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B. Ni dung ti :
I. t vn :
* Trc ht hc sinh cn phi hiu:
- Nc in li nh th no ?
- pH l g ? Mi lin h gia pH v nng ion H+
- Trong dung dch xy ra nhng qu trnh g ?
- Cch xc nh pH ca cc dung dch axit, baz, mui v dung dch m
T , chn bi tp vn dng ng vi cc dng trn hc sinh cng c khc su kin thc .
2- Khi nim v pH :
C th coi pH l i lng biu th nng H+
[H+ ] = 1,0. 10- pH M. Nu [H+ ] = 1,0. 10- a M th pH = a
pH khng c th nguyn (khng c n v)
V mt ton hc:
pH = - lg [H+ ]
* ngha ca gi tr pH :
Mi trng trung tnh : [H+ ] = [ OH- ] = 1,0. 10-7 M hay pH= 7,00
Mi trng axit : [H+ ] > [ OH- ] hay [H+ ] > 1,0. 10-7 M hay pH < 7,00
Mi trng baz : [H+ ] < [ OH- ] hay [H+ ] < 1,0. 10-7 M hay pH > 7,00
Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn s dng gi tr pOH: pOH = - lg [OH- ]
pH + pOH = 14
(Dng 2)
BOH
B + OH
H2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
p dng nh lut bo ton in tch :
[ OH- ] = [B+ ] + [H+ ]
Vi : [B+ ] = Cb v [ OH- ] =
[H+ ]2 + [H+ ].Cb - Kw = 0
(2)
Biu thc (2) l biu thc tng qut tnh [H+ ] pH ca mt dung dch n baz mnh bt
k.
* C th n gin ho php tnh mt cch gn ng nh sau:
- Nu nng axit Cb 10-6 M th b qua s in li ca H2O
=>[OH- ] = Cb hay pOH = - lg [ OH- ] = - lgCb pH = 14- pOH
- Nu nng axit 10-8 <Cb < 10-6 M th gii phng trnh bc 2
- Nu nng axit Cb 10-8 M th b qua [OH- ] do axit phn li ra
=> Coi [H+ ] = [ OH- ] hay pH = 7
Hng s Ka (Dng 3)
HA
H + A Ka
H2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
p dng nh lut bo ton in tch :
[H+ ] = [ OH- ] + [A- ]
[A- ] = [H+ ] - [ OH- ]
Theo bo ton nng : Ca = [A- ] + [HA ]
=> [HA ] = Ca - [H+ ] - [ OH- ]
HA
H+ + A- Ka
Biu thc Ka : Ka = [H+ ] = Ka
Ta c : [H+ ] = Ka
(3)
Biu thc (3) l biu thc tng qut tnh [H+ ] pH ca mt dung dch n axit yu bt k.
* C th n gin ho php tnh mt cch gn ng nh sau:
Nu Ka.Ca > 10-12 >>Kw = 10-14 C th coi H2O phn li khng ng k
Nu > 400 hay < 0,05 c th coi HA phn li khng ng k
[H+ ]2 = Ka.Ca [H+ ] =
pH = (pKa-lgCa)
3
V d : H3A
H+ + H2A- Ka1
H2 A H+ + HA2- Ka2
HA 2H+ + A3- Ka3
H2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
Thng thng , i vi cc a axit th : Ka1 >>Ka2 >>Ka3 >>.....>>Kan v Ca.Ka1>>Kw = 10-14
Nn c th coi [H+ ] trong dung dch ch yu do s phn li nc th 1 quyt nh .
Tnh pH ca dung dch a axit ny tng t n axit yu .
pH = (pKa1-lgCa)
(Dng 7)
Vy : pH = (pKa1 + pKa2)
Phm vi p dng : Kw >> Ka2C v Ka1 << C
10. Tnh pH ca dung dch m: (Dng 8)
* nh ngha : Dung dch m l dung dch c pH hon ton xc nh c to nn khi trn
dung dch ca axit yu v baz yu vi mui ca chng vi baz mnh hay axit mnh.
