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BI 1 Tng quan
SPSS for Windows cung cp mt h thng qun l d liu v phn tch thng k trong
mt mi trng ho, s dng cc trnh n m t {menu} v cc hp thoi {dialogue
box} n gin thc hin hu ht cc cng vic cho bn. Phn ln cc nhim v c th
c hon thnh ch bng cch r v nhp chut.
Bn cnh giao din r-nhp chut phn tch thng k, SPSS for Windows cung cp:
Data Editor {Ca s Hiu nh d liu}. Mt h thng dng bng tnh {worksheet} uyn
liu sn sng cho cc bc phn tch. Bn c th d dng nhm, b sung, tng hp, trn,
chia v chuyn i file, v hn th na.
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Bn c th thay i mu, chn loi phng hoc c ch, chuyn i trc tung vi trc
honh, xoay cc th ba chiu, v thm ch thay c loi th.
Text Output Editor. Cc kt xut dng vn bn khng c th hin trong cc bng tr c
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Cc nm
nhn cu
lnh
Cc nm
nhn hp
thoi ph
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Hnh 1-8: Chn nhiu bin k tip nhau vi k thut Ctrl cng vi nhp chut
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BI 2: M Cc tp tin d liu
Cc file d liu c cc nh dng khc nhau, v phn mm ny c thit k qun l
chng, bao gm:
Cc bng tnh worksheet c lp trong Execl hoc Lotus
C s d liu c lp di nh dng dBASE v SQL
Cc file dng text ASCII vi kiu Tab-deliminated
Cc file trong nh dng SPSS c lp trong cc h iu hnh khc
Cc file d liu SYSTAT
tr gip
Type in data: Nhp d liu mi
Run an existing query: Chy mt truy
vn d liu c sn
Create new query using Database
Wizard: Lp mt truy vn d liu s
d liu c sn
(Ch : Hp thoi ny ch xut hin mt
ln khi bn khi ng SPSS)
2.2 M mt file
Nu c sn mt file d liu, bn c th m n bng la chn Open an existing
data source v nhp vo More Files;
Nu ang trong ca s SPSS Data Editor:
T thanh menu chn
File
Open
Data
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BI 3: Ca s Data Editor
Ca s Data Editor cung cp mt phng php ging nh bng tnh, thun tin lp v
hiu nh cc file d liu. Ca s Data Editor t ng m khi bn bt u khi ng
SPSS.
Ca s Data Editor cung cp hai loi bng xem d liu:
Data view. Th hin tr s d liu thc hoc cc nhn tr s c xc nh
Variable view. Th hin cc thng tin nh ngha v bin, bao gm cc nhn bin v nhn
tr s bin c xc nh, loi d liu (v d nh dng chui, dng ngy thng, v dng
s), thang o (nh danh, nh hng, hoc t l), v cc tr s khuyt thiu do ngi
Trong c hai bng, bn c th b sung, v xo cc thng tin c lu cha trong file d
liu.
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Rt nhiu thuc tnh ca Data View cng ging nh nhng g c tm thy trong cc
phn mm s dng bng tnh, (v d nh Excel). Tuy nhin cng c mt s s khc bit
quan trng:
Cc hng l cc bn ghi/i tng/trng hp {case}. Tng hng a din cho mt
i tng hoc mt quan st. V d tng ngi tr li i vi mt bng hi/phiu
iu tra l mt i tng.
Cc ct l cc bin. Tng ct i din cho mt bin hoc thuc tnh c o c. V
d tng mc trong mt bng hi l mt bin.
Cc cha cc tr s. Tng cha mt tr s ca mt bin cho mt i tng. l
s kt hp ca i tng v bin. Cc ch cha cc tr s bin. Khng ging nh
cc phn mm s dng bng tnh, cc trong Data Editor khng th cha ng cc
cng thc.
File d liu c hnh ch nht. Hai hng ca file d liu c xc nh bi s lng
cc i tng v s lng cc bin. Bn c th nhp d liu trong bt k no. Nu
bn nhp d liu vo mt nm bn ngoi cc ng bin ca file d liu c xc
nh, hnh ch nht d liu s c m rng bao gm bt k mi hng v mi ct
nm gia v cc ng bin ca file. Khng c cc trng rng trong cc
ng bin ca file d liu. i vi cc bin dng s, cc rng c chuyn thnh
tr s khuyt thiu h thng. i vi cc bin dng chui, mt du cch vn c coi
l mt tr s.
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Bng Variable View cha ng cc thng tin v cc thuc tnh ca tng bin trong file
d liu. Trong mt bng Data view:
Cc hng l cc bin.
