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CHINH PHUC
HNH HOC
ta phng Oxy
(phan 1)
E(-1;-3)
F(1;3)
D(4;-2)
ct
Bi 2: Cho ABC ni tip ng trn (C), ng phn gic trong v ngoi ca A
ng trn (C) ln lt ti M(0; 3), N(2;1) . Tm ta cc im B, C bit ng thng
BC i qua E(2; 1) v C c honh dng.
Hng dn tm li gii
+ Trc ht ta thy ngay AN AM (t.c phn gic ca 2 gc k b) ng trn (C) s
c tm I(1; 1) l trung im MN, bn knh R =
MN
2
2
= 5 (C) : ( x + 1) + ( y + 1) = 5
2
Trang 1
H l trung im BC
im chnh gia BC
( H = MN BC ) BC MN (q. h gia
ng knh v dy cung - hnh hc lp 9))
+ Nh vy, tm li, ng thng BC qua E,
MN BC : x 2y 4 = 0
I
B
E(2;-1)
H
M(0;-3)
= ABC
= sdAC , m ABC
= AMN
(do
c xAC
2
M(-1;0)
N(1;1)
= AMN
Ax / /MN (**). T (*) v
xAC
(**) AO MN )
AO.MN = 0 a = 1 A(1; 2)
+ ng thng AB i qua A, N
AB : x 1 = 0
O(0;0)
C
B
+ ng thng AC i qua A, M
AC : x + y + 1 = 0
+ ng cao BM i qua M v
AC BM : x y + 1 = 0
+ Ta B = AB BM B(1; 2) , tng t C(2;1)
Trang 2
7
1
25
BC c phng trnh: x + y + =
2
2
4
+ Vi d kin bi
cho, trc ht ta xc
nh c ngay ta
A = AB A(1;3)
+ ng thng BC i
qua D(1;-1) nn lp
phng trnh BC ta cn
tm ta mt im
na thuc BC.
Gi
E = BC
E E ( 7 2x; x )
1
2
x+2y-7=0
3x+2y-9=0
1
E
Ngun: https://www.facebook.com/tulieugiaoduc24h
1
C
D(1;-1)
Trang 3
=A
= sdAB , DAC
=A
D
=A
+A
= EAD
EAD cn ti E)
C
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
+ ng thng BC i qua 2 im E v D BC : x 2y 3 = 0
lt l I(2; 2), K ;3 . Tm ta B, C
2
Hng dn tm li gii
Mi bi hnh hc ta phng trong thi H u c mt nt tht ring, lm th no
tm c nt tht v ci nt tht. Cu tr li l : Phi hc nhiu, lm nhiu,
chu kh tng hp kin thc v t duy theo kinh nghim tch ly .
SAU Y TA S I TM NT THT CA BI TON LN TRC NH !
+ Ta lp c ngay ng trn (C) ngoi
A(1;5)
tip ABC c tm K, bn knh AK.
2
2
1
1
B
(C)
+ ng thng AI qua A, I
1 I(2;2)
5 1
AI : 3x + y 8 = 0 D = AI (C) D ;
2 2
5
25
2
(C) : x + ( y 3) =
2
4
K( ;3)
2
C
+ By gi ta cn chng minh
BD = DI = CD (*) B, C nm trn ng
trn (T) tm D, bn knh DI ta B, C
l giao ca 2 ng trn (C) v (T)
(Tht vy, by gi ta chng minh (*) - y
l yu t quyt nh ca bi ton ny !!!