V d : CH3COOH v CH3COONa c gi l m axetat
NH4Cl v NH3 c gi l m amoni
* c im :
Dung dch m c pH t thay i khi ta thm vo dung dch mt lng nh axit mnh hoc
baz mnh hoc pha long dung dch.(khng qu long)
* Thnh phn h m : HA Ca (M)v NaA Cb (M)
Cn bng :
NaA
Na+ + A[Na+] = Cb
HA
H+ + A- Ka
H2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
Ta c cc phng trnh :
Ka = [H+] = Ka ;
[H+][OH-] = Kw = 1,0. 10-14
Bo ton nng : [HA] + [A-] = Ca + Cb
Bo ton in tch : [Na+] + [H+] = [OH-] + [A-]
T cc biu thc trn, suy ra : [H+] = Ka
So snh [H+] Ka vi [H+] ca nc nguyn cht = 1,0.10-7 M
+Trng hp 1:
Nu [H+] Ka > 1,0.10-7 Mi trng axit
C th b qua nng [OH-] trong biu thc trn
Vy :
[H+] = Ka
+Trng hp 2:
Nu [H+] Ka < 1,0.10-7 Mi trng baz
C th b qua nng [H+] trong biu thc trn
Vy :
[H+] = Ka
Trng hp 3: Ca , Cb >> [H+], [OH-] (hay gp trong thc t)
C th b qua c nng [H+], [OH-] trong biu thc trn
Vy :
[H+] = Ka pH = pKa - lg
Vy phm vi p dng ca cng thc tnh pH trn l:
KaCa , KbCb >> Kw v [H+], [OH-] << Ca , Cb
Bi tp vn dng :
Dng 1. Tnh pH ca dung dch n axit mnh HA Ca (M)
Bi 1) Cu II.2- thi HSG tnh lp 12 -H Tnh nm 2000-2001
Phn tch nhng mnh di y (ng hay sai):
a- Dung dch c mi trng trung tnh lun c pH=7
b- Dung dch CH3COOH 10-2M c pH=2
c- Dung dch HCl 10-3M c pH=3
d- Dung dch HCl 10-8M c pH=8
Tr li :
a- Mnh khng chnh xc v hng s Kw ph thuc vo nhit
250C Kw = 10-14 , mi trng trung tnh : [H+]=[OH-]= 10-7M=> pH=7
t0 250C Kw 10-14 , mi trng trung tnh : [H+]=[OH-] 10-7M=> pH7
b- Mnh ny sai v CH3COOH l axit yu ch phn li mt phn
[H+]<[CH3COOH]= 10-2 M => pH > 2
c- Mnh ny ng, v HCl l axit mnh phn li hon ton, c nng ln
[H+]=[HCl] = 10-3M >> [H+]= 10-7M(do nc in li)
C th b qua s in li ca H2O => pH = 3
d- Mnh ny sai v HCl l axit mnh in li hon ton nhng nng qu nh nn [H+]
do H2O in li l rt ng k
Nu ly pH= 8 l b qua s in li ca H2O ,sai s qu mc cho php dn ti v l dung
dch axit m c mi trng baz .
nh lng cu d )
HCl
H+ + ClH2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
Gii phng trnh bc hai :
[H+ ]2 - 10-8. [H+ ] - 10-14 = 0
=> [H+ ] = 1,05.10-7 => pH = 6,98
Dng 2. Tnh pH ca dung dch n baz mnh BOH Cb (M)
Bi 1)
Tnh pH ca dung dch KOH 0,005M ?
Bi gii :
KOH
K+ + OHH2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
8
CKOH = [OH-] = 5.10-3 >> 10-7 => B qua nng [OH-] do H2O in li ra
=> [OH-] = 5.10-3 M => [H+ ] = 2.10-12 => pH = 11,7
Bi 2)
Tnh pH ca dung dch NaOH nng 1,2.10-7M ?
