ÔN TẬP TIẾNG ANH THI CAO HỌC ĐHSP HUẾ

ĐẦY ĐỦ NỘI DUNG PHẦN VIẾT CÂU VÀ ĐỌC HIỂU

Exercise 1
1. It / long / time / that / l / not / see / her.
2. It / so / late / that / nothing / be done.
3. We / help / laugh / him.
4. I / will / drop / you / team / if / not / train / harder.
5. Like / women / she / love / tea-party / gossip.
6. I / see / plane / crash / hill / burst / flames.
7. high time / someone / tell / him / stop / behave / child.
8. Turn / oven / so that / meat / not burn.
9. If / house / be burned / we / claim / compensation.
10. I / will never / tell / secret / woman.

Exercise 2
1. I / take / shoes / avoid / make / noise.
2. Thank / invitation / your wedding / beginning / December.
3. I / love with / girl / name / Alice.
4. I / delighted / news / your marriage.
5. I / return / visit / Japan. It / wonderful trip.
6. We / support / him / until / find / work.
7. They / so surprised / not try / stop / him.
8. He / say / he / happy / where / be.
9. She / feel / as if / she / a fever.
10. He / only person / who / be able / help.

Exercise 3
1 . Health Robinson / died / 1944 / be / graphic artist / cartoonist.
2. According / Cook / whose book / published / Thursday / most disasters / avoidable.
3. What / you / do / choose / five companies / invest.
4. I / not happy / neither / they.
5. She / so busy / not come / party.
6. He / had / car / five years.
7. I wish I not have / much work / do.
8. She / threatened / call / police / if / he / not leave / immediately
9. He / a lot / mistakes / composition
10. He / apologize / me / not reply / letter.

Exercise 4
1. You / not be / afraid / snakes / you ?
2. You / not want / sell / house / you?
3 His mother / proud / him / she?
4. I/ not go out / now / as / it / rain / and l / not have / umbrella.
5. I / wear / sunglasses / today / because / sun / very strong.
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6. I / usually go / bus/ but to day / I go / Tom’s car.
7. Mary / usually learn / languages very quickly / but she / not seem / able / learn /
modern Greek.
8. When I / arrive / lecture / already start / and / professor / write / overhead projector.
9. He / not allow / us / go out / boat / yester day / as / strong wind / blow.
10. When / he / return / I / give / him / key.

Exercise 5
I. If I / see/ him / l / him / lift.
2. What / happen / if / my parachute / not open?
3. Unless / I / have / quiet room / I / not be able / do / work.
4. What / you / do / if / found / burglar / house?
5. You / see / garden / its best / if you / be here / last week.
6. He / be made / sign / paper / admit /guilt.
7. I / advise / him / ask / bus conductor / tell / him / where / get off.
8. You / too young / have / front-door key.
9. floor / not strong / us / dance.
10. It / cold / us / have breakfast / garden.

Exercise 6
1. I / astonished / hear / he / leave / country.
2. It / brave / him / rush / burning house.
3. lt / no use / cry / spilt milk.
4. It / difficult / get used / eat / chopsticks.
5. By / work / day and night / he / succeed / finish / job / time.
6. He / warn / her / not touch / wire.
7. I / regret / inform / you / your application / be refused.
8. Before / give / evidence / you / must swear / speak / truth.
9. I / not used / drive / left.
10. For / long time / earth / believed / flat

Exercise 7
1. bed / I / sleep / have / no mattress.
2. man / I / waiting / not turn up.
3. Tom / who / driving / all day / tired / and want / stop.
4. How long / it / take her / cook / meal / yesterday ?
5. He / help / his friend / get good marks / telling him / more careful.
6. Those buses / not going / airport / neither / taxis.
7. You / free / do what / like.
8. lt / exciting / hear / she / won / first prize.
9. It / not easy / patient / recover / his illness.
10. lt / not possible / us / smoke / class.

Exercise 8
1. nurse / kind enough / help him / walk.
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2. His dream / become / doctor / may / true.
3. We / told / whom / meet / station.
4. They warn / us / not sleep / mosquito nets.
5. We / suggest / travel / train / see more / country.
6. He / rather spend / holidays / a farm / seaside.
7. student / only play / piano / also play / football.
8. He / not talk / loudly / I.
9. My brother / not drive / carefully / I.
10. He / understand / lesson / more quickly / the rest / his class.

Exercise 9
l. He / better / not go / school / because he / not feeling well.
2. His summer holidays / country / make / happier / healthier.
3. I / see / him / walk alone / park / night.
4. doctor's duty / to take care / people's health.
5. How / beautiful / garden !
6. What / nice picture !
7. Bicycles / must / leave / hall.
8. Nothing / can / do / unless / more information / given / us.
9. He / told / he / going away / next day.
10. Sleep / next room / people / wikened / sound / breaking glass.

Exercise 10
l. My brother / prefer / play tennis / watch it.
2. I / rather / you / phone / him today.
3. He / admit / steal / documents.
4. I / object / her / write / own letters / office hours.
5. It / difficult / prevent / people / park here.
6. Ann / suggest / go / his flat / but I / not think / it / necessary.
7 . He / not interested / make / a lot of money
8. Bill / insist / me / paint / ceiling / black.
9. In spite / quite rich / he / spend / very little.
10. There / people / can’t help / laugh / when / see someone/ slip / banana skin.

Exercise 11
1. How long / they / live / there?
2. You / break / light ?
3. He / cheerful / outgoing / personality?
4. You / another / cup / coffee?
5. This / one / my favorite / song.
6. He / think / unusual / eat / dogs / snakes.
7. Temperature / rarely / fall / below / zero / winter.
8. She / suffer / poverty / hardships / all life.
9. Ho Chi Minh / regard as / father / Vietnam.
10. The thief / send / prison / 10 years.
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Exercise 12
1. He / stop / smoke / save money.
2. America / one / three / marriages end / divorce.
3. The telephone / be / broken / one week.
4. You mind / take / rubbish / outside ?
5. The book / write / by / famous / Vietnamese author.
6. He / telephone / mother / so that / she / not worry.
7. Afraid / I / not agree / your opinion.
8. Ten per cent / population / be left-handed.
9. Tell me / way / post office ?
10. Her cat / wake / her up / every morning / by / jump / her face.

Exercise 13
1. He / take / his dog / walk / every evening.
2. You / prefer / this color / that color ?
3. He / be / try / telephone / her / day.
4. Man / find / guilty / send / prison / l0 years.
5. He / use / cry / lot / when / he / be / child.
6. Oldest woman / the world / be / 110 / old.
7. I / pay / the hotel / if you / pay / food.
8. I / be / afraid / not finish / yet.
9. What / he say / interesting.
10. Unless / ground / warm / seed / can't / planted.

Exercise 14
l . I / might / go / beach / weekend.
2. It / take / me / long time / read / book / in English.
3. Please / not move / while / I / take / photograph.
4. That / be / man / steal / my bag.
5. I / wonder / you / help / lift / chest.
6. This / be / the school / I / go to / as / child.
7. It / be / no use / say / you / be / sorry.
8. Wife / not let / me / smoke / house.
9. Remember / turn off / gas / when / you / finish / cooking.
10. Building / which / be / very expensive / be / build / last year.

Exercise 15
l. You / show me / how / operate / computer ?
2. If she / want / meet me / she / have / ask me herself.
3. Viet Nam / change / quickly / moment.
4. You / send / fax / him / soon / possible?
5. He / think / computers / be / more common / typewriters / future.
6. Know / how / use / computer / be / very important nowadays.
7. When / I / be/ married / l want / have / lots / children.
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8. I / be / try / contact you / three days.
9. My brother / not feel / well / so / he / go / bed.
10. I / not come / tomorrow / but / I / able / come / next week instead.

Exercise 16
1. It / be / wonderful / go / swimming / when / weather / get / warmer.
2. He / grow / so fat / he / not be able / wear / favourite trousers.
3. They / miss / start / the show / so / decide / have / dinner / restautant / instead.
4. When we / travel / Japan / ưe / have to / pay / lot / money / hotel room.
5. Without proof / it / be / impossible / police / know / who / take / money.
6. We / be / still not sure / origin / langgages.
7. After / visit / dentist / Phuong's teeth hurt / more / they / have / before.
8. Pacific Ocean / be / generally / think / be / biggest / world.
9. She / not see / performance very well / to she / move / different seat.
I0. He / suggest / they / have / good meal / go / bed / earrly.

Exercise 17
1. She / have / hairdresser / cut / her hair / different way.
2. He / not enjoy / job / so / find / different one.
3. I / want / buy / jacket / not have / enough money.
4. He / have / his secretary / type / letter.
5. Have / run / as fast / could / he / be able / arrive / on time.
6. If you / not go / the party / I / not go / either.
7. I / get / friend / fix / my computer.
8. We / see / either / this film / or lother one.
9. You / be / unlucky / not win / first prize.
10. He / know / he / be / wrong / but / he / not / admit it.

Exercise 18
1. I / be / afraid / you / have to / wait / half / hour / before / doctor / see you.
2. I / not / solve / problem / it / be / too difficult.
3. He / just / buy / new computer.
4. How long / she / work / here ?
5. William Shakespeare / consider / be / England's / great / playwright.
6. I / be / so sorry / hear / your accident.
7. You / always / be / careful / when / you / cross / road.
8. If / you / be / so tired / why / not / you / go / bed ?
9. I / be / sorry / but I / not remember / your name.
l 0. lt / be / beautiful / day / not be / it ?

Exercise 19
1. l / prefer / live / countryside / because I / dislike / noise / traffic / city.
2. We / not believe / whatever / he / say / because / he / liar.
3. Despite / age / he / join / social activities / neigbourhood.
4. surprising / he / pass / examination.
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5. man / injured / accident / take / hospital.
6. Now that / highway / build / take / two hours / there.
7. only guest / late / pary / our manager.
8. It / stupid / him / give up / job / need / money.
9. wish / go / beach / you / last Sunday.
10. Neither he / nor I / be going / attend / meeting.

Exercise 20
1. I / have / use / public telephone / because / out of order.
2. She / by / church / way / work / day.
3. factory / close / workers / go / strike / last week.
4. director / ill / so / deputy / speech / instead of.
5. happen / picture / used to / hang / wall ?
6. I / complain / manager / restaurant / food.
7. We / not see / picture / our city / as / look / 100 years.
8. advantage / have / car / that / rely / public transport.
9. It / age / 14 / Jack London / leave school / sailor.
l0. Neither / boy's teacher / parents / satisfied / progress.

Exercise 21
1. There / be/ increase / road / abcident / in / few years.
2. Mr. Green / take / charge / office / while / director / away / vacation.
3. He / furious / me / not invite / party / Sunday.
4. rain / everyday / so / have / spend / most / time / indoors.
5. He / show / photograph / hotel / stay / during / holiday.
6. my opinion / violent films / should not / show / televtsion.
7. you / know / Linda / engage / friend / mine?
8. If / smoke / there / greater chance / you / die / lung cancer.
9. accident / fault / so / I / pay / damage.
10. You / borrow / book / if / promise / keep / clean.

Exercise 22
1. going / visit / friends / make with / hostel.
2. begin / rain / manager / get / office / morning.
3. When / boy / twelve / father / die / dangerous disease.
4.I / tell / her / meeting / if / see / tomorrow.
5. lt / important / brother / stop / smoke / once.
6. I / think over / offer / give / my answer / soon / possible.
7. After / dinner / set out / saying / where / going.
8. We / invite / party / occasion / birthday.
9. She / leave / wait / rain / minutes / night.
10. sister / willing / help / mother / homework / when / hotiday.

Exercise 23
1. police / say / no connection / two murders.
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2. you / know / interested / buy / hand / car ?
3. Stand / plane / doctor / goodbye / everybody / airport.
4. John / show / hotel / stay / vacation.
5. mother / still / hospital / out / danger.
6. While / Ann / hospital / she / a visit / teacher.
7. I / hardly / start work / feel / pain / back.
8. Now that / I / finish / course / have / look / job.
9. Paul / suit / job interview / good impression.
10. Why not / day off / so / recover properly ?

Exercise 24
1. The Queen / moved / tears / hear / news.
2. She / insist / talk / manager / person.
3. It / essential / that / child / same / educatioqal opportunities.
4. He / little / money / save / it / not / long.
5. I / never / really / consider / get / married.
6. I / grateful / kindness / me / visit / your factory / earfier this month.
7 . We / survive / unless / start / work / cleaner / safer / sources / energy.
8. She / hurt / leam / boyfriend / forget / birttrday.
9. At / bank / Bill / second / command.
10. She / look / as / she / see / ghost.

Exercise 25
1. hate / people / laugh / own jokes.
2. we / looking / pub / serve food.
3. It / Jones / injured / Brown.
4. I / introduce / man / share a flat.
5. tell / truth / l / not think / you / much chance of success.
6. They / make / him go / sleep / giving / a special drink.
7. Mr Brown / not a scientist / neither / his wife.
8. You / free / do what / like.
9. It / exciting / hear / he / won / gold medal.
10. It / sad / find / more / more couples / getting divorced.

Exercise 26
1. The weather / so bad / we have / say / home.
2. There / so much noise / I / not sleep.
3. He had so / books / not know / where / put them.
4. He / make / strange decision / that / everyone / surprised.
5. This / such / easy exercise / I / do it / two minutes.
6. We / surprised / the news / they / manage / finish such / diffrcult task ahead /
schedule.
7. Some seeds can / planted / whether / ground / cold / not.
8. He wondered / teaching methods / vary considerably / not.
9. What he / trying / do / get / early / moming.
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I 0. fact / her son / out / danger / bring her / some relief.

Exercise 27
l. It / wonderful / see / old friends again.
2. If I / you / not do / that.
3. She / pleased / receive / such / gift.
4. last two lessons / hard / me / understand
5. Your parents / not like / plan / live abroad.
6. His refusal / help / disappointment.
7. You / not keep / promise / write / me / more frequently.
8. principal / school / arurounce / intention / retire.
9. His decision / resign / welcomed / people.
10. I / feel doubtful / his ability / do / work.

Exercise 28
I . He / first man / arrive.
2. This / best book / subject / appeat / tris year.
3. There / several letters / director / sign.
4. This / first attempt / English composition.
5. news / her son / killed / greatshock / het.
6. think / there / little probability / he / succeed / examination.
7 . care / when / cross / busy streets.
8. question / gol Da Lat / or Vung Tau / holidays / still / discussed.
9. Everybody / annious / know / what / happeltd.
10. Your father / pleased / see / long absence.

Exercise 29
1. She / fortunate / have / such / kind husband.
2. boys / clever / see / solution / problem / so quickly.
3. You / careless / leave / umbrella / bus.
4. How brave / you / go / into / buming building / save / baby !
5. Everyone / anxious / you / accept / position.
6. Ann / eager / parents / meet / young man / asked her / marry him.
7 . baby brother / too / young / walk.
8. box / too heavy / you / lift.
9. I / quite ignorant / what / intend / do.
10. He / angry / her / broken / promise.

Exercise 30
1. I / not dare / stay / home / myself / night.
2. be sure / good seat / your tickets / should / bought / advance.
3. Sitting / window / l / watch / people / pass.
4. Jerry / a feeling / he / followed / but / friends / just laugh / idea.
5. Why / left / mystery / me.
6. How / prisoner / escape / compete mystery.
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7. They / very thankful / whatever / you / give.
8. student / always / attention / whatever / teacher / saying.
9. London / town / many millions of people.
I0. time / visit me / inconvenient.

Exercise 31
l. However hard / try / never / seem able / work.
2. way /my office / never stop / no mather / call me.
3. She / always late / class / no matter / get up.
4. teacher / love / every student / no matter / from.
5. I / not stand / listen / his complaints / longer.
6. Her ambition / famous pianist / obvious.
7. She / decision / goodbye / him.
8. There / no news / how / prisoner / escape.
9. How ungrateful / you / not greet / former teacher / meet / him.
10. It / very thoughtless / laugh merrily / when / person / speiking / sorrowful.

Exercise 32
l. I / sorry / I / fail / arrive / Athens / last Friday.
2. I / very impressed / all work / you / done / on / your house.
3. We / polluted / air / be / smoke / factories / fumes / motor-vehicles.
4. Provided / legible / examiner / accept / handwriting / answer.
5. I / congratulate / you / excellent cooking.
6. If / earth / sudden / stop / spin / we / fly / it.
7. My / father / tired / live / city / want / quiet village.
8. Never / put / tomorrow / you / can / today.
9. She / dentist / got / toothache .
10. Gagarin / first man / travel / space.
A. USING THE SUGGESTED PHRASE GIVEN AT
THE BEGINNING OF THE SENTENCE
Exercise 1
1. "Why don't you complain to the compily, Peter ? " said William.
William suggested ……………………….. .......
2. He started to play the guitar five years ago.
He has .....................................
3. I am fond of my nephew although he behaves terribly.
I am fond of my nephew in …………………….....
4. I won't swim in the sea because it is too cold.
The sea is not ..................................................
5. "I was not there at the time," he said.
He denied............................................ .......
6. "'Who does that suitcase belong to?" The policeman asked us.
The policeman asked us whose ………………………………………..
7. She hasn't ridden a horse before.
It's . ...................................................
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8. We couldn't answer those two difficult questions.
Those two …………………………….
9. Haven't you got any cheaper televisions ?
Are these ………………………………………………….
10. I would prefer you not to smoke in here.
I'd rather . ………………………………………...

Exercise 2
1. "Please don't make such a mess in your room," his mother said.
His mother asked …………………………………………
2. The Americans have just recalled their ambassador.
The Americans ……………………………..
3. It is not necessary for you to do the test.
You ……………………………………

4. The day was so cold that we stayed in doors

It was ….
5. She prefers reading to watching TV
She would ….
6. Eventually he succeeded in making her answer the question.
Eventually he managed ....
7. Although he is intelligent, he doesn't do well at school.
In ...
8. I regret not going to the airport to say goodbye to him.
I wish ..:....:..
9. They arrived very late because they had a flat tyre.
If .. . .
10. She couldn't get to work because of the heavy snow.
The heavy snow ….

