Gio trnh in t c bn/Cc linh kin in t c bn

< Gio trnh in t c bn

Mc lc
[n]

1 Cc linh kin in t c bn
o

1.1 Phn loi in tr v cch c in tr

1.2 Phn loi t in v cch c t in

1.2.1 T ho

1.2.2 T Tantali

1.2.3 T khng phn cc

1.2.4 T in bin i

1.2.5 T chn
1.3 Cun cm
2 Mt s cc phng php kim tra thng thng
3 Tm tt chng
4 Ti liu tham kho

4.1 Bn quyn

Cc linh kin in t c bn
Nh cp trong phn trc, cc linh kin in t c bn trong mt mch in t bao gm:in tr, t
in, cun cm. Do y l cc linh kin c bn nn vic u tin khi lm quen vi cc linh kin ny l cch
nhn bit cc loi linh kin khc nhau, ng thi c c gi tr cc loi linh kin khc nhau.

Phn loi in tr v cch c in tr

Nh cp,ni mt cch nm na, in tr c trng cho tnh cht cn tr dng in. Chnh v th, khi s
dng in tr cho mt mch in th mt phn nng lng in s b tiu hao duy tr mc chuyn di

ca dng in. Ni mt cch khc th khi in tr cng ln th dng in i qua cng nh v ngc li khi in
tr nh th dng in d dng c truyn qua.Khi dng in cng I chy qua mt vt c in tr R, in
nng c chuyn thnh nhit nng vi cng sut theo phng trnh sau:
P = I2.R
trong :
P l cng sut, o theo W
I l cng dng in, o bng A
R l in tr, o theo
Chnh v l do ny, khi phn loi in tr, ngi ta thng da vo cng sut m phn loi in tr. V theo
cch phn loi da trn cng sut, th in tr thng c chia lm 3 loi:
- in tr cng sut nh
- in tr cng sut trung bnh
- in tr cng sut ln.
Tuy nhin, do ng dng thc t v do cu to ring ca cc vt cht to nn in tr nn thng thng, in
tr c chia thnh 2 loi:
- in tr: l cc loi in tr c cng sut trung bnh v nh hay l cc in tr ch cho php cc dng in
nh i qua.
- in tr cng sut: l cc in tr dng trong cc mch in t c dng in ln i qua hay ni cch khc,
cc in tr ny khi mch hot ng s to ra mt lng nhit nng kh ln. Chnh v th, chng c cu to
nn t cc vt liu chu nhit.
tin cho qu trnh theo di trong ti liu ny, cc khi nim in tr v in tr cng sut c s dng
theo cch phn loi trn.
Cch c gi tr cc in tr ny thng thng cng c phn lm 2 cch c, tu theo cc k hiu c trn
in tr. Di y l hnh v cch c in tr theo vch mu trn in tr.

i vi cc in tr c gi tr c nh ngha theo vch mu th chng ta c 3 loi in tr: in tr 4 vch

mu v in tr 5 vch mu v 6 vch mu. Loi in tr 4 vch mu v 5 vch mu c ch ra trn hnh v.
Khi c cc gi tr in tr 5 vch mu v 6 vch mu th chng ta cn phi mt cht v c s khc nhau
mt cht v cc gi tr. Tuy nhin, cch c in tr mu u da trn cc gi tr mu sc c ghi trn in
tr 1 cch tun t:
i vi in tr 4 vch mu
- Vch mu th nht: Ch gi tr hng chc trong gi tr in tr
- Vch mu th hai: Ch gi tr hng n v trong gi tr in tr
- Vch mu th ba: Ch h s nhn vi gi tr s m ca 10 dng nhn vi gi tr in tr
- Vch mu th 4: Ch gi tr sai s ca in tr
i vi in tr 5 vch mu

- Vch mu th nht: Ch gi tr hng trm trong gi tr in tr

- Vch mu th hai: Ch gi tr hng chc trong gi tr in tr
- Vch mu th ba: Ch gi tr hng n v trong gi tr in tr
- Vch mu th 4: Ch h s nhn vi gi tr s m ca 10 dng nhn vi gi tr in tr
- Vch mu th 5: Ch gi tr sai s ca in tr
V d nh trn hnh v, in tr 4 vch mu pha trn c gi tr mu ln lt l: xanh l cy/xanh da
tri/vng/nu s cho ta mt gi tr tng ng nh bng mu ln lt l 5/6/4/1%. Ghp cc gi tr ln lt ta
c 56x104=560k v sai s in tr l 1%.
Tng t in tr 5 vch mu c cc mu ln lt l: /cam/tm/en/nu s tng ng vi cc gi tr ln
lt l 2/3/7/0/1%. Nh vy gi tr in tr chnh l 237x100=237, sai s 1%.

Phn loi t in v cch c t in

T in theo ng tn gi chnh l linh kin c chc nng tch t nng lng in, ni mt cch nm na.
Chng thng c dng kt hp vi cc in tr trong cc mch nh thi bi kh nng tch t nng lng
in trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. ng thi t in cng c s dng trong cc ngun in vi
chc nng lm gim gn sng ca ngun trong cc ngun xoay chiu, hay trong cc mch lc bi chc
nng ca t ni mt cch n gin l t ngn mch (cho dng in i qua) i vi dng in xoay chiu v
h mch i vi dng in 1 chiu.
Trong mt s cc mch in n gin, n gin ha trong qu trnh tnh ton hay thay th tng ng th
chng ta thng thay th mt t in bng mt dy dn khi c dng xoay chiu i qua hay tho t ra khi
mch khi c dng mt chiu trong mch. iu ny kh l cn thit khi thc hin tnh ton hay xc nh cc s
mch tng ng cho cc mch in t thng thng.
Hin nay, trn th gii c rt nhiu loi t in khc nhau nhng v c bn, chng ta c th chia t in thnh
hai loi: T c phn cc (c cc xc nh) v t in khng phn cc (khng xc nh cc dng m c th).
c trng cho kh nng tch tr nng lng in ca t in, ngi ta a ra khi nim l in dung ca t
in. in dung cng cao th kh nng tch tr nng lng ca t in cng ln v ngc li. Gi tr in dung
c o bng n v Farad (k hiu l F). Gi tr F l rt ln nn thng thng trong cc mch in t, cc gi
tr t ch o bng cc gi tr nh hn nh micro fara (F), nano Fara (nF) hay picro Fara (pF).
1F=106F=109nF=1012pF

T ho

K hiu t ho v hnh dng t ho

T ha l mt loi t c phn cc. Chnh v th khi s dng t ha yu cu ngi s dng phi cm ng

chn ca t in vi in p cung cp. Thng thng, cc loi t ha thng c k hiu chn c th cho ngi
s dng bng cc k hiu + hoc = tng ng vi chn t.
C hai dng t ha thng thng l t ha c chn ti hai u tr trn ca t (t c ghi 220F trn hnh a)
v loi t ha c 2 chn ni ra cng 1 u tr trn (t c ghi gi tr 10F trn hnh a). ng thi trn cc t ha,
ngi ta thng ghi km gi tr in p cc i m t c th chu c. Nu trng hp in p ln hn so
vi gi tr in p trn t th t s b phng hoc n t ty thuc vo gi tr in p cung cp. Thng thng,
khi chn cc loi t ha ny ngi ta thng chn cc loi t c gi tr in p ln hn cc gi tr in p i
qua t m bo t hot ng tt v m bo tui th ca t ha.