=A
DB
= DC
DB = DC (1)
- Ta c A
1
2
+B
(gc ngoi ABI ), li c
- M I1 = A
1
1
=A
, A
=B
= sdDC , B
=B
A
1
2
2
3
1
2
2
+B
= IBD
BDI cn ti D DB = DI (2)
I1 = B
2
3
- T (1) v (2) BD = DI = CD (*) )
2
5
1 10
B(4;1), C(1;1)
+ {B, C} = (C) (T)
B(1;1), C(4;1)
Ngun: https://www.facebook.com/tulieugiaoduc24h
Trang 4
+ Ta thy C = AC BC , vy ta cn i tm
phng trnh ng thng AC v BC
* Bc 1: Tm phng trnh AC
- ng thng AC i qua A v B (trong
B(7;4) l im i xng ca B qua
phn gic AK: x - 2 = 0)
AC : 2x + 5y 34 = 0
B'
B(-3;-4)
C
A'
K(2;-9)
AH = 2.IM = 2. CI 2 BM 2 = 2 52 4 2 = 6
Ta c:
D
AI = 5
gii h ny
x = 1
Trang 5
x = 2, y = 3 M(2;3)
I
17 29 17 9
E ; ; F ; , G (1;5 ) . Tm ta tm ng trn ngoi tip ABE
5 5 5 5
Hng dn tm li gii
+ y l bi ton pht trin theo mch t duy ca
dng bi trn
E
+ ABE c F l trc tm, vy nu gi I l tm
H
ng trn ngoi tip ABE, M ltrung
i AB
G
th ta chng minh c EF = 2.IM (xem li bi
trn)
F
I
Do ta E, F bit, vy c I ta cn tm ta
M, m M l trung im AB nn ta cn tm ta
A
B
M
A, B. (y l im nt ca bi ton ny)
+ Ta thy
ngay
EF l ng trung bnh ca
HCB AG = FE . Nh vy nu gi A(x;y) th
gii phng trnh AG = FE x = 1; y = 1 A(1;1)
+ Tip theo lp c phng trnh t AE i qua A, E AE : 2x + y + 1 = 0
+ ng thng AB qua A v vung gc vi EF AB : y 1 = 0
+ ng thng BH qua F v vung gc vi AE BH : x + 2y 7 = 0
D
B = BH AB B(5;1) M(3;1)
+ Gii phng trnh EF = 2.IM I(3;3)
Ngun: https://www.facebook.com/tulieugiaoduc24h
Trang 6
Bi 11: Cho ABC c trc tm H, ng trn ngoi tip HBC c phng trnh
2
( x + 1) + y 2 = 9 . Trng tm G ca ABC thuc Oy. Tm ta cc nh ca ABC bit
BC c phng trnh x y = 0 v B c honh dng.
Hng dn tm li gii
2
1 17 1 17
C
;
2
2
+ By gi vic kh khn s l tm
ta A(x;y) theo trnh t suy lun
sau:
- im G(0;a) thuc Oy l trng
tm ABC , s dng cng thc
trng tm A(1; y)
- Gi O v I ln lt l tm ng
trn ngoi tip ABC v HBC
I v O i xng nhau qua BC (*),
t y ta lp c phng trnh OI
qua I(-1;0) v vung gc BC
OI : x + y + 1 = 0 .
- Ta c, ta
1 1
M = OI BC M ; O(0; 1)
2 2
A'
I
Ngun: https://www.facebook.com/tulieugiaoduc24h
Trang 7
Hng dn tm li gii
+ Trc tin ta vit phng trnh
DC i qua M v vung gc vi
EI DC : x 3 = 0
(Ti s gii tch DC EI bn
hiu:
- Gi F, H, K ln lt l cc
trung im BC, AC, AD
E = DH CK .