Exercise 3
l. I had expected the weather to be worse.
The weather was not . ….
2. The train couldn't run because of the storm.
The storm ….
3. I didn't arrive in time to see her.
I wasn't early ….
4. I'm sorry I was rude to you yesterday.
I apologise ….
5. He didn't hurry, so he missed the train.
If .. . . ..
6. Mary is the most talented student in my school.
No student ….
7. I haven't seen that man here before.
It's …..
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8. The furniture was so expensive that I didn't buy it.
The furniture was too …..
9. The robbers made the bank manager hand over the money.
The bank manager ………………………………………..
10. He learned to drive when he was eighteen.
He has …………………………………..

Exercise 4
1. She had never been so happy before.
She was unhappier ……………………………….
2. It was so late that nothing could be done.
If was too ……………………………………………..
3. I asked the hotel receptionist to wake me at 8 o'clock the following morning.
"Please …………………………………
4. They'll have to change the date of the meeting again.
The date …………………………………….
5. The garage is going to repair the car for us next week.
We are going ……………………………….
6. The bus takes longer than the train .
The train ……………………………………
7. John has not had his hair cut for over six months.
It is …………………………………………….
8. Maria says she'd like to have been put in a higher class.
Maria wishes ………………………………….......
9. Would you like me to finish the work tonight ?
I'll ……………………………………....
10. You may get hungry on the train, so take some sandwiches.
In …………………………………………………..

Exercise 5
1. My husband didn't leave the car keys, so I couldn't pick him up at the station.
If my husband ………………………………………
2. "I don't think John will come," said Bill.
Bill doubted ……………………………………….
3. The postman was bitten by our dog.
Our dog ...... .. . .. . .
4. We couldn't drive because of the fog.
The fog prevented .... ..
5 Although his leg was broken he managed to get out of the car.
In spite ... ...
6. The cake was so hard that I could not eat it.
It was …..
7. We didn't go because it rained.
If it hadn't …..
8. I can't cook as well as my mother does.
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My mother …
9. I don't suppose you have change for a pound, do you ?
Do you happen . ........ ?
10. He failed to win the race.
He didn't ........... .

Exercise 6
l. Mary rang hours and hours ago.
It's hours …..
2. I'm sorry that I didn't finish my homework last night.
I wish ….
3. She asked John how he liked her new dress.
"How ……..
4. A train leaves at eight o'clock every morning.
There is ……
5. Nobody can deny that she has a beautiful voice.
It ....... .............
6. I would like you to help me to put the chairs away.
Do you mind ....... ?
7. The child will die if nobody sends for a doctor.
Unless .......
8. He would prefer you to pay him immediately.
He’d rather …………………………………
9. The water was so cold that the children could not swim in it.
The water was not ……………………………
10. Somebody repaired her car yesterday.
She ……………………………

Exercise 7
1. You must see the manager tomorrow morning.
You've ………………………….
2. There was never any answer when we rang.
Every ……………………………..
3. That's an insulting name to use for him.
Don't call …………………………………
4. John asked if it was the blue one or the green she wanted.
"Which ……………………………………….
5. She liked Paris very little, and Rome less.
She thought Rome ......................................
6. I can meet you if you arrive before eleven.
So ……………………………………..
7 . They will catch all the prisoners again tonight.
All the prisoners ……………………………………..
8. I've warned you not to go near that dog.
I've warned you about ………………………..
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9. No, please don't tell him.
I'd rather …………………………
10. Why don't you ask her yourself ?
I suggest ……………………….......

Exercise 8
1. An up-to-date visa is necessary for Andorra.
You'll ………………………………..
2. "Why don't you put a better lock on the door, Barry?" said John.
John suggested …..
3. Although both his legs were broken in the crash, he managed to get out of the
car before it exploded.
Despite his …..
4. I haven't eaten this kind of food before.
This is the first ……
5. After fighting the fire for twelve hours the firemen succeeded in putting it out
The firemen managed …….
6. The architect has drawn plans for an extension to the house.
Plans …….
7. In Stratford-on-Avon we saw Shakespeare's birthplace.
We saw the house …..
8. It isn't necessary for you to finish by Saturday.
You ……
9. "How many survivors are there?" asked the journalist.
The journalist wanted to know ... ...
10. It was such rotten meat that it had to be thrown away.
The meat was ........

Exercise 9
1. It is essential that Professor John Brown is met at the aiqport.
Professor John Brown ……
2. You can't visit the United States unless you get a visa.
If you ………….
3. "Can I borrow your typewriter, Janet ?" asked Peter.
Peter asked if .. ... ..
4. She started working as a secretary five years ago.
She has ......
5. She knows a lot more about it than I do.
I don't know...................

6. My French friend finds driving on the left diffrcul.

My French friend isn't …………………………
7. They think the owner of the house is abroad.
The owner ……………………….
8. We didn’t go on holiday because we didn't have enough money.
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lf we …………………………..
9. The children couldn't go swimming because the sea was very rough.
The sea was too ……………………….
I0. What a pity you failed your driving test !
I wish …………………………….

Exercise 10
1. I'm always nervous when I travel by air.
Travelling …………………………
2. He could not afford to buy the car.
The car ……………………………
3. "Why don't you put your luggage under the seat ?" he asked.
He suggested ……………………………..
4. Although he had a good salary, he was unhappy in his job.
In spite ……………………………………..
5. He was annoyed because his secretary came late to work.
He objected .............................................
6. I'm sorry I missed your birthday party.
I wish ………………………………..
7. They haven't cleaned the streets this week.
The streets ……………………………….
8. Apples are usually cheaper than oranges.
Apples are not …………………………..
9. I advise you to put your money in the bank.
You'd ……………………………..
10. That restaurant is so dirty that no one wants to eat there.
It is such ………………………….
Exercise 11
1. John only understood very little of what the teacher said.
John could hardly ...........................
2. Unless someone has a key, we can't get into the house.
We can only ....................
3. I'm sure you didn't lock the front door. Here's the key.
You can't ……
4. He prefers golf to tennis.
He'd rather …….
5. He is sorry now that he didn't invite Molly to his party.
He wishes ...................
6. “Bring your swimming things in case it’s sunny”
He told .......................
7. There's no need for you to talk so loudly.
You don't ...................
8. I haven't been to Bristol for three years.
The last time ..............................................
9. No one has signed this cheque'.
14
This cheque …………………..
10. Tim will be eighteen next week.
It's Tim's …………………………..

Exercise 12
1. Unless he phones immediately he won’t get any information
If ………….
2. How long is it since they bought the house ?
When …….
3. He couldn’t repair the broken vase.
The vase ………
4. The garden still needs digging.
The garden hasn’t …………..

5. Have you got a cheaper carpet than this ?

Is this ..................................................?
6. I can't get my feet into these shoes.
These shoes …………………………........
7. I am very pleased that we shall meet again soon.
I am looking ……………………………..
8. “Keep away from this area," said the security guard, when we approached the
fence.
The security guard told ………………………….
9. I've never met such a famous person before.
It's …………………………………..
10. This pudding can be cooked in its tin.
You don't ………………………………....

Exercise 13
1. “Why didn't I get a computer before ?" thought the office manager.
The office manager wondered ............................................
2. “You'd better not lend him any more money, Mary," Said Tom.
Tom advised Mary ………………………………….
3. I started work for the company a year ago.
I've been .. ...................................
4. Susan felt sick, because she ate four crealn cakes.
If Susan …………………………….
5. My suit needs to be cleaned before the interview.
I must ………………………………
6. "You stole my best cassette, Amanda!" said William.
William accused ........................................
7. Because of the rough sea, the ferry couldn't sail.
The rough sea ……………………………
8. Please check for damage before signing the delivery note.
Don't ………………………………..
15
9. Roses can't possibly grow in such poor ground.
It is impossible ……………….
10. Your car might break down on the rough mountain road, so take plenty of spare
parts.
In case ...........

Exercise 14
l. "You damaged my bicycle, John !" said Margaret.
Margaret accused .............................
2. It is only one hundred years since the birth of D.H. Lawrence, the famous
novelist.
D.H. Lawrence . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. John Speke failed to find the source of the River Nile.
John Speke didn't succeed …………………..
4. Maria didn't apply for the job in the library and regrets it now.
Maria wishes ........... ........................
5. Helen wanted to know the name of Shirley's hairdresser's.
Helen said, "Shirley, where ........... ........................?"
6. This furniture is so old that it's not worth keeping.
This is ...........
7. Handicapped people find shopping in supermarkets diflicult.
It's .................
8. Why don't you meet to discuss the pay offer?
I suggest ................................
9. Without this treatment, the patient would have died.
If he ............... ....................
10. Although he didn't speak Dutch, Bob decided to settle in Amsterdam.
In sllite ...............

Exercise 15
1. He is said to have been in the French Foreign Legion.
People ......
2. "How old is your little boy ? " said the nurse to the lady.
The nurse asked the lady ……………………………..
3. I'm sure it wasn't Mrs Elton you saw because she's in Bristol.
It can't .......................................
4. How long have Catherine and Henry been engaged ?
When ………………………………
5. In spite of his age, Mr Benson runs seven miles before breakfast.
Although ………………………….
6. It's a pity I didn't take my doctor's advice.
I wish ....................................
7 . The bread is so stale we can't eat it.
The bread isn't ……………………..
16
8. Who does this bag belong to ?
Whose ............. …………………….?
9. "Never borrow money from friends," my father said.
My father told me ……………………........
l0. The accident happened because the train driver ignored a warning light.
If the train driver ……………………………….

Exercise 16
1. The keepers feed the lions at 3 pm every day.
The lions ........................................
2. We got lost because we didn't have a map.
If we ............................................
3. "Where is the station car-park ?" Mrs Smith asked.
Mrs Smith asked .............................
4. I would prefer you to deliver the sofa on Friday.
I would rather ………………………………………
5. He was sorry he hadn't said goodbye to her at the airport.
He regretted ………………………………..
6. It is pointless to have that old typewriter repaired.
That old typewriter is not ....................................
7. The bridge was so low the bus couldn’t go under it.
It was ………..
8. I last saw him when I was a student.
I haven’t ……
9. That was a silly thing to say !
What ……
10. We’ve run out of tea.
There …..

Exercise 17
1. Philippa asked Olive if she could remember where she had put the camera.
Philippa said, "Olive, ……………….?"
2. It is a six-hour drive from London to Edinburgh.
It takes ..............
3. Tum off all switches before leaving the workshop.
All the switches ………
4. It is ages since Alan visited his parents.
Alan ………………………
5. Mrs Taylor does not like living in such a small house.
Mrs Taylor wishes ...........
6. Mr Mills lost his job because he was late every day.
If Mr Mills ………………..
7. James spoke to his lawyer before signing the contract.
James didn't …………………
8. They travelled across India, and then flew on to Japan.
17
After ………………
9. “You’d better go to the doctor if you've got a pain in your back, Anna,'' Henry said.
Henry suggested ………………
10. The police made the youth empty his pocket.
The youth ………………………..

Exercise 18
1. Joan eats very little so as not to put on weight.
Joan eats very little because ……………………………
2. On arrival at the shop, the goods are inspected carefully
When the goods ………………………………...
3. Laurence hasn't seen his sister since she left for Japan.
Laurence last …………………………………
4. Peter said he wasn't feeling well.
Peter said, "I ……………………………………………..”
5. John is fat because he eats so many chips.
If ……………………………………………
6. “ You should take more exercise, Mr Robert," the doctor said, "if you want to
Iose weight."
The doctor advised ……………………………………..
7. Collecting dolls from foreign countries is one of Jane's interests.
Jane is ………………………………..
8. George is not nearly as energetic as he used to be.
George used …………………………………
9. If Joe doesn't change his way, he will end up in prison.
Unless ...................................................
10. The boy's very pleased to be going away on holiday soon.
The boy's looking ………………………………..

Exercise 19
1. “Will I ever find a job? " Tim said to himself.
Tom wondered ………………………………………
2. You should take a map because you might get lost in those mountains.
In case ..........................................
3. Temperature is measured by a thermometer.
A thermometer is ……………………………
4. You remembered to post the letter, didn't you ?
You didn't ………………………………….
5. Mr Dryden mended the washing machine for me.
I had ……………………..
6. Pat is the tallest girl in her class.
No one ...............
7. To get the 40% discount, you must buy all twelve books at the same time.
You can only …………....
18
8. "I'm sorry I gave you the wrong number," said Paul to Susan.
Paul apologized ……………………..
9. Samuel started keeping a diary five years ago.
Samuel has ……………….
10. Please don’t smoke in the kitchen.
I'd rather ………………………….

Exercise 20
1. Sally's parents gave her a computer for her birthday.
Sally ………………………………
2. It was such bad news that Helen burst into tears.
The news ……………………….
3. How long is it since you saw Mary?
When ……………………….
4. If he doesn't work harder, he'll lose his job.
Unless …………………………………..
5. I'd like to visit India more than any other country in the world.
India is ………………………………..
6. Alan regretted asking Arthur to lend him $20.
Alan wished .......
7. "When is the first day of your holiday, Peter?" Martha asked.
Martha asked Peter when ......
8. The flight to Moscow lasted three and a half hours.
It took ………………………….
9. I work in a factory which has more than athousand employees.
There …………..
10. Belinda felt very depressed but she still went to the party.
Belinda went to the party ……………………..

Exercise 21
1. Mr Hill teaches his students to understand different English accents.
Mr Hill's students …………………..
2. It was such a boring film that we left before the end.
The film ...................................
3. Robert and Catherine have been married for four years.
It's four years ..............................
4. Elizabeth got a bad cough because she started smoking cigarettes.
If Elizabeth ..................................
5. "Can I have a new bicycle ?" said Anna to her mother.
Anna asked .........................................
6. Don't blame me if the tin-opener's broken.
It's not ……………………..
7. Although he had a bad cold, William still went'to work.
In spite …………………………
8. Barbara plays squash better than Mike.
19
Mike doesn't ………………………
9. Whose suitcase is this ?
Who does ...............................?
I0. The train journey from London to Bristol takes two hours.
It is a …………………………

Exercise 22
1. Did they build the garage at the same time as the house ?
Was ............................................
2. The people who were at the meeting will say nothing to the press.
Nobody who ………………………..
3. The heary rain made it impossible for us to have our picnic.
We were ……………………….
4. Joan will stay on at school unless she finds a good job before September
If ………………………..
5. I don't really want to go out tonight.
I'd rather ……………………….
6. Shirley didn't begin to read until she was eight.
It wasn't ............
7. Lucy hasn't worn that dress since Barbara's wedding.
The last ……………………….
8. Let's go abroad for our holiday this year.
Why ......?
9. He is such a slow speaker that his students get very bored.
He speaks ……………..
l0. Mackenzie wrote four best-sellers before he was twenty.
By the age of twenty …………………………….

Exercise 23
1. "You stole the jewels!" the inspector said to him.
The inspector accused ………………….
2. If it doesn't rain soon, millions of pounds' worth of crops will be lost.
Unless ……………………………….
3. "Don't move or I’ll shoot!" the bank robber said to the clerk.
The bank robber threatened ………………………..
4. The drama critic of the “Daily News'' regards the new play as a major breakthrough.
According to .. .... .
5. Although the team played well, they lost.
Despite . . .....
6. Galileo is considered to be the father of modern astronomy.
Galileo is regarded ………………
7. The only way you can become a good athlete is by training hard every day.
Only by …………………………………

20
8. He speaks more persuasively than his brother.
He is a ……………………….
9. It started to pour with rain moments after we had started our walk.
Hardly ..............................
10. Could you tell me the time of the last train to London ?
Could you tell me ...................................... .......?

Exercise 24
1. If you want my advice, I would forget about buying a new house.
If I ………………………….
2. "I must see the manager !” he cried.
He insisted .............................
3. Arthur said he was sorry he had hurt her feelings.
Arthur apologized ……………………
4. I had better get back to work.
It's..........................
5. The last time it rained was a frtninght ago.
It …………………….
6. The noise next door did not stop until after midninght.
It was not …………………..
7 . The car was so rusty that it couldn’t be repaired.
The car was too ………………….
8. He never has enough money.
He's always ……………………………..
9. Yogurt is supposed to be good for you.
Yogurt is supposed to do ……………………...
10. I do not intend to discuss this matter any further.
I have ………………………

Exercise 25
1. Although the play received good notices, not many people went to see it.
Despite ……………………..
2. My father speaks very little English.
My father speaks hardly ………………..
3. He said he was not guilty of stealing the car.
He denied …………………………….
4. I'm sorry now that I asked her to stay.
Now I wish ……………………..
5. They couldn't trace who had suppried the information in the first place.
The source ..... .......
6. There is always trouble when he comes to visit us.
Whenever .......................
7. Is this the only way to reach the city centre?
Isn't there .........................................
8. He never suspected that the money had been stolen.
21
At no time ........................
9. I have never seen such a mess in my life !
Never in .......................!
l0. Is it essential to meet your aunt at the station?
Does your aunt................ .....................?

Exercise 26
1. Their dog was so fierce that nobody would visit them.
They had …………….
2. That dress has only the slightest mark on it.
I can barely ........................
3. He insisted on a full apology.
Nothing but ..................
4. He remembered, and so did she.
He didn't …………………
5. My decision to get up and dance coincided with the band's decision to stop playing.
The moment ……………………………………

6. The doctor advised me to rest.

The doctor suggested ...................................
7 . They had to wait for twelve hours before their flight left.
Only after a ..........................
8. Their teacher is making them study hard.
They are …………………………
9. They were just as good as we had expected.
They certainly lived ……………………
10. Even though I admire his courage, I think he is foolish.
Much …………….......

Exercise 27
1. Next Saturday is our tenth wedding anniversary.
We will ......................................
2. No matter how hard I tried I couldn't start the engine.
Try ........................................
3. The critics were very impressed by her performance.
Her performance made …………………….
4. When are the council going to do something about the city's traffic problems ?
It's high time somethlng ……………………………
5. I didn't realized who he was until later.
Only later ………………….
6. The value of sterling has fallen considerably in the past week.
There has …………………
7. It won't make any difference if it rains because we'll still go.
We'll still go ..............................
22
8. We left quietly, so that we wouldn't disturb the children.
So as ..................................
9. I would do anything for you
There's ………………………..
I0. Given fair warning, I could have avoided that date.
If you had told me ……………………..
Exercise 28
1. His second attempt on the world record was successful.
He broke ....
2. I'm sure he didn't know that his brother was seriously ill.
He couldn't possibly ……………..
3. What particularly impressed me was her excellent command of English
I ........................
4. She didn't say a word when she left the room.
She left the room ………………
5. The result of the match was never in doubt.
At no time ………………………………….
6. This will be the orchestra’a first performance outside London.
This will be the first time ……………….
7. I applied for the job but was tumed down.
My ……………………………..
8. The Prime Minister was determined to remain in office.
The Prime Minister had no.. ..... .......
9. The refugees continued to feel unsafe until they had crossed the border.
Not until ………………………………………
10. I don't know anything about aeronautics.
I am ……………………………….

