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Bi ging

hng dn
thc hnh
SPSS
Phan Thanh Hng - Nguyn Th Nhung
Thng 5 nm 2010

Mc lc
Trang
Bi 1.
1.1

1.2
1.3

1.4
1.5

1.6

Bi 2.
2.1

2.2

2.3

Bi 3.

X l d liu trn SPSS


Gii thiu v ci t phn mm SPSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.1 Gii thiu phn mm SPSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.2 Ci t SPSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.3 Khi ng SPSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nhp d liu trong SPSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
c d liu t nhng file c sn trong SPSS . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.1 c d liu t file .sav . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.2 c d liu t file .xls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.3 c d liu t file.txt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lc d liu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
M ha d liu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.1 M ha d liu trong ni b bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.2 M ha d liu vo bin mi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lm sch d liu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.1 Dng bng tn s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.2 Dng lnh Sort case tm d liu sai trn ca s Data View
1.6.3 Dng bng phi hp hai bin hay ba bin . . . . . . . . . .

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Lp bng tn s v tnh cc i lng thng k m t


Tm tt d liu bng bng tn s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.1 Bng tn s cho d liu nh tnh v d liu nh lng c t biu hin
2.1.2 Phn t d liu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lp bng tng hp nhiu bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.1 Bng kt hp hai bin nh tnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.2 Bng kt hp ba bin nh tnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.3 Bng kt hp mt bin nh tnh v mt bin nh lng . . . . . . .
Tnh cc i lng thng k m t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.1 Bi tp n luyn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Biu

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3.1
3.2

Mt s loi biu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Biu thanh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.1 Cch v biu thanh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.2 V d: v biu thanh biu din mt bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.3 V d: v biu thanh biu din mt bin c phn tch bi mt bin
khc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Biu trn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.1 Cch v biu trn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Biu gp khc, din tch (Line, Area Chart) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.1 V d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.2 V d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Biu tn s (Histogram) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.1 Cch v biu tn s (Histogram) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Biu hp v ru (Boxplot) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6.1 Cch v biu hp v ru (Boxplot) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Biu tn x (Scatter plot) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7.1 Cch v biu tn x (Scatter plot) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Bi 4.

Kim nh mi quan h gia hai bin


4.0.2 V d: kim nh mi lin h hai bin nh danh, hay nh danh-th bc
4.0.3 Kim nh mi lin h hai bin th bc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Bi 5.
5.1
5.2
5.3

Kim nh v trung bnh


Kim nh v trung bnh mt tng th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kim nh v s khc nhau ca hai trung bnh ca hai tng th khi mu c lp
Kim nh v s khc nhau ca hai trung bnh ca hai tng th khi mu cp . .

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Bi 6.

Phn tch phng sai (ANOVA)


6.0.1 V d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.0.2 Phn tch su ANOVA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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3.3
3.4

3.5
3.6
3.7

Ti liu tham kho

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Bi 1
X l d liu trn SPSS

1.1 Gii thiu v ci t phn mm SPSS


Gii thiu phn mm SPSS
SPSS (vit tt ca Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) l mt chng trnh my tnh
phc v cng tc thng k. SPSS c s dng rng ri trong cng tc thng k x hi.
Th h u tin ca SPSS c a ra t nm 1968. Th h mi nht l th h 18 c gii
thiu t thng 8 nm 2008, c c phin bn cho cc h iu hnh Microsoft Windows, Mac, v
Linux / UNIX.
SPSS l mt h thng phn mm thng k ton din c thit k thc hin tt c cc
bc trong cc phn tch thng k t nhng tnh ton trong thng k m t (lit k d liu, lp
bng tn s, lp biu , tnh cc i lng thng k m t,...) n thc hin nhng bi ton
trong thng k suy din (kim nh, tng quan, hi qui, ...)

Ci t SPSS
Cho n nay, SPSS c rt nhiu phin bn khc nhau, phin bn mi nht (5/2010) l phin
bn 18.0. Vi nhng tnh ton thng k ph bin ta c th ci SPSS vi mt trong cc phin
bn 13.0, 14.0 hay 16.0, ... Tt c cc phn tch trong ti liu ny c thc hin trn phin bn
SPSS 13.0.

Khi ng SPSS
khi ng SPSS ta c th thc hin theo nhng cch sau:
Kch p vo biu tng SPSS trn mn hnh;
Vo Start Program SPSS for Windows SPSS 13.0 for Windows
Sau khi khi ng, ta c giao din sau:

Bi 1. X l d liu trn SPSS

1.2 Nhp d liu trong SPSS


nhp mt tp d liu vo SPSS, ta thc hin nh sau:
Bc 1: Ti ca s SPSS DaTa Editor, ta n vo nt Variable View khai bo thng tin
v cc thuc tnh ca tng bin trong file d liu.
Trong mt bng Variable View
Cc hng l cc bin;
Cc ct l cc thuc tnh ca bin.
Cc thuc tnh ca mt bin bao gm:
Tn bin (Name)
Loi d liu (Type)
S lng con s hoc ch (Width)
S lng ch s thp phn (Decimals)
M t bin/nhn bin (Lable) v nhn tr s bin (Values)
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1.2. Nhp d liu trong SPSS

Cc gi tr khuyt thiu do ngi s dng thit lp (Missing)


rng ca ct (Columns)
Cn l (Align)
Thang o ca bin (Measure)
Khi khai bo hoc chnh sa cc thuc tnh ca bin trong ca s Variable View cn ch
mt s im sau:
Tn bin phi bt u bng mt ch ci v khng c kt thc bng mt du chm. Tn
ca bin l duy nht, khng c t trng tn bin v tn bin khng phn bit ch hoa,
ch thng.
Loi bin: Variable Type xc nh loi d liu i vi tng bin. Theo mc nh, mi
bin mi c gi s l dng s. Ph thuc vo loi d liu c thu thp, ta c th khai
bo di nhng kiu sau: d liu l dng s (numeric), du phy (comma), du chm
(dot), ghi ch khoa hc (Scientific notation), ngy thng (Date), -la (Dollar), n v
tin ring (custom currency) v chui (string).
Nhn ca bin dng m t r hn v tn ca bin do tn ca bin ch c di ti a
l 8. Nhn ca bin c th c di n 256 k t.
Ta c th gn nhn cho tng gi tr ca bin. Tnh nng ny c bit tin li khi ta dng
cc s m ha cc bin nh tnh. V d.... Bin c m ha nh vy c th dng cho
nhiu phn tch khc nhau. Hn na, vi nhn ca cc gi tr, kt qu tnh ra s c trnh
by r rng hn.
Cc gi tr khuyt thiu do ngi s dng thit lp (Missing). Nhng gi tr khng thch
ng vi kiu khai bo ca bin s c coi l gi tr khuyt thiu. i vi bin kiu s,
cc trng c hiu l gi tr khuyt v c nh du bng du phn cch thp phn.
Nhiu th tc trong SPSS s loi cc gi tr khuyt ra khi cc bc tnh ton v cc kt
qu phn tch ch da trn phn s liu khng khuyt.
Ta c th nhp n 3 tr s khuyt ring bit, mt phm vi khong cch tr s khuyt
hoc mt phm vi cng vi mt tr s khuyt ring bit;
Cc phm vi c th c ch nh cho cc bin dng s;
Cc tr s khuyt cho cc bin dng chui phi c di khng vt qu 8 k t.
S o ca bin c th thang o nh danh (Nominal), thang o th bc (Ordinal) hoc
thang o khong, t l (gi chung l Scale):
Thang o nh danh: Thang o nh danh dng cho cc bin nh tnh. S o ca
cc bin ny l cc m s phn loi i tng. Gia cc m s y khng c
quan h hn km, ch dng m tn s xut hin ca cc biu hin. Mt s v d
v thang o ny l: bin gii tnh vi cc s o l: Nam hoc N; bin mu sc vi
s o l: xanh, , tm, vng,...; bin khu vc sng vi cc s o: Thnh ph, Th
x, Nng thn, Min ni,...
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Bi 1. X l d liu trn SPSS

