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INGUYN T HA HC:
1. nh ngha: NTHH l tp hp nhng nguyn t cng loi, c cng s proton trong
ht nhn.
2. K hiu ha hc:
- K hiu ha hc: thng ly ch ci u( in hoa) tn Latinh, trng hp nhiu nguyn
t c ch ci u ging nhau th KHHH ca chng c thm ch th hai( vit thng).(
tr.42)
- VD: Cacbon: C , Canxi: Ca, ng: Cu
- ngha ca KHHH: Ch NTHH cho, ch mt nguyn t ca nguyn t .
- VD: 2O: Hai nguyn t Oxi.
3. Nguyn t khi:
- NTK: L khi lng ca mt nguyn t tnh bng n v Cacbon(vC)
1vC =
1
12
1
12
x
b
y
a
Ax By
- Ta c:
a.x = b.y
hay
3. p dng QTHT:
- Tnh ha tr ca mt nguyn t:
+ VD: Tnh ha tr ca Al trong hp cht Al2O3
Gi ha tr ca Al l a.
a
II
Al2 O3
Ta c:
a.2 = II.3
a = 3 . Vy Al(III)
- Lp CTHH ca hp cht theo ha tr:
+ VD1: Lp CTHH ca st oxit, bit Fe(III).
III
II
Fex Oy
t cng thc dng chung:
x II 2
y III 3
II
Nax ( SO4 ) y
t cng thc dng chung:
x II 2
y I 1
S BIN I CHT
1.
Hin tng vt l: l hin tng cht b bin i v hnh dng hoc b bin i v
trng thi (rn, lng, kh) nhng bn cht ca cht vn khng thay i (khng c s to thnh
cht mi).
VD: cht dy thp thnh nhng on nh, tn thnh inh
2.
Hin tng ha hc: l hin tng c s bin i cht ny thnh cht khc, ngha l
c sinh ra cht mi.
VD: t chy than (cacbon) to ra kh cacbonic
B I KI M TRA M U
Ct (II)
1. Hp cht
2. Nguyn t
3. Nguyn t ho hc
4. Nguyn t khi l
5. Phn t khi l
6. n cht l
p n : 1 ; 2 .
; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6
Cu 3 (0.5 im ) Hy khoanh trn vo mt trong cc ch ci A, B, C, D ng vi mt kt
lun ng
Phn t khi ca hp cht N2O5 l :
A. 30 vC
B. 44 vC
C. 108 vC
D. 94 vC
II/ T LUN ( 6 IM)
Cu 4 ( 3 im ) Lp cng thc ho hc theo cc bc v tnh phn t khi ca cc hp cht.
a) Hp cht gm st ( Fe ) c ho tr III v nhm Sunfat (SO4 ) c ho tr II
b) Hp cht gm lu hunh ( S ) c ho tr VI v nguyn t oxi ( O ) c ho tr II
Cu 5 ( 3 im) Mt hp cht gm c nguyn t R v nguyn t Oxi c cng thc ho hc
dng R2O3
a) Tnh ho tr ca nguyn t R
b) Bit rng phn t R2O3 nng hn nguyn t Canxi 4 ln. Tm tn nguyn t R, k hiu ?
( Cho bit nguyn t khi : S =32, H = 1, Fe = 56, O = 16, Ca = 40, N =14 )