Nhap Va Xu Ly Du Lieu - Slide

5.
1 Gii thiu
Chng 5.
Nhp v x l d liu
Mn hc: Phng php nghin cu kinh t
Khoa Kinh t Pht trin
i hc Kinh T TP. H Ch Minh
Nhm hng dn sinh vin cch:

Cch nhp liu, x l v phn tch d liu.
Cc k thut phn tch d liu mang tnh
khm ph (exploratory data analysis).
Cch s dng bng cho (cross-tabulation)
trc nghim mi quan h gia cc bin
phn loi (categorical variables).
Cch s dng cc thng k phn tch trc
nghim gi thit.
2
5.2 Quy trnh phn tch d liu

Hnh 5.1 Cc bc khm
ph, trc nghim v phn
tch trong qu trnh nghin
cu
Lp cng NC
Thu thp v chun

b d liu
5.3 Nhp s liu

5.3.1 Cch b tr d liu trn my
tnh
Mc tiu:
K hoch phn tch s

khi
Xc nh li gi thit
Th hin trc quan d liu
Phn tch v din gii d liu
Nhm to iu kin thun tin cho vic

nhp liu
Nhm to s thun li cho vic chnh sa
d liu
Phn tch m t cc bin s

Lp bng cho cho cc bin s
Trnh by d liu
(histogram, boxplots, Pareto, stem-andleaf, AID, etc.)
Phn tch d liu
Trc nghim gi thit
Bo co nghin cu
Ra quyt nh
5.3 Nhp s liu
5.3 Nhp s liu
Thc hin:
Nguyn tc chung: t tn bin ngn gn, vit

tt (ting Vit khng du hoc ting Anh). Tn
bin nn c t theo quy nh.
Dng Excel: d thao tc v chnh sa, khng
gian lu tr hn ch, cng c thng k v kinh
t lng khng cho phn tch.
Dng SPSS: khng gian lu tr gn nh khng
hn ch, cng c thng k v kinh t lng pht
trin y cho nhu cu phn tch. Khai bo d
liu bt buc, mt thi gian.
Hnh 5. 2 Cch
nhp d liu vo
bng tnh SPSS
5.3 Nhp s liu
nh ngha kiu bin
Hnh 5.3 Cch nh ngha cc thuc tnh ca cc bin s nh tnh v

nh lng
7
Xc nh nhn (gii thch) ca bin
Xc nh gi tr phn loi ca bin
Xc nh thang o ca bin
10
5.4 Lm sch d liu

5.4.1 Pht hin gi tr d bit trong d liu
a. S dng Excel: hm Max v Min, cng c Auto Filter,
th Scatter
11
12
5.4 Lm sch d liu
5.4 Lm sch d liu

Hnh 5.4 Cng c
th Scatter trong Excel
5.4.1 Pht hin gi tr d bit trong d liu

b. S dng SPSS: th Scatter, cng c Frequency, Bar
Chart, Pie Chart, v Box Plot trong Explore
13
14
5.4 Lm sch d liu
5.4 Lm sch d liu
b. S dng SPSS: th Scatter
b. S dng SPSS: cng c Frequency, Explore
80
Others
Honda @
70
Honda Dream
60
SYM Attila
50
Yamaha Cygnus
Honda Wave
40
Yamaha Jupiter
30
Yamaha Sirius
20
Honda Future Neo

Honda AirBlade
10
0
10
20
30
40
Number of used days in a month
15
Hnh 5.6 Cng c Frequency v Explore trong SPSS
16
5.4 Lm sch d liu
5.4 Lm sch d liu
b. S dng SPSS: cng c Frequency
b. S dng SPSS: cng c Pie Chart v Bar Chart
Frequency
Honda Air Blade
10
Percent
10.0
%Valid
10.0
Cumulative
Percent
10.0
30
Others
Honda AirBlade
10.0%
10.0%
20
Honda @
Honda Future Neo
8.0
8.0
18.0
Honda Future Neo