- Gi G l trng tm ABC
G = AF CD
- Ta c
E
CE CG 2
=
= GE / /AB , m
CK CD 3
AB DI GE ID
- Li c
DE / /BC
GI DE I l trc
GI BC
tm DGE .. )
I
G
+ Tip theo ta tm ta D : do
D DC D(3; x) , gii phng
trnh DN.DI = 0 x = 3 D(3;3)
+ Ta s vit tip phng trnh
AB (qua N, D)
M(3;-1)
N(-3;0)
B
AB : x 2y + 3 = 0
+ ng thng AF qua I v
vung gc vi DE
AF : x y 2 = 0
F
+ Gii h A = AB AF A(7;5) B(1;1) (do D l trung im AB)
+ ng thng BC qua B v vung gc vi IA BC : x + y = 0
+ Gii h C = BC CD C(3; 3)
(Lu l ng thng CD i qua M v D - bn t vit nh)
Ngun: https://www.facebook.com/tulieugiaoduc24h
Trang 8
d(D; AG) = 10
+ A AG A(a;3a 13)
3x-y-13=0
= cos n AB ; n AG =
+ Ta c cos NAG
1
3
3a b
2
a + b 2 . 10
1
3
+ Mt khc NG = NM = NA, AG = NA 2 + NG 2 =
( 3.NG )
+ NG 2 = NG. 10
3a b
3
= NA = 3
cos NAG
=
2
2
AG
10
10
a + b . 10
b = 0
6ab + 8b 2 = 0
3a = 4b
- Vi b = 0, chn a = 1 AB : x 3 = 0
- Vi 3a = -4b, chn a = 4, b = - 3 AB : 4x 3y 24 = 0
Ngun: https://www.facebook.com/tulieugiaoduc24h
Trang 9
Bi 14: Cho hnh ch nht ABCD c AB, AD tip xc vi ng trn (C) c phng
16 23
2
Q
N
2
I(-2;3)
M
E
a = 5 A(4;5)
Gii phng trnh ny 13
4 13
a = A ; , xA > 0
5
5 5
+ Gi VTPT ca AD l n = (m; n) AD : m(x + 4) + n(y 5) = 0 mx + ny + 4m 5n = 0
m = 0 AD : y 5 = 0 D(d;5)
n = 0 AD : x + 4 = 0 x D = 4 < 0
d = 6 D(6;5)
d = 14 < 0
1
2
v BD E 1; B(4;0)
2
Bi 15: Cho hnh thang ABCD c y AD // BC, AD = 3.BC . Phng trnh ng thng
AD l x y = 0 . im E(0;2) l trung im ca AB, im P(1;-2) nm trn ng thng
CD. Tm ta cc nh ca hnh thang, bit hnh thang c din tch bng 9 v im A,
D c honh dng.
Hng dn tm li gii
+ ng thng EF i qua E v
B
C
// AD EF : x y + 2 = 0
+ Ta c
F
E(0;2)
H K
x-y=0
Ngun: https://www.facebook.com/tulieugiaoduc24h
Trang 10
+ Mt khc SABCD = 9
BC + AD
9
.BK = 9 EF.BK = 9 EF =
2
2 2
9 17
F 4 ; 4
9
9
I(1;-1)
H
+A
= 450 tan A
+A
= 1 tan A1 + tan A 2 = 1 (*)
A
1
2
1
2
.tan A
1 tan A
1
2
C
D
M
DM
1
1
=
=
- M tan A
= , thay vo (*) tan A
2
1
AD 3
2
IH
4
=
- Li c: AIH vung ti H tan A
AH =
AI = AH 2 + IH 2 = 2
1
AH
5
13
13 1
x = A ;
Ngun: https://www.facebook.com/tulieugiaoduc24h
Trang 11
By gi chng ta cng xem li thi khi A-2012 c cch khai thc lm tng t
(trong khi p n ca BGD rt kh hiu)
Bi 17: (KA-2012) Cho hnh vung ABCD, M l trung im BC. N thuc CD sao cho
11 1
CN = 2.ND . im M ; , AN : 2x y 3 = 0 . Tm ta ca A.
2 2
Hng dn tm li gii
A
+ Do A AN A ( x; 2x 3)
+ Tnh c ngay khong cch
B
3
AH = d(M; AN) =
+ By gi ta cn tnh on AM thit lp
phng trnh tm x nh sau:
- Ta c
11 1
M( ; )
2 2
2x-y-3=0
+A
+A
= 900 A
= 900 A
+A
A
1
2
3
2
1
3
H
D
3 5
2
= cot 900 A
+A
= tan A
+A
cot A
2
1
3
1
3
1 1
DN BM
+
+
+ tan A
tan
A
3
2 =1 A
1
3
AD
AB
= 450
cot A 2 =
=
=
2
DN
BM
1
1
1 tan A1.tan A 3 1
.
1 .