Exercise 29
l. The students’ riotous behaviour should have been severely punished.
The students deserved .............
2. There are more people out of work in this country than ever before.
Never ....... .............................
3. The chances are that the whole thing will have been forgotten by next term.
In all .. ……… ......
4. "Please don't drive too fast !" Ann begged her boyfriend.
Ann pleaded …………………

5. Despite his ungainly air he is remarkably agile.

Although …………………..
6. She is proud of being such a good cook.
She prides …………….
7. My protests were ignored.
Nobody ...................
8. I'm sure he took your briefcase by mistake.
23
I'm sure he didn't …………………
9. We only dispatch goods after receiving the money.
Only after the money ……………………
10. You pay $20 a month for a period of one year.
You pay in ......................................

Exercise 30
1. He'll settle down. Then his performance will improve.
Once ………………………….
2. It is said that he escaped to a neutral country.
He ……………………………
3. The truth only came out on the publication of the general's personal diaries.
Only when …………………
4. Oil was slowly coating the edge of the shore.
The edge of the shore ………………………
5. In spite of the forecast it stayed fine.
Although rain …………………….
6. You really should be able to dress yourself by now !
It's high.........................................
7. Provided your handwriting is legible the examiner will accept your answer.
So long as the examiner …………………….
8. Without his help we would all have died.
If it …………………………….
9. He forgot all about the gun until he got home.
Not until ……………………….
10. May I borrow your pen ?
Would you mind .................................. ...?

Exercise 31
1. My boyfriend is very short-tempered.
My boyfriend loses ...............
2. You can use it as long as you like, and it won’t wear out.
No matter .........................
3. If the work is finished by lunch time you can go home.
Get …………………………..
4. It's such a pity your sister can’t come as well.
If only ……………………….
5. The house seemed to have been unnoccupied for several months.
It looked ................................
6. These new machines have put an end to queuing.
Before these ………………………
7. Everyone heard about the accident before I did.
I was the ……………………..
8. "If you must go out tonight, at least finish your homework first !” said Sarah’s father.
Sarah's father said if …………………………..
24
9. The instructions say you just add boiling water to the soup powder.
The soup powder ………………………….
10. He was so tired he felt asleep before the end of the film.
He was too ……………….

Exercise 32
I . Many people were severely critical of the proposals for the new motorway.
There was ………………………..
2. For a teacher of her experience and ability, discipline was not a problem.
For such ........................ .

3. There was no precedent for the King's resignation.

Never ………………..
4. The police were informed of the identity of the murdered man.
The identity .............
5. The fate of the two climbers is unknown.
It is a mystery .. .....
6. He was suspended for two matches for swearing at the referee.
Swearing at the referee earned …………………
7. People who haven't been abroad shouldn't criticize foreign customs.
Nobody who…………………….
8. It is thought that the Prime Minister is considering raising taxes.
The Prirne Minister .... ……………..
9. He did not pass the driving test until he was nearly thirty.
It ………………………..
10. It was the weakness of the foundations that led to the collapse of the building.
If ………………………..

Exercise 33
1. The only way to eliminate world terrorism is by united opposition.
Only by ……………………..
2. If she hadn't insisted on kissing everyone goodbye she would have caught the train.
If it hadn't ………………………….
3. The fisherman's life was one of great poverty.
Throughout ………………………..
4. Someone has suggested abolishing income tax.
It ……………………………….
5. I do not enjoy cooking for five hungry children.
Cooking ……………………………
6. My parents find fault with everything I do.
No matter …………………………..

7. I certainly don't intend to reply to that rude letter from Edward.

25
I have ……………..
8. Simon had not expected that he would feel so weak after the operation.
The operation left .. …………....
9. I am absolutely sure he took the money on purpose.
He couldn't possibly ………………………..
10. Winning the crossword competition made him extremely happy.
He was absolutely ……………………………..
Exercise 34
1. Thanks to his aunt's legacy of $10,000 he was able to buy the house he wanted.
Had his .. ………………… .
2. I didn't realize he was your brother until I saw the photograph.
It was only ………………………………………
3. The President is the statesman I admire most of all.
There is ………………………….
4. Don't you wish you could get out more in the evening?
Don't you get fed ……………………. ?
5. It's nobody's fault that the meeting wits cancelled.
Nobody ………………………………
6. If you missed the programme you can't really judge.
Unless you …………………..
7. She never seems to succeed, even though she works hard.
However …………………………………
8. It was more of an argument than a discussion
It was not so ……………………………..
9. I write to him almost every day.
Hardly …………………………………
10. Mary told the police about the burglary.
Mary reported ………………………..
A. QUESTION-ANSWER
TEST 1
MAHATMA GANDHI
Mohandas Gandhi was first called Mahatma or Great Soul, by the poet
Tagore. The name was taken up by his admirers but Gandhi himself did not like it.
He had no wish for honours or titles. It is difficult, though, to describe this man-one
of the very great men of our times - in any other terms.
No man played a larger part in lndia's struggle for political independence.
Yet the word “politician” did not suit him. He looked for neither power nor high
Place. He cared nothing for wealth, fame or comfort, but for his people's happiness
above all. People or different faiths came to sit at his feet and learned from him.
And his teachings have touched the hearts of people in many nations.
Gandhi was a dreamer who spent all his life trying to apply his dreams to
the world around him. He dreamed of a world where there would be no rich or
poor, master or slave, where no man shourd be ashamed of his birth or position in
society.
1. Why did Mohandas Gandhi not like the name "Mahatma" or "Great Soul" ?
26
2. What did he do for India ?
3. What did he care for above all ?
4. How influential was he ?
5. What did Mahatma Gandhi dream of ?

TEST 2
ERNEST HEMINGWAY
There are peopre whose immortality begins from the moment of their death.
Hemingway is one of them. He was a great man. The whole of his creative work
was a long struggle, for Hemingway, the man and the writer, had many enemies.
Perhaps his great enemy was war. He hated it with all his heart, with his whole
body, in which 28 bullets had left their traces.
Hemingway hated those who made a business of war. In an introduction to
his novel “A farewell to Arms”, Hemingway said that wars were started by people
who profited from them, and he ,suggested that those warlike people should be shot
on the very first day of war, by sentence of the people.

Hemingway hated fascism. He never surrendered. He fought against it with the pen and
the sword.
1. Who was Hemingway ?
2. Why was the whole of his creative work a long struggle ?
3. How did Hemingway hate war ?
4. Who else did he hate ? Why ?
5. What was Hemingway's attitude to fascism ?

TEST 3
This report looks at the careers of students who have left Barnaby school,
and is based on questionnaires received from over 300 former students.
Over the past-few-years, the majoriry of students (63%) have continued with
their education after they left school. Most of these have gone to university and the
others have done vocational courses at Colleges of Further Education.
About a quarter of the students have found jobs after leaving school. Some
of these jobs are with employers in the local area, but others are in London or even
abroad. About half of the students said that they were unemployed for several months
before finding work. A small minoriry of students (1.5%) went straight into their family
business.
About 12% of the students were unabre to find work and have been
unemployed for over a year. Most of these were students who failed their
examination, although a few had passed with reasonable grades.
In general, more and more leavers are going to university or further education,
and this trend will probably continue as long as unemployment is high.
1. What is the meaning of 'went straight into' in paragraph 3 ?
2. What is the report based on ?
3. According to the report, is it easy or difficult for school leavers'to find jobs ?
4. Which of the-students had the most difficulty in finding work ?
27
5. Why are more and more reavers going on to university or further education ?

TEST 4
The generar opinion abroad is that London has fog or rain or both, every
day of the year, but on the day that I arrived it was fine and warm, there was bright
sun and a cloudless sky. The next day it was Just as beautiful; there was a slight
wind that gently moved the leaves on the trees, and you could smell the spring in
the air. 'Life is grand!' I thought as I walked in Kensington Gardens. It was a
straighr road and I found the way quite easily. When I got my first sight of the
gardens, the beauty of it nearly took my breath away. The trees were just bursting
into leaf, fresh and green and lovely, and there were beds of spring flowers, red and
yellow, and blue, in the beautiful, smooth grass under the trees.
People in the light spring clothes were walking about, and, to my surprise,
they walked not only along the paths but also across the grass, and no one said a
word to them about it. I had never seen such a thing before.
1. What is the weather like in London according to the general opinion ?
2. What was the weather like on the day the writer arrived in London ?
3. What season was it when the writer visited London ?
4. What did he see in the Kensington Gardens ?
5. What was the strange thing in the Kensington Gardens that he saw ?

TEST 5
A PLAN FOR LONDON TRAFFIC
London, like so many big cities, has traffic problems that seem to get worse
Every year. Tom Jenkins, a London bus-driver, was asked what he would do to
impioue the situation if he was put in charge of London transport. This is what he
said, “If you put me in charge of London transport, I'd make a number of changes.
I’d ban private cars lrom central London between 7.30 am and 6.30 pm unless the
owner actually lived in the area. I'd build a lot of new, cheap car parks near the
railway stations on the outskirts of London, so that people could leave their cars
there and travel to and from work by train. I'd fix a standard fare for all bus or tube
journeys in the centre, and I'd make it possible for people to buy ten or dozen
tickets at one time. Then the buses and taxis would be able to move much more
quickly, and easily, and life would become more comfortable for everyone".
1. What would Tom do about private cars ?
2. Why would he build new car parks near the railway stations on the outskirts
of London ?
3. What would he do about fare ?
4. What other changes would he like to make regarding tickets ?
5. What effect would these changes have ?

TEST 6
TRADITIONS AND CUSTOMS IN GREAT BRITAIN
Every nation and every country has its own customs and traditions. ln
Britain traditions play a more irnportant part in the life of the people than in other
28
countries. Englishmen are proud of their traditions and carefully keep them up.
It has been the law for about 300 , years that all theatres. are closed on
Sundays. No letters are derivered, only a few sunday papers are published.
To this day an English family prefers a house with a garden to a flat in a
modern house with central heating. English people like gardens. Sonretimes the
garden in front of the house is a littte square covered with cement painted garden in
imitation of grass and a box of flowers.
Holidays are especialty rich in old traditions and are different in Scotland,
Ireland, Wales and England. Christmas is a great English national holiday, and in
Scotland it is not kept, except by clerks in banks, all shops and factortes are
working.
1. How important are traditions in Britain ?
2. What do Englishmen do to their traditions ?
3. Which does an English family prefer, a house with a garden or a flat ?
4. Find a sentence in the text which shows that the English peopte like gardens
very much.
5. How is Christmas kept in Scotland ?

TEST 7
MINES TINDER THE SEA
Man is only just beginning to realtze how much he must look to the sea. It
can be an important source of food for millions of people in the world. When we
know how much and in what way the oceans influence the weather, we can plan the
growing of crops and even work out the best time to take our holidays.
But when we get to the bottom of the sea, we find things that no one
dreamed existed until recently. Lands which were covered with water when the ice
melted at the end of the ice age are rich in minerals. Off the south African coasts,
for example, is a place where there are five times the number of diamonds as in the
mines on the land.
Oil is brought from the bottom of the Caspian Sea.
Sand with gold in it has been found off Thailand and Indonesia. But if man
wants to continue gathering riches from the sea, he is going to have to look after it

1. What is man only just beginning to realize ?

2. When can we plan the growing of crops ?
3. What do we find when we get to the bottom of the sea ?
4. What has been found off the south African coast ?
5. What is man going to do if he wants to continue gathering riches from the
sea ?

TEST 8
One of the smallest countries in the world is San Marino, a republic, high in
the mountains of Italy. It is also the oldest, because it was founded some 1,500
years ago. San Marino covers 61 square kilometres and has over 17 thousand
people. San Marino coins and stamps are eagerly bought by collectors.
29
 One of the popular small countries in the stamp album is Andorra, the
mountain state of 11 thousand people which is high in the Pyrenees, between
France and Spain. Anyone who collects the stamps of Andorra soon notices a
strange thing about them. Some stamps are printed in Spain and have their values
and inscriptions in Spanish. Other stamps are like French stamps. They have values
in Franc or centimes and their inscription is in French.
The reason for this lies in Andorra's history. For nearly 700 years the little
state has been under the joint protection of France and Spain, and these two
countries have separate postal services in Andorra. In the chief village of Andorra
the Spanish and the French post offices stand near each other but sell different
stamps.
1 . Where is San Marino situated ?
2. Where is Andorra situated ?
3. What is the strange thing about stamps in Andorra ?
4. Why are there postal services of both Spain and France in Andorra ?
5. What are some of the things that are similar in San Marino and in Andorra ?

TEST 9
Half the brain a child wiil have as an adult has already developed by the
time he is four years old. It is now recognized that children who have been
encouraged and stimulated into mental activiry during the early years will become
more and more intelligent adults.

Language, the way we express ourselves, is a vital part of learning. A baby

learns his native tongue naturaily by hearing speech around him. If the speech he
hears is rapid, not clear and never directed at him then he learns slowly and speaks
badly. A child of two or three years old who can't make his desires known or put
his thoughts into words will usually become angry. His relationships with others
will get worse. If the speech a baby hears around him is clear, and his family talk to
him, he will gain a satisfactory command of language directly, by his mother, his
language ability will be greater.
By the time he is two, it is quite possibre for him to have a vocabulary of
two thousand words and by the time he is three, he will be able to read. Once ahead
he will stay ahead.
1.How is language defined by the writer ?
2. How does the baby learn his mother tongue?
3. How does a child usually react when he can’t express himself ?
4. What is the role of the mother in the education of her child ?
5. What are the ideas expressed by the writer on how a child should be taught
his native language ?

TEST 10
It wasn’t supposed to be a big wedding. The Browns didn't like the
newspapers and TV to give news of their wedding. They wanted a small, quiet
wedding – that’s why they went to Hawaire Island off the Pacific coast. The boat
30
didn’t carry cars, so they packed their bikes for the trip. The couple found a lonely
hill overlooking the ocean. The weather was supposed to be fair, so they asked the
father at the church there to marry them the next morning.
“When we got there, we found a crowd of bikers watching the view,” laughed
Givon Brown. When Jeane kissed his bride, the bikers clapped their hands and rang
the bicycle bells loudly. “We didn’t expect to have fifty wedding guests, but we love
biking and we're not sorry,” Givon said.
1. Where was Hawaire Istand ?
2. How did they go to the place where they had their wedding ?
3. Where in the island did they get married ?
4. Who were the couple ?
5. Which of them was the husband and which was the wife?

TEST 11
Walt Whitman, born in New York in 1918, was one of America's unusual
literary figures. As an individualist, he rambled through the country seeing people
and places, and making.them his own. His experiences in earning a living were
varied, at times he was a printer, a teacher, a carpenter, a nurse and a newspaper
editor. He was a big-hearted man, open and accepting. He gave freely his time to
care for the wounded during the Civil War. Though he lived in the city, he often
spent his time in the countryside, developing his strong sense of nature, which was
carried through to his poems. In 1835 he collected verses he had written, and
published them in one volume, "Leaves of Grass", a book which he revised and
rewrote all the rest of his life. The book was ridiculed by some poets and generally
ignored by others, probably because his verse forms were not traditional. He had
felt that it was necessary to achieve a new poetic form in order to communicate his
views. His reputation didn't grow until after his death, and it reached a high point in
the 1920s. Since then, Whitman style has greatly influenced modern poets.
l. What did Walt Whitman do to earn his living ?
2. Why was Whitman considered as a big-hearted man ?
3. Why were Whitman's verse forrns ignored by other poets ?
4. What might be the best title for the passage ?
5. What does the word "ramble" in line 2 mean ?

TEST I2
The smoke that comes from a lit cigarette contains many different
poisonous chemicals. In the past, scientists didn't think that these chemicals could
harm a non-srnoker's health. Recently, though scientists changed their opinion after
they' studied a large group of non-smokers, they discovered that even non-smokers
had unhealthy amount of these toxic chemicals in their bodies. As a matter of fact,
almost all of us breathe tobacco smoke at times, whether we realized it or not. For
example, we cannot avoid smoke in restaurants, hotels and other public places.
Even though many public places have "non-smoking is permitted", it is even harder
for children to avoid second-hand smoke. In the United States, nine million children
under the age of five live in homes with at least one smoker. The research shows
31
that these children are sick more often than those who live in homes where non-
smokers live. The damaging effects of second-hand smoke on children also
continue as they grow up. The children of smokers are more than twice as likely to
develop lung cancer when they are adults as children of non-smokers. The rate is
even higher among children who live in homes where both parents smoke.
1. What is second-hand smoke ? Why might it harm non-smokers ?
2. What was the scientists' opinion ?
3. why have the scientists changecl their opinion nowadays?
4. why is it harder for the children to avoid second-hand smoke than it is for
adults ?
5. What are some effects of second-hand smoke on the children ?

TEST 13
A gesture is an action that sends a message from one person to another
without using words. We use gestures to communicate with others. There are some
gestures that have completely different meaning depending on when and where they
are used.
When an American wants to show that something is OK or good, he raises
his hand and makes a circle with his thumb and forefinger. The circle sign has only
one meaning for him. He might be surprised to learn that in other countries it can
mean something very different.
ln Japan, for instance, it is the gesture for money. In France it means "zero"
or "worthless". Such differences can lead to all kinds of misunderstandrng when
foreigners meet. But why is it that the same gesture has so many different meanings ?
When some people want to show something is exact or precise, they make a
sign to show that they are holding something between the tips of their thumb and
forefinger. In this way they make a circle with their fingers. Many people from all
over the world do this when they want to make a specific point as they are
speaking. People later started using this signal to mean "exactly right" or "perfect"
This was how the famous OK sign was born.
In Japan, money means coins, and coins are round. Thereflore, making a
round hand sign came to represent money. It is as simple as that. The French sign
for “nothing” or “worthless” also has a simple origin. This time the circle doesn't
represent a coin, but a nought. Nought ecluals zero, zero equals nothing, nothing
equals worthless.
1. What does an American do when he or she wants to show that something is
OK or good ?
2. What do you understand by the word "gesture" ?
3. What does the circle sign mean in Japan ?.
4. Does the circle sign have the same meaning in Japan and France ?
5. Why can gestures be misunderstood ?
6. What sign can be used when some people want to make an exact point ?
7. What does the circle sign represent in France ?