7.0%
8.0%
7.0
7.0
25.0
Yamaha Jupiter
13
13.0
13.0
38.0
Honda Wave
24
24.0
24.0
62.0
4.0
4.0
66.0
11
11.0
11.0
77.0
Honda Dream
6.0
6.0
83.0
Honda @
7.0
7.0
90.0
Others
10
10.0
10.0
100.0
Total
100
100.0
100.0
Honda Dream
Yamaha Sirius
7.0%
SYM Attila
11.0%
Yamaha Cygnus
SYM Attila
10
6.0%
s
er
th
O a @am
d re
on D
Hda
s
on
nl au
H
ygtti
CA
aM
aShY
e
am
Y
aver
Wpit
daJu
on a
H ah
uso
i ri e
am
SN
Y
a
re
auhtu
amF
Yda
de
la
on
H
irB
A
da
on
H
Yamaha Sirius
Yamaha Cygnus
Yamaha Jupiter
13.0%
4.0%
Honda Wave
24.0%
Motobike Names
17
18
5.4 Lm sch d liu
5.4 Lm sch d liu
b. S dng SPSS: cng c Histogram
Biu histogram l mt gii php quy c

dng th hin cc d liu t l hoc
khong cch.
Biu histogram c s dng phn
nhm cc gi tr d liu ca cc bin s
(variable) thnh cc khong cch.
Biu histogram c xy dng di
dng cc thanh th hin gi tr d liu.
19
Biu histogram rt hu dng cho vic: (1)

th hin tt c cc khong cch trong mt
phn phi (distribution), v (2) trc nghim
dng hnh ca phn phi nh mo
(skewness), nhn (kurtosis).
Ghi ch: Biu histogram khng dng c

cho cc bin danh ngha.
20
5.4 Lm sch d liu
5.4 Lm sch d liu
b. S dng SPSS: biu Thn-v-L (Stem-and-Leaf Displays)

V d 5.2 Phn phi
bin s tui ca
ngi s dng xe
my
30
20
Khi biu thn-v-l c quay tri

900 , n s c dng hnh tng t nh
biu histogram.
10
Std. Dev = 14.42

Mean = 39
N = 100.00
Mi dng ca biu c gi l mt
thn; v mi s liu th hin trn mt
thn gi l mt l.
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
Age of motorbike user
21
22
5.4 Lm sch d liu
5.4 Lm sch d liu
b. S dng SPSS: biu Thn-v-L (Stem-and-Leaf Displays)
b. S dng SPSS: biu hp (Box-Plots)
Age of motorbike user Stem-and-Leaf Plot

Frequency
6.00
18.00
8.00
13.00
4.00
12.00
13.00
10.00
9.00
2.00
4.00
.00
1.00
Stem width:
Each leaf:
Stem & Leaf

1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
5.
6.
6.
7.
7.
889999
000111122222233344
55677788
0012233334444
5556
123333334444
5555566777789
0123344444
566667779
03
5567
5.3 Biu Thn-v L

ca bin s Tui ca
ngi s dng xe my
Biu hp, hay cn gi l biu hp-v-ru (boxand-whisker plot), cho ta mt hnh nh trc quan khc
v v tr, phn tn, dng hnh, di ui v cc gi
tr bt thng (outliers) ca phn phi.
Biu hp th hin tm tt 5 gi tr thng k ca mt
phn phi l trung v (median), hai t phn v trn v
di (the upper and lower quartiles), v cc gi tr quan
st ln nht v nh nht
10
1 case(s)
23
24
5.4 Lm sch d liu
5.4 Lm sch d liu
Cc thnh phn ch yu ca biu hp l:

Hp hnh ch nht cha ng 50% cc gi tr d
liu.
ng thng trung tm hp l gi tr trung v.
Hai l ca hp th hin hai gi tr t phn v th 1 v
th 3 (tng ng vi gi tr th 25% (25th
percentile) v gi tr th 75% (75th percentile) ca
dy s liu.
Cc ru ko di t l pha trn v pha di ca
hp th hin gi tr ln nht v nh nht. Cc gi tr
ny nm trong khong ti a 1,5 ln khong cch
gia cc t phn v tnh t l ca hp.
25
5.4 Lm sch d liu
Cc gi tr ln hn 3 ln so vi di ca hp tnh t
gi tr t phn v th 3 (75th percentile) (extremes)
Cc gi tr ln hn 1,5 ln so vi di ca hp tnh
t gi tr t phn v th 3 (75th percentile) (outliers)
Gi tr ln nht quan st c khng phi l
gi tr bt thng
50% trng
hp c gi
tr nm
trong hp
T phn v th 3 (75th PERCENTILE)
Trung v (MEDIAN)
T phn v th 1 (25th PERCENTILE)
Gi tr ln nht quan st c khng phi l gi tr

bt thng
Cc gi tr ln hn 1,5 ln so vi di ca hp tnh
t gi tr t phn v th 1 (25th percentile) (outliers)
Cc gi tr ln hn 3 ln so vi di ca hp tnh t
gi tr t phn v th 1 (25th percentile) (extremes)
26
5.5 Phn tch thng k m t