T Tantali

T Tantali

T Tantali cng l loi t ha nhng c in p thp hn so vi t ha. Chng kh t nhng nh v chng

c dng khi yu cu v t dung ln nhng kch thc nh.
Cc loi t Tantali hin nay thng ghi r trn n gi tr t, in p cng nh cc ca t. Cc loi t Tantali
ngy xa s dng m mu phn bit. Chng thng c 3 ct mu (biu din gi tr t, mt ct biu din gi
tr in p) v mt chm mu c trng cho s cc s khng sau du phy tnh theo gi tr F. Chng cng
dng m mu chun cho vic nh ngha cc gi tr nhng i vi cc im mu th im mu xm c ngha l
gi tr t nhn vi 0,01; trng nhn 0,1 v en l nhn 1. Ct mu nh ngha gi tr in p thng nm gn
chn ca t v c cc gi tr nh sau:

T thng v k hiu

vng=6,3V
en= 10V
Xanh l cy= 16V
Xanh da tri= 20V
Xm= 25V
Trng= 30V
Hng= 35V

T khng phn cc

T thng

Cc loi t nh thng khng phn cc. Cc loi t ny thng chu c cc in p cao m thng thng
l khong 50V hay 250V. Cc loi t khng phn cc ny c rt nhiu loi v c rt nhiu cc h thng chun
c gi tr khc nhau.
Rt nhiu cc loi t c gi tr nh c ghi thng ra ngoi m khng cn c h s nhn no, nhng cng c
cc loi t c thm cc gi tr cho h s nhn. V d c cc t ghi 0.1 c ngha gi tr ca n l 0,1F=100nF
hay c cc t ghi l 4n7 th c ngha gi tr ca t chnh l 4,7nF
Cc loi t c dng m

T thng

M s thng c dng cho cc loi t c gi tr nh trong cc gi tr c nh ngha ln lt nh sau:

- Gi tr th 1 l s hng chc
- Gi tr th 2 l s hng n v
- Gi tr th 3 l s s khng ni tip theo gi tr ca s to t gi tr 1 v 2.Gi tr ca t c c theo
chun l gi tr picro Fara (pF)
- Ch s i km sau cng l ch gi tr sai s ca t.
V d: t ghi gi tr 102 th c ngha l 10 v thm 2 s 0 ng sau =1000pF = 1nF ch khng phi 102pF
Hoc v d t 272J th c ngha l 2700pF=2,7nF v sai s l 5%
T c dng m mu

T dng m mu

S dng ch yu trn cc t loi polyester trong rt nhiu nm. Hin nay cc loi t ny khng cn bn trn
th trng na nhng chng vn tn ti trong kh nhiu cc mch in t c. Mu c nh ngha cng
tng t nh i vi mu trn in tr. 3 mu trn cng ln lt ch gi tr t tnh theo pF, mu th 4 l ch
dung sai v mu th 5 ch ra gi tr in p.
V d t c mu nu/en/cam c ngha l 10000pF= 10nF= 0.01uF.

Ch rng ko c khong trng no gia cc mu nn thc t khi c 2 mu cnh nhau ging nhau th n to ra
mt mng mu rng. V d Di rng/vng= 220nF=0.22uF
T Polyester
Ngy nay, loi t ny cng him khi c s dng. Gi tr ca cc loi t ny thng c in ngay trn t theo
gi tr pF. T ny c mt nhc im l d b hng do nhit hn nng. Chnh v th khi hn cc loi t ny
ngi ta thng c cc k thut ring thc hin hn, trnh lm hng t.

T polyester

T in bin i
T in bin i thng c s dng trong cc mch iu chnh radio v chng thng c gi l t xoay.
Chng thng c cc gi tr rt nh, thng thng nm trong khong t 100pF n 500pF.

T xoay

Rt nhiu cc t xoay c vng xoay ngn nn chng khng ph hp cho cc di bin i rng nh l in tr
hoc cc chuyn mch xoay. Chnh v th trong nhiu ng dng, c bit l trong cc mch nh thi hay cc
mch iu chnh thi gian th ngi ta thng thay cc t xoay bng cc in tr xoay v kt hp vi 1 gi tr
t in xc nh.

T chn
T chn l cc t xoay c gi tr rt nh. Chng thng c gn trc tip ln bn mch in t v iu chnh
sau khi mch c ch to xong. Tng t cc bin tr hin ny th khi iu chnh cc t chn ny ngi
ta cng dng cc tuc n vt loi nh iu chnh. Tuy nhin do gi tr cc t ny kh nh nn khi iu chnh,
ngi ta thng phi rt cn thn v kin tr v trong qu trnh iu chnh c s nh hng ca tay v tuc n
vt ti gi tr t.

T chn

Cc t chn ny thng c gi tr rt nh, thng thng nh hn khong 100pF. C iu c bit l khng th

gim nh c cc gi tr t chn v 0 nn chng thng c ch nh vi cc gi tr t in ti thiu, khong
t 2 ti 10 pF.

Cun cm

Tng t nh i vi in tr, trn th gii c mt s loi cun cm c cu trc tng t nh in tr. Quy
nh mu v cch c mu u tng t nh i vi cc in tr.

Tuy nhin, do cc gi tr ca cc cun cm thng kh linh ng i vi yu cu thit k mch cho nn cc

cun cm thng c tnh ton v qun theo s vng dy xc nh. Vi mi loi dy, vi mi loi li khc
nhau th gi tr cun cm s khc nhau. Trong phn gio trnh ny khng cp c th ti cch tnh ton v
qun cc cun cm khc nhau. Phn ny s c cp c th trong phn sch sau ny.

Mt s cc phng php kim tra thng thng

kim tra cc gi tr t in, cun cm hoc in tr th thng thng mi ngi s dng cc ng h o a
nng. Hin nay, c cc loi ng h o a nng c chc nng o chnh xc cc gi tr cun cm, t in v
in tr, in p, dng in, thm ch xc nh transitor v it. Chnh v th, trong phn ny, ti khng cp
ti cc phng php kim tra c (khi dng ng h c/kim) nh trc y.