TEST 14
32
 FEED IN ENGLISH, PRINT OUT FRENCH
Once upon a time, according to a much-told story, a cornputer was set the
task of translating “traffic jam" into French and back into English. The machine
buzzed, clicked, blinked its lights and eventually came up with "car-flavoured
marmalade”. Machine translation has come a long way since then. Computer
translation systems are now in operation in many parts of the world. Not
surprisingly, the EEC is very involved. With so many official languages, translating
and interpreting take up more than fifty per cent of the Community’s administrative
budget. But although the efficiency of machine translation is improving rapidly,
there is no question of human translators being made redundant. On the contrary,
people and machines work together, in harmony. Today's computers are of little
value in translating literary works, where subtlety is vital, of the spoken word,
which tends to be ungrammatical, or important texts, where absolute accuracy is
essential. But for routine technicar reports, working papers and the like, which take
up so much of the translation worktoad of international organizations, computers
are likely to play an increasing part. The method of operatiol will probably be for
the machine to make a rough version, which the translator will then edit, correcting
obvious errors, and where necessary referring back to the original.
If machines can translate languages, could-they ever teach languages ? Yes,
say enthusiasts, although they doubt, that the teacher could ever be totally replaced
by a machine in the classroom. Good old teachers know best.
1. What is the role of computers in translating literary works ? Why ?
2. What do good old teachers of language know ?
3. Why is the EEC involved in language translation and interpretation ?
4. What is typical of spoken language ?
5. How can a computer herp in the translation work of international
organizations ?
TEST 15
Vet Peter Pocock has been left a fortune by a spinster whose horses and dogs
he looked after.
The 90-year-old spinster, Miss Marguerite de Beaumont, was helped in other
ways by Mr Pocock. He cleaned and tidied her 11-room Elizabethan mansion when
she became too old and ill to care for it. When she died she left him everything in her will.
her money, the house and gardens, her stables - all of which is worth 3 million pounds.
Miss de Beaumont,s famiry are furious. Her niece, Mrs. chairman Pickford
said, “We are very upset. We are going to fight the will. My aunt didn't know what
she was doing - she was senile in her last years”.
Mr Pocock, 42, lives in the next village with his wife and baby daughter
They were shocked by Miss de Beaumont's generosity.
“We can't believe it,” said Mrs. Pocock, "so much money is wonderful, but
will it make us happier ? Money can bring problems. Our hope is that the mansion
wilt be made beautiful again. Perhaps we can do that now with the money". Miss de
Beaumont bought the mansion in 1934 and started a horse farm. It has not been
looked after well for many years, but the beauty of the buildings and the garden can
still be seen.
33
1. What did Miss de Beaumont do to leave Mr. Pocock her fortune?
2. What reason did Mrs Pickford give to explain her upset ?
3. Why did Miss de Beaumont buy the mansion ?
4. What was the Pococks' reaction to the news ?
5. Where are horses kept ?

TEST 16
Mr. William Murphy, from Montreal in Canada, now knows that honesty
pays. Last Sunday he returned a lost lottery ticket to its owner and he was given
$1.2 million as a reward!
Last Thursday, Mr. Murphy, aged 28 and unemployed found a wallet on a
Montrear street. It contained $85, some credit cards and some lottery tickets Mr
Murphy checked the address in the wallet and immediately posted it back to its
owner, Mr Jean-Paul Dupont, but he didn't send the lottery tickets back. "I kept the
tickets. I wanted to checkthem. I thought maybe I'd win $10 or something".
On sunday, Mr. Murphy bought l newspaper and started checking the
numbers on the tickets. He couldn't believe it - he had the winning ticket! It was
worth $7 million !.
He thought about keeping the tickets and getting the money for himself. He
sat and thought about it for two hours, but he knew what he had to do He took the

bus to Mr. Dupont,s address and knocked at the door. The door was opened not by
Mr. Dupont, but his son, Yves, who doesn’t speak English very vell.
“Good evening!,” said Mr. Murphy. "Are you Mr Dupont ?" .
"Oui," said Yves.
“Well, congratulations ! You're a millionaire !”
"Uh ?" said Yves.
Then his father came to the door. He understands English, but he didn't
believe his ears until he was shown the lottery ticket and the newspaper.
“What an honest man !” he said. “You deserve a reward - at least I million, I
think”.
1. What did Mr. Murphy do with the wallet ?
2. What did Mr. Murphy do immediatery after he found that he had the
winning ticket ?
3. What does Mr' Murphy do ?
4. How did Mr.Murphy find he had the winning ticket ?
5. How did Mr.Murphy go to Mr.Dupont's house ?

TEST 17
Doctors estimate that about 40% of women over thirry in Britain are
overweight. This figure may be misleading as certainly a large number of
overweight people never seek medical advice.
Many women are very worried about being overweight. They feel that it
shows a lack of will-power or self-control on their part. ln addition, fat women do
not, conform to the modern idear of beauty exemplified by fashions models and
34
young film stars who are all incredibly thin. Apart from aesthetic reasons, there are
strong medical grounds for not overeating. Overweight people are particularly
prone to heart disease and are easily tired by physical activity. Losing weight would
certainly make them feel healthier and increase their life expectancy.
Some women feel guilty about being fat and their guilt is repressed by eating
more. On the other hand, there are women who unnecessarily lose weight in order
to conform to a model of sociar acceptability. Some of them end up by starving
themselves to death! So perhaps it might be better to try to remove fat people's
unhappiness than to try to remove the fat.
1. Why do many doctors underestimate the percentage of overweight women ?
2. Why are many women worried about being overweight ?
3. What are the advantages of losing weight fbr fat people?
4. Find the words in the passage that mean:
a) look for b) be likely to get
c) to die of hunger d) sense of doing something wrong
5. What may happen to people who try to lose weight ?

TEST 18
How can we keep our teeth healthy? First, we ought to visit our dentist
twice a year. He can fill the small holes in our teeth. He can examine our teeth
before they destroy the teeth. He can examine our teeth to check that they are
growing in the right way. Unfortunately, many people wait until they have
toothache before they see a dentist. Secondly, we should brush our teeth with a
tooth brush and fluoride tooth paste at least twice a day, once after breakfast and
once before we go to bed. we can also use wooden toothpicks to clean between our
teeth after a meal. Thirdly we should eat food that is good for our teeth and our
body: milk, cheese, fish, brown bread, potatoes, red rice, raw vegetables and fresh
fruit. chocolate, sweets, biscuits and cakes are bad, especially when we eat them
between meals. They are harmful because they stick to our teeth and cause decay.
1. Only when do a lot of people visit a dentist ?
2. How often should we try to clean our teeth ?
3. What shouldn't we eat a lot ?
4. Why are sweets harmful ?
5. what happens when food and germs collect in a small crack ?

TEST 19
For many years people believe that the cleverest animals after man were
chimpanzees. Now, however, there is proof that dolphins may be even cleverer than
these big apes. Although a dolphin lives in the sea, it is not a fish. It is a mammal. It
is in many ways, therefore, like a human being. Dolphins have simple language.
They are able to talk to one another. It may be possible for man to learn how to talk
to dolphins. But this will not be easy becalle dolphins cannot hear the kind of
sounds man can make. If the man wants to tatk to dolphins, therefore, he will have
to make a third language which both he and the dolphin can understand. Dolphins
are also very friendly towards man. They often follow ships. There are many stories
35
of dolphins guiding strips through difficult and dangerous water.
1. Which animals do people think may be the cleverest ?
2. What other beings are dolphins like in many ways ?
3. What have scientists discovered about dolphins ?
4. Why is a third language necessary if man wants to talk to dolphins ?
5. ln what way are dolphins friendly to man ?

TEST 20
Fire was very important to man. He needed fire to keep himself warm at
night. He used fire to cook his food. He used fire to frighten away enemies and wild
animals. In some parts of the world he used fire to signal messages. Red Indians,
for example, used fire to make smoke signals. File was also used to give light.
Before the invention of the oil lamp, man used burning sticks as torches. And
before man discovered gas and electricity, he hung small fires in wire baskets from
posts to light, the streets. One man even used fire to tell the time. He invented a
candle clock. He made a candle that took exactly twelve hours to burn. Then he
marked this candle in twelve equal parts. He lit the candle and could tell the time by
counting the number of parts left of the burning candle. But the candle clock did not
always work well. If there was a wind blowing on the candle, the flame burned too
quickly.
1. What did man probably first use fire for ?
2. For what purpose was fire used by Red Indians ?
3. What were the first street lights ?
4. How long did the candle clock take to burn ?
5. What would happen if a wind blew on a candle clock ?

TEST 21
Uri Geller was born in I946. When he was only three, he was aware that he
had an amazing ability. In 1969 he gave his first performance in a school. He gently
rubbed a spoon with his fingers, and it began to bend. Three years later he drove a
car blindfolded through the crowded streets of Munich. Later Uri Geller appeared
on television in Britain in front of a small studio audience of scientists. He bent
spoons and broke metal objects simply by touching them gently with his fingers. He
also drew pictures of hidden objects. After the programme, however, there were
hundreds of telephone calls. People reported that spoons in their homes bent during
the programme. Metal objects broke, and watches which had stopped many years
ago suddenly started to go again.

1. When did Uri Geller discover that he had strange powers ?

2. What did Geller do on television in Britain ?
3. What could he do during his first performance ?
4. What happened after the performance ?
5. What did a lot of people report in their homes ?

TEST 22
36
 Sir Winston Churchilt (1874-1965) was the greatest British statesman of
modern times. During his long, colourful public career, he was a Member of
Parliament for 63 years. He also held almost every government post. And most
important of all, he led the country to victory in world war II. He also wrote many
important books and was a talented painter.
In May 1940, he became Prime Minister. Throughout the war, Churchill
showed great strength and energy. He worked for long periods with little sleep and
travelled many thousands of miles. By courage and determination expressed in his
speeches, he inspired the people of Britain to keep on fighting. In the general
election at the end of the war, the Conservative Party, of which he wil.s the leader,
was defeated. But he became Prime Minister again in 1951. He resigned as Prime
Minister in 1955.
1. When did Churchill first become Prime Minister ?
2. By what did he inspire the people of Britain to continue with the fight ?
3. How long was he a Member of Parliament ?
4. When was his Conservative Party defeated ?
5. When did he resign as Prime Minister ?

TEST 23
Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many
reasons. The first is that no nation has all of the commodities that it needs. Raw
materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in
Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is discovered in
the Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own
boundaries must buy from countries that export them. Foreign trade also occurs
because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs.
Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it
can prolduce internally and thus must import sugar.
1. Why must the united' states import sugar although it is a major sugar
producer ?
2. Where can copper mostly be found ?
3. What is foreign trade ?
4. What is the first reason for foreign trade ?
5. What is the second reason for foreign trade ?

TEST 24
There is little doubt that one of the chief roles of the horse in art, just as in
life, is that of our servant and companion. We can have very little idea of how a
horse feels in its natural state. Left to itself, it is unlikely that it would pull a plough.
take a soldier through a dangerous situation in battle, or do most of the other things
that have attracted painters and writers to the animal ever since the dawn of history.
The horse is controlled by the wishes of its owner. When we describe it, we say it
has the virtues and qualities that it has so often been praised by painters and poets.
Then we must consider the horse's own beauty, speed and strength.
1. What best title can be given to the passage ?
37
2. What is one of the chief roles of the horse in art ?
3. Name TWO things a horse would do.
4. What do we admire most in the horse as in ourselves ?
5. What must we consider the horse in art ?

TEST 25
The anser that descends, on people when they get behind the steering wheel
of a car used to be treated as a joke. But the laughter is getting noticeably quietef
now that the problem has become increasingly widespread. Stuck in a traffic jam,
with family cars inching their way past, the driver of a fast sports car begins to lose
his temper. Despite the capabilities of his car, there is nothing he can do. The
outcome is anger. Many people live in fear of losing control. This is true of many
situations but driving is a good example. People think that the car might not start, it
might break down, or someone might run into it. Before anything even happens
peopre have worked themselves up into a state of anxiety. And when something
does happen, they’re ready to explode. In fact, it's their very anxiety about losing
control that makes them lose control.
1. What can be the best title of the passage ?
2. Why does the laughter become quieter now ?
3. What causes the driver of a fast spofls car to lose temper ?
4. What kind of fear do many people live in ?
5. Why do many people lose their control ?

TEST 26
The search for alternative sources of energy has led in various drrections.
Many communities are burning garbage and other biological waste products to
produce electricity. Converting waste products to gases or oil is also an efficient
way to dispdle of waste. Experimental work is being done to derive synthetic fuels
from coal, oil shale and coal tars. But to date, that process has proven expensive.
Other experiments are under way to harmless power with giant windmills.
Gebthermal power, heat from the earth, is also being tested. Some experts expect
utility companies to revive hydroelectric derived from streams and rivers. Fifty
years ago hydroelectric power provided one third of the electricity used in the
United States, but today it suplilies only four per cent. The oceans are another
potential source of energy. Scientists are studying ways to convert the energy of
ocean currents, tides, and waves to electricity. Experiments are also under way to
make use of temperature differences in ocean water to produce energy.
1 . What is the best title of the passage ?
2. What provided one third of the electricity in the United State fifty years
ago ?
3. What could best replace the phrase geothermal power' in the passage ?
4. Name three alternative sources of energy mentioned in the passage.
5. According to the author, what is the impracticability of using coal oil shale
and coal tars as sources of energy due to ?

38
TEST 27
The world's oceans are so vast that they can cope with the present levels of
pollution. However, little is known about the long-term effects of such slow
poisoning. The most serious problem of modern time is that man is destroving the
earth’s natural resources and transforming huge areas into wasteland. As a result, it
is becoming extremely difficult to grow enough to feed the world's rapidly
increasing population. A way of protecting all the wildlife on the earth must also be
found as many species are in danger of disappearing completely from the face of
the earth. The dangers, however, are not confined solely to the land and the sea. The
smoke in the atmosphere, for example, is increasing so much that the amount of
sunright has been reduced in many cities. Man's whole environment is being
changed in a serious way.
1. What is the process of making something dirty or impure ?
2. Find a word or phrase frorn the passage with the same meaning as the air,
water and land in which we live ?
3. What is the air surrounding the earth called ?
4. What word can be used to replace “wealth, goods or products” ?
5. What is a difficulty which needs attention and thought ?.

TEST 28
Few men have influenced the development of American English to the
extent that Noah webster did. He was born in west Hartford, Connecticut. In 1758,
his name has become synonymous with American dictionaries. Graduated from
Yale in 1778, he was admitted to the bar in 1781 and thereafter began to practise
law in Hartford. Later, when he turned to teaching he discovered how inadequate
the available schoolbooks were for the children of a new and independent nation. In
1807 Noal webster began his greatest work, An American Dictionary of the English
language. In preparing the manuscript, he devoted ten years to the study of English
and its relationship to other languages, and seven more years to the writing itself.
Published in two volumes in 1828, An American Dicrionary of the English
Ianguage has become the recognized authority for usage in the United States.
Webster’s pulpose in writing it was to demonstrate that the American language was
deveroping distinct meanings, pronunciations, and speilings from those of British
English. He is responsible for advancing simplified spelling forms: develop instead
of the British form develope, theater and center instead of theatre and centre, color
and honor instead of colour and honour.
1. what would be the best title for the passage ?
2. In how many volumes was An Anterican Dictionau of the English
language published ?
3. When was An American Dictionary of the English Language published ?
4. According to the author, what was Webster's purpose in writing An
American Dictionary of the English Language published ?
5. According to the passage, which spellings would Webster have approved in
his dictionary ?

39
TEST 29
The first stamp in the world was an English stamp. It was made in 1840
Before that, people paid money to the postman for every letter that they received
and the postman did not give the letters to anybody who did not pay him.
An English teacher, whose name was Rowland Hill, thought much about
this. One day, he said that the people who wrote the letter should pay for them, and
not the people who got the letters. He then spoke about it to the people in the
government. Soon the post offices began to sell little pieces of paper with a stamp
on them.
l. Which country made the first stamp ?
2. When did the first stamp appear ?
3. Before that, what did people have to do when they got a letter ?
4. Did people get the letter if they refused to pay ?
5. Who invented the stamp ?

TEST 30
A tiny school is soon to celebrate its 100 birthday - against all expectations
Five years ago it seemed certain to close but parents and other villagers fought the
local education authority and raised fund to keep it open. It is now ending its first
term as a school run by the village community and the villagers are justly proud of
their achievement.
They were furious when education chiefs tried to make them send the
village children to other schools further away because the number of pupils at the
village school is small. The villagers started a huge campaign to raise money. They
collected enough to hire a teacher and begin to help with school cleaning, lunch
supervision and lessons. Now the school is doing well and it seems as if it will
continue to run in the future.
1 . What effects would the closure of the school have had on the village
children ?
2. When did the parents get the money they needed to keep the school open ?
3. What was the villagers' reaction to the decision of closing the school ?
4. What phrase is used in the passage to show that it was surprising that the
school reached its 100th birthday ?
5. Why does the writer think the school will not be closed ?