Cc ct l cc thuc tnh ca bin
Bn c th b sung hoc xo cc bin v thay i thuc tnh ca cc bin, bao gm:
Tn bin {Name}
Loi d liu {Type}
S lng con s hoc ch {With}
S lng ch s thp phn {Decimals}
M t bin/nhn bin {Lable} v nhn tr s bin {Values}
Cc tr s khuyt thiu do ngi s dng thit lp {Missing}
rng ca ct {Width}
Cn l {Align}
Thang o {Measure}
th hin hoc nh ngha cc thuc tnh ca bin
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rng, c chuyn i thnh cc tr s bnh thng (khng phi l khuyt thiu) tr phi
bn nh ngha chng mt cch trc tip nh l cc tr s khuyt thiu. nh ngha tr
s rng nh l tr s khuyt thiu i vi bin dng chui, hy nhp mt du cch vo
mt trong nhng trng i vi Discrete missing values.
Hnh 5-6: Hp thoi Missing Values
Nu bn sao chp thuc tnh cho cc hng rng, cc bin mi c lp vi vi cc thuc tnh
mc nh cho tt c nhng khng phi mc nh cho nhng thuc tnh c chn.
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Tn bin
hot ng
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xo tr s c v nhp mt tr s mi:
Trong bng Data View, nhp p vo . Tr s c th hin trong khoang hiu nh
d liu.
Hiu nh tr s trc tip t hoc trong khoang hiu nh d liu.
Nhn Enter (hoc chuyn sang khc) ghi tr s mi.
3.4.1 Ct, sao chp v dn cc tr s ca d liu
Bn c th ct, sao chp v dn cc tr s ca tng hoc mt nhm cc tr s trong Data
Editor. Bn c th:
Chuyn hoc sao chp tr s ca mt sang mt khc.
Chuyn hoc sao chp tr s ca mt sang mt nhm cc .
Chuyn hoc sao chp tr s ca mt i tng sang cho mt nhm cc i tng.
Chuyn hoc sao chp tr s ca mt bin sang cho mt nhm cc bin.
Chuyn hoc sao chp tr s ca mt nhm cc sang cho mt nhm cc khc.
3.4.2 Chn thm cc i tng mi
Nhp d liu vo mt trong mt hng rng s t ng to ra mt i tng mi. Data
Editor s chn cc tr s khuyt thiu i vi mi bin khc cho i tng . Nu c bt
k hng rng no nm gia i tng mi v cc i tng c sn, cc hng rng
cng tr thnh cc i tng mi vi cc tr s khuyt thiu h thng i vi mi bin.
Bn c th chn cc i tng mi vo gia cc i tng c sn.
chn mt i tng mi gia cc i tng c sn
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Chn bt k no trong bin bn phi ca (bng Data View) hoc di (ca bng
Variable View) v tr m bn mun chn bin mi vo.
T thanh menu chn
Data
Insert Variable
Nhp vo tn bin (trong bng Data View) hoc s hng (trong bng Variable View) ni
bn mun di chuyn bin n. Ton b bin ny s c m ni bt
T thanh menu chn
Edit
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Paste
Cc i
tng b lc
(b loi tr)
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th nhp mt nhn bin hoc s dng 110 k t u tin ca biu thc tnh ton nh l
nhn bin.
Type. Cc bin c tnh ton c th l dng s hoc dng chui (ch ci kiu con s).
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m s ln cc tr s xy ra trong cc i tng
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4.3 M ho li d liu
Bn c th bin i tr s d liu bng cch m ho li chng
4.3.1 M ho li d liu ngay trong bin c sn (khng to thnh bin mi)
M ho li d liu ngay trong bin c sn {Recode into Same Variable} gn li cc tr s
ca bin ang c hoc ct gim bt cc phm vi ca cc tr s ang c vo cc tr s mi
Bn c th m ho cc bin dng s v dng chui. Nu bn chn nhiu bin, chng phi
c cng loi. Bn khng th m ho cc bin dng chui v dng s cng vi nhau.
Hnh 6-7: Hp thoi Recode into Same Variables
Chn cc bin m bn mun m ho, Nu bn chn nhiu bin, chng phi c cng dng
(chui hoc s)
Nhp vo Old and New Values v nh r cch m ho li tr s.
Mt cch tu chn, bn c th chn mt nhm cc i tng m ho
Hp thoi If Cases xc nh mt nhm cc i tng cng ging nh c m t
trong mc tnh ton bin {Compute Variable}
Hp thoi Recode into Same Values: Old and NewValues
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Chn cc bin m bn mun m ho, Nu bn chn nhiu bin, chng phi c cng dng
(chui hoc s)
Nhp mt tn bin mi cho tng bin v nhp Change.
Nhp Old and New Values v nh r cch m ho li tr s.