5.5.1 Phn tch thng k m t nh lng
S dng Excel: cng c Descriptives

Statistics trong chc nng Data Analysis.
S dng SPSS: cng c Frequency,
Descriptives, Explore trong chc nng
Descriptive Statistics ca SPSS.
100
80
60
40
5.4 Biu hp ca bin

s Tui ca ngi s dng
xe my v s ngy s
dng trong thng
20
0
N=
100
100
Age of motorbike use
Number of used days
27
28
Cc ch tiu thng k m t :
xu hng trung tm,
tnh bin thin v
dng hnh phn phi ca d liu.
o lng xu hng trung tm (Measures of Central

Tendency)
Gi tr trung bnh (mean) l tng tt c gi tr ca cc d liu

chia cho s lng ca d liu.
Trung v (median) l gi tr ca s liu c v tr nm gia b

s liu sp xp theo trt t. y chnh l im gia ca phn
phi. Khi s quan st l chn, trung v l gi tr trung bnh ca
hai quan st v tr trung tm.
Mode l gi tr ca quan st c tn sut xut hin nhiu nht

trong b d liu.
Khong cch (range) l gi tr khc bit gia con s ln nht

v nh nht trong b d liu.
29
30
o lng tnh bin thin (Measures of Variability)

Phng sai (Variance; 2) l trung bnh tng cc sai s
bnh phng gia cc gi tr ca cc quan st v gi tr
trung bnh.
lch chun (Standard deviation; SD; ) o lng
mc phn tn ca s liu xung quanh gi tr trung
bnh.
Sai s chun ca gi tr trung bnh (Standard error of
the mean; s.e.) o lng phm vi m gi tr trung bnh
ca qun th () c th xut hin vi mt xc sut cho
trc da trn gi tr trung bnh ca mu (mean).
o lng dng hnh ca phn phi (Measures of Shape)
mo (skewness) o lng lch ca phn phi v

mt trong hai pha.
Phn phi mo tri (negative skew, left-skewed) khi

ui pha tri di hn, v phn ln s liu tp trung
pha phi ca phn phi.
Phn phi mo phi (positive sknew, right-skewed) khi

ui pha phi di hn, v phn ln s liu tp trung
pha tri ca phn phi.
Khi lch phi, gi tr sknewness dng; khi lch tri, gi

tr skewness m. mo cng ln th gi tr sknewness
cng ln hn 0.
31
32
Hnh 5.11 Cc dng phn phi lch tri v lch phi so vi phn
phi bnh thng
Hnh 5.10 ng phn phi chun v cc c tnh

33
34

Phn tch thng k m t vi SPSS: cng c Descriptive

o lng dng hnh ca phn phi (Measures of Shape)
nhn (kurtosis) o lng mc nhn hay bt ca

phn phi so vi phn phi bnh thng (c nhn
bng 0). Phn phi c dng nhn khi gi tr kurtosis
dng v c dng bt khi gi tr kurtosis m.
Vi phn phi bnh thng, gi tr ca mo v
nhn bng 0. Cn c trn t s gia gi tr skewness v
kurtosis v sai s chun ca n, ta c th nh gi phn
phi c bnh thng hay khng (khi t s ny nh hn 2 v ln hn +2, phn phi l khng bnh thng).
35
Hnh 5.13 Cc chc nng thng k m t ca cng c Descriptives
36
Phn tch thng k m t vi SPSS: cng c Descriptive

Bng 5.6 Thng k m t cc bin s Tui ca ngi s dng xe my
Statistic
Phn tch thng k m t vi SPSS: cng c Explore

Cng c Explore rt thch hp thng k m t chi tit cc bin s
phn nhm theo mt bin phn loi khc (factor variable).
Std. Error
100
Range
58
Minimum
18
Maximum
76
Mean
39.01
Std. Deviation
14.42
Variance
1.44
207.909
Skewness
Kurtosis
.242
.241
-.948
.478
37
5.7 Thng k m t cc bin s Tui ca ngi s dng xe my v s

ngy s dng trong thng phn theo gii tnh
User
gender
female
Mean
95% Confidence
Interval for Mean
Lower
Bound
Upper
Bound
Number of used
days in a month
Statistic
Std. Error
Statistic
Std.
Error
38.46
2.11
20.71
1.07
34.19
18.54
42.74
22.88
5% Trimmed Mean
38.13
20.95
Median
41.00
22.00
183.205
47.212
13.54
6.87
Variance
Std. Deviation
38
5.7 Thng k m t cc bin s Tui ca ngi s dng xe my v s