TEST 31
Toronto, Ontario. Roop Sandhu made the catch of the year on the weekend.
Sandhu saw a young child hanging from a sixth apartmet balcony, ran one
hundred metres, jumped over a 1.2 – metre fence, and held out his arms to catch the
falling child.
Eric Minhas, only three years old, knocked sandhu down when he fell. The
boy is in the hospital but doctors say he'll be OK.
The Minhas family live in a high-rise apartment building just outside
Toronto. On the day of the accident, Mis.Minhas was at work and Eric was at
home with his father. They both fell asleep while they were watching TV. Eric
40
woke up a little late when he heard children playing outside. He pushed a chair onto
the balcony, and climbed up to see them. When he looked down, he accidentally
slipped and fell over the edge. He hung on for a couple of minutes and screamed for
his father, but his father didn't hear him.
Sandhu, a mechanic, was fixing his car when he heard the scream. He looked
up and saw Eric hanging from the balcony. He quickly threw aside his tools, and
started running, arms out.
“He saved my son’s life,” said the boy's mother. "I don't know how to thank
him. ”
“ I didn’t want the boy to be hurt,” said Sandhu, who emigrated from India two
and a half years ago.
1. What floor does the Minhas family live on ?
2. How far did Roop run ?
3. How high was the fence ?
4. How old is Eric ?
5. How long did Eric hang on to the balcony ?
6. When did Sanlhu come to Canada ?

TEST 32
It's official: too much work is bad for you. That's the finding of a new study
examining the stresses of contemporary urban life experienced by working couples
with children.
“ We found the families that play together stay together," said a University of
New England sociologist, Ms Gurjeet Gill, who looted at 35 two-income families.
The study found that even in two-income families, although men helped with some
household chores, women still did most of the domestic work. "Most of the families

still had traditional roles, with the women having most of the responsibility for
domestic chores and child care," Ms Gill said.
Many of the families who took part in the survey were in "near crisis"
situation because of the strain of trying to cope with household tasks, outside
employment and children.
Often, parents depended on children to do 25% of the housework. Children as
young as two were given routine household tasks. "Children are having to learn
about a work ethic from a very early age," said Ms Gill, who visited 35 families
from Armidale for six months to look at how they did their housework. "But a tidy
household is not necessarily a happy household. The families who are more relaxed
and flexible about their housework routine are the happiest ".
1. Who carried out this study ?
2. How many families did she study ?
3. How long did the study take ?
4. How did most of the families have the traditional roles ?
5. What were the children expected to do ?

TEST 33
41
 EDUCATION IN ENGLAND
Every chird in Great Britain between the age of five and fifteen must attend
school. There are three main types of educational institutions: primary (elementary)
schools, secondary schools, and universities.
State schools are free, and attendance is compursory. Morning school begins
at nine o’clock and last, until half past four. School is open five days a week. On
Saturdays and Sundays there are no lessons. There are holidays at Christmas, Easter
and in summer. In London as in all cities there are two grades of state schools for
those who will go to work at fifteen: primary schools for boys and girls between the
ages of five and eleven, and secondary schools for children from eleven to fifteen
years.
The ressons are: reading, writing, the English language, English literature,
English history, geography, science, Nature study, drawing, painting, singing,
woodwork and drill (physical training).
I . What are the three main types of educational institutions ?
2. What are the two grades of state schools for those who will go to work at fifteen ?
3. What subjects do chitdren study at school ?
4. Are state schools free ?
5. When do pupils have holidays ?
TEST 34
One surnmer afternoon Jean and Michelle Duboit, an elderly coupte, visited
their daughter at her home in Lille, France. A few minutes before six o'clock, the
Duboits Jecided to leave. They said goodbye to the daughter, walked to their car,
and got in. They expected a quiet, safe ride hornt. The ride, however, was anything
but quiet and safe.
Mr. Duboit was about to start the car when a gunman jumped up from the
back seat. He held the gun to Mr. Duboit's heid. "Drive me to Paris !" he demanded.
“All right,” said Mr. Duboit. "I'll drive you anywhere you want to go. But
first let my wife out of the car. She can't stand long journeys, you know. "
1. What was the ride home like ?
2. What do you think a gunman is ?
3. What did the gunman want Mr Duboit to do ?
4. What did Mr. Duboit do at the gunman's command ?
5. What did Mr. Duboit request the gunman ?

TEST 35
After many days alone at sea, Joshua Slocum saw a sailor steering his ship. It
was the captain of the Pinta, one of Columbus's ships. In writing of his round-the-
world journey in the 1980s Slocum told of how real the captain seemed.
Sir Ernest Shackleton told a similar story. He and two friends were tramping
thirty-six miles across South Georgia, Antarctica, in 1914. They became aware of a
fourth member of the group. It guided them across the snow, rock, and ice of the
island. No one knows yet why people, alone or with others, imagine such
companions. When we find the reason, it will be important, especially to astronauts
and deep-sea explorers, who must work in lonely places. It may also explain why
42
children often tell of unreal playmates.
1. Who did Joshua Slocum think he saw ?
2. What did he write about this companion in his book ?
3. Who else described another imaginary companion ?
4. What did the companion do ?
5. In what situation did the three men feel a fourth presence ?
A. GAP-FILLING
TEST 1
give surrounds necessary living shape controls
food centre structures slore addition carry

CELLS
Cells are the smallest part (or unit) of life. All (1) …………………… things are
made of cells, and all cells have the same parts: nucleus, cytoplasm, and
membrane. The nucreus is the (2) ………………….. of the cell. It contains the
chromosomes and the genes. The genes (3) ……………. the information that tells
the cell what to do. Chromosomes and genes help to make the cells. The cytoplasm
(4) …………………….. the nucleus in the cell. It contains several different things.
Different kinds of cell have different things in their cytoplasm. The cell
membrane is around the cell. The membrane (5) ………………..the flow of liquids in
and out of the cell.
Planr cells are different from animal cells. ln (6) ……………………. to the
nucleus, cytoplasm, and membrane, they contain a cell wall, vacuoles, and
chloroplasts. The cell wall is around the membrane. It is made of cellulose, and it is
not living. It gives plant cells a (7) ……………….., like a box. Vacuoles are round
(8) ……………….in the cytoplasm. A membrane surrounds them, and they contain
water and other things. The cell uses the vacuoles to (9) ……………….things. They
sometimes contain pigments. These pigments (10) …………………. flower cells their
colors. Chloroplasts are also in the cytoplasm. They contain a green pigment,
chlorophyl, and they make (11) ………………………for the plant. Chloroplasts are
(12) ………………..for photosynthesis.

TEST 2
decay found number discover ancient
necessary use means Iived calculate

CARBON-14 DATING
There are many uses for radioactive carbon (C - 14). One important
(1) ………………. is in archaeology. Archaeologists use radioactive carbon to
(2) ………………..the age of ancient plants. C - 14 comes from the sun and is
(3) ………………. in all living things. Archaeologists can (4) …………. the age of
plants that (5) …………… in the past because radioisotopes (6) ………….. at the
same rate. The rate of decay is called the half-life. The half-life is the time
(7) ………………for half of the atoms to decay. Radioactive carbon (C -14) has a
half-life of 5,730 years. That (8)…………………… that after 5,730 years, half of the
43
radiocarbon atoms remain; one half of the radioactive atoms are still in the sample
After 11,460 years, one-fourth of the atoms are still in the sample, and after 17,220
years one-eighth of the atoms remain. Archaeologists can measure the (9) ………….
of radioactive atoms and discover the age of (10) ………………. Plant material.

TEST 3
bills employees carry customer pay hank
buys employer deposit system receives withdraw

ELECTROMC FUNDS TRANSFER

In the future, machines will take the place of many bank tellers. A new
(1)……….…….., electronic funds transfer (EFT) aIIows the bank or the
to move money from one account to another. For example, a
worker (3)……………… her monthly paycheck, her salary, Her (4) ……………, the
company that she works for, can (5)……………………her salary into her checking
account directly. She does not have to go to the (6)……………. . Her bank can also
pay her monthly (7) ……………………..: the telephone, the water, the gas, and the
electricity. It will also be possible for her to pay for food at the supermarket by
EFT. The supermarket will automatically (8)………………..money from her account
at the bank to pay for the food that she (9) …………………..
Some employers already deposit their ( l0) ………….. ' checks in the bank
directly. Maybe, in the future, people will not (11) ………………….. money, and
machines will ( 12)……………….for everything.

TEST 4
lose amounts guess supply invest materials
earn producer buy examples Iow increases
INVESTMENT IN COMMODITIES
A rather risky way of investment is in comrnodities. They are the
(1) ………………… that companies and businesses use. Some (2) ………………. of
commodities are wheat, corn, coffee, chickens, and copper.
Investors buy large (3)……………. of a commodity and hope that the price
(4) ………………. They often buy directly from the (5) ……………………or a farmer
before the commodity is produced. There are many things that can affect the
(6) ……………… of a commodity, and, therefore, the price. If the weather is good
next year, there will be a lot of corn, and the price will be (7) …………………The
investor will (8)……………….. money. If the weather is bad, the corn will be more
expensive, and the investor will (9) …………………… more money. People who
(10) ……………… in commodities are called speculators. To speculate means to
(11) ………………about the future and to take risks. Speculators take many risks
When they (12) …………………..commodities.

TEST 5
manages succeed comparison operale earn company
individual begins directly process idea different
44
 SMALL BUSINESSES
When consumers want to buy something - food, crothes, furniture, or books
- they most often go to a retail store. Retail stores sell (1) ……………………… to the
consumer. Many retail stores are small businesses. In the United States, ninety-seven
percent of the businesses are small businesses. They are an important part of
the marketing (2) ……………… . small businesses are businesses that are small in
(3) ……………….. to large companies. These small businesses (4) ……………….. less
than $2 million a year. They are usually owned by an (5) ………………………… or a
partnership (two or more people who own the business together). The owner very
often (6) …………………. the business, and there are not many employees.
In the 1960s, a new (7) …………………… for retail ownership became very
popular in the United States. This was the franchise store. The franchise store
allows an individual to own and (8) ………………… a small business with better
chance of success. If someone (9) …………… …. a small business such as a
restaurant or a dress shop, it is sometime difficult to (10) …………….alone. With a
franchise, the new owner has the name and the help of a well-known business and
is more likely, to succeed. Many retaurants are franchise businesses. Some of them
are Mac Donalds, Burger King, Kentucky Fried Chicken and Przza Hut. Each
restaurant has a (11) ……………….. owner. The owner owns the business, but the
(12) ………………. gives the owner the name and the menu and a lot of help with the
Business. Franchises give owners of small businesses a better chance of success.

TEST 6
knows calculate charge chance insures
collect age protection profit company

INSURANCE PREMIUMS AND PROBABILITY

lnsurarrce is based on probability or odds. The (1) ………………………of
something happening is its probability. For example, insurance companles
(2) ……… ………… statistics which show how many people die at what (3) …..……….
each year or how many fires theie are each year. The insurance company uses
these statistics to (4) ………………..insurance premiums. Premiums are the amount of
money that an individual or business pays for insurance (5) ……………………
Here is an example of how the (6) …………….calculates the premiums. It
(7) ……………….. that 2 percent of the people who are 50 years old will die next year.
If the company (8) ……………… 1,000 people who are 50 years old, they know that
20 people will die. If the twenty people are insured for $ 100,000 each, then the
company must pay $ 2,000,000. Therefore, they will (9) ………………. the 1,000
insured people $ 2,000,000 plus the costs and (10) …………………. for the contpany.
This is a very simple example, but all insurance premiums are based on the
probability or odds of something happening.

TEST 7
colony mine praclice leatler respects organize
45
returned ended freedom fought means racism
MAHATMA GANDHI
Mahatma Gandhi was one of the great leaders of the world. He wanted
(1) …………………and peace for all people. He helped to free India from British
control.
His name was Mohandas Karamchand, but people called him Mahatma.
This name (2) ……………………."great soul." Mohandas Karamchand was born on
October 2, 1869 in Porbandar, India. He studied law in London, and in 1893 he
began to (3)…………… law in South Africa.
ln South Africa. Indians did not have the same rights as others Gandhi did
not like this (4) …………………. He believed that everyone should have the same
rights. He worked for the Indian people in South Africa for twenty-one years. At
one time, he (5) ………………………………. a strike of Indian miners. The Indian
(6) ……………………workers did not go to work. Gandhi did not use violence. He
fought with nonviolence, resistance, and strikes. The Indian word for nonviolent
resistance is "satyagraha. "
ln 1915 Gandhi (7) …………………..to India. He became the (8) ………………
of the Indian Nationalist Movement, and he worked for the independence of India.
He wanted India to be free from Great Britain. Gandhi (9) …………………….. for
freedom. He did not want tndia to be a British (10) ……………………. He continued to
use satyagraha nonviolent means such as strikes and fasting.
Gandhi's' nonviolent fight for independence (11) …………………….. when
Britain gave India her independence in 1947. On January 30, 1948, Gandhi was

assassinated in New Delhi - he was shot when he was on the way to a prayer
meeting. Grandhi died for peace, and the whole world (12) …………… him for his
peaceful-way of getting independence for his country.

TEST 8
great themes avoided happy civil works
win influenced movement wealthy dressed helped

EO TOLSTOY
Leo Tolstoy was a famous Russian writer of the nineteenth century. He
lived between 1828 and 1910. He wrote many novels. Two of his most famous
(1) ……………are War and Peace and Anna Karenina. Tolstoy was born into a
(2) …………… family. However, he was not (3) ………….. that others were poor.
He did not like living the rich life when others did not have food or money. In fact,
Tolstoy often (4) ………………… like a peasant. He wanted the simple life.
In his novels, Tolstoy wrote about many things, but one of his most
important (5) …………………. was nonviolence. His ideas about nonviolence
(6) …………………two other famous leaders: Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther
King. In fact, Tolstoy and Gandhi wrote letters to each other when Gandhi was in
South Africa. Tolstoy's ideas (7) ………………… Gandhi to use nonviolence.
Martin Luther King, the American (8) …………………… rights leader, also
46
believed in nonviolence. In his demonstrations during I 960s, he always
(9) …………………….violence. He helped to (10) ………………more rights for Blacks.
Thus, Tolstoy the (11) …………………….. Russian writer of the nineteenth
century greatly influenced two other great leaders of peace (12) ………………….

TEST 9
great still variation words write use
say within part spoken slightly communicate

DIALECTS
Languages have dialects. A dialect is a (1) …………………of a language. This
means that there are differences (2) ………………. a language. For example, French is
spoken in Paris. There is a (3) ……………….. different French in Canada. The French
spoken in Africa is different (4) …………………. However, speakers of these three
dialects can understand each other. Usually, a dialect is a variety of a language that
other speakers of the language can understand; dialects are usually mutually
intelligible.
Not all dialects of Chrnese are mutually intelligible Chinese lurs many
dialects that speakers of Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese Chinese cannot
(5) ………………with each other in the (6) ………………..language. To communicate,
they must write to each other or (7) …………………. a second language. Still, these two
Chinese languages are dialects because China is one country and one culture with
one language.
The differences between American English and British English are not as
(8) …………………….. as the differences in Chinese dialects. Two of the differences
between American English and British English are vocabulary and spelling. In
American English we (9) …………………. elcvator, truck, and apartment. The British
say lift, lorry, and flat. Another difference is spelling. In American English we
( l0) ……………………………… honor, meter, and realize. In British English, these
(l l) …………………are honour, metre, and realise.
Dialects are in interesting (12) ………………..of language study. All
languages have dialects. Usually speakers of one dialect can understand speakers
of another dialect.

TEST 10
dispense depletes retrieve proliferate apparatus deviates
fundamental transaction depsited anxiety thwart retail
THE PLASTIC REVOLUTION
Some people call it the plastic revolution. Others refer to it as the cashless
Society. No matter what it is called, the use of bank cards has caused some
(1) …………………….changes in how people handle money. How did the revolution
come about ? For years, most workers (2) …………………..their paychecks into
checking accounts. Then they wrote checks to (3) ………………. cash or to pay for
purchases. In recent years, many employers decided it would be more expedient to
put the money directly into each worker's checking account. This practice. called
47
direct deposit, has reduced the (4) ……………….many workers have about losing a
check or getting to the bank too late. Instead of a paycheck, the employee gets a
notice saying that the (5) …………………. has occurred. Computers take care of the
rest.
Another important factor in the revolution is a(n) (6) ……….……..called the
autontatic teller machine, or ATM. This machine can (7) ………………… cash from an
account twenty-four hours a day. A bank card allows depositors to get this cash
from their accounts. Users must enter a secret password to (8) ……………… anyone
who tries to use a lost or stolen card. If the password (9) ……………….. by a single
letter, the ATM seizes the card.

Bank cards have ctrargea tlre way people lpend money. These cards can now
be used to pay for purchases in (10) ……………. stores and service stations. Unlike a
credit card, a bank card is not a tool for borrowing money. lnstead, a bank card
moves money from a peiron's account into the account of the store. Each use
(11) ……………….the amount of money in a person's account. People do not yet
live in a cashless society. However, as the uses for bank cards (12) ……………….,
society moves closer to plastic and farther away from cash.

TEST 11
operations counterparts glamorous space microcomputer
handle components variety unlike factory

INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS
One step beyond automated machines is the industrial robot, the heart and
brain of which is the (1) ……………….. (2) …………………. most automated machines,
industrial robots can be programmed to do a (3) ……………………of tasks that are
usually accomplished by human (4) ………….……………… workers. Like their human
(5) ………………, industrial robots can be switched from one job to another and can
be programmed to (6) ………………..new tasks. Thus far, robots have found their
greatest use in assembling (7)……………………. . However, they are swiftly branching
from basic assembly (8) …………………… to construction and mining, and their most
(9) ………………. use of all, the exploration of oceans and outer (10) ……………….

TEST 12
transtmission growth developed energy popular
basic possible improved practical regular

THE DEVELOPMENT OF TELEVISION

Television was not really invented. Many scientists invented or
(1) …………..parts of the system that have become the television systems we
know now. Radio, of course, was necessary before television could be
(2) …………….,because television uses the same principles of electromagnetic
waves that radio does. As soon as radio became possible, the possibility of
television (3) ……………….. was also known, but it took many years for it to become
48
(4) ……………………
British and American scientists helped to develop the (5) ………………….
ideas that made television (6) ………………….. , but it was a Russian who made the
first practical television system. By 1923, Vladimir Zworykin, a Russian, had
invented a camera tube that could turn pictures into electric (7) ……………………..By
1929, Zworykin had built a television system that worked.
By 1935, (8) ……………. television broadcasts were begun in Germanl.
The first broadcasts in the United States began in 1939, but television did not really
become (9) ……………… until after the Second World War. Between 1945 and 1955
there was rapid (10) ……… in the pracrical use of television.