AD AB
3 2
HM
5
- Xt AHM vung ti H AM =
=3
0
sin 45
2
5
- Gii phng trnh AM = 3 x = ? A ?
2
N(5;-4)
M
Ngun: https://www.facebook.com/tulieugiaoduc24h
x 4 2x + 3
I
;
2
2
Cch khc:
A(-4;8)
+ im
C d C(x; 2x 5) ,
I
d:2x+y+5=0
E
D
AN NC AN.NC = 0 ,
N(5;-4)
M
= 900 )
E l trung im BN ABC = ANC ANC
B BN
(trong BN l ng thng qua N v vung gc
BC = CN
+ tm ta B ta gii h
vi AC)
Bi 19: Cho hnh ch nht ABCD, A(5; 7), C d : x y + 4 = 0 . ng thng i qua D v
trung im M ca AB c phng trnh : 3x 4y 23 = 0 . Tm ta B, C bit x B > 0
Hng dn tm li gii
+ C d C(x; x + 4)
+ Do M l trung
im AB
d(C; ) = 2.d(A; ) ,
3x-4y-23=0
I
x-y+4=0
A(5;-7)
x = 79 < 0
2m 23
3m 9
, m M l trung im AB B 2m 5;
4
2
+ Ta c M M m;
Ngun: https://www.facebook.com/tulieugiaoduc24h
Trang 13
Bi 20: Cho ng trn (C) : ( x 4 ) + y 2 = 4 . Tm M thuc trc tung sao cho qua M k
c 2 tip tuyn MA, MB ti ng trn (C) (A, B l 2 tip im). Bit AB i qua
E(4;1)
Hng dn tm li gii
Bi tp ny s cung cp cho cc bn 1 phng php lp phng trnh ng thng da
theo tng qu tch.
+ Do M Oy M(0; m)
A
+ ng trn (C) ngoi
tip t gic MAIB c tm
a
F 2; l trung im MI,
2
M
I(4;0)
bn knh
R'=
MI
16 + a 2
=
2
2
(C ') : ( x 2 ) + y
2
16 + a 2
=
4
2
E(4;1)
a 16 + a 2 4x + ay + 12 = 0
2
( x 2 ) + y =
2
4
C
N(1;1)
1
1
= PBA
= 600
PK = PB; MEN
2
4
= 600 PB = 2x ME = x , m
- PAB vung ti A, PBA
2
DC x
NE =
= MEN u MN = ME = NE = 1 x = 2
2
2
ME / /PB; ME =
Ngun: https://www.facebook.com/tulieugiaoduc24h
Trang 14
- Ta c DN =
PC
PD2 + DC2
=
= 5 2 3 (2)
2
2
1
D ;
2
+ Cui cng, gii h phng trnh gm (1) v (2)
D 3 ;
2
2
3
Bi 22: Cho hnh thang vung ABCD vung ti A v D c AB = AD < CD, B(1; 2) , ng
thng BD c phng trnh y = 2 . Bit ng thng d : 7x y 25 = 0 ct on thng AD,
. Tm ta
CD ln lt ti M v N sao cho BM BC v tia BN l tia phn gic ca MBC
im D, bit D c honh dng.