ngy s dng trong thng phn theo gii tnh
male
Mean
95% Confidence
Interval for Mean
228.173
60.460
15.11
7.78
18
Maximum
76
32
Range
58
27
65
30
Interquartile Range
Range
46
23
Skewness
Kurtosis
Kurtosis
-.513
.369
-1.089
.724
-.838
39
.724
21.79
19.90
19
11.00
43.33
21.00
Minimum
.369
Upper Bound
38.87
Std. Deviation
.118
17.74
42.00
Variance
23.00
19.76
Median
Maximum
Skewness
1.97
35.45
5% Trimmed Mean
Minimum
Interquartile Range
39.39
Lower Bound
28.00
1.01
15.00
.292
.311
-.175
.311
-.932
.613
-1.271
.613
40
5.5.2 Phn tch thng k m t nh tnh
a. S dng cng c Basic Table trong SPSS
41
42
b. S dng cng c Bng cho (Cross-Tabulation) trong SPSS
Bng cho l mt k thut dng so snh d liu t hai hoc

nhiu hn cc bin phn loi hoc danh ngha (categorical or
nominal variables), v d nh l gii tnh. Bng cho s dng
cc bng c cc ct v dng th hin cc mc hoc cc gi
tr m ha ca tng bin phn loi hoc danh ngha.
Bng cho l bc u tin xc nh cc quan h gia cc

bin. Khi bng cho c xy dng trc nghim thng k,
ta gi chng l bng contingency (contingency tables), v loi
trc nghim dng nh gi liu cc bin phn loi c c
lp vi nhau hay khng l 2 (Chi bnh phng / chi-square).
Bng. Phn b nhm tui ca ngi s dng xe my theo nhn hiu
Motobike
Names
Honda AirBlade
Honda Future Neo
Yamaha Sirius
Yamaha Jupiter
Honda Wave
Yamaha Cy gnus
SYM Attila
Honda Dream
Honda @
Others
under 20
Count
Row %
2
20.0%
4.2%
27.3%
under 30
Count
Row %
3
30.0%
4
50.0%
1
14.3%
4
30.8%
2
8.3%
1
25.0%
4
36.4%
3
50.0%
2
28.6%
2
20.0%
Age groups
under 40
under 50
Count
Row %
Count
Row %
3
30.0%
1
10.0%
2
25.0%
1
14.3%
1
7.7%
4
30.8%
8
33.3%
7
29.2%
1
25.0%
1
25.0%
1
9.1%
2
18.2%
1
16.7%
1
16.7%
1
14.3%
2
20.0%
5
50.0%
under 60
Count
Row %
1
10.0%
2
25.0%
2
28.6%
4
30.8%
5
20.8%
1
25.0%
older than 60
Count
Row %
42.9%
4.2%
1
1
9.1%
16.7%
10.0%
57.1%
43
44
45
Bng. Phn b gii tnh ca ngi s dng xe my theo nhn hiu
Count
Mot obike
Names
Tot al
Honda AirBlade
Honda Fut ure Neo
Yamaha Sirius
Yamaha Jupiter
Honda Wav e
Yamaha Cy gnus
SYM Att ila
Honda D ream
Honda @
Others
Bng. Phn b gii tnh ca ngi s dng xe my theo nhn hiu

User gender * Motobike Names Crosstabulation
Motobike Names * User gender Crosstabulation
User gender
f emale
male
3
7
4
4
3
4
6
7
9
15
2
2
5
6
2
4
3
4
4
6
41
59
46
Honda
Honda
AirBlade Future Neo
User gender f emale Count
3
4
Expected Count
4.1
3.3
% within User gender
7.3%
9.8%
% within Motobike Names
30.0%
50.0%
% of Total
3.0%
4.0%
male
Count
7
4
Expected Count
5.9
4.7
11.9%
6.8%
% within Motobike Names
70.0%
50.0%
% of Total
7.0%
4.0%
Total
Count
10
8
Expected Count
10.0
8.0
10.0%
8.0%
% within Motobike Names 100.0%
100.0%
% of Total
10.0%
8.0%
Tot al
10
8
7
13
24
4
11
6
7
10
100
47
Yamaha
Sirius
3
2.9
7.3%
42.9%
3.0%
4
4.1
6.8%
57.1%
4.0%
7
7.0
7.0%
100.0%
7.0%
Motobike Names
Yamaha
Yamaha
Jupiter Honda Wave Cy gnus SYM Attila Honda Dream Honda @
6
9
2
5
2
3
5.3
9.8
1.6
4.5
2.5
2.9
14.6%
22.0%
4.9%
12.2%
4.9%
7.3%
46.2%
37.5%
50.0%
45.5%
33.3%
42.9%
6.0%
9.0%
2.0%
5.0%
2.0%
3.0%
7
15
2
6
4
4
7.7
14.2
2.4
6.5
3.5
4.1
11.9%
25.4%
3.4%
10.2%
6.8%
6.8%
53.8%
62.5%
50.0%
54.5%
66.7%
57.1%
7.0%
15.0%
2.0%
6.0%
4.0%
4.0%
13
24
4
11
6
7
13.0
24.0
4.0
11.0
6.0
7.0
13.0%
24.0%
4.0%
11.0%
6.0%
7.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
13.0%
24.0%
4.0%
11.0%
6.0%
7.0%
Others
4
4.1
9.8%
40.0%
4.0%
6
5.9
10.2%
60.0%
6.0%
10
10.0
10.0%
100.0%
10.0%
Total
41
41.0
100.0%
41.0%
41.0%
59
59.0
100.0%
59.0%
59.0%
100
100.0
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
48
5.6 Phn tch trc nghim gi thit