Bi gii :
NaOH
Na+ + OHH2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
CKOH = [OH-] = 1,2.10-7 10-7 => Khng th b qua nng [OH-] do H2O in li ra
Gii phng trnh bc hai :
[H+ ]2 + [H+ ].Cb - Kw = 0 hay [H+ ]2 + 1,2.10-7. [H+ ] - 10-14 = 0
=> [H+ ] = 5,68.10-8 => pH = 7,25
Dng 3. Tnh pH ca dung dch n axit yu HA Ca (M)
Hng s Ka
Bi 1)
Tnh pH ca dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M ?
Bi gii :
CH3COOH
H+ + CH3COOKa = 1,8.10-5
H2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
Ta c :
Ka.Ca 0,1. 1,8.10-5 = 1,8.10-6 >>Kw = 10-14
c th b qua H+ do nc in li
=
5555,6 > 400
C th coi [HA] Ca = 0,1M
Vy [H+ ]2 = Ka.Ca [H+ ] = = = 10-2,87M
=> pH = 2,87
Bi 2)
Cho hng s Ka cc axit HCOOH, CH3COOH, HCN, HOCN, HF ln lt l : 1,78.10-4 ;
1,8.10-5 ;10-9,21 ; 3,3.10-4 ; 6,6.10-4
Hy cho bit dung dch 0,1M ca axit no c pH = 2,87 .
Bi gii: Gi axit cn xc nh l HA Ca = 0,1M.
HA
H+ + AKa
+
H2O
H + OH Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
Ka.Ca = 0,1. 10-9,21 = 10-10,21 >>Kw = 10-14
c th b qua H+ do nc in li
= 1,515.103 > 400
C th coi [HA] Ca = 0,1M
Vy [H+ ]2 = Ka.Ca Ka =
V pH = 2,87 => [H+ ] = 10-2,87
Ka = = 10-4,74 1,8.10-5
Vy axit l CH3COOH
Bi 3)
9
Tnh nng cc ion H+ , HSO4- , SO42- trong dung dch H2SO4 0,1M . Cho K2 = 1,2.10-2
Bi gii :
Trong dung dch H2SO4 :
H2SO4 H+ +
HSO40,1M
0,1M
0,1M
HSO4
H+ + SO42Ban u 0,1M
0,1M
0
Phn li
x
x
x
Cn bng 0,1- x
0,1+x
x
+
H2O
H + OH Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
K2.Ca = 0,1. 1,2.10-2 = 1,2. 10-3 >>Kw = 10-14
c th b qua H+ do nc in li
= = 8,3333 < 400 => Khng th coi x<< 0,1
Gii phng trnh bc hai sau:
K2 = = 1,2.10-2
x = 9,8.10-3
[H+ ] = 0,1 + x = 109,8.10-3M => pH = 0,96
[HSO4-] = 9.10-2 M
[SO42- ] = 9,8.10-3 M
Bi 4)
Tnh pH ca dung dch HNO2 10-1,7M bit Ka = 10-3,29
Dng 4. Tnh pH ca dung dch n baz yu BOH Cb (M) Hng s Kb =
Bi 1)
Tnh pH ca dung dch NH3 10-2M bit Kb = 1,8.10-5 ?
Bi gii :
NH3 + H2O
NH4+ + OHKb = 1,8.10-5
H2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
Ta c Kb.Cb =10-2.1,8. 10-5 =1,8.10-7 >>Kw = 10-14 C th coi H2O phn li khng ng k
= 10-2 1,8.10-5 400
NH3 + H2O
NH4+ + OHKb = 1,8.10-5
Ban u : 0,01M
0
0
Phn li
x
x
x
Cn bng 0,01- x
x
x
-5
Kb = = 1,8.10
= 10-2 1,8.10-5 400 => Khng nn xem x << 0,01
=> Gii phng trnh bc hai, ta c :
x = 4,15.10-4 => pOH = 3,38 => pH = 10,62
Bi 2)
Tnh pH trong dung dch pyriin 0,015M bit Kb = 10-8,8 ?