Thang o th bc: Thang o th bc thng dng cho cc bin nh tnh, i khi


dng cho c bin nh lng. Trong thang o ny gia cc s o ca cc bin c
quan h th bc hn km. Tuy nhin, s chnh lch gia cc s o khng nht thit
bng nhau. V d bin nh gi thi i vi cht lng dch v mng Internet ti
nh c s o l: Khng hi lng, hi lng, rt hi lng.
Thang o khong: Thang o th bc thng dng cho cc bin nh lng. Thang
o khong l thang o th bc c cc khong cch u nhau. Cc php tnh cng tr
u c ngha nhng khng c gi tr khng xc nh mt cch chnh xc v khng
th ly t l gia cc s o. V d s o nhit , s o ch s IQ, ch s EQ,...
Thang o t l: Thang o t l dng cho cc bin nh lng. Thang o t l l thang
o khong, hn na thang o ny c gi tr khng xc nh mt cch chnh xc v
c th ly t l gia cc s o. V d v thang o ny n v o tin t (VND, dollar,
pound, yen,...); n v o chiu di (cm, m, km,...); n v o khi lng (kg, tn,
t, yn,...).
Bc 2: Ti ca s Data Editor, nhn vo nt Data View nhp tng d liu trong mi
. Trong bng Data View
Mi ct l mi bin Variable;
Mi hng l mt i tng cases.
chn mt i tng (hng) mi gia cc i tng c sn:
Trong bng Data View, chn bt k no trong i tng nm di v tr cn chn i
tng mi;
T thanh menu chn Data Insert Cases.
chn mt bin (ct) mi vo cc bin c sn:
Trong bng Data View, chn bt k no trong bin nm bn phi bin cn chn bin mi;
T thanh menu chn Data Insert Variable.
Gi s ta ang mun nhp mt tp d liu v iu tra th trng thc n nhanh FastFood c
cho trong bng di y vo trong SPSS:

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1.2. Nhp d liu trong SPSS

i vi tp d liu trn ta c 9 bin l: Tuoi (tui), GioiTinh (gii tnh), NgheNghiep (ngh
nghip), ThuNhap (thu nhp), Gia (gi mua FastFood), ChonDoQC, ChonDoTL, ChonDoSP,
ChonDoGC (yu t nh hng n quyt nh dng FastFood tng ng l do qung co, tin
li, sn phm, gi c) thu thp trn 100 i tng.
nhp tp d liu ny vo trong SPSS, u tin ta vo bng Variable View khai bo
cc thuc tnh ca cc bin. Chng hn, vi bin Tuoi ta khai bo cc thuc tnh nh sau:
Name: Tuoi
Type: Numeric (dng s)
Width: 2 ( di mi gi tr tui l 2)
Decimals: 0 (khng c ch s thp phn)
Lable: (khng ch thch g thm v bin)
Values: None (khng cn gii thch g v kiu gi tr ca bin)
Missing: None (khng c gi tr khuyt)
Columns: 8 ( rng ca ct bin l 8)
Align: Right (cn l bn phi)
Measure: Scale (gi tr ca bin l tui thang o t l nn khai bo l thang o nh
lng)
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Bi 1. X l d liu trn SPSS

Vi bin NgheNghiep ta khai bo cc thuc tnh nh sau:


Name: NgheNghiep
Type: String (dng chui)
Width: 4 ( di mi gi tr v ngh nghip l 4)
Decimals: 0 (khng c ch s thp phn)
Lable: Nghe nghiep (ch thch thm v tn bin)
Values: HSSV = "hoc sinh + sinh vien", CNVC = "cong nhan vien chuc", NVVP = "nhan
vien van phong", Khac = "nghe khac" (ch thch thm v tng gi tr ca bin)

Missing: None (khng c gi tr khuyt)


Columns: 8 ( rng ca ct bin l 8)
Align: Left (cn l bn tri)
Measure: Nominal (gi tr ca bin l ngh nghip thang o nh danh nn khai bo l
thang o nh danh)
Vi bin Gia ta khai bo cc thuc tnh nh sau:
Name: Gia
Type: Numeric (dng s)
Width: 1 ( di mi gi tr v ngh nghip l 4)
Decimals: 0 (khng c ch s thp phn)
Lable: Gia mua FastFood (ch thch thm v tn bin)
Values: 1 = "12-20 (nghin)", 2 = "20-30 (nghin)", 3 = "30-40 (nghin)", 4 = "> 40 (nghin)"
(ch thch v tng gi tr ca bin)

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1.2. Nhp d liu trong SPSS

Missing: None (khng c gi tr khuyt)

Columns: 8 ( rng ca ct bin l 8)

Align: Left (cn l bn tri)

Measure: Ordinal (gi tr ca bin l gi thang o th bc nn khai bo l thang o


th bc)

Hon ton tng t cho cc bin khc ta c c bng Variable View cho 9 bin nh sau:

Sau khi khai bo cc thuc tnh ca cc bin trong ca s Variable View, ta vo ca s


Data View nhp gi tr cho tng bin nh c iu tra.

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Bi 1. X l d liu trn SPSS

lu d liu va c to ra di ui ca SPSS .sav, ta vo File Save as nh tn


file cn lu v th mc lu trong my tnh.
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1.3. c d liu t nhng file c sn trong SPSS

1.3 c d liu t nhng file c sn trong SPSS


SPSS c th c d liu t rt nhiu kiu file khc nhau. Ngoi d liu di dng file.sav
ca SPSS, SPSS cn cho c file d liu di mt s dng thng dng nh file.xls (Excel File),
file.txt (Text File) v file d liu to ra t mt s phn mm thng k khc nh file.dta (Stata
File), file.wf1 (Eviews Workfile), ...

c d liu t file .sav


c d liu t mt file.sav, chng hn file d liu DuLieuFastFood.sav, ta vo File
Open Data v chn n th mc file d liu v m file:
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Bi 1. X l d liu trn SPSS

c d liu t file .xls


c d liu t mt file.xls, chng hn file d liu DuLieuFastFood.xls, ta vo File
Open Data v chn n th mc file d liu v m file:

Khi ca s hin ra hp thoi sau ta n vo OK l m c d liu vo SPSS:


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1.3. c d liu t nhng file c sn trong SPSS

c d liu t file.txt
c d liu t mt file.txt, chng hn file d liu DuLieuFastFood.txt, ta vo File
Open Data v chn n th mc file d liu v m file:

Khi mn hnh trn hin ra hp thoi sau ta n vo Open m file d liu vo SPSS. Khi hin
ra ca s sau ta n Next:
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Bi 1. X l d liu trn SPSS

Khi trn mn hnh hin ra hp thoi sau ta chn Yes cho cu hi Are variable names include
at the top of your file? v sau n vo Next:

Khi trn mn hnh hin ra hp thoi sau ta n vo Next:


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1.3. c d liu t nhng file c sn trong SPSS

Khi trn mn hnh hin ra hp thoi sau ta n vo Next:

Khi trn mn hnh hin ra hp thoi sau ta n vo Next:


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Bi 1. X l d liu trn SPSS

V cui cng khi trn mn hnh hin ra hp thoi sau ta n vo Finish:

1.4 Lc d liu
SPSS cho php ta lc ra mt nhm cc quan st tha mn nhng iu kin nht nh. Nhm
con cc quan st c th rt ra ngu nhin, hoc chn theo s th t cc quan st, khong gii
hn v thi gian, gi tr v khong gii hn ca mt bin, theo mt biu thc s hc, mt biu
thc logic hay mt hm s hc no . tin hnh lc d liu, ta vo Data Select Cases...
v trn mn hnh hin ra hp thoi:
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1.4. Lc d liu

Vi hp thoi ny, ta s dng cc nt trong khung Select n nh cch lc d liu. Ta c th


chn mt trong cc kh nng sau:
a tt c cc quan st vo phn tch th n nt All cases (mc nh);
Chn mt s quan st tha mn mt s iu kin nht nh th n nt If condition is
satisfied cho phm If ni ln ri n phm . Khi hp thoi sau s hin ra:

Trn hp thoi ny, ta thit lp mt biu thc so snh trong khung bn phi hp thoi
bng cch kt hp cc bin t khung danh sch bin pha bn tri, cc hm s trong khung
Functions gc di bn phi cng cc phm s, phm php tnh s hc, php so snh,
php tnh logic trong khung hp thoi hoc t bn phm:
Php ton s hc
+ cng
- tr

nhn
/ chia

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Php ton so snh


<
nh hn
>
ln hn
<= nh hn hoc bng
>= ln hn hoc bng
=
bng
= khc

Php ton logic


 ph nh
& v
| hoc

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Bi 1. X l d liu trn SPSS

Chng hn, lc ra d liu v nam trong tp d liu ti khung ca hp thoi ta nh biu


thc logic GioiTinh = "Nam" v n nt Continue:

Khi mn hnh hin ra hp thoi:

loi i nhng d liu v n ra khi tp d liu ti khung Unselected Cases Are ta chn
Deleted v ta c thng tin v nam gii c iu tra trong tp d liu:

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1.4. Lc d liu

Nu ta mun lc ra d liu v nam c tui ln hn 50 trong tp d liu ti khung ca


hp thoi ta nh biu thc logic GioiTinh = "Nam" & Tuoi > 50 v n nt Continue:

Khi mn hnh hin ra hp thoi:


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Bi 1. X l d liu trn SPSS

Nu ch mun lc ring ra nhng thng tin v nam gii v c tui trn 50, ti khung
Unselected Cases Are ta chn Deleted v ta c:

ly ra mt mu ngu nhin t tng th quan st ta n nt Random sample of cases


cho phm Sample hin ln v n vo nt . Sau mn hnh hin tip ra hp thoi sau:

Trn hp thoi ny, ta c th


n Approximately ri in mt s nguyn t 1 n 99 vo trng ch phn trm
s phn t trong mu so vi s phn t ca ton b tng th;
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1.4. Lc d liu

n Exactly ri in mt s nguyn k trong trng lin bn cnh v mt s nguyn


n ln hn trong trng tip theo to ra mt mu gm k quan st c rt ra ngu
nhin nhin t n quan st u tin ca tp s liu.
Chng hn ta mun chn ra ngu nhin 20 ngi c iu tra t 100 ngi trong
bng d liu, ta in 20 v 100 vo hai trng trong nt Exactly ri n nt Continue:

Khi mn hnh hin tip ra hp thoi sau th n OK:

v ta c tp d liu gm thng tin ca 20 ngi trong mu:

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Bi 1. X l d liu trn SPSS

1.5 M ha d liu
Trong qu trnh phn tch, nhiu trng hp ta phi m ha li cc gi tr ca bin v mt
mc ch no . Ta c th m ha li cc gi tr trong ni b mt bin c sn hoc lp mt bin
mi cha cc gi tr c m ha li.

M ha d liu trong ni b bin


Ta c th tin hnh m ha li cc bin kiu s hoc cc bin kiu chui k t. Nu mun
m ha li ng thi nhiu bin mt lc, cc bin phi c cng kiu s hoc cng kiu chui
k t. thc hin vic m ha d liu trong ni b bin ta vo Transform Recode Into
Same Variables... v mn hnh hin ra hp thoi:

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1.5. M ha d liu

Chng hn, ta nh m ha li cc gi tr trong bin tui thnh cc khong tui

14

14  24

24  45

45  60

60

ta thc hin nh sau:


Chn t khung bn tri bin Tuoi a vo khung Variable pha bn phi;
Nhn phm Old and New Values qui nh cch m ha bin Tuoi v hp thoi sau s
hin ra:

Trong hp thoi ny phn khong m ha ta n nt Range trong Old Value thit lp


cc khong v thay th bng cc gi tr m ha mi trong New Value ri n nt Add
chuyn cch m ha vo khung Old New:, c th nh sau:
Khong tui
14
14  24
24  45
45  60
60

Old Value
Range: Lowest through 14
Range: 14 though 24
Range: 24 though 45
Range: 45 though 60
Range: 60 though highest

New Value
1
2
3
4
5

Khi mn hnh hin ra hp thoi sau ta n Continue

Cui cng khi mn hnh hin ra hp thoi sau th ta n OK:


P.T.Hng-N.T.Nhung

21

Bi 1. X l d liu trn SPSS

V ta c tp d liu vi bin tui c m ha:

m ha hai bin nh tnh l GioiTinh v NgheNghiep, ta cng tin hnh lm tng t:


Chn t khung bn tri bin GioiTinh va NgheNghiep a vo khung Variable pha
bn phi;
Nhn phm Old and New Values qui nh cch m ha bin GioiTinh v NgheNghiep
v khi hp thoi m ha hin ra ta n nt Value trong Old Value thit lp cc gi tr c
c thay th bng cc gi tr m ha mi trong New Value ri n nt Add chuyn
cch m ha vo khung Old New:, c th nh sau:
22

P.T.Hng-N.T.Nhung

1.5. M ha d liu

Old Value New Value


Nam
1
Nu
0
HSSV
1
CNVC
2
NVVP
3
Khac
4

Khi mn hnh hin ra hp thoi sau ta n Continue v sau th n Ok.