5.6.1 Trc nghim gi thit
Mc tiu v kiu ca cc cu hi nghin cu
Mc tiu ca trc nghim gi thit l nhm quyt

nh tnh chnh xc ca gi thit da trn cc s
liu mu thu thp c. Chng ta nh gi tnh
chnh xc ca cc gi thit bng cch p dng cc
k thut thng k; v nh gi tm quan trng ca
s khc bit c ngha thng k.
Cch tip cn c in hay l l thuyt ly mu th
hin cch nhn mc tiu theo xc sut da trn
phn tch d liu mu. Mt gi thit c xy dng,
n s b bc b hoc chp nhn da trn mu d
liu thu thp.
Mc tiu chung
Quan h gia cc bin
Mc tiu c th
So snh
nhm
Kiu cu hi/ gi thit
Kiu thng k
Khc bit
Thng k khc bit
(v.d. t-test, ANOVA)
49

Gi thit H0
Biu din gi
thit H0
C s khc
bit v tui
gia nam v
n?
Khng c s
khc bit v
tui gia nam
v n.
H0: nam = n
C lin h g
gia gii tnh
v nhn hiu
xe?
Khng c lin
h g gia gii
tnh v nhn
hiu xe.
H0: GM = 0
Mc s
dng xe c
khc bit gia
cc nhm tui
khng?
Khng c khc
bit gia cc
nhm tui v
mc s
dng xe.
H0: uth = uth
Lin quan
Thng k lin
quan
(v.d. tng
quan, hi quy)
Tm lc
d liu
M t
Thng k m
t (v.d. trung
bnh, t l)
50

5.6.2 Quy trnh trc nghim gi thit
Xy dng gi thit H0 v gi thit thay th

Cu hi NC
Mc lin
quan, cc bin
lin quan
Thun M t
Gi thit H1
Biu din gi
thit H1
1. Pht biu gi thit
C s khc
bit v tui
gia nam v
n.
H0: nam n
2. Chn loi trc nghim thng k
C lin h
gia gii tnh
v nhn hiu
xe.
H0: GM 0
C khc bit
gia cc nhm
tui v mc
s dng
xe.
H1: uth uth
3. Chn mc ngha mong mun

4. Tnh gi tr khc bit
5. C c gi tr trc nghim
6. Din gii kt qu trc nghim
51
52
5.6.2 Quy trnh trc nghim gi thit
Gi tr xc sut (p Values)
Hu ht cc phn mm thng k u
cho kt qu vi gi tr xc sut (p
values).
Gi tr xc sut p value l xc sut
t c mt kt qu, t nht cao
bng, hoc cao hn gi tr c quan
st trong thc t, vi iu kin cho
trc l gi thit H0 l ng.
1. Pht biu gi thit v gi thit

thay th
2. Chn mc ngha mong mun
3. C c gi tr xc sut p
4. So snh gi tr xc sut p v
mc ngha v ra quyt nh
5. Din gii kt qu trc nghim
53
54
Gi tr xc sut (p Values)
Kim nh ngha: cc kiu kim nh
Gi tr p value c so snh vi mc
ngha (significant level - ), v da trn kt
qu ny bc b hay khng bc b gi
thit.
Nu gi tr p value nh hn mc ngha,
gi thit b bc b (p value < , bc b gi
thit H0).
Nu gi tr p value bng hoc ln hn mc
ngha, khng bc b gi thit (p value >
, khng bc b gi thit H0).
C hai loi: parametric (tham s) v

nonparametric (phi tham s).
Parametric tests l cng c mnh v
x l cc d liu dng scale (interval,
ratio).
Nonparametric tests l cng c x l
cc d liu dng nominal v ordinal.
55
56
Parametric tests
Parametric tests
Parametric tests i hi mt s gi
nh:
Nonparametric tests t i hi cc gi nh:

Khng i hi cc quan st phi c rt ra t cc
dn s phn phi bnh thng chun.
Khng i hi cc dn s phi c phng sai tng
ng.
L cch duy nht x l d liu nominal.
L cch ng n x l d liu ordinal, mc d
parametric c th p dng c.
D hiu v d s dng.
Cc quan st phi c lp vi nhau.