Hng dn tm li gii
A
B(1;2)
y-2=0
I
H
N
C
d:7x-y-25=0
+ Ta c d(B; d) = ... = 2 2
+ Ta c BMN = BNC (do BN chung,
= CBN;
BM = BC (do
MBN
BAM = BHC) BI = BH = 2 2 (2
ng cao tng ng ca 2 tam gic
bng nhau)
BD = BH. 2 = 4 (do BDH vung
cn ti H)
+ Do D BD D(b; 2) , gii phng
d = 3 < 0
d = 5 D(5; 2)
trnh BD = 4
3 9
Ngun: https://www.facebook.com/tulieugiaoduc24h
Trang 15
+ M d M(1 2x; x)
+ Do ADMB l hnh ch nht t
gic ADMB ni tip ng trn
= 900 H
ng knh DB, m DHB
thuc ng trn ng knh DB
5 im A, D, H, M, B nm trn
ng trn ng knh DB t
= 900
gic AHMB ni tip AHM
= 900 )
(do ABM
n y ta gii phng trnh
3 9
H( ; )
5 5
O
HA.HM = 0 M(1;0)
d:x+2y-1=0
9 12
1 7
D ; B ;
D DC
5 5
5 5
OD = OA D 3 ; 9 B 13 ; 4
5
5
5 5
+ Ta Q = AP BN , gii h c Q ; AQ =
5 5
+ M AQ = BE (do AQB = BEC ) BE =
32
5
32
, li c BE = 2.BQ , gii phng trnh
5
b = Z
BE = 2.BQ
B(5; 2) ( tm c B ri nh - gn xong ri)
5
b = 2
Ngun: https://www.facebook.com/tulieugiaoduc24h
Trang 16
10
Nh vy bi ton ny c p s l x + y =
2
2
4
A(3;4)
B
I
Q
P
E
D
N
x - 3y + 1 = 0
M
I
2x+y+4=0
Hng dn tm li gii
+ Vi dng bi tp ny, theo kinh nghim ta s
chng minh BIC vung ti I (y l quyt nh
thnh cng). Tht vy:
1
1
AD
AB. 2
AM
2
2
2
1
Ta c tan B1 =
=
=
=
,
AB
AB
AB
2
2
1
C
AB AB
AB
2
B
H(0;1)
tan C1 =
=
=
=
BC AD AB 2
2
0
0
0
=C
, m B
+B
= 90 C
+B
= 90 BIC
= 90 BIC vung ti I
B
1
1
1
2
1
2
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Trang 17
Hng dn tm li gii
+ Nhn thy BME
vung ti E (bn xem li
cch chng minh nh - d
thi) ng trn
ngoi tip BME c tm
F l trung im BM, bn
knh R = FB = FM . Nh
vy by gi ta phi i tm
c ta B v M
* Bc 1: Tm ta B
A(-1;2)
BN:2x+y-8=0
E
H
B
+ B BN B(b,8 2b) , m d ( A; BN ) =
2.(1) + 2 8
2
2 +1
8
(bn hy nh rng trong hnh
5
8
8
AB
AB2 + BI 2 =
AB2 +
= 4AB AB = 4
5
5
2
7
b
=
<2
Gii phng trnh AB = 4
B(3; 2)
5
b = 3 > 2
AB2 = AH.AI =
* Bc 2: Tm ta M
+ Gi K = BN AD D l trung im AK (do
KD DN 1
=
= )
KA AB 2
Vy p s bi ton l : ( x 1) + ( y 3) = 5
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Trang 18
Bi 27: Cho ABC c A(1; 2), B(2; 0), C(3;1) . Gi M l im di ng trn BC. Gi
R1 ; R 2 ln lt l bn knh ng trn ngoi tip ABM v ACM . Hy xc nh ta
ca im M R1 + R 2 nh nht.
Hng dn tm li gii
A(-1;2)
R1
O1
R2
O2
C(-3;1)
B(2;0)
M
R1 + R 2 =
13
5
+
2.sin AMB
2.sin AMC
= sin AMC
(do AMB,
AMC
l 2 gc b nhau)
+ Mt khc ta c : sin AMB
R1 + R 2 =
13 + 5
= 1 AMB
= 900
( R1 + R 2 )MIN sin AMB
sin AMB
MAX
2.sin AMB
s c p s M ;
26 26
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Trang 19
x 2 y2
+
= 1 c 2 tiu im F1 ; F2 . Gi s M l im thuc (E) sao cho
25 9
4
bn knh ng trn ni tip F1MF2 bng
v M c tung dng. Vit phng trnh
3
N
O
F1
F2
+ Gi M ( x 0 ; y0 ) (E)
SMF1F2 = p.r =
2
2
2
y 0 = 3 < 0
1
2a + 2c 4
.2c. y 0 =
.
(em ch rng MF2 + MF2 = 2a )
2
2
3
y 0 = 3 x 0 = 0 M(0;3)
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Trang 20