V ta c tp d liu vi hai bin GioiTinh v NgheNghiep c m ha:

M ha d liu vo bin mi
Ta c th m ha li mt bin c sn v lp mt bin mi cha cc gi tr mi c
m ha li. Ta c th m ha bin kiu s hoc bin kiu k t, c th chuyn mt bin kiu s
thnh bin kiu chui k t v ngc li chuyn bin kiu chui k t thnh bin kiu s. Nu
mun m ha li nhiu bin mt lc, cc bin phi cng kiu s hoc cng kiu chui k t.
thc hin m ha d liu vo mt bin mi ta vo Transform Recode Into Different
Variables... v mn hnh hin ra hp thoi:
P.T.Hng-N.T.Nhung

23

Bi 1. X l d liu trn SPSS

Chng hn, ta nh m ha li cc gi tr trong bin tui thnh cc khong tui

14

14  24

24  45

45  60

60

v t trong mt bin mi l TuoiMoi ta thc hin nh sau:

Chn t khung bn tri bin Tuoi a vo khung Variable pha bn phi, trong khung
Output Variable t tn cho bin mi trong phn Name v gn nhn cho bin mi
(nu cn) trong phn Label, chng hn, Name: TuoiMoi, Label: chia Tuoi thanh cac
khoang. Sau n change khng nh vic thay i:

Nhn phm Old and New Values qui nh cch m ha bin Tuoi v hp thoi sau s
hin ra:
24

P.T.Hng-N.T.Nhung

1.5. M ha d liu

Trong hp thoi ny phn khong m ha ta n nt Range trong Old Value thit lp


cc khong v thay th bng cc gi tr m ha mi trong New Value ri n nt Add
chuyn cch m ha vo khung Old New:, c th nh sau:

Khong tui
14
14  24
24  45
45  60
60

Old Value
Range: Lowest through 14
Range: 14 though 24
Range: 24 though 45
Range: 45 though 60
Range: 60 though highest

New Value
1
2
3
4
5

Khi mn hnh hin ra hp thoi sau ta n Continue

Cui cng khi mn hnh hin ra hp thoi sau th ta n OK:


P.T.Hng-N.T.Nhung

25

Bi 1. X l d liu trn SPSS

Ta c th vo Variable View khai bo li mt s thuc tnh ca bin TuoiMoi cho ph


hp v ta c tp d liu vi bin tui c m ha:

1.6 Lm sch d liu


Trong qu trnh nhp d liu, trong nhiu trng hp ta c th nhp nhm d liu v nu ta
x l d liu trn file d liu nhm ny s dn n kt qu phn tch b sai lch. Phng php
loi i nhng d liu sai ny c gi l phng php lm sch d liu. Trong phn ny ta s
gii thiu mt s phng php lm sch d liu trn SPSS.

26

P.T.Hng-N.T.Nhung

1.6. Lm sch d liu

Dng bng tn s
tm cc li d liu b nhm, ta c th lp bng tn s tm ra nhng d liu l sa.
Chng hn, trong file d liu LamSachDuLieu.sav cc bin GioiTinh v Nghe u c m
ha (Bin GioiTinh c hai gi tr l 0 v 1, bin Nghe c ba gi tr l 1,2,3,4), nu ta lp bng
tn s cho bin GioiTinh thy kt qu nh sau:

th ta bit ngay l cc gi tr l 11 b nhp nhm. tm ra cc gi tr sai ny sa ta c th


dng lnh Find tm, c th nh sau:
Bc 1: Trong ca s Data View bi en ct GioiTinh v vo Edit Find..., mn hnh
hin ra hp thoi:

Bc 2: in d liu sai cn tm trong ct GioiTinh, y l 11 trong dng Find What v n


Find Next. Khi nhng d liu sai trong ct d liu s c hin trng, ta n Find Next ln
P.T.Hng-N.T.Nhung

27

Bi 1. X l d liu trn SPSS

tip tm v sa nhng d liu sai theo mun.

Dng lnh Sort case tm d liu sai trn ca s Data View


Ta c th s dng lnh Sort Case trong Data tm nhng li n gin ngay trn ca s d
liu (Data View), chng hn vi d liu v gii tnh, ta ch cn chn lnh sp xp d liu theo
th t tng dn v nu c nhng d liu ln hn 1 th chnh l nhng d liu li. C th ta
tin hnh nh sau:
Bc 1: Vo Data Sort Cases..., mn hnh hin ra hp thoi:

Bc 2: Chn bin GioiTinh bn tri a vo khung Sort by bn phi, trong khung Sort
Order ta chn Ascending v n OK.

Dng bng phi hp hai bin hay ba bin


Khi lp bng tn s kt hp bin tui v bin ngh nghip:
28

P.T.Hng-N.T.Nhung

1.6. Lm sch d liu

bn thy c trng hp nhn vin vn phng (m ha 3) m tui ch c 8 nn bn ngh rng mt


trong hai bin nhp sai. Trong trng hp ny ta phi tm ra nhp sai v sa li. tm ra
nhp sai trong trng hp ny ta dng lnh Select Cases, c th nh sau:
Bc 1: Vo Data Select Cases..., khi mn hnh hin ra hp thoi th ta chn If Condition is satisfied nt If hin ra v n vo.
Bc 2: Chn bin Tuoi v bin NgheNghiep bn tri a vo khung bn phi vi iu
kin logic Tuoi=8 & NgheNghiep="2"

tip n Continue v n tip OK.


Bc 3: Khi lnh ny c thc hin, SPSS s to ra mt bin mi l filter $, bin ny
nhn gi tr 0 ti tt c cc tnh hung khng tha mn v 1 ti tnh hung tha mn iu kin
ca lnh If. Nhng gi tr l 1 trong bin filter $ chnh l nhng trng hp sai m ta cn tm
sa.

P.T.Hng-N.T.Nhung

29

Bi 2
Lp bng tn s v tnh cc i
lng thng k m t

2.1 Tm tt d liu bng bng tn s


Bng tn s cho d liu nh tnh v d liu nh lng c t biu hin
lp bng tn s cho cc bin nh tnh hoc d liu nh lng c t biu hin trong tp
d liu, Bc 1: Vo Analyze Descriptive Statistics Frequencies.... Mn hnh hin ra
hp thoi:

Bc 2: Chn cc bin cn lp bng tn s bn tri a vo khung Variable bn phi v n OK.


y, ta c th tin hnh lp bng tn s cho mt bin hoc mt s bin cng mt lc, chng
hn khi chn bin GioiTinh v bin Gia trong ca s Output nhn c kt qu sau:
30

2.1. Tm tt d liu bng bng tn s

Kt qu v bng tn s cho ta nhng thng tin v tn s, tn sut ca nhng gi tr trong bin


m ta quan tm. Chng hn vi bin GioiTinh v bin Gia ta c th thy s lng cng nh t l
nam v n trong mu cng nh s lng v t l ca khong gi ca mt sut n FastFood iu
tra trong mu.

Phn t d liu
Khi tp d liu nh lng c nhiu biu hin, vic tm tt bng bng tn s tng t trn
s di dn n mt i tnh cht tm lc thng tin. Trong trng hp ny ta s tin hnh phn
t d liu. phn t d liu, ta thc hin tng t nh phn m ha s liu. Ta c th chn
m ha thnh ng bin nh lng cho hoc m ha thnh bin mi, sau tnh tn s cho
bin c m ha.
Chng hn phn t cho bin tui thnh cc khong tui

14

14  24

24  45

45  60

60

u tin ta m ha bin tui thnh bin mi l PhanTuoi. Khi hp thoi sau hin ra ta chn
Output variable are strings
P.T.Hng-N.T.Nhung

31

Bi 2. Lp bng tn s v tnh cc i lng thng k m t

v m ha tng ng nh sau:
Khong tui
Old Value
New Value
14
Range: Lowest through 14
<= 14
14  24
Range: 14 though 24
14 - 24
24  45
Range: 24 though 45
24 - 45
45  60
Range: 45 though 60
45 - 60
60
Range: 60 though highest
> 60
Sau , lp bng tn s cho bin PhanTuoi v c kt qu sau:

2.2 Lp bng tng hp nhiu bin


Bng kt hp hai bin nh tnh
Khi ta cn a ra tn s, tn sut ca cc biu hin ca mt bin nh tnh theo s phn loi
ca mt bin khc, v d xt ngnh ngh ca nhng ngi c iu tra theo gii tnh, ta c th
dng lnh Basic Tables (hoc General Tables), c th nh sau:
32

P.T.Hng-N.T.Nhung

2.2. Lp bng tng hp nhiu bin

Bc 1: Vo Analyze
Tables:

Tables Basic Tables....