Cc quan st phi c rt ra t cc dn s
phn phi bnh thng chun.
Cc dn s nn c phng sai tng ng.
Thang o phi dng scale cc tnh ton
c th thc hin c.
57
58
Lm sao chn mt trc nghim thng k ph hp?
Cc k thut phn tch thng k nn dng theo loi d liu v

trc nghim
chn mt trc nghim thng k ph

hp, nn suy ngh n 3 cu hi:
Measurement
scale
Trc nghim lin quan n 1 mu, 2 mu hay

nhiu hn 2 mu (k)?
Nu c 2 mu hay nhiu hn 2 mu (k),
chng c c lp vi nhau hay khng?
D liu thuc loi no (nominal, ordinal,
scale)?
59
One-sample
Case
Two-Samples Tests
Related
Samples
Independent
Samples
k-Samples Tests
Related
Samples
Independent
Samples
Nominal
- Binomial
- 2 one-sample
test
- McNemar
- Fisher exact
test
- 2 twosample test
- Cochran Q
- 2 for ksamples
Ordinal
- KolmogorovSmirnov onesample test

- Runs test
- Sign test
- Wilcoxon
matched-pairs
test
-Median test
Mann-Whitney
U
- KolmogorovSmirnov
Wald-Wolfowitz
-Friedman twoway ANOVA
- Median
extension
- KruskalWallis one-way
ANOVA
Interval and Ratio
- T-test
- Z test
- T-test for
paired samples
- T-test
- Z test
- Repeatedmeasured
ANOVA
- One-way
ANOVA
- N-way
ANOVA60
5.6.3 Phn tch d liu
5.6.3 Phn tch d liu
a. Excel: cng c Correlation, Anova v Regression trong chc

nng Data Analysis
b. SPSS: cc cng c Compare Means v Nonparametric Tests
b. SPSS: cc cng c Compare Means v Nonparametric Tests
61
62
5.7 Mt s p dng c th
5.7 Mt s p dng c th
1. One-Sample T Test
One-sample tests c dng khi ta c 1

mu v mun kim nh gi thit l liu
mu ny c n t 1 dn s c th no
khng? V d:
V d 1 (Parametric test)
Liu c s khc bit gia tn sut quan st v 1

tn sut chun no da trn l thuyt?
Liu c s khc bit gia t phn quan st vi 1
t phn k vng no khng?
63
C s liu tc tng doanh s ca 9

doanh nghip.
Tc tng trng chun l 6,5%/nm.
Gi thit: tc tng trng doanh s
bnh qun ca 9 doanh nghip khng
khc bit vi tc chun (6,5%/nm).
64
5.7 Mt s p dng c th
5.7 Mt s p dng c th
1. One-Sample T Test. V d 1 (parametric test)
Analyze Compare Means One-Sample T Test (TI SAO?)
65
66
5.7 Mt s p dng c th
5.7 Mt s p dng c th
Analyze Compare Means One-Sample T Test
Analyze Compare Means One-Sample T Test
Din gii kt qu phn tch V d 1

(Parametric test)
P value (Sig. 2 tailed) > 0.05.
Khc bit gia tc tng trng doanh s bnh
qun ca 9 doanh nghip v tc chun khng
c ngha thng k mc ngha 0.05.
Chp nhn gi thit (khng bc b): tc tng
trng doanh s bnh qun ca 9 doanh nghip
khng khc bit vi tc chun (6,5%/nm).
67
68
5.7 Mt s p dng c th
5.7 Mt s p dng c th
2. One-Sample Chi-Square Test
2. One-Sample Chi-Square Test
V d 2 (Nonparametric test)
S liu iu tra s dng xe my.
Gi thit H0: tt c cc nhn hiu xe my
u c c hi c ngi s dng xe la
chn nh nhau.
Analyze Nonparametric Tests Chi-Square
69
5.7 Mt s p dng c th
70
5.7 Mt s p dng c th
3. Two-Sample T Test
Ta c 100 quan st v 10
nhn xe my. C hi
mi nhn xe c chn l
10%, v s lng k vng
l 10 xe/nhn hiu.
Tuy nhin, s khc bit
gia N quan st v N k
vng cho tng nhn xe l
ln.
Vi P value < 0.05, ta bc

b gi thit Ho v pht biu
l cc nhn hiu xe my
c ngi s dng la
71
chn khc bit nhau.
C hai kiu T Test cho hai mu:

Khng bt cp (unpaired, independent T
Test): cho hai mu c lp vi nhau, v
d nam, n, cc nhm ngi, nhm
ngh nghip, v.v.)
Bt cp (paired T Test): cho hai mu c
lin h vi nhau, v d 1 nhm ngi
trc v sau khi b mt yu t tc ng.
72
5.7 Mt s p dng c th
5.7 Mt s p dng c th
V d 3. S liu iu tra s dng xe

my
Gi thit: tui trung bnh ca ngi s
dng xe my nam v n l nh nhau.
Analyze Compare Means Independent-Samples T Test

73
74
5.7 Mt s p dng c th
5.7 Mt s p dng c th
Chn bin Age cho

Test Variable(s)
Grouping Variable:
Group 1 = 1 (male);
Group 2 = 0 (female)
75
76
5.7 Mt s p dng c th
5.7 Mt s p dng c th
4. Two-Sample Nonparametric Test

Independent Samples Test
Lev ene's Test for

Equality of Variances
F
Age of motorbike user Equal variances
assumed
Equal variances
not assumed
1.239
Sig.
.268
t-test f or Equality of Means
df
Sig. (2-tailed)
Mean
Std. Error
Dif f erence Dif f erence
95% Conf idence

Interv al of the
Dif f erence
Lower
Upper
-.315
98
.754
-.93
2.95
-6.77
4.92
-.321
91.785
.749
-.93
2.89
-6.66
4.81
V d 4. S liu iu tra s dng xe

my
Gi thit: s la chn nhn hiu xe my
gia ngi s dng nam v n l nh nhau.
Analyze Nonparametric Test Two-Independent
Samples
P values (Sig. (2-tailed)) cao hn = 0.05 rt nhiu.

Ta chp nhn gi thit v din gii l khng c s khc bit v tui
trung bnh gia ngi s dng xe my l Nam v N.
77
78
5.7 Mt s p dng c th
5.7 Mt s p dng c th

Mann-Whitney Test
Two-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test

Test Statisticsa
Test Statisticsa
Mot obike
Names
Mann-Whit ney U
1200.000
Wilcoxon W
2970.000
Z
-. 067
Asy mp. Sig. (2-t ailed)
.946
a. Grouping Variable: User gender
Most Extreme
Dif f erences
Absolute
Positiv e
Negativ e
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z
Asy mp. Sig. (2-tailed)
Motobike
Names
.045
.045
-.018
.224
1.000
a. Grouping Variable: User gender
Kt lun: chp nhn gi thit v pht biu rng s la chn nhn

hiu xe my gia ngi s dng nam v n l nh nhau.
Analyze Nonparametric Test Two-Independent Samples
79
80
5.7 Mt s p dng c th
5.7 Mt s p dng c th
5. One-Way ANOVA (Parametric Test)
Phng php thng k kim nh gi thit l

cc trung bnh ca cc dn s bng nhau l
Phn tch phng sai - analysis of variance
(ANOVA).
One-way ANOVA s dng cc m hnh 1 yu
t, cc nh hng c nh so snh nh
hng ca mt nghim thc (treatment) hoc
mt yu t (factor) trn mt bin ph thuc v
lin tc.
V d 5. S liu iu tra s dng xe my

Gi thit: Khng c s khc bit gia cc ngi
s dng xe my cc nhm tui khc nhau v
s ngy s dng bnh qun trong thng.
81
82
Analyze Compare Means One-Way ANOVA
5.7 Mt s p dng c th
5.7 Mt s p dng c th
83
84
5.7 Mt s p dng c th
5.7 Mt s p dng c th

Nu mb er o f used d ays in a mo n th
ANOVA
Number of used day s in a month
Between Groups
Within Groups
Tot al
Sum of
Squares
1428.944
3987.806
5416.750
df
5
94
99
Mean Square
285.789
42. 423
F
6. 737
Sig.
.000
P value < 0.05.