TEST 13
live space signals poor events radio
until transmitted expensive landing one use

All early television was broadcast in black and white. Color television was
possible, but it was too (1 ) ………………. and of very (2) …………………….quality
(3) …………….…..the middle of the 1950s: Color television broadcasts began in the
United States in 1954, in Japan in 1960, and in Europe in 1967.
The first (4) ……………….on the moon was broadcast (5) …………………
on television in 1969 and; television programs are (6) ……………………… all over
the world immediately through the (7) …………………. of sateltites that transmit the
(8) ………….. from the earth, through (9) …………………. and back to the earth
More people now get their news and information through television than
through newspapers and (10) ……………………..The development of television is
(11) …………………… of the most rapid and exciting (12) ……….. of our century.

TEST 14
continues printing value sides plastic precious
contain expensive vary replaced values holes

MONEY
When we think of money, we usually think of currency, or metal coins and
paper bills. In the modern world, almost every country and every person uses coins
and paper money to exchange for other objects of (1) ……………….. The sizes and
shapes of coins are different in various countries, and the size and colour of paper
money also (2) …………….……. In India, for example, some coins have square
(3) ……………….In Japan, some coins have (4)……………..in the centre. In the
United states, all paper money is the same size and the same colour; only the
(5) ………….on the bills is different. Most other countries have various sizes
and colours for different (6) ………………….of paper money. .
Until the twentieth century, most coins were made of (7) …………………
metals such as gold and silver, or they (8) ……………… at least some gold or silver
By the middle of the twentieth century, all coins that were actually being used had
no gold or silver and were made of less (9) ………….. metals, such as copper or
49
aluminum.
Paper money has (10) ……………… metal money for most purposes, and
now paper money is being replaced by paper checks, (11) ……………………credit
cards, and even electronic messages. If this (12) ………………., we may soon find
that we will not use money at all, but only a series of numbers in computers to buy
and sell goods and services.

TEST 15
alike As a result beneficial circulate create
dose extent fortunately harmful include
like prescribe relief sensation

All drugs can affect the body in both helpful and (1)……………….. ways.
For example, a particular drug may produce a stronger heartbeat, (2) ……………….
from pain, or some other desired effect. But that drug, (3) ………………………any other
drug. can also cause undesired effects - especially if the (4) ………………….. is too
large. Such effects might (5) ……………………………. fever, high blood pressure, or
constipation.
Most drugs produce changes throughout the body because the drugs
(6) …………….. through the blood stream . (7) …………..most drugs used to affect
one part of the body also affect other parts. For example, physicians sometimes
(8) ………………. , morphine to relieve pain. Morphine depresses the activities of cells
in the brain and thus reduces the (9) ………………… of pain. But morphine also alters
the function of cells elscwhere in the body. It may decrease the rate of breathing,
produce constipation, and (l0) ………………….. other undesired effects.

TEST 16
available consequently disturbing eliminating even
explains For example in marine poisons
refers scattering too with

Environmental pollution is a term that (1) ………………… to all the ways by

which man pollutes his surroundings. Man dirties the air with gases and smoke,
(2) ………………the water with chemicals and other substances, and damages the
soil with (3) …………… many fertilizeis and pesticides. Man also pollutes his
surroundings (4) …………………. various other ways. (5) ………………., people ruin
natural beaury by (6) ………….. junk and litter on the land and in the water. They
operate machines and motor vehicles that fill the air with (7) ……………..noise.
Environmental pollution is one of the, most serious problems facing
mankind today. Air, water, and: soil,.are necessary to the survival of all living
things. Badly polluted air can cause iltness, and (8) ………………..death. Polluted
water kills fish and other (9) life.'l'ollution of soil reduces the amount
of land that is ( l0) ………………… for growing food. Errvironmental pollution also
brings ugliness to man's natural beautiful world.

50
TEST 17
abruptly : as because benefit discharge
exhaust garbage gradually individuals or
protects provides purify require too

Everyone wants to reduce pollution. But the pollution problem is

(1) …………..….complicated as it is serious. It is complicated (2) ………………….
much pollution is caused by things that benefit people. For example,
(3) ………… from automobiles causes a large percentage of all air pollution. But
the automobiie (4) ………………..transportation for millions of people. Factories
(5) …………….. much of the material that pollutes air and water, but factories give
employment to a large number of people.
Thus, to end (6)………………, greatly reduce pollution immediately, people
would have to stop using many things that (7) …………………. them. Most people do
not want to do that, of course. But pollution can be (8) ………………….. reduced in
several ways. Scientists and engineers can work to find ways to lessen the amount
of pollution that such things as automobiles and factories cause. Governments can
pass and enforce laws that (9) ……………..businesses and (10) ……………..to stop,
or cut down on certain polluting activities.

TEST 18
control deficient devote generation Iead to
necessary plays plentiful produce proper
proposing providing scarce seek solution

Food (1) ……………..an important part in the development of nations. In

countries where food is (2) ………………, people have to spend most of their time
getting enough to eat. This usually slows down progress, because men have little
time to (3) …………… to science, industry, government, and art. In nations where
food is (4)………………and easy to get, men have more time to spend in activities
that (5) ………………. progress, human betterment, and enjoyment of leisure. The
problem of (6) ………………. good food for everybody has not yet been solved.
Many wars have been fought for the (7) ………………of rich food-producirrg lands.
But it is no longer (8) …………….to go to was for food. Nations are beginning to
put scientific knowledge to work for a (9) …………… to their food problems. They
work together in the Food and Agricuilture Organiiation of the United Nations
(FAO) to help hungry nations (10) …………………more food.

TEST 19
barely constantly creater destroyed drop
every factors items natural pests
preserved resulted from result in rise widespread

Famine is a prolonged food shortage that causes (1) ……………… hunger

and death. Throughout history, famine has struck at least one area of the world
51
(2) ……………….few years. Most of the developing nations of Africa, Asia, and
Latin America have (3) ………………. Enough food for their people. Millions in these
countries go hungry. When food production or imports (4) ………………….. for any
reason, famine may strike and trousands of milrions of people may die.
Many famines have more than one cause. For example, the great Bengai
famine of 1943 in Eastern India was ,caused by both (5) …………….. and historical
events. World War II (6) ………………….. a general food shortage and led to the cutoff
of rice imports from Burma, which had been occupied by the Japanese. Then a
cycrone (7) …………………much farmland. Famine struck, and more than l,5 million
persons died.
Nearly all famines (8) …………… crop failures. The chief causes of crop
failure incrude (1) drought (prolonged lack of rain ), (2) too much rainfall and
flooding, and (3) plant disease and (9) ………………… Many other (10) ……………..
may also help create a famine.

TEST 20
according to bring about coverage designed entertainment
established events fun in addition to make
means pictures purposes through throughout

Television is one of man’s most important (1) ……………………. of

communication. It brings (2)…………………..and sounds from around the world into
millions of homes. A person with a television set can sit in his house and watch the
President (3) ……………… a speech or visit a foreign country. He can see a war
being fought and rvatch statesmen try to (4) ………………peace (5) …………..
television, home viewers can see and learn about people, places, and things in
faraway lands. Television even takes its viewers out of this world. It brings them
(6) …………….of American's astronauts as the astronauts explore outer space.
(7) ……………….. all these things, television bring its viewers a steady stream
of programmes that are (8) …………… to entertain. In fact, television provides
many more (9) …………… programmes than any other kind. The progranlmes
include action-packed dramas. light comedies, sporting ( l0) ……………….and
motion pictures.

TEST 2I
affiects beside besides brings about disaster
enables exist included limited nor
side raising rush scattering scene

HOW TRANSPORTATION AFFECTS OUR LIVES

Without transportation, our-modern society could not (1) ……………..We
would have no metals, no coal, and no oil. (2) ………………….would we have any
products made from these materials. (3) ………………., we would have to spend
most of our time (4) …………………food - and the food would be (5) …………. to
the kinds that could grow in the climate and soil of our own neighbourhoods.
52
 Transportation also (6) ………………our lives in other ways. Transportation
can speed a doctor to the (7) …………… of a sick person, even if the patient lives
on an isolated farm. It can take police to the (8) …………….. of a crime with in
moments of being noticed. Transportation (9) ……………….teams of athletes to
compete in national and international sports contests. In times of ( l0) …………….
transportation can rush aid to persons in areas stricken by floods, famines, and
earthquakes.

TEST 22
as a result curious earliest in addition invented
took like occupalion poltery purchased
raise record remains set up term

The first human beings probabty lived about 2.5 millions years ago But
man did not begin to (1) ………………. history until he had invented writing only
about 5,000 year ago. The period before man began to write is called prehistory.
and the (2) ……………… prehistoric man refers to peopf e who lived during that
period.
Prehistoric man (3) ………………the first steps in building civilization. The
(4) ……………......people were all hunters. In time many hunters leamed to plant
crops and (5) …………………. animals for food, and they became farmers. Prehistoric
man(6) …………… simple tools, and he discovered how to make fire. He painted
the first pictures and shaped the first (7) ………………. And he built and governed
the first cities.
Because early man kept no written records, scientists search for bones,
tools, and other prehistoric (8)……………...They study these objects to learn what
early man looked (9) ………………. , how he lived, and how he developed into
modern man. Most of the tools that have been found and studied are made of stone.
(10)……………………, the entire period during which early man lived has been called
the Stone Age.

TEST 23
behind called carry even explained
fill heaps lift painful presses
spreads swarms when where which

The mosquito is an insect that (1) …………..some of the worst diseases

of man and animals. Certain kinds of mosquitoes (2) ………………..the germs that
cause such serious diseases as encephalitis, malaria and yellow fever. When a
mosquito “bites”, it may leave germs (3) ………………. Many kinds of mosquitoes
do not spread diseases, but they have (4) …………….. "bites''.
Mosquitoes are found in all parts of the world, (5) …………….. near the
North Pole Most kinds of mosquitoes that cause diseases live in the hot, damp
lands near the equator. In some countries mosquitoes often gather in great
(6) …………… that look like clouds. They attack men, interfering with such work
53
as fishing, lumbering, and mining.
Man controls mosquitoes in many ways. Scientists have developed
chemicals (7) …………….. insecticides, which kill mosquitoes and other insects.
Small amounts of these chemicals kill mosquitoes (8) ………………..sprayed in
homes, garages, and other buirdings. Man also controls mosquitoes by destroying
the places in (9) ………………they grow. Mosquitoes lay their eggs in marshes,
swamps, and other pools of quiet water. Engineers may build canals through
marshes to drain off the water, and often(10) ……………… small pools and swamps
with soil.

TEST 24

After at convinced despite difficulty

distracted dozes during falls from
lose nods of perform problem

People who are deprived (1) …………….. sleep lose energy and becoming
quick-tempered . (2) ………………….…. two days without sleep, a person finds that
lengthy concentration becomes difficult. He can force himself to (3) ………………..
tasks well for short periods, but he is easily (4) ………………….. . He makes many
mistakes, especially at routine tdsks, and his attention slips (5) ……………….. times
Every 'sleeptess' persort experiences periods in which he (6) ……………….off for a
few seconds or more. He (7) ………………..completely asleep unless he is kept active
continuously.
Persons who go without sleep for more than three days have great
(8) …………………thinking, seeing, and hearing clearly. They have periods of
hallucinations, (9) ……………….which they see things that do not really exist. They
also confuse daydreams with real life and ( l0) ……………….track of their thoughts
in the middle of a sentence.

TEST 25

accurately approaching departing despite far

fortunately guide instead of Iikely long-range
owing to possible protect search vessels

Radar is an electronic device that can'see'great distances (1) ………………

fog, rain, snow, and darkness. It can find and (2) ………………………locate missiles,
aircraft, ships, cities, rainstorms, and mountains. Radar uses radio waves
(3) ………………light waves, which the human eye uses in seeing. This makes it
(4) ……………… for radar to locate many kinds of objects at (5)……………… greater
distances than the eye can see.
Radar became an important military device during World War II. Today,
networks of radar lookout stations guard the United States and Canada 24 hours a
day against (6) …………………….missiles and airplanes. Patrol planes and. ships
54
(7) ………………..the oceans with radar for hostile ships and aircraft. Airports use
radar to (8) ……………… planes safely to earth in fog or storms. Ships use it to steer
clear of other (9) ……………… or icebergs. Radar helps weathermen warn of
( l0) …………………..hurricanes and tornadoes.
TEST 26
it called he if recognized
to then whether which in
than started was these an

BIRTH OF THE COMPUTER

Most people think of computers as very modern inventions, products of our
new technorogical age. But actualty the idea for a computer (1) ……………………..
worked out over 2 centuries ago, by a man (2) ……………………, Charles Babbage.
Babbage was born (3) ………… 1791 and grew up to be a brilliant
marhematician. He drew up plans for several calculating machines (4) …………….
he called "engines". But despite the fact that he (5) …………………. building some of
these he never finished any of them. Over the years people have argued
(6) ……………..his machines would ever work. Recently, however, the Science
Museum in London has finished building (7) ………………….. engine based on one of
Babbage’s designs. (8) ………………….has taken six years to complete and more
(9) ……………….. four thousand parts have been specially made. Whether it works or
not, the machine will be on show at a special exhibition in the Science Museum
(10) ………………. remind of Babbage's work.

TEST 27
raised risen they tells thrown
but says without with than
came travelled put when such

HOLIDAYS THAT DON'T COST THE EARTH

The tourist indusrry is considered to be the largest industry. Before 1950 one
milion peopre (1) …………..…….aboard each year (2) ………………by the 1990s the
figure had (3) ………………to 400 million every year.
(4) ……………. large numbers of tourists, however, are beginning to cause
problems. For example, on the Alps the skiers are destroying the mountains
(5) ………………. came to enjoy. Even parts of Mount Everest in the Himalayas are
reported to be covered (6)…………………. old tins, tents, and foods that have been
(7) ……………. away.
But at a time when we have greater freedom to travel (8) ………………ever
before, more and more people are asking how they can enjoy their holidays
(9) ……………….. causing probiems by spoiling the countryside.

Now there ls a new holiday guide called "Holidays That Don't Cost The
Earth". It (10) ………………….you how you can help the tourist industry by asking
your travel agent the right questions before you go on holiday.
55
TEST 28

thoughts impediment confidence freedom proof

distance Ianguages benefits opposition change
attainment interchange tone humanity tongue

The greatest (1) …………. to free intercourse between nations is neither

(2) …………….., nor the difference of mental habits, nor the (3) ……………. of national
interests; it is simply the imperfect manner in which languages are usually
acquired, and the lazy contentment of, mankind with a low degree of (4) ……………….
in a foreign tongue, when a much higher degree of attainment would.be necessary
to any efficient (5) …………….. of ideas. It seems probable that much of the future
happiness of (6) ………………… will depend upon a determination to learn foreign
languages more thoroughly.
Foreigners do not open their minds to one who blunders about their
meanings, their (7) …………….is only to be won by a demonstration of something
like equality in intelligence, and nobody can give (8) ……….. of this unless he has
the means of making his (9) ………………itself, a somewhat bold and authoritative
(10) …………………….

TEST 29
plenty compared need wish smaller
directly without "barter" for whether

Money is something we take for granted in our lives. Some of us

(1) ……………………..we had more of it, but we all recognize it when we see it,
(2) ………………….in the form of coins, notes, or cheques. It is difficult to imagine
how people manage (3) …………….. money. In the earliest periods of human
history, people used to exchange goods (4) …………... They would exchange
things they had (5) ……………of for things they were in (6) ……………..of. For
example, they might offer food (7) …………….. tools. This method of exchange,
which is known as (8) ………….. , has many disadvantages. Certain goods may be
difficult to carry; they may not last long, or may be impossible to divide into
(9) ………………units. It can also be very difficult to know the worth of something
(10)……………….with other goods.
TEST 30
badly beter books computers happen
museums nearby office schools stop.
students studying talks teachers worse

WILL TECHNOLOGY REPLACE SCHOOLS ?

Some people believe that soon schools will no longer be necessary. These
people say that because of the Internet and other new technology, there is no longer
any need for school buildings, formal classes, or (1) ……………… Perhaps this will
56
be true one day, but it is hard for me to imagine a world without (2)………………….
In fact, we need to look at how we can use new technology to make schools
(3) …………………, not to eliminate them.
We should invent a new kind of school that is linked to libraries,
(4) ……………., science centres, laborutories, and even companies. Experts could
give (5) ………………… on video or over the Internet. TV networks and local stations
courd develop programming about things students are actually (6) ………………… in
school.
Is this just a dream ? No. Already there are several towns where this is
beginning to (7) ……………….. Blacksburg, Virginia is one of them. Here the entire
city is linked to the Internet, and learning can take place at home, at school and in
the (8) ……………….. Businesses provide programmes for the schools and the
community. The schools provide computer labs for people without their own
(9). ………………..at home. Because everyone can use the Internet, older people
participate as much as younger ones, and everyone can visit distant libraries and
museums as easily as (10) …………….. ones.

TEST 31
of tooth down food found
to decay teeth sugar toothache
out increased destroyed looked salt

Many people nowadays have to wear false teeth when they are middle-aged.
Since the beginning of this century, (1) …………………….decay has greatly
Increased. The amount (2) ……………..sugar in our food has also (3) ……….
Doctors and dentists now know that (4) ……………… is the chief cause of tooth
decay. Eskimo’s teeth, for example, started to (5) ……………when they began to
eat sweeter (6) …………… Long ago doctors did not like (7) ………………..treat
people’s teeth. Barbers and blacksmiths (8) ……………. after people's teeth and
pulled them (9) ……………….. when they decayed. Some people thought
(10) …………….. was a punishment from the gods.
TEST 32
objection recommendations suggestion joking surprised
doing changes connection apology usually
threat laughing

We all welcomed the teacher's suggestion that we should do something

else after the last exercise.(1) ……………..the teacher gives us very good advice
and we have faith in all her (2) ……………… . So we were rather (3) …………….
when she asked us to make small (4) …………….. in the form of words like suggest,
advise, and so on. In fact, one of the students seemed to have a very strong
(5) …………………. to the idea because there was such a clear (6) .. ………..between
these words and the words we had just studied. “I’ll jump out of the window if we
go on (7) …………….this,” he said. The teacher smiled because she knew the
student was only (8) ……………., and then asked: “Are you making a promise or is
57
that a (9) …………….. ?” There was a great deal of laughter as we listened to the
student's ( I 0) ………………………..