Mt cch tu chn, bn c th chn mt nhm cc i tng m ho
Hp thoi Recode into Same Values: Old and NewValues
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bin nhng khc i tng hoc cng i tng nhng khc bin.
Chn cc nhm ph cc i tng. Bn c th hn ch cc phn tch ca mnh trong mt
nhm cc i tng hoc tin hnh ng thi cc php phn tch trong cc nhm i
tng khc nhau.
Gp chung/Tng hp d liu. Bn c th thay i n v ca php phn tch bng cch
quyn.
5.1 Sp xp cc i tng
Hp thoi ny sp xp cc i tng (cc hng) ca file d liu da vo cc tr s ca
mt hoc mt s bin sp xp. Bn ca s th sp xp cc i tng theo trt t tng dn
hoc gim dn.
Nu bn chn nhiu bin sp xp, cc i tng c sp xp theo tng bin trong
vng tng nhm ca bin ng trc trong danh sch Short by. V d nu bn chn
bin gender {gii tnh} l bin sp xp th nht v minority {thiu s}l bin sp xp
th hai, cc i tng s c sp xp theo phn loi thiu s trong tng loi gii
tnh.
i vi cc bin, cc ch in ng trc cc ch thng ging n trong trt t sp
xp.
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sp xp cc i tng
la chn. Cc i tng c lc vn duy tr trong file d liu nhng b loi ra khi php
phn tch. Th tc Select Cases to ra mt bin lc, filter_$, ch r tnh trng lc. Cc
i tng c chn c tr s 1; cc i tng khng c chn (b lc) c tr s 0. Cc
i tng b lc cng c nh du bng mt du gch cho qua s hng trong ca s
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Data Editor. ng tnh trng lc v bao gm mi i tng trong php phn tch ca
ban, hy chn All Cases.
Cc i tng b xo b b loi ra khi file d liu v khng th phc hi li c nu
bn lu file d liu sau khi xo b cc i tng.
Hnh 7-9: Hp thoi Select Cases
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Bi 6: Lm vic vi kt xut
Khi bn chy mt th tc, cc kt qu c th hin trong mt ca s gi l Viewer.
Trong ca s ny, bn c th d dng chuyn n bt k phn no ca cc kt xut/kt
qu u ra m bn mun xem. Bn cng c th iu khin kt xut v to mt file ti liu
cha ng cc kt xut m bn mun, c t chc v nh dng mt cch thch hp.
6.1 Ca s Viewer
Hnh 8-1: Ca s Viewer
Nhp p
mt biu
tng kiu
sch
hin hoc
lm n mt
chi tit
Nhp
m rng
hoc thu
hp cc cp
xem
Nhp mt chi
tit chn
v i thng
n n
Pan phn
cp xem
Pan ni dung
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Nhp biu tng sch m {book icon} ca n thanh cng c Outlining trong ca s
Viewer
hoc
Nhp vo chi tit chn n
T thanh menu chn:
View
Hide
hoc
Nhp biu tng sch ng (Hide) trn thanh cng c Outlining .
Biu tng sch m (Show) tr thnh biu tng hot ng, ch ra rng chi tit gi y
c n giu.
n giu mi kt qu ca mt th tc:
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Nhp mt chi tit trong pan phn cp hoc pan ni dung chn n. (S dng k thut
gi phm Shift v nhp chut chn nhiu chi tit, hoc k thut gi phm Ctrl v nhp
chut chn cc chi tit nm khng lin tc nhau.)
S dng chut nhp v r cc chi tit (gia chut trong khi r).
Th chut ra ln chi tit nm trn v tr m bn mun th chi tit c di chuyn
Bn cng c th chuyn cc chi tit bng cch s dng hai lnh Cut v Paste After trong
menu Edit.
xo cc kt qu trong ca s Viewer
Nhp mt chi tit trong pan phn cp hoc pan ni dung chn n. (S dng k thut
gi phm Shift v nhp chut chn nhiu chi tit, hoc k thut gi phm Ctrl v nhp
chut chn cc chi tit nm khng lin tc nhau.)
Nhn phm Delete
hoc
T thanh menu chn:
Edit
Delete
sao chp cc kt qu trong ca s Viewer
Nhp mt chi tit trong pan phn cp hoc pan ni dung chn n. (S dng k thut
gi phm Shift v nhp chut chn nhiu chi tit, hoc k thut gi phm Ctrl v nhp
chut chn cc chi tit nm khng lin tc nhau.)
Gi phm Ctrl trong khi bn dng chut nhp v r cc chi tit (gia chut trong khi
r).
Th chut ra ni m bn mun sao chp chng vo .
Bn c th sao chp cc chi tit bng cch s dng hai lnh Copy v Paste After trong
menu Edit.
