < 4
AB 2 + AC 2 BC 2
1 4 + 4 x 2 25
=
cos A =
2 AB. AC
2
2.3.2 x
b) Ta li c :
3 + 73
2 x 2 3x 8 = 0 x =
(do 1 < x < 4)
4

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Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

JJJG 2 JJJJG 2 JJJG JJJG

JJJG JJJG
2.27. a ) MP 2 + MQ 2 = MP + MQ = ( MR + RP) 2 + ( MR + RQ)2
JJJG JJJG
JJJG JJJG
= MR 2 + RP 2 + 2MR.RP + MR 2 + RQ 2 + 2 MR.RQ
JJJG JJJG JJJG
= 2MR 2 + RP 2 + RQ 2 + 2MR( RP + RQ)
PQ 2
PQ JJJG JJJG G
= 2MR 2 +
( RP = RQ =
; RP + RQ = 0)
2
2
Theo cu a) , ta c :
DE 2
2
2
2
= 2 AB 2 + 2 (do DE = 2)
AD + AE = 2 AB +
2
2
2
2
AD + AE + 2 AC = 2 AB 2 + 2 + 2 AC 2 = 2( AB 2 + AC 2 ) + 2

= 2 BC 2 + 2 = 2.36 + 2 = 74
2 . 28 .
DC 2 = AB 2 + ( BC AD) 2 = 16 + 64 = 80 DC = 4 5

DBC = ADB ;sin ADB =

R( BDC ) =

AB 4
=
BD 5

DC
4 5
=
=5 5
4
sin DBC
5

A
D B E

3. Cu hi trc nghim cui chng

A.

G G
GG
G G
1
1 . Cho a = b = 1 ; a.b = . Gc (a, b) (tnh ra ) bng :
2
o
b . 120o
a . 60
c . 30o
d . mt p s khc
JGG
G G
G G
G G
2 . Cho a = b = 1 ; (a + b) (a 2b) . Tch v hng a.b bng :

a.1
b.1
c.2
d.2
GG
G
G
JJG G
3 . Cho a = 1 ; b = 2 ; (a + 3b) = 5 . Tch v hng a.b bng :
a.2
b.3
c.4
d . mt
JJJJp
G sJJJkhc
G JJJG
4 . Cho hnh vung ABCD cnh bng a . Nu AM = 2 AB + AD th on AM bng :
b. a 3
a .3a
c. a 5
d .mt p s khc
5 . Cho hnh ch nht ABCD c AB = 5 ; AD = 3 v im I xc nh bi
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23
JJG
JJJG
CI = k AB . Nu 2 ng thng AC v BI vung gc vi nhau th k bng:
a . 0,36
b. 0,36
c , 0,6
d . mt p s khc
6 . Tam gic ABC c BC = a = 2 x + 1 ; AC = b = 2 ; AB = c = 3 . Nu gc A ca tam gic bng
60o th gi tr ca x l :
a.2
b.3
c.4
d . mt p s khc
2
7 .Cho tam gic ABC c 3 cnh tha : BC 2 = AB 2 + AC 2 + AB. AC . Gc A ca tam gic gn bng
3
gc no di y nht :
b . 110o
a . 109o
d . 71o
c . 70o
8 . Tam gic ABC c B = 30o ; C = 45o . H thc no sau y ng
a . AB = 2AC
b . AC 2 = AB
c . AC = 2AB
d . 2AB = AC 3

Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

9 . Trong mt tam gic , nu tng bnh phng 3 ng trung tuyn bng 30 th tng bnh phng
3 cnh ca tam gic s bng :
a .34
b . 36
c . 38
d .mt p s khc
10 . Cho tam gic c ba cnh l : 3m ; 4m ; 6m .Gc ln nht ca tam gic gn bng gc no di
y nht
b. 640
a. 63o
0
c. 116
d. 1170
11 . Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A v c AB = 2a ; BC = 4a . E l mt im thuc tia i ca tia
BC . Nu bn knh ng trn ngai tip ca tam gic ACE bng 3a th on AE s bng
a . 3a
b . 4a
c . 5a
d . mt p s khc
12 .Cho hnh vung ABCD cnh bng a . Trn tia i ca tia CB , ly im E sao cho AE = 3a 2 .
Bn knh ca ng trn ngai tip tam gic ACE bng
a .5a
b. 4a
c .3a
d . mt p s khc
13 . Mt tam gic c ba cnh l 4 , 5 , 7 . ng cao nh nht ca tam gic ny gn bng s no
di y nht
b.3
a . 2,8
d . 3,4
c . 3,2
14 . Tam gic ABC c : AC+BC = 6 ; sinA + sinB = 1,5 . H thc no di y ng :
a . AB = 2sinC
b .AB = 3sinC
c . AB = 4sinC
d AB = 6sinC
15 . Tam gic ABC vung ti A v c AB = a ; BC = 2a . Trn tia i ca tia BC ly im D sao
cho BD = 3a .on AD gn bng on no di y nht :
b . 3,5a
a. 3,4a
c . 3,6a
d . 3,7a
16 .Cho tam gic ABC c AB = 3 ; AC = 5 . Gi R ,R ln lt l bn knh ng trn ngai tip
ca tam gic ABM v tam gic ACM ( M l mt im thuc cnh BC ) H thc no sau y ng
a . R = 0,5R
b . R = 0,6R
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Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

c . R = 0,7R

d . R = 0,8R

17 .Tam gic ABC c cc cnh tha

BC 2 = AB 2 + AC 2 AB. AC; CA2 = BA2 + BC 2 BC.BA
Gc C ca tam gic bng :
a . 30o
b . 45o
c . 60o
d . mt p s khc
18 . Tam gic ABC c cc cnh tha :
6
BC 2 = AB 2 + AC 2 ; AC 2 = BC 2 + BA2 BC.BA
5
cosC ca tam gic bng :
a . 0,5
b .0,6
c . 0,7
d .0,8