Mn hnh hin ra hp thoi Basic

Bc 2: Chn hai bin nh tnh bn tri a vo khung bn phi, c th chn bin NgheNghiep
a vo Down v bin GioiTinh a vo Across. y, ta c th tin hnh lp bng tn
s cho mt bin hoc mt s bin cng mt lc, chng hn khi chn bin GioiTinh v bin Gia
trong ca s Output nhn c kt qu sau:

Bc 3: Chn nhng hm thng k cn tnh bng cch n Statistics

P.T.Hng-N.T.Nhung

33

Bi 2. Lp bng tn s v tnh cc i lng thng k m t

i vi bin nh tnh, cc hm thng dng l: count (tn s), col% (phn trm theo ct),
row% (phn trm theo ct). Trong v d ny ta chn count v row%, chn xong n nt Add
a vo bn phi v n Continue.
Bc 4: Tr li hp thoi trc, chn Totals... nu ta mun tnh tng tn s trn dng (ct)
v cui cng n OK. Ca s Output s hin ra kt qu sau:

Bng kt hp ba bin nh tnh


Khi ta cn bit mt cch c th hn c cu ca gi mua FastFood ca nhng ngi c
iu tra phn tch theo nhm gii tnh i vi tng ngh nghip th ta phi lp bng phi hp ba
bin vi nhau. Ta c th dng lnh Basic Tables (hoc General Tables). Cch tin hnh hon
ton tng t nh trng hp lp bng tn s cho hai bin nh tnh.
Bc 1: M hp thoi Basic Tables.... Ta a hai bin NgheNghiep v GioiTinh vo
Across v a bin Gia vo Down

Bc 2: Khi a hai bin vo Across th lc ny c hai bin v tr ct nn phn di cng


ca hp thoi Basic Table s ni r ln ta xc nh hai cch phi hp bin vi nhau:
All Combination (nested): hai bin trong cng s phn nhm lng ghp vi nhau theo
th t bin c a vo trong Across. Trong trng hp ca ta cc quan st c phn
chia theo ngnh ngh, sau mi ngnh ngh c phn chia theo tng gii tnh nam v
n.
Each separately (stacked): hai bin c phn chia c lp vi nhau. Cc quan st c
phn chia theo ngnh ngh, sau cc quan st c phn chia theo gii tnh ring bit.
Bc 3: Cch xc lp nhng hm thng k cng tng t nh phn lp cho hai bin, nhng
trong phn ny ta ch nn chn mt trong hai hm hoc l count hoc l Row% ch khng nn
34

P.T.Hng-N.T.Nhung

2.2. Lp bng tng hp nhiu bin

chn cng mt lc c hai v qui m ca bng kh ln. Nu chn cng mt lc c hai th sau
phi n nt Layout... ca hp thoi Basic Tables chn cch trnh by l In separate tables
ta c th lt tng lp ca bng ln xem:

Bng kt hp mt bin nh tnh v mt bin nh lng


Khi ta cn nhng i lng thng k m t ca mt bin nh lng theo s phn loi ca
mt bin nh tnh, chng hn ta mun tnh tui trung bnh theo gii tnh trong nhm c iu
tra, ta c th dng lnh Basic Tables, c th nh sau:
Bc 1: Ti hp thoi Basic Tables, ta a bin Tuoi vo Summaries, a bin GioiTinh
vo Across

Bc 2: Chn nhng i lng thng k m t cn tnh, chng hn trung bnh (Mean) v trung
v Median Bc 3: Trong ca s Output ta nhn c kt qu sau:

P.T.Hng-N.T.Nhung

35

Bi 2. Lp bng tn s v tnh cc i lng thng k m t

2.3 Tnh cc i lng thng k m t


Trong mt tp d liu ta c th tnh cc i lng thng k m t ca tp d liu nh
Cc i lng o tp trung: trung bnh cng, trung v, mode;
Cc i lng o phn b: t phn v v phn v th p;
Cc i lng o phn tn: khong bin thin, tri gia, phng sai, lch chun;
Cc i lng m t hnh dng ca tp d liu: h s bt i xng Skewness, h s o
nhn Kurtosis.
Trc ht ta nhc li nh ngha v cng thc tnh ton nhng i lng ny.
Trung bnh cng n gin c tnh bng cch cng tt c cc gi tr quan st ca tp d
liu ri chia cho s quan st ca tp d liu ;
Trung v l gi tr ng gia ca tp d liu c sp th t. Nh vy, khng k trung
v s c 50% s quan st ca tp d liu c gi tr ln hn trung v v 50% s quan st ca
tp d liu c gi tr nh hn trung v;
Mode ca mt tp d liu l gi tr xut hin nhiu nht trong tp d liu.
T phn v chia tp d liu sp xp theo trt t tng dn thnh bn phn c s quan st
bng nhau. T phn v bao gm ba t phn v: t phn v th nht Q1 , t phn v th hai
Q2 (chnh l trung v) v t phn v th ba Q3 . Trong tp d liu c 25% s quan st ca
tp d liu nh hn hoc bng Q1 , 50% s quan st ca tp d liu nh hn hoc bng Q2
v c 75% s quan st ca tp d liu nh hn hoc bng Q3 .
Phn v th p ca mt tp d liu c sp th t l gi tr chia tp d liu thnh hai
phn, mt phn gm p% s quan st c gi tr nh hn hoc bng phn v th p, phn cn
li c (100  p)% s quan st ln hn hoc bng phn v th p.
Khong bin thin ca mt tp d liu l hiu gia gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca
tp d liu.
tri gia ca mt tp d liu l hiu chnh lch gia t phn v th ba v t phn
v th nht ca tp d liu.

Phng sai ca mt tp d liu tng th, k hiu l 2 , c xc nh bi cng thc:


N
(xi  )2
2
= i=1
, y l trung bnh ca tng th v N l s quan st trong tng
N
th.