TEST 33
translated believed spoken decided stored
recognised discovered estimated tended invented
televised called increased speak attached

THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

English has for more than a century and a half been (1) ……………….. a
world language. The number of people who (2) …………………… it as their mother
tongue has been (3) …………………. at between three hundred million and four
hundred million. It is (4) ……………….. as an official language in countries where
l.5 billion people live. In China, the importance(5) …………………….to learning
English is such that a (6) …………. teaching course drew audiences of up to
100 million. But this spread of English throughout the world is relatively recent. In
the late sixteenth century English was (7) …………….by just under five million
people. The arrival of English in North America was the key step in its world-wide
expansion. The United States is a huge commercial market and this has
(8) …………….. to promote the English language in many other nations. About
eighty per cent oc the data (9) ………………….. on the world's computers is
(10) …………………to be in English and nowadays insufficient knowledge of
English can be a problem in business.

TEST 34
agriculture almost beneath available contain
consist too so next to cover
mostly irrigation Iocked evaporation most

The earth has a tremendous amount of water, but (1) …………….……all of it is

in the oceans. The oceans (2) …………………about 70% of the earth's surface. They
(3) ……………… about 97% of all the water on earth, and are the source of
(4) ……………….. precipitation that falls on earth. Ocean water is (5) …………………
salty to be used for drinking, (6) …………………, or industry. But the salt is left behind
duripg (7) …………………., and the precipitation that falls to earth is usually water.
Only about 3% of the water on earth is fresh water and most of it is not
easily (8)………………. to man. It includes water (9) ……………….. in glaciers and
icecaps, more than 2% of the earth's water. About haft of 1% of the earth's water is
(10) ……………..the earth’s surface. Rivers and lakes contain only about one-fifth
of 1% of the earth's water.

TEST 35
affected almost output by which
therefore that any other obtains used
58
supplies during however in addition most

Agriculture is the world's most important industry. lt provides us with

(1) ……………… all our food. It also (2) …………..….. materials for two other basic
Human needs - clothing and shelter. (3) ……………….agriculture provides materials
(4) …………….in making many industrial products, such as paints and medicines.
About half the world’s workers are employed in agriculture - far more than in
(5) ………………. Industry.
Agriculture is one of the world's oldest industries. It began about 10,000
years ago in the Middle East, (6) ……………………that time, certain Middle Eastern
tribes had discovered how to grow plants from seeds and how to raise anirnals in
captivity. Having mastered these skills, they could begin to practise agriculture.
Before the development of agriculture, people got all their fodd by
gathering wild plants, hunting, and fishing. They had to search for food
continually, (7) ……………. left them little time for other activities. But as
agriculture developed and farm (8) ……………….. increased, fewer people were
needed to produce food. The non-farmers could then develop the arts, crafts,
trades, and other activities of civilized life. Agriculture (9) ……………………. not only
greatry (10). …………………..the food suppry but also made civilization possible.

B. CLOZE
TEST I
lt has been said that the British and Americans are 'two peoples
(l) ……………….by a common language'. However, the (2) …………….between
British and American English are comparatively small. Although some British
people occasionally complain about the latest American TV series of which they
are (3) …………….. to understand a word, it is clear that few people have serious
(4) …………… In fact, it is television, films, and pop music that have helped to
(5) …………….them closer together, and those minor difficulties (6) …………….
might occur in comprehension are probably much fewer than 40 or 50 years
(7)…………... Normally four or five American programmes are found in an
evening on British television, and 6 or 7 of the American 20 best records are played
(8) ……………… British artists. It is true that most Americans would say:
'Pardon me! Do you have .. ……………….?'
while in Britain it would be more (9) ………………….. to say:
‘Excuse me ! Have you got ………………..?’
However, both forms would be (10) ………………………..in both countrtes.

TEST 2
During the teenage years, many young people can at ( 1 ) ……….……… be
difficult to tall to. They often seem to dislike (2) ……………………..questioned. They may
seem unwilling to talk about their work at school. This is a normal development at
this (3) ……………… Though it can be very hard for parents to (4) ………………., it is
part of becoming independent of teenagers trying to be adult while they are
(5)…………… growing up. Young people are usually unwilling to talk if they
59
believe that questions are trying to check up on them.
Parents should do their (6) ………………… to talk to their son and daughter
(7) …………………. school, work and future plans but should not push them to talk if
they don’t (8) ………………….to. Parents should also watch for danger signs. Some
young peopte in trying to be (9) ………………. may experience with sex, drugs,
alcohol or smoking. Parents need to watch for any signs of unusual behaviour
which may be connected (10) …………………….these and help if necessary.
TEST 3
We send our children (1) …………………….. school to prepare them
(2) ……………..…..the time when they wiIl be big and will have to work for
(3). ……………….. They learn their own (4) ………………so that they will be able to
tell others what they want and what they know and understand what others tell
them. They learn foreign languages (5) …………………..order to be able to benefit
(6) ………………what people in other countries have written and said, and in order to
make people from other countries (7) …………………… what they themselves mean.
Nearry everything they study (8) ………………school has some practical use in their
Iife. We go to schoot (9) ……………….all to learn how to learn, so that when we have
left school, we can (10) ……………….. to learn.

TEST 4
My home is (1) …………………… the air - I do an enormous amount of
travelling. It is a fast life and full (2) ……………….work, but I like it and that is the
only way for me. Everything is tiring – music, travelling - but what can I do ? I am
not (3) ………………. to complaining. lt is hard to imagine now that I will ever be
very long in one place. My home town is in the Caspian Sea. (4) ………….. is sea,
wind, sun and too many tourists and hotels. I (5) …………… my own flat with four
or five rooms, but I am seldom there. If I am there for a day (6) ……………. Two, I
prefer to (7) ……………………. with my mother and grandmother. They live in a small
house, (8) …………………… it is very comfortable and my mother cooks for me. I like
good, simple food.
I have no wife, o brothers or sisters, and my father died when I was ten.
He was an engineer and I don't (9) ………………….. him very well. He liked music very
much and wanted (10) …………………… to become a musician.

TEST 5
Usually the decision to marry is based on a mutual (1) …………… between
the man and the woman. Parents may or may not be asked to (2)……………….their
permission. The marriage (3) …………….….. may be a simple visit to city Hall, where
marriage vows are exchanged and papers are signed, or it may be an elaborate
celebration. There are numerous (4) ………………… to the traditional wedding
ceremony. Couples who do not with to get divorced may decide by mutual
agreement to be separated, in this case (5) ……………... are still legally married.
Couples who have (6) ……………………. for divorced are separated until the
(7) …………………….. is finalrzed.
Divorces can be obtained easily in most Australian states. Either husbands
60
or wives can apply for divorce. Bases for divorcetcan (8)……………… as diverse as
mutuat agreement. There is usually a minimal waiting time for remarriage. Child
(9) …………… Payments, alimony, and the division of property (10) ……………….
usualy arranged by the courts on by mutual agreement between the husband and
wife.

TEST 6
Helicopters have one distinct difference (l) …………all other vehicles, it
is (2) ……….. they can fly vertically. Helicopters can fly (3)…………… jungles
and forests, hills and mourrltuins, and they can take off or (4) ………… almost
everywhere. Because of this, they have been especially (5) …………. to explorers'
In the jungtes of South .Ameriqa, heliqopters have helped explorers in
looking (6) …………… new places to drill oil wells. They are used to bring in very
heavy drilling equipment and anything that may be (7) ……………….
Big helicopters can lift loads up to ten tons. They can go anywhere and
hover over a chosen spot. This (8) ……………….helicopters excellent flying cranes
Helicopters have rescued (9) ………………from the seas and mountains. As they get
more efficient, they will be found to be more and (10) …………….useful.

TEST 7
Our century has seen great changes in the life and.(1) ………….conditions of
people.
Less than a hundred years ago, many of the things we do now seemed
(2)…………. No-one could imagine that people (3)………………… fly, or that we
could (4)…………….. to music thousands of miles away. Today, radio and television
serve many purposes besides preasure. They help us find fish in the sea and land
airplanes in bad (5) …………………. or at night.
They control the work of large numbers (6) ……………. machines in industry.
Never before in history have (7) ………………….been such rapid changes in our way of
life as at the present moment. Scientists have been using what is called ‘a scientific
method’ to make new discoveries. Among the most important scientific discoveries
are new medicines. Many illnesses that people died (8) ………… 50 years ago are
no (9) ……………….dangerous.
The study of science helps us widen our outlook and opens a whole new
world for us.
The progress of science is leading to a better and better (10) ………………..for man.
TEST 8
Science has told us so much (1) ………………. the moon that it is fairly easy
to imagine what it would be like to go (2) ………………… It is certainly not a friendly
prace. As there is no air or (3) ………………. , there can be no (4) ……………..of any
kind. There is no variety of scenery (5) ………………. For mile after mile there are
onry flat plains of dust with mountains around them . Above, the sun and stars
(6) ……………..….in a black sky. If you step out of the mountain shadows, it will
mean movlng from severe cold into great heat. These extreme (7) …………………….
continually break rocks away from the surface of the mountains. The moon is also a
61
very silent world for sound waves can only travel (8) ……………….air. But beyond
the broken horizon, you see a friendly sight, our earth is shining more brightly
(9) ………………. the stars. From this distance, it looks (10) …………… an immense
ball, coloured blue and green and brown.

TEST 9
Agricurture is the world’s most important industry. It provides us with
(1) ………………all our food. It also suppries materiars for two other basic human
Needs-clothing and shelter. In (2) ………………, agriculture provides materials
(3) …………… in making many industrial products such as paints and medicines.
About half the worldls workers are emptoyea in agriculture - far more than in any
(4) ……………industry .
Agriculture is one of the world's oldest industries. It began about l0,000
years ago in the Middre East. (5) …………………..that time, certain Middle Eastern
tribes had discovered how to grow plants from seeds and how to raise
(6) …………………in captivity. Having mastered these skills, they courd begin to
practise agriculture.
Before the development of agricurture, people got all their food by
gathering wild prants, hunting, and fishing. They had to search for food continually,
(7) ……………… left them little time for other activities. But as agriculture developed
and farrn output increased, fewer people were (8) ………………. to produce food. The
non-farmers could then develop the arts, crafts, trades, and other activities of
civized life. Agriculture (9) …………….. not only greatly affected food supply but
also (10) ………………… civilization possible.

TEST 1O
The country is more beautiful than a town and pleasant to live in. Many
People think so, and go to the country (1) …………..the summer holidays though
they cannot live (2) …………. all the year round. Some have a cottage built in a
village (3) ……………….. that they can go there whenever they can find the time.
English villagers are not all alike, but (4) …………… some ways they are
not very different from each other. Almost every village has a church, the round or
square tower of (5) ……………… can be seen for many miles around. Surrounding
the church is the churchyard, (6) ……………… people are buried.
The village green is a wide stretch of grass, and houses or cottages are
(7) ………………round it. Country life is now fairly comfortable and many villages
(8) ……………….water brought through pipes into each (9) ……………
Most villages are so close to some small towns that people can go there to
buy (10) ………………….. they can't find in the village shops.

TEST 11
Laura Ashrey was a woman (1) ……………… simple tastes and strong moral
beliefs. She was born in Wales and one of her largest factories producing clothes
(2) ……………… situated in the countryside there. Her employees were encouraged to
have healthy lives, enjoy the fresh air and good diet. Many of the Ashley's family
62
were involved (3) …………….. the business, but in 1985 (4) …………….was decided
that the public (5) …………….. be given the opportunity to invest money in the
company. Obviously this was (6) ………………. major development and a clear sign of
commerciar success. But the woman (7) ……………….ideas had been the basis of the
company’s development did not live to see it. She (8) ………………….down in stairs
(9)…………………….. staying at a friend's house and died in hospital a few days
(10) …………………. She was only sixty-one.

TEST 12
Isambard Kingdom Brunel was a famous nineteenth-century engineer. He
(1) …………………. born in 1806 in Portsmouth, a seaport in the South of England. In
1823, after studying (2) …………………..two years in Paris, he started (3) …………… for
his father, (4) ………………… was an engineer and inventor. He had been born near
Rouen in France but in 1792 had left France for the USA and had later settled in
England. Both father and son were responsible for the design (5) …………………….
construction of the first tunnel under the River Thames. The digging of this tunnel
was (6) ………………… in 1825 and completed twenty years later. Today, it
(7) ………………..part of the London Undergiound system. Isambard Kingdom Brurnel
went (8) ………………. . to design the Great Britain (1845), (9) ……………..was the first
large ship to be built (10) ……………………. iron instead of wood.
TEST 13
My friend Jonathan; who lives (1) ……………….the road, develops and prints
films. (2) ………….. to Jonathan, most of us take awful pictures. Usually, we fail to
aim (3) ……………..the subject so that the subject is not even in the picture.
Sometimes the subject is too far (4) …………., sometimes too near. Some photos
are spoilt because the sun is in (5) ……………….of us, when of course, it should
arways be (6) …………….. us. Some of us take blank pictures (7) …………. we take
the lens cover off (8) ………………….we have taken our shots. We take most of our
pictures when we are on holidays and like to catch our friends when they are
fooling (9) ………………… It is a pity we don't practise using our cameras
(10) ……………….. we go on holiday.

TEST 14
In addition to reducing poltution, public transport (1) ……………valuable city
space. Buses and trains carry more people in each (2) …………………. and, if they
operate on their own rights of way, they can safely rur (3) ……………….. much higher
speeds. In other (4) …………….., they not only take (5) ………………. space but also
occupy it for a (6) ……………. Time.
Public transport also plays an important (7) ……………… in areas of the Third
World . In many cities in Asia and Africa, buses make 50 to 80 percent
(8) …………….. all motorized trips. Buses are sometimes hopelessly overcrowded. It
is not uncommon to see several riders clinging to the outside. Yet most Third World
cities have (9) ……………. public transport use per person than (10) ……………… in
Western Europe.

63
TEST 15
My grandfather was born in China. He came from a very poor
(1) …………….. His parents rived (2) …………. a small farm. He didn't have a very
good education. At the age of 17 he (3) ……………. Home. First he went to Shanghai
and (4) ………………..he went to HongKong. He (5) ………….as a waiter and then as
a cook. when he was 21, he (6) ………………my grandmother and had four children.
My mother was (7) …………………oldest.
My grandmother died recentry, and my grandfather lives alone now. He is
almost 80, (8) ………………………he is still very active and interested in everything
(9) …………….. is going on. He reads the paiers and watches television even though
his ( 10) ……………………… is fairly poor.

TEST 16
How are things with you ? Since I saw you last, I've been ill. By the
(1) …………. I arrived home after seeing you on Monday, I had an a'nrful headache.
I thought that perhaps my eyes were tired (2) …………..I've been working so
hard so I took some aspirins and went to bed. However, when I woke up the next
morning the headache was (3) ……………………. than ever and my throat was
(4) ………………… I tried to get up but my arms and my legs were stiff.
I saw the doctor and she (5) ……………me I had a temperature. She said I
probably had flu. She advised me to take some medicine and (6) ………………in bed.
The medicine tasted horrible and it didn't make me feel any (7)……………. . I felt sick
and I didn't want to eat anything at all (8) …………… I was very hungry. I have almost
(9) ………………now and I'm going to start work again tomorrow, I still have a sliqht
cold and a cough but my chest doesn't hurt when I breathe.
Can we meet on Sunday ? I'm looking forward to (10) ……………you.

TEST 17
People who are nearsighted can only (1) ………… things that are very close to
their eyes. Everything else seems (2) …………...Many people who do a lot of
(3) …………. work, such as writing, reading and sewing are nearsighted. Then they
have to (4) ……………..glasses in order to see objects clearly.
People who are farsighted suffer from just the (5) ………………….. problem.
They can see things that are far away, but they have difficulties in (6)……………… a
book unless they (7)………………it at arm's length. If they want to do much reading,
they must get (8) ……………. too. Other people do not see (9) ……….. because their
eyes are not exactly the (10) …………….. size.

TEST 18
Computers are helpful in many ways. First, they are fast. They can work with
information (1) ………….. more quickly than a person. (2) ………….., computers can
work with r lot of information, at (3) ………………… same time. Third, they can keep
information (4) ……………a long time. They do not forget things the common people
do. Also, computers are (5) ……………………. always correct. They are not perfect,
(6) …………………. course, but they usually do not make mistakes.
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 These days, it is important to know about computers. There are a number of
(7) ……………to leant. Some companies have classes (8) ………….. work. Also, most
universities offer day and night courses in computer science. Another way to
(9) …………….. is from a book, or from a friend. After a (10) ………….. hours of
practice, you can work with computers. You may not be an expert, but you can
have fun.

TEST 19
Vegetarian food (1) …..………a system of eating is gaining popularity all the
time. There is no denying the fact (2) ……………. such food can do only good for all
people. Doctors insist (3) …………….aging people eating this food at least several
days a week. Some even say “We are what we eat” .And people (4) …………...aim at
keeping their hearth up to the mark should pay (5) ………………….to what they eat.
In many countries there, are restauranls which invarilbly keep (6) ……………
only vegetarian food. The personner of these restaurants persists in providing
different kinds of meatless (7) ……………. They succeed in having a lot of elderly
(8) ………………… They say that people can eat delicious, nutritious, economical meals.
(9) ……………….. using too much (10) …………….the world's resources.

TEST 20
Where do you start if you want to write a successful story? Clearly, what
you need first of (1) ………………..is an idea which you can develop into a strong plot.
But (2) …………………… do ideas like this come from ? The (3) ……… is 'anywhere
and every where” . They may come from something that has (4) …………… to you or
to (5) …………………. else, frol a newspaper, an inteiesting picture, or even a song. It
is a good idea to keep a notebook nearby (6) …………….. that you can write down the
details or any odd incidents (7) ………………..catch your imagination. Make a note of
ideas (8) ………………..titles too, and any special phrases or descriptions that you think
of. A small tape recorder can (9) ………………. useful for this purpose. Some writers
even keep (l0)……………………..by their bed in case they wake up wilI the ‘idea of the
century'.