Tm tt chng
Trong chng ny, cc linh kin in t c bn c trnh by mt cch tng i c th. Yu cu duy
nht i vi ngi c l sau khi c chng ny c th nm bt c v nhn bit c cc linh kin
in t c bn trc khi tm hiu v i su hn vo lnh vc in t. Yu cu nm vng ca phn chng ny
l phn bit c cc linh kin c bn nh in tr, t in, cc phng php c in tr v cao hn na
chnh l kh nng c c gi tr ca in tr, t in,...m khng cn phi tra cu. t c iu ny,
yu cu i vi ngi c l phi thc hnh so snh v c gi tr cc linh kin thng xuyn.

Ti liu tham kho

1. Cai Ban cn co trc tin trn ban th la h p ngun DC.

c th cho chy th cc kiu mch i n m Bn a rp trn bn th, vi c trc

tin l Bn phi cp ngun nui thich hp cho mch. Do , mch i n d rp u
tin m chung ta se ni n l h p ngun DC.

(1) Mach ngun n ap dung transistor.

Trn bn th cua Bn lun phi c h p ngun DC, nu thich Bn c th t rp

mch ngun DC theo s mch i n trn. ng vo, Bn c bin p T1, cng
dng cua bin p ny l gim p AC v to tinh cch ly board mch vi ng
ngun AC, nh v y gi an ton cho ngi s dng. Cu chi F1 dung ngt dong khi
trong mch bi qu dong. i n p 12V ly ra trn cu n th cp cho qua cu 4 diode
D1...D4 nn dong ton ky, dong i n xoay chiu dng Sin c i ra dong
i n m t pha dng xung. Dong ny cho np vo m t t ha ln C1, cng dng

cua t l lm gim dn sng, nng cao mc ngun DC v n inh dong i n

cp cho ti. Chung ta dung Led o D5 lm Led chi thi v ly mc p 2V trn
Led dung lm mc p mu cp cho cu o. i n tr R1 c cng dng hn dong.
Transistor Q1, Q2 l 2 transistor ghep dng phc hp c cng sut u ln v c
nh y u cao. Q3 l transistor khuch i tin hi u cua cu o. Cu o dung theo
doi mc p bin ng trn ti, cu o gm c i n tr R3, chit p R5, v R4, y
l cu chia volt ly m t phn mc volt trn ti cp cho chn B cua Q3, trong khi
chn E cua Q3 cho ly mc p mu khng i. T ha C2 to n p ng ra v
trn ng ra chung ta dung Led xanh D6 vi i n tr inh dong R6 bo c ngun
ra.

Nguyn ly n p cua mch nh sau:

* Khi ti n ng, mc p trn ti c chiu hng gim xung, iu ny se lm cho

mc p trn chn B cua Q3 gim theo, trong khi mc p trn chn E khng thay
i, v y transistor Q3 se dn yu, mc volt trn chn C cua Q3 se tng ln, v y
mc p trn chn B cua Q2 bi y ln, iu ny se khng cho mc p trn ti gim
xung, chung ta bit mc p trn ti cung l mc p trn chn E cua Q1, mc p
ny lun tng gim theo mc p cua chn B cua Q2.

* Ly lu n ngc li, khi ti nhe, mc p trn ti c chiu hng tng cao, iu ny

lm tng mc p trn chn B cua Q3, transistor Q3 se dn i n mnh hn, mc p

trn chn C cua Q3 se gim xung, n keo mc p trn chn B cua Q2 xung v
nh v y se khng cho mc p trn ti tng ln.

Khi Bn chinh chit p R5, Bn a lm thay i mc volt trn chn B cua Q3, nh
v y se lm thay i mc volt trn chn C cua Q3 hay thay i mc volt trn chn
B cua Q2, v iu ny se lm thay i mc p trn chn E cua Q1, v a lm thay
i mc p DC trn ng ra. Trong v n hnh, khng transistor Q1 qu nng, Bn
nn gn Q1 trn ming nhm lm ngui.

(2) Ngun 5V co mc n inh tt vi ic 7805 rt thng dng vi cac mach s.

Chung ta bit trn thi trng lun c bn cc ic n p 3 chn h 78xx, h 79xx.

V y nu mun c mc p DC ng ra n inh, Bn tim v dung cc ic n p ny.
Vi ic n p 7805, mc p ra l 5V, vi ic n p 7809, mc p ra se l 9V, vi ic n
p 7812, mc p ra se l 12V...IC n p h 79xx dung to n p trn ng ngun
volt m.

Trong mch, chung ta dung t ha ln C1 to n p trn ng ngun DC, y l

dng n p th ng, chung ta dung ic n p 7805 c mc p ra 5V c n
inh rt tt, y l dng n p tich cc. Khi dung ic n p h 78xx, h 79xx, trn
ng ra Bn nh gn thm t ha dung trnh hi n tng pht sinh dao ng t
kich, khi mch n p trong ic bi dao ng, Bn se thy mc p DC trn ng ra
ch p chn luc ln luc xung. Trng hp ng ngun 5V ny dung cp i n cho
cc mch i n lm vi c vung tn s cao, luc Bn phi gn thm t nho C3,
cng dng cua cc t nho l lc bo cc tin hi u tn s cao rt tt, trong khi do
cu truc bn trong cua cc t ha ln c tim n tinh ng dy, cu n cm nn khng

lc tt cc dong i n tin hi u tn s cao nhim trn ng ngun. Trong mch

chung ta cung dung Led o, Led xanh lm Led chi thi.

(3) Co th rap ngun co tinh n ap va mc ap ra chinh c vi ic LM317.

Khc vi ic n p h 78xx, ic n p LM317 c chn Adjusment, iu ny to ra

ttinh iu chinh mc p ng ra. Trong mch, C1 l t ha ln dung n inh mc

p s khi, k dung mch n p tich cc vi ic LM317. IC ny c 3 chn, chn

2 cho ly ngun DC trn t C1, Chn 3 l ng ra, trn ng ra l p cu chia p vi
i n tr R2 v bin tr R5, mc p ly ra cho iu chinh mc p trn chn 1
inh mc p ng ra. C2 l t gi cho mch n p khng pht sinh dao ng t
kich. Dung cc led chi thi theo doi hot ng cua mch ngun. Chung ta c h
thc cho thy mc p ra ph thu c vo tri cc i n tr R2, R5.

Bn dung t li u sau hiu ro hn v cch dung ic LM317

Khi trong mch c dung cc t ha, bo v ic LM317, Bn to ng x i n

cho cc t ha khi ngt ngun. Khng dong x cua t qua ic LM317. Trong
mch khi ngt ngun, t C1 se x dong qua D1 v t C2 se x dong qua t C2.
Cng thc tinh i n p ng ra cho thy, khi R2 = 0 ohm, luc mc p ng ra se l
1.2V.