Phng sai ca mt tp d liu mu, k hiu l s2 , c xc nh bi cng thc: s2 =


n
2
i=1 (xi  x)
, y x l trung bnh ca mu v n l s quan st trong mu.
n1
lch chun ca mt tp d liu tng th, k hiu l , l cn bc hai ca phng sai
ca tng th:

36

N
i=1 (xi

 )2 .
P.T.Hng-N.T.Nhung

2.3. Tnh cc i lng thng k m t

lch chun ca mt tp d liu mu, k hiu l s, l cn bc hai ca phng sai mu:

s=

n
i=1 (xi

 x)2 .

n1

Chng hn, tnh nhng i lng thng k m t nh: trung bnh, trung v, phng sai,
lch chun ca bin Tuoi:
Bc 1: Vo Analyze Descriptive Statistics Descriptive... v khi mn hnh s hin
ra hp thoi sau th ta chn bin Tuoi a vo khung Variable(s) bn phi:

Bc 2: n tip vo nt Options chn tnh nhng i lng thng k m t cho bin tui v
mn hnh hin ra hp thoi:

Ta mun tnh i lng no th chn vo i lng hin kt qu ra ca s Output sau


n Continue v khi mn hnh hin ra hi thoi c th n OK
Mean
Sum
Std.Deviation
Minimum
Maximum
Variance
Range
SE mean
Kurtosis
Skewness
P.T.Hng-N.T.Nhung

Trung bnh cng


Tng cc gi tr ca bin
lch chun
Gi tr nh nht
Gi tr ln nht
Phng sai
Khong bin thin
lch chun ca trung bnh mu
H s o nhn
H s bt i xng
37

Bi 2. Lp bng tn s v tnh cc i lng thng k m t

Ca s Output s cho ta kt qu sau:

Tnh t phn v hay phn v th p ty ca tp d liu, chng hn cho bin Tuoi:


Bc 1: Vo Analyze Descriptive Statistics Frequencies... v mn hnh hin ra
hp thoi:

Bc 2: Chn cc bin nh lng cn tnh bn tri a vo khung Variable bn phi, n


Statistics v nu ta khng mun a bng tn s th khng chn Display frequency tables.
Bc 3: Khi mn hnh hin ra hp thoi:

ta chn nhng i lng cn tnh, n Continue tr v hp thoi trc n OK.


38

P.T.Hng-N.T.Nhung

2.3. Tnh cc i lng thng k m t

Median
Mode
Quartiles
Cut points for k equal groups
Percentiles k

Trung v
Mode
a t phn v
a ra cc im chia tp d liu thnh k phn bng nhau
a ra phn v th k ca tp d liu

Chng hn, hp thoi trn ta tnh trung v, mode, t phn v v phn v th 10 vi 90 ca d


liu Tuoi. Kt qu trong ca s Output nh sau:

Kt qu tnh ton ny trn SPSS cho ta thy:


Trung v ca tui l 21, mode ca tui l 23;
Ba t phn v l: Q1 = 17.25, Q2 = 21, Q3 = 26.15;
Phn v th 10 l 15.10, phn v th 90 l 45.90.

P.T.Hng-N.T.Nhung

39

Bi 2. Lp bng tn s v tnh cc i lng thng k m t

Bi tp n luyn
M tp d liu DuLieuFastFood.sav vo trong ca s Data Editor ca SPSS v thc hin
cc yu cu sau:
1. M ha li bin GioiTinh v NgheNghiep vi nhng gi tr m ha tng ng nh sau:
Nam c m ha l 1, N l 0; HSSV c m ha l 1, CNVC l 2, NVVP l 3,
Khac l 4 v thay i khai bo li v kiu gi tr ca hai bin ny l dng s, khng c
ch s thp phn no sau du phy. Lu li file d liu sau khi m ha vi tn l
DuLieuFastFood MaHoaLai.sav.
Cc yu cu sau c thc hin trn file DuLieuFastFood MaHoaLai.sav:
2. M ha bin tui thnh bin khc c tn l TuoiMoi vi cc m ha tng ng nh sau:
Nhng ngi c tui khng vt qu 14 c m ha l 1, t 14 n 24 m ha l 2, t
24 n 45 m ha l 3, t 45 n 60 m ha l 4 v trn 60 m ha l 5. Tnh t l nhng
ngi c tui trn 60 trong nhm c iu tra.
3. a thng tin v nhng n nhn vin vn phng trong mu.
4. Trong nhng ngi lm nhn vin vn phng, hy tnh s ngi c thu nhp t 3 n 5
triu.
5. Trong s nhng ngi mua sut n FastFood vi gi trn 40 nghn, hy tnh t l nhng
ngi l hc sinh v sinh vin.
6. Trong nhng n nhn vin vn phng hy tnh t l nhng ngi c thu nhp trn 5 triu
mt thng.
7. Tnh tui trung bnh ca nam trong nhm iu tra, tui trung bnh ca n trong nhm iu
tra v a ra nhn xt.
8. Mt na s nhng ngi iu tra c tui khng vt qu bao nhiu? Tnh tui nh
nht trong nhm 10% s ngi c tui cao nht trong nhm c iu tra.
9. 75% s nam c iu tra c tui khng vt qu bao nhiu? 25% s n c tui t nht
l bao nhiu?

40

P.T.Hng-N.T.Nhung

Bi 3
Biu

3.1 Mt s loi biu


Biu thanh, biu trn: p dng cho d liu nh tnh

Biu hp v ru, biu tn s, biu tn x, biu gp khc,...: p dng cho d


liu nh lng

3.2 Biu thanh


1. Biu thanh c dng cho d liu nh danh hay th bc

2. Chiu cao ca mi thanh biu din tn s hay tn sut ca trng hp biu din bi thanh

3. C th p dng biu din cho mt hay nhiu tp d liu trn cng mt biu

Cch v biu thanh


Bc 1: Vo menu Graph Bar m ca s Bar Chart
41

Bi 3. Biu

Bc 2: Ti ca s Bar Chart

1. Chn Simple: nu biu din tp d liu mt bin


2. Chn Clustered: nu mun biu din tp d liu ca mt bin c chia nhm bi mt
bin khc, cc thanh ng k nhau
3. Chn Stacked: nu mun biu din tp d liu ca mt bin c chia nhm bi mt
bin khc, cc thanh chng ln nhau

42

P.T.Hng-N.T.Nhung

3.2. Biu thanh

V d: v biu thanh biu din mt bin


v biu thanh biu din bin ngh nghip (NgheNghiep) trong file DuLieuThucHanh.sav
ta tin hnh nh sau
1. Ti hp thoi Bar Chart, chn Simple. Ti khu vc Data in Chart Area chn Summary
for group of cases. n Define. Xut hin ca s

2. a bin NgheNghiep vo khung Category Axis


3. La chn N of cases trc tung biu din tn s, % of cases trc tung biu din tn
sut
4. n nt Title t tiu cho hnh
5. n OK.

V d: v biu thanh biu din mt bin c phn tch bi mt bin khc


v biu thanh biu din bin ngh nghip (NgheNghiep) theo tng nhm nam, n
(bin ngh nghip c phn tch bi bin gii tnh) trong file DuLieuThucHanh.sav ta tin
hnh nh sau:
P.T.Hng-N.T.Nhung

43

Bi 3. Biu

1. Ti hp thoi Bar Chart, chn Clustered. Ti khu vc Data in Chart Area chn Summary for group of cases. n Define
2. a bin NgheNghiep vo khung Category Axis, a bin GioiTinh vo khung Define
Cluster by
3. La chn N of cases trc tung biu din tn s,% of cases trc tung biu din tn
sut
4. n nt Title t tiu cho hnh
5. n OK
44

P.T.Hng-N.T.Nhung

3.3. Biu trn

3.3 Biu trn


1. Biu trn c dng cho d liu nh danh hay th bc
2. Mi hnh qut biu din t l ng gp ca tng biu hin trong tng th hay mu

Cch v biu trn

Bc 1: Vo menu Graph Pie m ca s Pie Chart

Bc 2: Ti ca s Pie Chart chn Summary for group of cases. n Define. Xut hin ca
s sau
P.T.Hng-N.T.Nhung