TEST 21
He was born in a very poor part of London. His father (1) ………………… a
comedian and his mother workld (2) ………………a dancer and singer. (3) ……………
of them was very successfur, however, and the family had very (4) …………………….
money, at one time they were (5) …………… poor that he and his brothers had only
one pair of shoes (6) ………….. them and they had to take turns wearing them. The
first time he himself earned any money (7) ………….…..dancing and singing, he was
only five years old. He did many kinds of jobs, but what he loved (8) ……………..was
working in the theatre. (9) ……………..he was about 15 he joined a travelling theatre
company and went on trips to America. on (10) ………..such tour he was offered a
part in a film, so he went to Hollywood where he eventually became both an actor
and a film director.

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TEST 22
Books are written to provide knowledge and good books enrich the mind. By
putting (1) …………… under the influence of superior mind, we (2) ……………. our
mental powers . Through good (3) …………..we learn that people everywhere are
the (4)……………..,in all ages and in all (5) ………….This knowledge improves our
love (6)…………….others and helps us to live in peace with them. We also
(7) ……………..that the world was made not only for man (8) ……………… but for
Every creature that can feel hunger and thirst, warmth and cold.
Though it may be possible for us to travel (9) …………… the world and see
the things happening today, it is not possible for us to see the things that happened
in the past. But good books (10) ………….us to see not only into the most remote
regions of the world today but also the world in which our ancestors lived.

TEST 23
It was a cold night. The train (1) ……………….. through some very lonely
countryside. There was no sign of human life and the station at Brest seemed like
an oasis. The passengers (2) …………….. advised to get (3) …………….. the train
because they were going to be there (4) …………….……a long time. The customs
officers had to (5)……………their duty, searching the entire train looking mainly
for illegal literature. They (6) ………………. quite a lot, including some interesting
magazines to take home to their families (7) ………….this was happening, the train
moved away from the platform to get its wheels changed. It was lifted up and
swung over onto a wider set of wheels, but the passengers in the station did not
know (8) ………….. this. To them, it was a long unnecessary wait, made worse by
the fact that their, luggage disappeared with the train for at (9) ………… an hour. If
they had (10) …………. given a better explanation of what was going on, they
would have been in a better mood.

TEST 24
One thing about London which every visitor from abroad admires is the large
number of parks. These “lungs” of London, as they have been called, are
(1)………….. green islands of peace and quiet in the middle of the noisy sea. They
(2) ……………an important part in helping to form the city's character.
The best-known parks are, of course, the central (3………….where one can
get the impression of being deep in the country (4) ……………….. the central parks of
London are necessarily the most f opular. Every district of London has (5) ………………
parks, great or small. Here, in fine weather, carl be seen hundreds of lucky people
who have escaped for a while (6) ……………… the noise and bustle of the city; some
sitting on chairs, some lying full length (7) …………….. the ground, some strolling
aimressry around. Almost every kind of tree and plant (8) …………… carefully tended
in large green houses or in the open (9) ………………….
Even for a Londoner it is diffrcult to know and enjoy all London's parks. The
visitor to the (10) …………….. may be confident that wherever he is, he is not far away
from a park which waits to offer him the same pleasures and relaxations that it does
to Londoners.
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TEST 25
We have seen photographs of the whole earth taken from great distances in
outer (1) ……………….This is the first time, the (2) ……………. first time, in man's long
(3) ……………… that such pictures have been possible. (4) ……..….. many years most
people have believed that the earth is ball-siraped. A few thought it was round and
(5) …………………,like a coin. Now we know, beyond (6) …………., that those few were
(7) …………….. The photographs show a ball-shaped (8) …………. , bright and
beautiful.
In colour photographs of the earth, the sky is as black as coal. The sea looks much
bluer than it usually does to us. All our grey (9) ……………. are a perfect white in colour
because, of course, the sun is forever (10) …………….. on them. we are fortunate to live
on the beautiful earth.

TEST 26
About two hundred years ago man lived (1) ……………….. greater harmony
with his environrnent (2) ……………….industry was not much developed. Today the
situation is quite (3) ……………….. People all over the world are worried about
(4) …………… is happening to the environment because of modern industry and the
need for more and more energy. Newspapers and magazines (5) ………………. about
water and pollution. Why is (6) ……………… . so much discussion about pollution ?
After (7) …………., peopre have been polluting the world around them for
thousand, of years. But in the (8) ………….....there were not (9) …………… people
and lots of room in the world, so they could (10) ………………to another place when
their settlements became dirty.

TEST 27
According to the writer, the modern father looks after his children and helps
in the house, even (1) ……………..his wife does not go out to work. The division
(2) ……………the roles of the mother and the father is no (3) ……………..very
Clear,and dad does (4) …………….share of child care: he can change the baby,
dress the children or make the dinner. This new image of the father is, of
(5) ………………….completely (6) …………………….from the still traditional dad
(7) ……………….represents authority, is the head of the household (8) ……………
makes all the “important” decisions. His wife is (9) ……………….. for the domestic
side of family life while he (10) ………………..the one who advises or punishes as
necessary.

TEST 28
Someone once said that (1) …………. your first baby is a bit like buying a
wonderful new computer and then finding that there is no instruction rnanual.
Certainly (2) …………..up children is not an easy task. A young child can ruin
your (3) ………………….life, and can strain your relationship with your
(4) ……………….., if you don't (5) ……………. eye to eye about the child's diet,
Behaviour or bedtime. Later on, the first child is always (6) …………..of its little
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brother or sister, and their constant fighing can reduce even the most easy-going
parent to a nervous wreck. Above all, chitdren are a source of constant worry. Will
he (7) ………….. knocked off his bike on his way to school? Will they wreck the
house while l’m out ? What if I don't (8) ………….. to her latest boyfriend ? Many
parents can’t wait to see the (9) …………… of their children when they leave home
- but then find they're dreadfully (10) …………….. without them.

TEST 29
People have always dreamed of living forever, and although we all know
this will (1) ……………happen, we still want to live as long as possible. Naturally,
there are advantages and disadvantages to a long (2) ………………………
In the first place, people (3) ………………live longer can spend more time
with their family and friends. Secondly, people who have busy working lives look
forward to a long, relaxing (4) …………... when they can do the things they have
never had time for.
On the other hand, there are some serious disadvantages. Firstly, many
people become ill and consequently have to (5) ………………time in hospital or
become (6).................. on their children and friends. Many of (7) ……………. find
this dependency annoying or embarrassing. In addition to this, the (8) ………………
people get, the fewer friends they seem to have because old friends die or become
ill and it's often (9) ………………… to make new friends.
To sum up, it seems that living to a very old age is worthwhile for people
who stay healthy (10) …………………. To remain independent and enjoy life.

TEST 30
John Lennon was born in Liverpool in 1940- He was (1) ………………..on
music and played in pop groups (2) …………….school and Art college. John got
married (3) ……………….. Cynthia in 1962 and they had a son, (4) …………… name
was Julian. At that (5) ………………., John was member of a group (6) ………………
“The Beatles". Many beautiful songs (7) ………………..written by John and wherever
the group went, crowds of fans gathered to see them. They (8) ………………… scream
and faint when "The Beatles" played, and lots of people (9) …………………… their hair
cut in a Beatles styles. Soon everyone lrad heard of "The Beatles" and John was
(10) ……………………. richer than he had ever been.

TEST 3I
INTELLIGENCE
Are some people born clever and others born (1) …………………..? Or is
intelligence developed by out environment and our experience? Strangely enough,
the answer to both these (2) ……………… is "Yes". To some extent, our intelligence
is given at birth, and no amount of special education can make a genius out of a
(3) ……………………..born with low intelligence. On the other hand, a child
(4) …………….. lives in a boring surrounding will develop his intelligence less than
the one who lives in rich and varied surrounding. Thus the limits of a person's
intelligence are fixed at birth but (5) ………………….. or not he reaches those limits will
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(6) ………………..on his environment. This view, now held by most experts, can be
supported in a number of ways. It is easy to show that intelligence is something we
are born with (7) …………………we take two unrelated people at random from the
population. It is likely that (8) ………………………. degrees of intelligence will be
completely different. If, on the other hand, we take children - identical twins, they
will very likely be (9) ……………………intelligent as other. This clearly suggests that
intelligence depends on (10) ………………………….

TEST 32
Tonight I’m going to stay in and watch television. There is a film on that I
want to see. It is (1) ………………a poriceman trying to find the man who killed his
brother. I saw it last year (2) …………………the cinema. It was on late at night and I
fell asleep (3) ………….. the end so I can't remember (4) ………………happened.
I don't (5) ……………. watch much TV. There are too (6) ……………….
stupid quiz shows and boiing programmes about politics. I sometimes watch the
news (7) ……………….I don't enjoy it. There is never (8) ……………. good news -
just wars and disasters. I don't think that there are (9) ……………….. comedy
programmes. They should put on more. They cheer me (10) …………….and make
me laugh. And, of course, I'd like to see more exciting movies !

TEST 33
The country and the city have (1) …………….and disadvantages. People in
the country live in more beautiful (2) ……………..They enjoy peace and quiet, and
can do their work at their own pace because no one is in a (3) ………………. They
live in larger, more comfortable houses, and their (4) ……………..are more friendly,
and ready to help them when they need it. Their life can be (5) …………… and they
can be isolated, a long way from the nearest town, which is a serious problem if
they are ill or (6) …………….. to take children to school.
The city has ail the services the country lacks, but it also tras a lot of
(7) ……………. Cities are often ugly and (8) ……………..; they not only have bad
air but are also noisy. Everyone is always in a (9) …………….and this means that
people have no time to get to know each other and make (10) ………………….

TEST 34
Rabindranath Tagore lived in lndia many years (1) ……………. . He was a
famous Indian. He wrote many poems, stories and songs. He wrote (2) ………………
in his language, Bangali, and in English. Today we find his language in other
languages too. People still like to read his books because his books are good.
Tagore was (3) ……………….in 1861 in Calcutta in India. His parents were rich.
When he (4) ……………still very young, he was arready interested in reading,
writing and in music. He wrote his first book of poems when he was only 17
(5) …………….old. He also liked to watch things around him: the trees, the birds,
the flowers, the grass and so on. All these things were beautiful for him. When he
69
was old (6) ……………. to go to school, his father sent him to a school in his
(7) …………….town. But he did not like his school. He did not like his lessons. He
did not like his teachers' way of teaciring. So after some time he (8) ……………. his
school. His father found him a teacher. He then learned at home. A few years
(9) ……………..., his father sent him to England. He wanted Tagore to study law. But
Tagore did not want to. So he (10) ……………….back to lndia before he finished his
study.

TEST 35
The story of the English language is a story of (1) …………………... The old
English languagr, or Old English, is different from (2) ……………….. English. If we
do not study Old English, we cannot understand it. Some of the words are the same
but many are not (3) …………………..now. The story of the English language begins
some time after the year AD. 400. At this time some people came to England from
north-west Europe. There were many groups of people. They were called Angles,
Saxons and Jutes. Their (4) ………………... Old English, is like some of the modern
languages of north-west Europe. In old English the ends of words were very
important.These endings had many meanings. They showed (5) ………………….time
and present time and many other things. In Modern English most of these endings
are gone. This is the biggest (6) ……………………..berween old and modem English.
When the Church became important in England, Old English became a
(7) ………………..language. Before this writing was not very important. Only a few
(8) ………………… wrote English. Latin, the old language of ltaly, was used in the
church. (9) ………………… of this many Latin words became a part of the English
language. The word school came from the Latin (10) ……………. At that time most
schools were a part of the church. In the year 1066, soldiers from France attacked
England. French became the language of England. English was not usually used for
writing books or songs.

TEST 36
Although people's reactions to your dress will vary, (1) ………………. will
draw conclusions about you based on the way you dress. You need to determine
(2) ………………..you are trying to say and then dress appropriately.
There are times (3) …………………… it is in your best interest to meet the
expectations of others. Busines, managers are likely to have a clear idea of the
images (4) ……………. want their businesses to portray. If you want to prosper with
those busines, you will want to (5) …………………….in a way that is in line with those
images.Likewise, audiences expect public speakers to dress appropriately for the
audience and occasion. Peopfe (6)………………….. the right to their individual
differences, and we believe that society is moving in the right (7) ………………. in

allowing persons to express themselves (8) ………………. individuals. Nevenheless,

your clothes are still perceived (9) ……………… others as clues to your anitudes and
behaviours. Clothes do communicate, however accurate or tnaccurate
( l0) ……………………..may believe that communication to be.
70
TEST 37.
There is nothing new in the use of herbs and spices. They have human life
for thousands of years providing both comfort and luxury. They have flavoured our
food, cured our ailments and surrounded us (1) …………….sweet scents. They have
also played some part in our folklore and magic. It (2) ……………………be a very
different world without them.
Nobody is really known to the ancient Greeks and spices, or for what
Purpose. AII their properties were known to the ancient Greeks and Egyptians and
to (3) ……………….living in early Biblical times. The knowledge that they
employed, and that we (4) ………………use today, must, have been based on the trial
and error of early man, who was originally drawn to the plants (5) …………………..of
their aroma. He gradually discovered their individual effects on his food and wellbeing
and our use of them comes from those early experiments. For centuries herbs
and spices were appreciated to the full but in modern times the arrivai of
(6) …………………..convenience foods and new medicines of the twentieth century
Almost (7) …………… us forgef them. But anything that has been so much loved
and valued (8) ………….. never be completely neglected. The knowledge has been
kept alive and (9) ……………….our present-day search (10) …………… ali things
natural, herbs and spices have come into their own again.

TEST 38
Let us suppose that you are in the position of a parent. Would you allow
your children to read any books they wanted to without first checking its contents ?
Would you take (1) ………….. to see any film without first reading out whether it
is suitable for them ? If the (2) ………… to these questions is 'yes', then you are
either extremely permissive, or just irresponsible. If your answer is (3) ……………
then you are exercising your right as a parent to protect your children
(4)……………..what you consider to be undesirable influences. ln other
(5) ……………. by acting as a censor yourself, you are admitting that there is a
strong case for censorship.
Children need protection and it is the parents' responsibility to provide it.
But what about adults ? Aren't they old enough to decide (6) ………….. is good for
them ? The answer is that many adults are, but (7) ………..make the mistake of

thinking that all adults are like yourself. Censorship is for the good of society as a
whole. Highty civilized people might find (8) ………..possible to live together
without laws of any kind: they would just reply on good sense to (9) ……………..
their problems. But imagine what chaos there would be if we lived in a society
(10) ……………….laws! Like the law, censorship contributes to the common good.

TEST 39
Money is soryething we take for (1) …………… in our life. Some of us may
wish we had more it, (2) …………….. in the forms of coins, notes or cheques. lt is
hard to imagine (3) ……………. poeple would manage (4) ……………….money. ln the
71
earliest periods of human history, people used to exchange goods (5) ………………..
They would exchange things they had (6) …….….of for things that they were in
(7) ……………of.For example, they might offer food (8) …………………….tools.This
method of exchange, which is known as (9) ……………….., hes many disadvantages.
Certain goods may be difficult, or may be impossible to divide into smaller units. It
can also be very dlfficutt to know the work of something (10) ………………… with other
goods.

TEST 40
In a village on the east coast of Scotland, people were warting anxiously for
news. Two of their fishing-boats (1) ………………………….. been caught in the storm
(2) ……………………had blown up during the night. In the cottages round the harbour,
people stood by their door, (3) …………………. worried to talk.
The rest of the fishing fleet had (4) …………………. the harbour before dark,
and the men from these ships waited and watched with the wives and families of
(5) ……………….. missing men. Some had brought thick blankets and some flasks of
hot drinks, knowing that the men (6) ……………….be cold and tired. As dawn began
to break over in the east, a small poin of light was spotted in the darkness of the
water and a (7) ………………….. minutes later, (8) ………………. was a shout. Before
long, the two boats were turning in, past the lighthouse, to the inside of the harbour.
The men (9) …………..helped out of their boats, and although they were stiff
(10) ………………….. cold and tiredness, they were all safe.

TEST 41
OXFORD UNTVERSITY
Oxford is a beautiful (1) ………………….on the River Thames about fiffy-five
miles (2) …………….London. (3) ………………of the colleges are built (4) ……………
grey stone: they have (5) ………..there for many centuries. There has been a
university in Oxford (6) ……………. the thirteenth century. It began when some
teachers, each with a few (7) ……………, decided to live and work (8) ………….
in the same house. Other colleges followed, and little (9) …………… little the great
university we know today grew up. The oldest college, Merton, began in 1264; the
newest college opened its doors for the first time onty a few years (I0) ……………..
So the university is still growing.

TEST 42
In the 1960s women tennis players received little or no prize money at all
In the 1990s, (1) …………. , the top players can earn twice as much in a fortnight as
a successful compmy director does in a whole year. And (2) …………………most
young people their age were still studying for exams' players (3) …………………..
Monica Seles and Jennifer Capriati were earning thousands of pounds a week
When she was only sixteen, Seles was rich enough to buy any car she
(4) ……………..
Nowadays, most of a (5) ……………. . tennis player's income comes from
sponsorship contracts with fashion or sportswear companies rather than from major
72
championships. Players are (6) …………….huge sums of money to wear anything
from tennis shoes (7) ………………a wristwatch. Official prize money, in fact, only
accounts for a fraction of total earnings.
But (8) ……………. so much money in the bank, and the worrd at their feet
it will be surprising if these young stars (9) …………………not affected by success
Both Seles and Capriati are coached by theii fathers, (10). ……………. do their best
to protect their daughters from the pressure fame has brought. Only time will tell
whether this is enough.

TEST 43
The state of California in the United States is famous for its traffic
problems. We’ve all seen terevision picture of Los Angeles during the evening rush
hour. Too (1) ……………cars want to use the roads and motorways at the same
time. Scientists, who have been trying to solve these problems (2)………………….
several years now, have suggested various solutions, such as two-storey motorways
Not surprisingry, peopre rejected this idea (3) …………………of the damage it would
cause to the environment.
Now the scientists have (4) ……………. of another solution: they want cars
on motorways to be controlled by computers instead (5). ………………..human beings.

73