2. Mun th mach cn co ngun tin hi u dung kich thich mach.

(1) Mach phat xung vi ic Timer 555

Khi hon thnh m t mch i n, nhiu khi Bn cn c ngun tin hi u a vo

th mch. Nu Bn cn c ngun tin hi u dng xung, Bn c th dung ic 555
to ra cc dng tin hi u ny. Trong mch:

* Mch inh tn s cua xung ph thu c vo tri cc i n tr RV1, R1, R2v cc t

C1, C2. V y khi Bn dung t nho C2, Bn se to ra tin hi u dng xung c tn s
cao, luc ny bin tr RV1 dung chinh chn tn. Khi Bn i qua dung t ha C1
c tri i n dung ln hn, Bn se to ra xung c tn s thp hn, v cung chinh tn
vi bin tr RV1.

* Xung ra ly trn chn s 3. Khi chn 3 mc p thp, 0V, thi Led xanh D1 sng
v khi chn 3 mc p cao gn bng 12V thi Led o D2 sng. i n tr R3, R4
dung hn dong lm vi c cua cc Led, Bn nh khng dong qua Led qu ln
d lm h Led. Xung ra trn chn 3 l dng xung vung vi b ln v b xung rt
thng, dung dng xung ny kich thich cc mch s l rt tt.

* Xung ly ra trn chn 2 v 6 c dng rng ca, khi chn 7 luc h masse, thi t
C1 hay t C2 se np i n ngun, dong np qua RV1, R1, R2, mc p trn chn 2, 6
tng dn ln, khi mc p ny bng 2/3 mc ngun thi chn 7 se cho ni masse, luc
ny t C1, hay C2 se cho x i n, dong x qua R2. V y cng dng cua R2 l hn
ch khng dong x qu ln se lm h ic 555, v khi mc p trn chn 2, 6
xung bng 1/3 mc p ngun thi chn 7 li h masse, t li chuyn qua thi ky

np i n.... tin hi u ra c dng xung vung vi h s duty = 50%, Bn ly tri

R2 u nho so vi tri cua RV1 + R1.

Ghi chu: Khi ly xung rng ca trn chn 2, 6 lm tin hi u th mch, Bn phi
chu y n nh hng cua mch ngoi ln mch inh tn vi RV1, R1, R2 v cc t
C1, C2, n i tr cua mch ngoi se lm thay i tn s cua tin hi u, cch hay nht
l Bn dung thm tng khuch i m cch ly tr khng cua mch th vi
mch inh tn cua ic 555.

T li u ni v cc cch dung ic 555 a c ti c prt nhiu trong cc bi vit

trc y. Nu mun hiu ro hn v ic 555, Bn hay tim c li cc bi vit ny.

(2) Ngun tin hi u

nhac vi ic UM66

IC UM66 l m t ic pht tin hi u nhc dng xung iu bin r ng, hinh dng cua
n ging nh transistor 2SC1815, kiu chn TO92. N c 3 chn, chn 3 cho ni
masse, chn 2 ni vo ngun khong 3V v chn 1 cho ra tin hi u xung nhc.
Trong mch chung ta dung 2 Led o to ra mc p khong 4V, dung mc p ny
ghim c inh mc p chn B cua transistor Q1, nh v y trn chn E cua Q1, chung
ta c khong 3.4V v dung thm t ha C1 tng mc n p ng ngun, mc
p ny cp cho chn 2 cua ic UM66. Tin hi u nhc ra trn chn 1 cua UM66 cho
qua mch khuch i tng bin vi Q2, chung ta ly tin hi u trn chn C cua Q2
dung lm tin hi u th mch. Khi a tin hi u ny vo cc mch i n th mch,
Bn nn dung t lin lc, tri i n dung khong 1uF, dung t lin lc nhm trnh tc
dng cua cc mc p phn cc DC se c th lm sai l ch trng thi phn cc vn

c cua cc mch i n, chung ta bit cc t lin lc chi bt cu cho tin hi u i qua

v khng lm thay i trng thi phn cc DC vn c cua cc mch i n.

(3) Mach dao ng tao song Sin dung ng hi tip qua cu 2T

Chung ta bit, ngi ta chia tin hi u ra lm 2 dng: Dng Sin v dng phi Sin.

* Cc tin hi u dng phi Sin, nh cc tin hi u dng xung, vi cc tin hi u ny, cc

tinh ton v mc p kho st trn cc mch i n se ly theo trc thi gian t. Do
v y,khi phi tinh ton vi cc t i n C, cc cu n cm Lcua mch se phi dung
n ton cao cp vi-tich-phn, iu ny lm tng tinh phc tp cua cng vi c thit
k mch.

* Khi dung ngun tin hi u dng sin, cc mc p trn cc mch i n kho st se chi
tinh theo trc tn s f. V y vai tro cua cc t i n C c xem l dung khng XC v
vai tro cua cc cu n cm L c xem l cm khng XL . y chung ta chi g p
cc bi ton s cp dung tinh bin v gc pha cua tin hi u, do cng vi c thit
k mch n gin hn rt nhiu.

c ngun tin hi u dng Sin, Bn c th rp theo s mch i n trn. Mch

dung tinh khuch i cua transistor Q1, tin hi u cho vo chn B v ly ra trn chn
C, hai tin hiu ny c tinh o pha. Chung ta dung mch lc tn dng 2T ly tin
hi u hi tip, chung ta bit mch lc tn 2T va c tinh chn tn v va c th o
pha tin hi u to ra dng hi tip thu n v nh v y mch se tho iu ki n dao
n g, y chung ta hiu mch dao n g l mch t n khuch i chinh tin hi u
cua n, khng cn ly tin hi u t ngoi vo. Trong mch dung bin tr RV1
chn gc pha cho phu hp vi iu ki n dao ng. Tin hi u ly ra qua t C4
a vo cc mch th. Cung nn nhc li, n i tr cua cc mch th khng nh
hng vo iu ki n hot ng cua mch dao ng, Bn nn dung thm
tng khuch i m. Tng khuch i m l cc tng khuch i, tin hi u a
vo trn chn B v ly ra trn chn E.

Ngi ta thng dung tin hi u dng Sin kim tra v tinh ton iu ki n hot
ng cua cc mch i n m thanh.

3. Noi n i n t la noi n tinh khuch ai tin hi u cua cac transistor.

Transistor l linh ki n thu c nhm tich cc, n c tinh khuch i,khi ni n tinh
khuch i phi hiu l tinh lm cho cng sut ng ra cua m t tin hi uphi ln
hn cng sut ng vo. Chung ta bit, cng sut cua tin hi u tinh theo cng thc: P
= V x I.