Bi gii :
C5H5N + H2O
C5H5NH+ + OHKb = 10-8,8
H2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
10
Ta c Kb.Cb =10-2.1,8. 10-5 =1,8.10-7 >>Kw = 10-14 C th coi H2O phn li khng ng k
= 400
C5H5N + H2O
C5H5NH+ + OHKb = 10-8,8
Ban u : 0,015M
0
0
Phn li
x
x
x
Cn bng 0,015- x
x
x
-8,8
Kb = = 10
=
> 400 => C th xem x << 0,015
=> x = [OH- ] = 4,88.10-6 => [H+ ] = 2,05.10-9 => pH = 8,69
Hay : [OH- ]2 = Kb.Cb [OH- ] = = 4,88.10-6
=> pH = 8,69
Dng 5. Tnh pH ca dung dch a axit yu HnA Ca (M)
Hng s Ka1 ,Ka2 ,Ka3..,Kan
Bi 1)
Tnh nng ion H+, HCO3- ,CO32- v pH trong dung dch H2CO3 0,025M . Bit H2CO3 c
Ka1 = 4,2.10-7 , Ka2 = 4,8.10-11
H2CO3
H+ + HCO3Ka1 = 4,2.10-7
HCO3H+ + CO32Ka2 = 4,8.10-11
H2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
Nhn xt :
Ka1 = 4,2.10-7 >> Ka2 = 4,8.10-11 v Ca.Ka1>>Kw nn c th b qua [H+ ] do nc th 2 ca
axit v H2O phn li
Ch tnh [H+ ] da vo cn bng nc 1
Ta c : [H+ ] = [HCO3- ] = = 1.10-4 M
pH = 4
HCO3H+
+
CO32Ka2 = 4,8.10-11
Ban u : 1.10-4 M
1.10-4 M
0
Phn ng : x
x
x
-4
-4
Cn bng : 1.10 - x
1.10 + x
x
-11
Ka2 = = 4,8.10
= = 2,1.10-6 >> 400 . C th coi x << 1.10-4
Suy ra : x 4,8.10-11
Vy : [H+ ] = [HCO3- ] = 1.10-4 M v [CO32- ] = 4,8.10-11 M
=> pH = 4
Bi 2)
Tnh pH ca dung dch H3PO4 0,01M bit :
Ka1 = 10-2,23 ; Ka2 = 10-7,21 ; Ka3 = 10-12,32
Bi gii:
H3PO4
H+ + H2 PO4Ka1 = 10-2,23
H2 PO4H+ + HPO42Ka2 = 10-7,21
HPO42H+ + PO43Ka3 = 10-12,32
H2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
11
Bi gii :
NaCl
Na+ + ClH2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
Cc ion Na+ , Cl- u l ion trung tnh khng b thu phn nn mi trng trung tnh
pH = 7
NaNO3
Na+ + NO3H2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
Cc ion Na+ , NO3- u l ion trung tnh khng b thu phn nn mi trng trung tnh
pH = 7
7.1.b. Tnh pH ca dd mui trung ho to bi axit mnh v baz yu
Bi 1) Cu 6.1- thi HSG tnh lp 12- H Tnh nm hc 2008-2009
Mui Fe3+ b thu phn theo phng trnh phn ng sau:
Fe3+ + H2O
Fe(OH)2+ + H+
K = 4,0.10-3
a- Tnh pH ca dung dch FeCl3 0,05M
b- Tnh pH m dung dch phi c 95% mui Fe3+ khng b thu phn
Bi gii :
Fe3+ + H2O
Fe(OH)2+ + H+
K = 4,0.10-3
H2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
Ta c : K.C = 0,05.4.10-3 = 2.10-4 >> Kw => B qua nng H+ do H2O in li