19 . Tam gic ABC c AB = 4 ;BC = 10 ; trung tuyn AM = 3 . Bnh phng ca cnh AC bng :
a. 50
b . 51
c . 52
d . mt p s khc
20 . Cho tam gic ABC c bn knh ng trn ngai tip l R = 4 .Nu sinB + 2sinC = 1 th (AC +
2AB) bng :
a .5
b .6
c .7
d .8

B. Bng tr li
1.b
2 .a
3 .d
4 .c
5 .b

6 .b
7.a
8 .b
9 .d
10 .d

11 .a
12 .c
13 .a
14 . c
15 .c

16 .b
17 .c
18 .d
19 .c
20 .d

C. Hng dn gii :

GG G G
G G
G G
1
a.b = a . b cos(a, b) = 1.1cos(a, b)
2
1b . Ta c
G G
G G
1
cos(a, b) = (a, b) = 120o
2
G G
G G
G G G G
G2
G G G G G2
(a + b) (a 2b) (a + b)(a 2b) = 0 a 2a.b + b.a 2b
2a.
GG
JGG
1 a.b 2 = 0 a.b = 1
G G
G G 2
G2
JGG JJG2
a + 3b = 5 (a + 3b) = 25 a + 6a.b + 9b = 25
3d .
GG
GG
1 + 6a.b + 9.4 = 25 a.b = 2

JJJJG 2
JJJG JJJG
JJJG JJJG
4b. AM 2 = AM = (2 AB + AD) 2 = 4 AB 2 + AD 2 + 4 AB. AD
JJJGJJJG
.
= 5a 2 (do AB. AD = 0)

AM = a 5
5b .
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Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

JJG JJJG
JJJG JJG JJJG JJJG
BI AC BI . AC = 0 ( BC + CI )( BC BA) = 0
JJG
JJJG
JJJG JJJG JJJG
.
BC 2 + kBA2 = 0(do CI = k AB = k BA ; BC.BA = 0)
9
9 + 25k = 0 k =
= 0,36
25

25

6 b . nh l cos cho

a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos A 2 x + 1 = 4 + 9 2.3.2.

1
2

x=3
7a . nh l cos cho :
BC 2 = AB 2 + AC 2 2 AB. AC.cos A AB 2 + AC 2 +

2
AB. AC = AB 2 + AC 2 2 AB. AC cos A
3

1
cos A = = 0,3333 A = 109o 29 '
3
o
( cos 70 31' = 0,3333 v A l gc b ca gc ny )
8b . nh l sin cho
AC
AB
AC
AB
AC AB
=

=
o
o
1
sin B sin C
sin 30
sin 45
2
2
2
AB = AC 2

9d . Theo cng thc tnh di ng trung tuyn ,ta c :

2(b 2 + c 2 ) a 2 + 2(c 2 + a 2 ) b 2 + 2(a 2 + b 2 ) c 2
2
2
2
ma + mb + mc =
4
2
2
2
3(a + b + c )
30 =
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 40
4
10d . i din vi cnh ln nht BC = 6m s l gc A ln nht ,m
b 2 + c 2 a 2 9 + 16 36
11
=
=
= 0, 4583
cosA=
2bc
2.3.4
24
A = 117 o17 '
11a . Tam gic ABC l na tam gic u .nh l sin cho :
AE
AE
= 2R R =
= 3a
o
2sin 30o
sin 30
12c . Ta c ACE = 135o ;

AE
3a 2
= 2R R =
= 3a
o
sin135
2
2.
2

13 a. ng cao nh nht h l ng cao tng ng vi cnh ln nht ngha l cnh

bng 7 .
Ta li c

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Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

1
p = (4 + 5 + 7) = 8
2
S = p( p a)( p b)( p c) = 8.4.3.1 = 4 6
h=

2S 8 6
=
= 2, 79
7
7

14c . nh l sin cho :

BC
AC
AB
AC + BC
6
=
=
=
=
=4
sin A sin B sin C sin A + sin B 1,5
AB = 4sin C
15c . Tam gic ABC l na tam gic u
ABD = 120o ; AD 2 = BD 2 + BA2 2 BA.BD.cos120o

1
AD 2 = 9a 2 + a 2 2.a.3a.( ) = 13a 2
2
AD = a 13 = 3, 605a
16b . Ta c sinAMB = sinAMC (gc b nhau ) nh l sin cho
AB
AC
R AB 3

=
= = 0, 6
2R =
; 2R ' =
R ' AC 5
sin AMB
sin AMC
R = 0, 6 R '
17c . Gi thit cho A = B = 60o C = 60o
18d . Tam gic ABC vung ti A (do BC 2 = AB 2 + AC 2 )
H thc hai cho :
3
9 4
cos B = cos C = sin B = 1 cos 2 B = 1
= =0,8
5
25 5
19c . Cng thc tnh di trung tuyn cho
2( AB 2 + AC 2 ) BC 2

AM 2 =
4
2(16 + AC 2 ) 100
1
AC 2 = (100 + 36 32) = 52
9 =
4
2
20d . nh l sin cho :
AC
AB
AC + 2 AB
2 AB
2R =
=
=
=

sin B sin C 2sin C sin B + 2sin C

AC + 2 AB
8=
1

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