* V y cng sut ng vo se l: Pin = Vin x Iin

* V cng sut ng ra se l: Pout = Vout x Iout

Mch khuch i se lun phi cho: Pout >> Pin . y chung ta thy c 3 trng
hp:

Trng hp 1: Pout >> Pin l do: Vout >> Vin v Iout >> Iin . y l kiu khuch
i va cho li i n p va cho li dong i n. Vi transistor, kiu mch
khuch i m tin hi u cho vo chn B ly ra trn chn C se thu c trng hp ny.

Trng hp 2: Pout >> Pin l do: Vout >> Vin v Iout gn bng Iin . y l kiu
khuch i c li i n p, khng c li v dong i n. Vi transistor, kiu
mch khuch i m tin hi u cho vo chn E v ly tin hi u ra trn chn C thu c
trng hp ny.

Trng hp 3: Pout >> Pin l do: Vout gn bng Vin , trong khi Iout >> Iin . y l
kiu khuch i c li v dong khng c li v i n p. Vi transistor, kiu
mch khuch i m tin hi u cho vo chn B v ly tin hi u ra trn chn E thu c
trng hp ny.

Bn c th hoi lm sao bit c mch khuch i dung transistor lm vi c theo

kiu chn no chung. Bn c nhin tin hi u vo v tin hi u ra l se bit chn con li

c dung lm chn chung. V hn na chn chung thng c dung t i n cho

ni masse.

* Nu tin hi u cho vo chn B v ly ra trn chn C, chung ta c kiu khuch i E

chung.

Kiu khuch i E chung, cho li cng sut rt tt. N c li i n p v c

li dong i n. Tin hi u ng vo v ng ra o pha. Tr khng ng vo trung
binh, tr khng ng ra ln. Kiu khuch i c dung rt ph bin.

* Nu tin hi u cho vo chn B v ly ra trn chn E, chung ta c kiu khuch i C

chung.

Kiu khuch i C chung, con quen gi l tng m, cho li cng sut tt. N
c li dong i n, khng c li i n p. Tin hi u ng vo v ng ra cung
pha. Tr khng ng vo rt ln nn it gy n ng ti ln cc ngun tin hi u, tr
khng ng ra nho nn c kh nng mang ti ln. Quan h ng vo ng ra khng c
tinh cch ly.

* Nu tin hi u cho vo chn E v ly ra trn chn C, chung ta c kiu khuch i B

chung.

Kiu khuch i B chung, cho li cng sut tt. N cho lii n p, khng
c li dong i n. Tin hi u ng vo v ng ra cung pha. Tr khng ng vo rt
nho v tr khng ng ra ln. Kiu khuch i ny c tn s lm vi c rt cao, n
thng dung lm mch dao n g, vi ng hi tip thu n , cho ly tin hi u trn
chn C qua t i n tr v chn E.

(1) Khuch ai dung cho ng noi dang i n dung.

ng ni dung chuyn i sng m thanh ra dng tin hi u i n, ng ni dng i n

dung trong c m t transistor FET, trn chn cng (chn Gate), ngi ta t
mn rung tinh i n trng, quen gi l mn i n chm, khi sng m thanh lm
rung mn tinh i n, n se lm thay i r ng cua knh dn dong nm bn trong
transistor FET v to ra tin hi u xut hi n trn m t i n tr t trn chn dn
(chn Drain).

Trong mch: X1 l microphone, l ng ni dng i n dung, n c phn cc vi

chn vo cho ni masse v chn con li qua i n tr R5 ni ln ngun dng. Khi
Bn ni vo micro, mn tinh i n bi lm rung, n se lm "co gian" knh dn i n
trong transistor FET, dong chy ra trn chn Drain qua i n tr R5 v ngun, luc
ny trn chn Drain se xut hi n tin hi u m thanh.

Mch khuch i dung transistor Q1, vi R2 l i n tr inh mc p cho chn C

v i n tr R1 dung cp phn cc cho chn B v i n tr R3 dung ly tin hi u cho
chn E to tc dng hi tip nghich. mch lm vi c trong vung khuch i,
mc p trn chn B phi cao hn chn E khong 0.6V (mi ni BE phi cho phn
cc thu n) v mc p chn C cao hn mc p chn B (mi ni CB phi cho phn
cc nghich), thng mc p trn chn C ly khong 1/2 mc p cua ngun nui.
Dong lm vi c cua transistor ly khong 0.5mA l u. Trong mch ny, tin hi u
m thanh pht ra t ng ni i n dung cho qua t lin lc 1uF a vo chn B v
sau khi c khuch i tin hi u ly ra trn chn C v cho qua t lin lc 10uF cp
cho ti R6. Trn ng ngun t thm mch lc ngun vi i n tr R4 v t C1.

(2) Khuch ai dung cho ng noi dang i n ng

Microphone i n ng gm c m t cu ndy rt nhe gn trn mn run v t bn

trong l m t nam chm vinh cu kh mnh. Khi Bn ni vo micro i n ng,
mn rung se lm cho cu n dy chuyn ng vo ra trn m t nam chm, v theo
inh lu t Faraday, trn hai u cua cu n dy se xut hi n i n p tin hi uV
. y
micro i n ngto ra tin hi u m thanh bng s rung cua m t cu n dy t gn
m t nam chm vinh ca. Tin hi u ny con rt nho (nho hn loi micro i n dung),
nn cn khuch i.

Trong mch: Q1 l transistor khuch i cho lm vi c theo kiu ly chn B lm

chn chung, Bn thy chn B cho ni masse qua t C4. Kiu khuch ai ny c cc
c im sau:

* Tr khng ng vo trn chn E nho, nn rt phu hp vi loi micro i n ng,

d to c s phi hp ung tr khng, nh v y cng sut tin hi u ly vo se cc
i. Tr khng ng ra ln, nn cho li i n p cao.

* Mch khuch i ly chn B lm chn chung cho li i n p, khng cho

li dong i n. i n p tin hi u ly ra trn chn C ln hn i n p tin hi u a
vo chn E, nhng dong ng vo l IE thi gn bng dong ng ra IC nn khng c
li v dong i n.

* Mch khuch i khng o pha. Khi tin hi u lm i n p chnE tng thi i n

p tng ng trn chn C cung tng v ngc li, khi i n p trn chn E gim thi
i n p trn chn C cung gim theo.

Trong mch: R2, R3 v t C4 cp mc volt phn cc cho chn B. i n tr R1

dung inh mc dong lm vi c IE cho transistor. i n tr R4 dung inh mc p
phn cc cho chn C. Tin hi u qua t lin lc C5 a vo chn E v tin hi u ly ra
trn chn C qua t lin lc C6 a n chit p RV1. T y tin hi u se cho qua
tng khuch i tng bin vi Q2, v tng khuch i m vi Q3.