aFe3+ + H2O
Fe(OH)2+ + H+
K = 4,0.10-3
Ban u : 0,05 M
0
0
Phn ng : x
x
x
Cn bng : 0,05-x
x
x
-3
K = = = 4,0.10
V = = 12,5 < 400 => Khng th coi x << 0,05
Gii phng trnh bc hai, ta c :
x = [H+] = 0,0123 => pH = 1,19
b- Khi 95% mui Fe3+ khng b thu phn, ta c t l :
=
Mt khc : K = => K = [H+] = 4,0.10-3
=> [H+] = 7,6. 10-2 => pH = 1,12
7.1.c. Tnh pH ca dd mui trung ho to bi axit yu v baz mnh
Bi 1)
Tnh pH ca dung dch Na2SO3 0,01M bit Ka1= 10-1,92 ; Ka2= 10-7,18
Bi gii :
Na2SO3
Na+ + SO320,01
0,01
0,01
2SO3 + H2O
HSO3 + OH
Kb1 = = 10-6,82
HSO3- + H2O
H2SO3 + OHKb2 = = 10-12,08
H2O
H+ + OH- Kw = 1,0. 10-14 250C
Ta c :
13
NaCH3COO + HCl
NaCl + CH3COOH
0,1
0,001
0,001
D 0,1-0,001
Thnh phn gii hn :
CH3COOH 0,1 + 0,001 = 0,101M
NaCH3COO 0,1-0,001 = 0,099M
Cn bng :
NaCH3COO
Na+ + CH3COO0,099
0,099
CH3COOH
H+ + CH3COOBan u 0,101M
0
0,099M
Phn li
x
x
x
Cn bng 0,101- x
x
0,099+ x
-5
Ka = = 1,8.10
Gi s : x<< 0,099 ta c :
x = [H+] = 1,02 . 10-4,76 << 0,099 => pH = 4,75
c- Phn ng xy ra :
NaOH + CH3COOH
NaCH3COO + H2O
0,001
0,1
0,001
D 0,1-0,001
Thnh phn gii hn :
CH3COOH 0,1-0,001 = 0,099M
NaCH3COO 0,1 + 0,001 = 0,101M
Ka = 1,8.10-5
Cn bng :
NaCH3COO
Na+ + CH3COO0,101
0,101
CH3COOH
H+ + CH3COOKa = 1,8.10-5
Ban u 0,099M
0
0,101M
Phn li
x
x
x
Cn bng 0,099- x
x
0,101+ x
-5
Ka = = 1,8.10
Gi s : x<< 0,099 ta c :
x = [H+] = 0,98 . 10-4,76 << 0, 099 => pH = 4,77
Nhn xt :
Hn hp dung dch A gm CH3COOH 0,1M v CH3COONa 0,1M l mt dung dch m v
pH hu nh khng thay i khi thm HCl v NaOH vo.
Bi tp t gii:
17
C- Kt lun :
18
Mc lc
20
A- L do chn ti
B- Ni dung ti :
I- t vn :
II- Gii quyt vn
1- S in li ca H2O
2- Khi nim v pH
3. Tnh pH ca dung dch n axit mnh HA Ca (M) (Dng 1)
4. Tnh pH ca dung dch n baz mnh BOH Cb (M) (Dng 2)
5. Tnh pH ca dung dch n axit yu HA Ca (M) Hng s Ka (Dng 3)
6. Tnh pH ca dung dch n baz yu BOH Cb (M)
Hng s Kb =
(Dng 4)
7. Tnh pH ca dung dch a axit yu HnA Ca (M)
Hng s Ka1 ,Ka2 ,Ka3..,Kan (Dng 5)
8. Tnh pH ca dung dch a baz yu : (Dng 6)
9. Tnh pH ca dung dch mui (Dng 7)
9.1 Tnh pH ca dung dch mui trung ho
9. Tnh pH ca dung dch mui axit
10. Tnh pH ca dung dch m: (Dng 8)
Bi tp vn dng :
Bi tp t gii:
C- Kt lun
Ti liu tham kho
Mc lc
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