45

Bi 3. Biu

Bc 3: a bin cn biu din vo khung Define Slice by. n OK

3.4 Biu gp khc, din tch (Line, Area Chart)


1. Biu gp khc, din tch dng biu din cho nhng tp d liu nh lng.

2. Trn mt biu c th v nhiu ng (vng din tch) cng mt lc.

Hai loi biu ny v tng t nh biu thanh

V d
D liu v tui trong file DuLieuThucHanh.sav c th c biu din bng biu ng
gp khc nh sau (ch l bin Tuoi c chia nhm bng bin ChiaNhomTuoi).
Bc 1: Vo menu Graph Line m ca s Line Chart
46

P.T.Hng-N.T.Nhung

3.4. Biu gp khc, din tch (Line, Area Chart)

Bc 2: Ti ca s Line Chart chn Simple, ti khu vc Data in Chart Area chn Summary for group of cases. n Define

Bc 3: a bin ChiaNhomTuoi vo khung Catgory Axis. n OK

V d
Ta c th v bng biu Area biu din bin ChiaNhomTuoi theo gii tnh nh sau
Bc 1: Vo menu Graph Area m ca s Area Chart
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Bi 3. Biu

Bc 2: Ti ca s Area Chart chn Simple, Summary for group of cases. n Define

Bc 3: a bin ChiaNhomTuoi vo khung Catgory Axis. a bin GioiTinh vo khung


Define Area by. n OK

3.5 Biu tn s (Histogram)


1. Biu tn s: dng cho bin nh lng lin tc nhm biu din phn phi ca tp d
liu.
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3.5. Biu tn s (Histogram)

2. Chiu cao mi thanh hnh ch nht trong biu biu din tn s ca lp tng ng.

Cch v biu tn s (Histogram)


Bc 1: Chn Graph Histogram
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49

Bi 3. Biu

Bc 2: Chn mt bin nh lng vo khung Variable

Bc 3: Nu mun hin th ng phn phi chun th chn Display normal curve . n OK.
V d ta cn v biu tn s cho bin tui trong file DuLieuThucHanh.sav. Trong bc
hai ta chn bin nh lng l Tuoi. Hnh v nh sau
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3.6. Biu hp v ru (Boxplot)

3.6 Biu hp v ru (Boxplot)


1. Biu hp v ru: p dng cho d liu nh lng
2. Biu hp v ru gm mt hp v hai ru
3. on thng trong hp cho bit gi tr trung v ca tp d liu, hai cnh (song song vi n)
cn li cho bit gi tr t phn v th nht v th ba
4. Hai ru ni ti gi tr ln nht v nh nht
5. Biu phn nh tnh cht nghing v s phn tn ca tp d liu

Cch v biu hp v ru (Boxplot)


Bc 1: Chn Graph Boxplot...
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51

Bi 3. Biu

Bc 2: Ti ca s Boxplot, chn Simple nu mun biu din hp n, Cluster nu biu din


hp chm.
Ti khu vc Data in Chart Area, chn Summary for group of cases nu mun biu din bin
nh lng theo cc nhm, Summary of seperate variables nu mun biu din phn b ca
nhiu bin khc nhau.

Nu cn v cho mt bin nh lng ta c th tin hnh nh sau


Chn Analyze Descriptive Statistics Explore
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3.6. Biu hp v ru (Boxplot)

Bc 2: Ti ca s Explore, chn bin nh lng cn v biu vo khung Dependent List.

Bc 3: Chn mt bin nh lng vo khung Variable. n vo Plot m ra ca s sau.

Bc 4: n Continue. Quay li ca s Explore, n OK.

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53

Bi 3. Biu

3.7 Biu tn x (Scatter plot)


Biu tn x dng biu din mi quan h gia hai bin nh lng.

Cch v biu tn x (Scatter plot)

Bc 1: Chn Graph Scatter/Dot. c ca s sau

Bc 2: Ti ca s Scatter/Dot, chn Simple nu v biu cho mt cp bin. (Ovelay biu


din nhiu m my n cng biu ,.... )
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3.7. Biu tn x (Scatter plot)

Bc 3: Chn bin a vo khung Y-axis (gi tr l tung ca im), bin a vo khung


X-axis (gi tr l honh ca im)

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55

Bi 4
Kim nh mi quan h gia hai
bin
Kim nh Khi-bnh phng v tnh c lp ca hai bin nh tnh c dng kim nh
xem gia hai bin nh tnh c mi quan h hay khng, chng hn gii tnh c nh hng ti
vic la chn loi laptop? hay trnh hc vn c mi lin h vi cch c sch? Ta xt hai
trng hp nh sau

Mt trong hai bin l bin nh danh

C hai bin l bin th bc

V d: kim nh mi lin h hai bin nh danh, hay nh danh-th bc


Ta kim nh xem gia bin gii tnh v s la chn gi sn phm thc n nhanh. Gi thuyt
t ra nh sau
H0 : Gii tnh v gi sn phm la chn khng c mi quan h
H1 : Gii tnh v gi sn phm la chn c mi quan h
Sau y l cc bc tin hnh kim nh mi lin h gia hai bin
56

Bc 1: Chn Analyze Descriptive Crosstab m ca s Crosstab

Bc 2: Ti ca s Crosstab, a bin th nht vo khung Row(s), bin th hai vo khung


Column(s). n Statistics..., xut hin ca s
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Bi 4. Kim nh mi quan h gia hai bin

Bc 3: Chn Chi-square. n Continue. Quay li ca s Crosstab, chn Cell..., ca s Cross


tab: Cell Display m ra

Ti ca s ny, trong khung Count, chn Observed nu mun hin th tn s quan st trong bng
cho, chn Expected nu nu mun hin th tn s l thuyt trong bng cho. n Continue.
Quay li ca s Crosstab. OK
Kt qu cho ba bng nh sau

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Kim nh l tin hnh kim tra xem nhng d liu thu c trn mu c mnh ng h
mt gi thuyt hay khng. Kt lun cui cng s l chp nhn H0 tc bc b H1 hoc bc b
H0 tc chp nhn H1 . Chng ta so snh mc ngha ca bi ton (thng l 0.01, 0.05 hay
0.1) v p-gi tr (Sig.) theo quy tc
Nu p-gi tr th bc b H0
Nu p-gi tr th chp nhn H0

Trong bng Chi-Square Tests, trn dng Pearson Chi-Square ta thy p-gi tr = 0.582. Nu
s dng mc ngha = 0.05 th ta c 0.582, ta chp nhn gi thuyt H0 rng khng c
mi lin h gia gii tnh v la chn gi ca sn phm thc n nhanh. Kim nh c ngha
khi c khng qu 20% s tn s k vng nh hn 5. Dng ch nh pha cui bng cho bit s
tn s k vng di 5 ch c 1 chim 12.5%.

Kim nh mi lin h hai bin th bc


Trong trng hp hai bin th bc ta c th o mnh mi lin h tuyn tnh ca hai bin
.
Trong bc 3, ti ca s Crosstab: Statistics, ti khung Ordinal ta chn mt s ch s :
Gamma, Somers'd, Kendall's tau b. n OK. Quay v hp thoi trc, n OK
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Bi 4. Kim nh mi quan h gia hai bin

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Bi 5
Kim nh v trung bnh

5.1 Kim nh v trung bnh mt tng th


C th cho rng tui trung bnh ca khch hng s dng sn phm thc n nhanh (k
hiu l ) l 20 hay khng. Cp gi thuyt t ra nh sau
H0 : = 20,

H1 :  20

Ta s s dng bin Tuoi trong file DuLieuThucHanh.sav kim nh cc gi thuyt ny.