Ghi chu: Do tr khng ng vo trn chn E rt nho, nn tri cua t lin lc trn chn
ny, t C5, Bn phi ly ln trnh lm mt cc tin hi u vung tn s thp.

Transistor Q2 l tng khuch i ly chn E lm chn chung, nn tin hi u cho vo

chn B v tin hi u ly ra trn chn C. Trong mch: R5 l i n tr inh mc p trn
chn C, R6 l i n tr inh mc dong lm vi c chy vo trn chn E v R8 l
i n tr cp mc p phn cc cho chn B. Q3 l tng khuch i m vi tin hi u
vo trn chn B v ly ra trn chn E. Kiu mch khuch i ny ly chn C lm
chn chung, chn C cho ni vo ng ngun DC, mch khuch i C chung c
cc c im sau:

* Mch cho li dong i n, dong tin hi u ng ra EI ln hn dong tin hi u ng vo

IB, khng cho li i n p, i n p tin hi u ng ra V
E gn bng i n p tin hi u
ng vo VB.

* Tr khng ng vo rt ln, tr khng ng ra nho nn kh nng mang ti cua n tt

hn.

* Mch khuch i khng c tinh o pha. i n p tin hi u vo trn chn B tng

thi i n p tin hiu ra trn chn E cung tng theo, v ngc li tin hi u vo gim
thi tin hi u ng ra cung gim theo.

Ngi ta ly tin hi u ra trn chn E cua Q3 trn i n tr R7, cho qua t li n lc

C9 tip tc i vo cc tng khuch i chn tn hay khuch i cng sut. Trn
ng ngun cung t mch lc vi i n tr R9 v t C8.

(3) Tin khuch ai, dung khuch ai cac tin hi u nho.

Kiu mch khuch i ny hi n rt thng dng, mch dung 2 transistor lin lc

thng. Khi Bn phn tich m t mch khuch i, trc ht hay xet n iu ki n
phn cc tinh. cc transistor lm vi c trong vung khuch i, mi ni BE phi
cho phn cc thu n v mi ni CB phi cho phn cc nghich, luc dong ht ti
i n phun ra t chn E se chy gn ht vo chn C v chy ra trn chn C, v luc
ny, chung ta se dung mc volt bin i trn chn B lm tng gim dong i n
ny. Trong mch: R1 l i n tr inh mc p trn chn C cua Q1, v R2 l i n

tr inh mc dong chy vo chn E cua Q1. R5 l i n tr cp mc p phn cc

cho chn B cua Q1. R3 l i n tr inh mc p trn chn C cua Q2 v R4 l i n
tr inh mc dong chy vo chn E cua Q2. Khi kim tra mc p DC trn mch,
chung ta thy Q1, Q2 a c cho phn cc lm vi c trong vung khuch i. Tin
hi u cho qua t lin lc C1 vo chn B cua Q1, sau khi c khuch i, tin hi u
ly ra trn chn C cua Q2 qua t lin lc C2 n ti. Trong mch dung t C3
lm tng li cua Q2. trnh hi n tng dao ng boating, chung ta t mch
lc R6, C4 trn ng ngun. Do 2 tng khuch i rp theo kiu E chung, nn
mch ny cho li rt ln, nh v y chung ta c th dung ng hi tip nghich
ci thi n cht lng cua mch khuch i.

(4) Khuch ai m sc, con goi la khuch ai chinh Bass - Treble.

Tin hi u m thanh tai ngi nghe c nm trong day tn s t 20Hz n

20000Hz. Ngi ta chia day tn ny ra lm 3 on:

* on t 20Hz n 400Hz gi l m trm, hay Bass

* on t 400Hz n 3000Hz gi l m trung, hay Medium

* on t 3000Hz n 20000Hz gi l m bng, hay Treble

Khi nghe nhc hay khi nghe li thoi, c ngi thich nghe m trm, li c ngi
thich nghe m bng, mi ngi mi y, do v y ngi ta rp mch khuch i c
chc nng iu chinh bin cua cc tin hi u m thanh theo tn s. Mch ph
bin nht l dung mch lc Baxandal dung iu chinh bin tin hi u m
thanh vung tn s thp, gi l nut chinh Bass v iu chinh tin hi u vung tn s
cao, gi l nut chinh Treble. S mch i n nh hinh sau:

Trong mch: Q1 l tng khuch i tng bin, rp theo kiu chn E chung, Q1
c phn cc vi i n tr R2 dung inh mc p cho chn C, i n tr R1 cp
mc p phn cc cho chn B v i n tr inh donh R3, con dung ly tin hi u trn
chn E to tc dng hi tip nghich nhm n inh mch khuch i. Tin hi u a
vo chn B qua t lin lc C1 v cho ly ra trn chn C qua t C2 vo mch lc, ti
y ngi ta t mch lc tn Baxandal. Mch lc gm 2 nhnh:

* Nhnh lc ly tin hi u c tn s cao, gm t C4, RV1 v t C5. Cc tin hi u c

tn s cao d qua nhnh ny, cc tin hi u tn s thp bi "ch n li".Nh v y chung
ta dung chit p RV1 chi chn bin cho cc tin hi u c tn s cao,RV1
thng gi l nut chinh ting bng.

* Nhnh lc ly tin hi u tn s thp, gm R10, RV2, R11 v cc t C6, C7. Mch

cho thy chi c cc tin hi u tn s thp cho qua chit p RV2, cc tin hi utn s
cao u cho "i tt ngang qua" chit p ny. Trong nhnh ny, chung ta dung chit
p RV2 chi chn bin cho cc tin hi u c tn s thp,RV2 thng gi l nut
chinh ting trm. i n tr R12 to phn cch gia cc nhnh lc tn.

Sau khi ra khoi 2 nhnh lc tn, m t cho tn s cao v m t cho tn s thp, thnh
phn tin hi u m trm v m bng c cho "c ng li" v cho qua t lin lc C8
a vo chn B cua tng khuch i vi Q2. Transistor Q2 c phn cc vi i n
tr R5 inh mc p trn chn C, i n tr R4 cp p phn cc cho chn B, v i n
tr R6 to tc ng hi tip nghich trn chn E. Sau cung tin hi u ly ra trn chn
C cua Q2 cho qua t lin lc C3 n ti, hay i tip vo cc tng khuch i
khc.

trnh "nh hng qua li gia cc tng do cung dung chung ng ngun", trn
ng ngun DC chung ta t mch lc ngun vi i n tr R7 v t C9. Mch lc

ny se lc sch cc tin hi u cua cc tng nhim vo ng ngun, trnh c hi n

tng dao ng ngoi y mun.