Kt lun: bc b gi thit;
Pht biu rng c s khc bit gia cc ngi s dng xe my cc
nhm tui khc nhau v s ngy s dng bnh qun trong thng
85
Age groups
a,b under 60
Tuk ey HSD
under 50
under 20
under 30
under 40
older t han 60
Sig.
a,b
Duncan
under 60
under 50
under 20
under 30
under 40
older t han 60
Sig.
N
19
25
6
26
17
7
19
25
6
26
17
7
Subset f or alpha = .05

1
2
3
14. 47
17. 96
17. 96
18. 33
18. 33
22. 62
22. 62
24. 12
24. 12
26. 14
.695
.198
.769
14. 47
17. 96
17. 96
18. 33
18. 33
22. 62
22. 62
24. 12
26. 14
.175
.101
.215
Means f or groups in homogeneous subs ets are display ed.

a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sam ple Size = 12.013.
b. The group sizes are unequal. The harm onic mean of the group sizes is
used. Ty pe I error lev els are not guarant eed.
5.7 Mt s p dng c th
5.7 Mt s p dng c th
Age Group
Value
Grouping
Under 60
14,5
Under 50
17,9
ab
Under 20
18,3
ab
Under 30
22,6
abc
Under 40
24,1
abc
Older than 60
26,1
abc
86
Hnh. Phn b s ngy s

dng xe my bnh qun
trong thng theo tui ca
ngi s dng
87
88
5.7 Mt s p dng c th
5.7 Mt s p dng c th
6. Nonparametric Test for k-Independent Samples
V d 6. S liu iu tra s dng xe my

Gi thit: Khng c s khc bit gia cc
ngi s dng xe my cc nhm tui
khc nhau v nhn hiu xe.
Analyze Nonparametric Tests k Independent Samples
89
5.7 Mt s p dng c th
Kruskal-Wallis Test
Test Statisticsa,b
Ranks
Mot obike Names
Age groups
under 20
under 30
under 40
under 50
under 60
older t han 60
Tot al
N
6
26
17
25
19
7
100
Mean Rank
46. 25
49. 40
50. 62
55. 66
45. 87
52. 07
Chi-Square
df
Asy mp. Sig.
Mot obike
Names
1. 493
5
.914
a. Krusk al Wallis Test

b. Grouping Variable: Age groups
P value > 0.05 Kt lun: chp nhn gi thit;

Pht biu rng s la chn cc nhn hiu xe my gia cc ngi s
dng xe my cc nhm tui khc nhau l nh nhau.
91
90

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5.

Nhm hng dn sinh vin cch:

5.2 Quy trnh phn tch d liu

Thu thp v chun

5.3 Nhp s liu

K hoch phn tch s

Phn tch v din gii d liu

Nhm to iu kin thun tin cho vic

Phn tch m t cc bin s

Trc nghim gi thit

5.3 Nhp s liu

5.3 Nhp s liu

Nguyn tc chung: t tn bin ngn gn, vit

5.3 Nhp s liu

nh ngha kiu bin

Hnh 5.3 Cch nh ngha cc thuc tnh ca cc bin s nh tnh v

Xc nh nhn (gii thch) ca bin

Xc nh gi tr phn loi ca bin

5.4 Lm sch d liu

5.4 Lm sch d liu

5.4 Lm sch d liu

5.4.1 Pht hin gi tr d bit trong d liu

5.4 Lm sch d liu

5.4 Lm sch d liu

b. S dng SPSS: th Scatter

b. S dng SPSS: cng c Frequency, Explore

Honda Future Neo

Number of used days in a month

Hnh 5.6 Cng c Frequency v Explore trong SPSS

5.4 Lm sch d liu

5.4 Lm sch d liu

b. S dng SPSS: cng c Frequency

b. S dng SPSS: cng c Pie Chart v Bar Chart

Honda Future Neo

Honda Future Neo

5.4 Lm sch d liu

5.4 Lm sch d liu

b. S dng SPSS: cng c Histogram

b. S dng SPSS: cng c Histogram

Biu histogram l mt gii php quy c

Biu histogram rt hu dng cho vic: (1)

Ghi ch: Biu histogram khng dng c

5.4 Lm sch d liu

5.4 Lm sch d liu

b. S dng SPSS: cng c Histogram

b. S dng SPSS: biu Thn-v-L (Stem-and-Leaf Displays)

Khi biu thn-v-l c quay tri

Std. Dev = 14.42

Age of motorbike user

5.4 Lm sch d liu

5.4 Lm sch d liu

b. S dng SPSS: biu Thn-v-L (Stem-and-Leaf Displays)

b. S dng SPSS: biu hp (Box-Plots)

Age of motorbike user Stem-and-Leaf Plot

Stem & Leaf

5.3 Biu Thn-v L

5.4 Lm sch d liu

5.4 Lm sch d liu

b. S dng SPSS: biu hp (Box-Plots)

b. S dng SPSS: biu hp (Box-Plots)

Cc thnh phn ch yu ca biu hp l:

5.4 Lm sch d liu

T phn v th 3 (75th PERCENTILE)

T phn v th 1 (25th PERCENTILE)