Bc 1: Vo Analyze Compare Means One-Sample T Test... m ca s
One-Sample T Test

Bc 2: Ti ca s One-Sample T Test, a bin nh lng cn phn tch (Tuoi) vo


khung Test Variable(s). Khai bo gi tr cn so snh ca trung bnh tng th vo Test Value.
61

Bi 5. Kim nh v trung bnh

n Options chn tin cy cho khong c lng. n Continue tr v hp thoi trc, ri


n OK

Kt qu cho trong hai bng sau

Theo kt qu, gi tr trung bnh ca mu l 25.13 tui, gi tr ca kim nh t l 3.922, v p-gi


tr l 0.000 rt nh. Vy ta bc b gi thuyt H0 v cn c vo chnh lch dng gia trung
bnh mu v gi tr Test Value=20, ta cho rng tui trung bnh ca cc khch hng trn 20.
Hai con s cui cho bit c lng khong vi tin cy 95% cho tui trung bnh ca khch
hng l (22.53, 27.73). Qua c th thy khch hng tp trung trong tui tr.

5.2 Kim nh v s khc nhau ca hai trung bnh ca hai tng th khi mu c lp
S dng tp d liu SoSanh2Mang.sav so snh s hi lng ca khch hng trong mu
gm 97 ngi v cht lng dich v ca hai mng di ng khc nhau. Thang im nh gi
tng t 1 ti 7 theo s tng ca mc hi lng.
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5.2. Kim nh v s khc nhau ca hai trung bnh ca hai tng th khi mu c lp

Gi 1 , 2 l im nh gi trung bnh ca hai nhm khch hng ca mng di ng th


nht, th hai. Gi thuyt
H0 : 1 = 2

H1 : 1

 2

D liu gm mt bin nh lng (Diem) v mt bin nh tnh phn loi (MangDD).


Bc 1: Vo Analyze Compare Means Independent-Sample T Test...

Bc 2: Ti ca s Independent-Sample T Test, a bin Diem vo khung Test Value,


bin MangDD vo khung Grouping Variable. n Define Groups...

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63

Bi 5. Kim nh v trung bnh

Bc 3: Nhp m ca nhm 1 v nhm 2 vo ca s Define Groups. n Continue. Tr v


hp thoi trc n OK.

Kt qu kim nh F cho thy hai phng sai tng th bng nhau nn s dng kim nh t ng
vi dng Equal Variance Assumed. P-gi tr =0.000 nn ta bc b H0 . Chnh lch trn mu ca
nhm Vie nh hn so vi nhm Mob nn c th cho rng s hi lng ca khch hng vi dch
v di dng ca mng Mob cao hn so vi mng Vie.

5.3 Kim nh v s khc nhau ca hai trung bnh ca hai tng th khi mu cp
Khi cn so snh trung bnh hai tng th trong trng hp ly mu tng i (khi hai tng th
c lin h vi nhau). D liu l hai bin nh lng nhn gi tr trong tng cp d liu.
Trong v d sau y ta iu tra s hi lng ca khch hng thng qua vic so snh im k
vng trc khi s dng dch v v im nh gi sau khi tri nghim dch v (v cht lng
cuc gi trong dp l Tt). Nu gi Gi 1 , 2 l im nh gi trung bnh trc v sau khi dng
dch v. Ta kim nh cp gi thuyt:
H0 : 1 = 2

H1 : 1

 2

Bc 1: Vo Analyze Compare Means Paired-Sample T Test...


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5.3. Kim nh v s khc nhau ca hai trung bnh ca hai tng th khi mu cp

Bc 2: Ti ca s Paired-Sample T Test, dng phm Ctrl chn hai bin TruocSuDung,


SauSuDung a vo khung Paired Variable

Bc 3: n OK

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Bi 5. Kim nh v trung bnh

p-gi tr = 0.002 nh hn mc ngha 0.05 nn bc b gi thuyt H0 cho rng im nh


gi k vng trc s dng v im nh gi sau s dng bng nhau. Ngoi ra gi tr kim nh
t dng nn ta c th cho rng khch hng cht lng cuc gi ca cc mng di ng cha p
ng c s mong i ca khch hng.

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Bi 6
Phn tch phng sai (ANOVA)
Phng php phn tch phng sai c dng khi nghin cu nh hng ca bin nguyn
nhn nh tnh ln bin kt qu nh lng, phng php ny so snh trung bnh ca nhiu nhm
(3 nhm tr ln).
Gi thuyt H0 nh sau:
H0 : 1 = 2 =    = k

c ngha l:

H0 : bin nh tnh khng c nh hng ti bin nh lng

Gi thuyt i

H1 : bin nh tnh c nh hng ti bin nh lng

D liu u vo: gm mt bin nh lng v mt bin phn loi. Cc bc tin hnh nh sau

V d
Gi s ta cn so snh mc hi lng ca khch hng s dng dch v ca ba mng di ng Vie,
Mob, Vin v cht lng dch v. D liu thu thp c lu trong file SoSanh3Mang.sav. Cc
bc tin hnh nh sau: Bc 1: Vo Analyze Compare Means One-Way ANOVA...
m ca s One-Way ANOVA
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Bi 6. Phn tch phng sai (ANOVA)

Bc 2: Ti ca s One-Way ANOVA, a bin nh lng vo khung Dependent List, bin


phn loi vo khung Factor. n Options m ra hp thoi sau

Bc 3: Chn Descriptive tnh cc i lng thng k m t cho tng nhm; chn Homogeneityof-variance tin hnh th tc kim nh s bng nhau ca cc phng sai tng th. Sau
n Continue tr v hp thoi trc n OK. Kt qu cho trong 3 bng sau

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Bng u tin a ra kt qu tnh mt s i lng thng k m t cho tng nhm.


Bng th hai l kt qu ca th tc kim nh s bng nhau ca cc phng sai. Vi gi tr Sig.
l 0.388 ta chp nhn gi thuyt rng cc phng sai bng nhau.
Bng th ba, cho bit p-gi tr Sig=0.002 nn ta bc b gi thuyt H0 vi mc ngha 0.05.
Nh vy c th cho rng s hi lng ca khch hng i vi 3 mng di ng c khc bit.
Phn tch k hn s khc bit ny c th tin hnh trong mc sau

Phn tch su ANOVA


Cc bc trong phn tch su ANOVA c thc hin tng t nh phn tch phng sai
ANOVA nhng trong bc 2 ta lm thm thao tc sau: Ti ca s One-Way ANOVA, n Post
Hoc, m ca s sau

Bng trn lit k mt s phng php so snh cc cp trung bnh khc nhau. Trong v d ny ta
chn phng php Tukey nn chnTukey.
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Bi 6. Phn tch phng sai (ANOVA)

Kt qu so snh tng cp da trn ct Sig. ta thy s hi lng ca khch hng i vi hai mng
Mob v Vin nh nhau nhng u tt hn so vi mng di ng cn li.

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Ti liu tham kho


[1] Hong Trng, Chu Nguyn Mng Ngc, Phn Tch D Liu Nghin Cu vi SPSS, Tp
1, 2, Nh xut bn Hng c, nm 2008.
[2] H ng Phc, S Dng Phn Mm SPSS Trong Phn Tch S Liu, Nh xut bn Khoa
hc v K thut.

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