(5) Khuch ai cng sut m tn, cp tin hi u bin ln cho tai.

tin hi u c cng sut u ln dung cp cho cc loi ti nh cc loa trong ng

nghe hay loa i n ng, ngi ta lp rp cc mch khuch i cng sut lm vi c
vi tin hi u bin ln. Sau y l vi mch thngdng, d rp, c h i rp thnh
cng cao.

(a) Khuch ai nga ra dung cho ng nghe

 c cng sut tin hi u u ln cp cho cc loa nho t trong cc ngnghe, chung

ta c th rp mch theo s trn. Trong mch: Q1 l transistor pnp rp theo kiu
chn E chung, tin hi u m thanh t ngoi qua t lin lc C1 v i n tr gim bin
R9 a vo chn B cua Q1 v ly ra trn chn C a thng vo chn B cua Q3,
y transistor Q2 dung nh m t ngun cp dong hng, n cp dong phn cc u

ln cho Q3 nhng li c tr khng AC rt ln, nn khng gy tn tht tin hi u trn

chn C cua Q3. Sau cung tin hi u qua t lin lc C4 n cc loa nho t trong
ng nghe.

Mch c phn cc nh sau: Cc i n tr R1, R2, R3 cp p phn cc cho chn

B cua Q1. R6 l i n tr inh mc dong lm vi c cho Q1. T C3, v i n tr R3
dung lm mch hi tip t c nhm tng tr khng ng vo cho Q1. Cc diode D1,
D2 v i n tr inh dong R7 dung to ra mc i n p cinh gi cho mc p
trn chn B cua Q2 khng thay i v dung Q2 lm ngun cp dong hng vi R8 l
i n tr inh mc dong hng. Q3 l tng khuch i ng ra, ly thng tin hi u trn
chn C cua Q1, y i n tr R4 dung tng h s n inh nhi t cho Q3. T C4 l
t ng ra, vi R10 l i n tr dung n inh hot ng cua t C4, trnh cho m t
chn cua t C4 khng bo trng khi mch khng cm ng nghe.

trnh nh hng qua li gia cc tng khuch i do dung ng ngun chung,

chung ta cung t mch lc nhiu R5, C2 trn ng ngun DC.

(b) Khuch ai nga ra dung cho Loa

C rt nhiu kin mch khuch i cng sut m tn. Sau y chung ta th rp m t

kiu mch Ampli rt ph dng.

Mch c rp vi 6 transistor, cng dng cua mi transistor nh sau:

* Q1 l transistor pnp, dung lm tng khuch i ng vo. Ngi ta dung 2 i n

tr R1, R2 ly p cp cho chn B phn cc, chn E inh dong lm vi c vi i n
tr R5, lc ngun dung i n tr R4 v t C2. Tin hi u cho qua t lin lc C1 vo
chn B cua Q1, tin hi u ly ra trn chn C cho ghep thng vo tng khuch i

thuc Q2. Trn chn E t t C3 v i n tr R11 dung ly tin hi u hi tip nghich

nhm inh li ton phn cua mch tng m.

* Q2 l transistor npn, dung lm tng thuc, n c thit k cho lm vi c theo

dng cng sut nho hng A. Tin hi u cho vo chn B, chn E cho ni masse ly
dong. Trn chn C t 2 diode 1N4148 ly ra mc p DC cp phn cc cho cc
tng keo y, trnh tc dng cua ro p, nhm sa meo ti giao im tin hi u. R6,
R7 l 2 i n tr inh mc dong lm vi c cho Q2, mc p phn cc trn chn C
cua Q2 ly khong na mc p ngun nui. T C4 ly tin hi u ng ra hi tip t
c v tng thuc nhm lm cn bng bin tin hi u trn v di ng ra. Dung t
nho C6 to hi tip nghich chi i vi cc tin hi u vung tn s cao nhm trnh cho
mch khng pht sinh dao ng t kich. Khi mch dao ng t kich vung tn s
cao, cc transistor cng sut se bi rt nng v bi h.

* Q3, Q4 l 2 transistor h b npn v pnp dung lm tng khuch ai keo y. C p

transistor ny c mi tham s u ging nhau, n chi khc l m t npn v m t kia
l pnp. Vi c p transistor h b ngi ta khng cn dung thm mch o pha. Khi
tin hi u ra trn chn C cua Q2 tng ln, n se lm cho Q3 dn i n v luc nyQ4
tt, v ngc li khi tin hi u ra trn chn C cua Q2 gim xung, n se lm cho Q4
dn i n v luc ny Q3 tt. R8 v R9 l 2 i n tr c tri s bng nhau v dung lm
tng h s n inh nhi t cho tng cng sut rp theo kiu phc hp.

* Q5, Q6 l 2 transistor npn dung lm tng cng sut. c dong i n tin hi u u

mnh ngi ta dung transistor cng sut Q5 cho ghep phc hp vi Q3 v dung
transistor cng sut Q6 cho ghep phc hp vi Q4. Khi Q3 dn, Q5 se dn mnh
hn v to iu ki n cho t ra loa C5 np dong i n cua ngun nui, dong ny c
th dung keo mn loa vo. Khi n Q4 dn, Q6 se dn mnh hn v to iu
ki n cho t ra loa C5 x dong i n qua loa, dong ny se y mn loa ra. T C5 l
t cp dong keo y cho loa, t ny phi ly t ha c tri i n dung ln. Ngang loa
ngi ta t mch lc zobel n inh tr khng cua loa trong day tn tin hi u m
thanh nhm trnh dng meo cng sut.

Trong mch ny, c 2 h thc Bn cn nh:

* H thc dung inh li ton mch:

Trong : KF l li ton phn. R5 l i n tr inh dong trn chn E cua Q1,

R11 l i n tr ly tin hi u hi tip nghich

* H thc dung tinh cng sut ly c trn loa:

Trong : Vcc l mc p ngun nui. RL l tr khng cua loa.

(c) Khuch ai cng sut m tn dung mach tich hp IC.

Trn phng di n thc dng, khi cn c cc mch tng m cng sut ln, ngy nay
ngi ta it dung transistor v cc linh ki n phn l p rp mch. Vi sao? Vi trn

thi trng hi n c v s cc IC cng sut m tn, dung cc IC ny cng vi c lp

rp mch tng m se rt nhanh, gn nhe. Di y ti gii thi u vi mch i n
Bn tham kho v lm thc hnh cho quen tay.

Mch rp vi m t ic tng m nho, c kich c nh ic 555, nhng trong ic c 2 mch

tng m c l p c th rp dng mch tng m stereo hay rp theo kiu mch mono
BTL. Khi rp m t ic tng m, Bn c th lm theo 3 bc:

Bc 1: Tim chn cp ngun. Thng c m t chn ni masse, m t chn ni vi

ngun dng v thng khi con c m t chn dung mc t lc cho tng ngun
tin khuch ai.