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Bi 8: Frequencies {Tn s}
Th tc Frequencies cung cp cc thng k v cc th hu ch cho vic m t rt nhiu
loi bin. nhn u tin vo d liu, th tc Frequencies l mt ni rt tt bt u.
i vi mt bo co tn sut v mt th thanh, bn c th b tr cc tr s khc nhau
theo trt t gim dn hoc tng dn cc nhm theo tn s ca chng. Bo co tan s c
th b treo khi mt bin c qu nhiu tr s khc nhau. Bn c th t tiu cho cc
th vi cc tn s (tr s mc nh) hoc t l %.
V d. Phn b ca cc khch hng ca mt cng ty theo loi ngnh l nh th no? T
tng, lch chun, phng sai, phm vi (ton c), tr s nh nht v tr s ln nht, sai
s chun ca trung bnh, lch v nhn (c hai vi lch chun), t phn v, cc s
phn v do ngi s dng nh ngha, th thanh, th trn, v biu tn sut.
D liu. S dng cc m dng s hoc chui ngn cho cc bin nh tnh (thang o nh
7.1 Kt xut mu
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Valid
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1500
2000
Total
Frequency
2
1
2
1
6
2
3
2
1
2
2
1
3
2
30
Percent
6.7
3.3
6.7
3.3
20.0
6.7
10.0
6.7
3.3
6.7
6.7
3.3
10.0
6.7
100.0
Valid Percent
6.7
3.3
6.7
3.3
20.0
6.7
10.0
6.7
3.3
6.7
6.7
3.3
10.0
6.7
100.0
Statistics
So tien dau tu cho su dung nuoc sach
N
Valid
Missing
Mean
Std. Error of Mean
Variance
Minimum
Maximum
30
0
803.33
92.411
256195.4
100
2000
Frequency
0
0.0
500.0
250.0
1000.0
750.0
1500.0
1250.0
2000.0
1750.0
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Cumulative
Percent
6.7
10.0
16.7
20.0
40.0
46.7
56.7
63.3
66.7
73.3
80.0
83.3
93.3
100.0
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gm lch chun, phng sai, phm vi, tr s ln nht, tr s nh nht, v sai s chun
ca trung bnh.
Distribution. Skewness { lch} v Kurtosis { nhn} l cc thng k m t hnh dng
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Chart Type. Mt th trn {pie chart} th hin phn b ca cc b phn trong ton b.
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%.
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Biu tng
trang/lp
Biu tng ct
Khay trang/lp
Khay ct
Khay hng
Trt t ca cc biu tng trn khay ch chiu phn nh trt t ca cc thnh phn trong
bng tr. thay i trt t th hin ca cc thnh phn trong mt chiu ca bng
Kch hot bng tr
Nu cc khay tr khng xut hin, t menu Pivot Table chn:
Pivot
Pivoting Tray
Nhp ln mt mt biu tng sp xp theo trt t m bn mun (tri sang phi hoc
trn xung di)
di chuyn hng hoc ct trong mt bng tr
48
Khong
Co
Total
23
7
30
Gieng
dao
Khong
Co
Total
Total
23
7
30
Missing
Total
49
19
1
1
2
23
7
30
63.3
3.3
3.3
6.7
76.7
23.3
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
Sach hon
It sach hon
Khong doi
Khong biet
Total
System
Valid Percent
Valid
Percent
Missing
Total
Sach hon
It sach hon
Khong doi
Khong biet
Total
System
Cumulative
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
63.3
82.6
82.6
3.3
4.3
87.0
3.3
4.3
91.3
6.7
8.7
100.0
Muc do sach cua nuoc
76.7
100.0
23.3
100.0
Frequency
Valid
Frequency
19
1
1
2
23
7
30
82.6
4.3
4.3
8.7
100.0
82.6
87.0
91.3
100.0
Format
Rotate InnerColumn Labels
hoc
Rotate OuterColumn Labels
Sau khi thc hin mt hoc mt vi thao tc bng tr, bn c th tr li cch b tr ban
u ca bng tr.
T thanh menu chn:
Reset Pivots to Defaults
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Kch hot bng tr, v t menu Pivot chn: Pivoting Trays nu n khng c chn.
R mt biu tng t khay Row hoc khay Column sang khay Layer.
Hnh 10-4: Chuyn cc nhm sang cc trang/lp
Bin muc do sach cua nuoc
c chuyn t hng hng
sang hng trang
Tng biu tng layer c mi tn sang tri v mi tn sang phi. Bng c th nhn thy
c l bng ca trang trn cng.
Hnh 10-5: Cc nhm trong cc trang ring bit
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thay i cc trang/lp
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