Bc 2: Tim chn ng vo v ng ra. Trn chn ng vo Bn dung chit p iu

chinh mc tin hi u. C nhiu IC ng vo phi dung t lin lc bo ton mc
volt phn cc DC, c IC cho ni thng, vi mc p phn cc ng a cho
mc 0V. Tim chn ng ra, ng ra thng c mc p phn cc cho bng na mc p
ngun nui. Tin hi u cp cho Loa thng qua m t t i n ha hc ln.

Bc 3: Chu y n cc mch hi tip, cc mch i n ph khc, thng c

cc mch sau:

* Mch hi tip nghich, tin hi u ng ra tr tr li ng vo o. Tri i n tr ly tin

hi u hi tip nghich cung dung inh li cho ton mch.

* Mch hi tip t c. Dung t hi tip t c ly tin hi u ng ra tr v tng thuc

c th lm cn bng bin tin hi u ln xung ng ra.

* Dung t tri nho hi tip bu pha hay hi tip nghich gi cho mch khng t pht
sinh dao ng t kich.

* Dung mch lc zobel n inh tr khng cua loa trnh hi n tng meo cng
sut do tr khng cua loa thay i theo tn s.

Trong mch:

* C1 l t lin lc ng vo, RV1 l chit p dung lm nut chinh mc m lng,

tin hi u a vo chn 4 cho knh 1 v chn 6 cho knh 2.

* Tin hi u ra trn chn 1 cho knh 1 v chn 3 cho knh 2, ti y tin hi u cho qua
t ra loa C4 cp dong i n keo y lm rung mn loa. T C5 v i n tr R3 dung
lm mch lc zobel n inh tr khng cua loa nhm trnh hi n tng sai cng
sut. Mc p phn cc trn cc chn ng ra phi bng 1/2 mc p ngun nui Vcc.

* Ngi ta dung cu chia volt vi i n tr R2 v R3 ly m t phn tin hi u ng

ra qua t lin lc C2 cho hi tip nghich v chn s 8 cho knh 1 v chn s 5 cho
knh 2. ng hi tip nghich c tc dng ci thi n cht lng cua tin hi u m
thanh.

* IC lm vi c vi chn s 4 ni masse v chn s 8 noi vo ngun nui Vcc. IC

c th lm vi c vi mc ngun nui t 3V n 12V.

Trong mch: Chit p R1 dung lm nut chinh Volume, C1 l t lin lc ng vo, tin
hi u a vo IC qua chn s 1. Tin hi u cho ra trn chn s 4 qua t ha ln C3
cp dong i n keo y lm rung mn loa. Ngang loa dung mch lc zobel trnh
hi n tng meo cng sut do tr khng cua loa thay i theo tn s. Dung cu chia
volt R2, R3 ly m t phn tin hi u ngra qua t lin lc C2 cho hi tip nghich v
chn s 2 ci thi n cht lng cua m thanh. IC lm vi c vi chn s 3 cho ni
masse v chn s 5 ni vo ng ngun Vcc. IC c th lm vi c vi mc ngun

thay i t 6V n 18V, chung ta bit cp mc ngun nui cng cao cng sut ly
ra cng ln.

Chu y: Khi kim tra mch, o mc p phn cc trn chn s 4 cua IC phi c
mc p trung im, nghia l bng na mc p cua ngun nui. Tri cua i n tr R3
dung inh mc hi tip nghich, ly tri R3 cng nho, mc hi tip nghich cng
it, li se ln, cng sut ra ln nhng cht lng m thanh kem hn, khi ly
tri R3 ln, ngc li cng sut ra yu hn nhng cht lng m thanh se nghe hay
hn.

Trn xe hi Bn c th dung ic HA13118 rp mch tng m 2 knh ra 2 loa hay

kiu mch mono BTL ra 1 loa ly cng sut ra ln khi IC lm vi c vi mc
ngun nui thp.

Trong mch: Tin hi u m thanh c ly ra trn nut chinh mc m lng cho qua
t lin lc C10 a vo chn s 3, y gn t nho C11 lc bo nhiu tn s cao.
Trn ng vo o cho gn t lc C1 ly li ln. Tin hi u knh 1 cho ra trn
chn s 15, trong IC c ng cp tin hi u cho knh 2 v tin hi u cho ra cua knh
2 trn chn s 8. Chung ta gn loa ly tin hi u ra dng BTL trn chn s 15 v
chn 8. T C5 v C6 l cc t hi tip t c dung cn bng bin keo y ng
ra, n ly tin hi u ng ra cho hi tip v chn 14 v chn 10. ng ra cung t
cc mch lc zobel vi t C7, R1 v t C8, R2, cng dng cua mch lc zobel l
n inh tr khng cua loa, trnh hi n tng meo cng sut do tr khng cua loa
thay i theo tn s.

IC lm vi c vi chn 12 cho ni masse, chn 13 ni vo ng ngun Vcc, t 8V

n 18V. Trn cc chn 2, chn 5 gn t lc C4 v C3. Trn chn s 4 cua ng vo
knh 2 cho ni masse v chn 6 gn t ni masse C2. Trong mch IC phi cho gn
trn ming nhm lm ngu i gi cho IC khng qu nng.

S trn cho thy cc dung IC TDA7209 rp mch tng m c cng sut ra

50W. IC ny lm vi c vi dng ng ngun i xng. c ngun nui dng i
xng, Bn dung bin p ngun trn cu n th cp phi c ra dy gia dung lm dy
masse, k dung cu nn dong vi 4 diode c ng ngun V+ v ng
ngun V-. n inh cc mc volt ngun ra, chung ta gn cc t ha ln dung lm
kho cha i n v n p.

IC TDA7209 lm vi c vi cc chn 7, 13 ni vo ng ngun dng, cc chn 1,

8, 15 cho ni vo ng ngun m v chn s 4 cho ni vo ng masse.

Tin hi u qua chit p chinh bin cho qua t lin lc C1 v i n tr gim bin R1
sa meo ting a vo chn s 3. i n tr R2 dung n inh tr khng ng vo v
t nho C2 dung lc bo tin hi u nhiu tn s cao. Tin hi u ly ra trn chn s 14
cho cp thng vo loa, chung ta bit khi dung kiu mch tng m chy ngun nui
i xng thi trn ng ra khng cn dung t ha lm t xut m. y t C6 dung
ly tin hi u hi tip t c lm cn bng bin tin hi u keo y ng ra.i n tr
R3, R4 v t C3 dung ly m t phn tin hi u ng ra cho ng hi tip nghich
sa meo ting v ci thi n cht lng m thanh. IC ny c chn s 10 dung tm
lm cm loa v chn s 9 cho IC vo trng thi tt ch.