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Loren Brown
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Intergraph Process, Power,& Marine
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TYPES OF LOADS
Primary Loads Force driven, cause
catastrophic failure.
Weight, Pressure, Point Loads, Uniform
Loads, Hanger Loads, Wind and Wave
loads.
OPE Operating
SUS Sustained
EXP Expansion
OCC Occasional
HYD Hydrotest
HGR Hanger Design
FAT - Fatigue
Nonlinear Restraints
Stiffness of Restraint changes
depending on position of pipe or forces
on restraint.
Examples:
Uni-directional Restraints (+Y)
Gaps in restraints
Friction
Large-rotation rods
Bi-linear Restraints
Example 1:
T1 (EXP)
L3 = T1 (EXP)
Example 2: L1 L2 (EXP)
L2 = W+P1 (SUS)
L1 = W+P1+T1
(OPE)
Example 2 (cont)
If we subtract the displacements of the
SUS case from OPE we get:
Total Displacement for L1-L2 = 2 x Gap
In a linear system T1 (EXP) = L1 L2 (EXP)
In a nonlinear system this is not guaranteed.
This represents the effect of temperature in
the presence of other loads.
This is a displacement stress range, not
starting from the neutral position.
Example 3: Occasional
Load Cases
Assume we have a uniform load
representing a seismic load, U1.
L1 = W+P1+T1 (OPE) standard operating
L2 = W+P1 (SUS)
L3 = W+P1+T1+U1
(OPE) operating with occasional
load
L4 = L1-L2 (EXP)
L5 = L3-L1 (OCC) segregated occasional
L6 = L2+L5 (OCC) * occasional code stress case
* use scalar combination method.
Combination Methods
Algebraic:
Used for subtracting two load cases.
Takes the displacements from the referenced
cases and subtracts them.
Then computes forces, moments, and
resultant stress from these displacements.
Scalar:
Used for adding two load cases.
Adds the stresses from the two referenced
load cases.
Unlike algebraic the stresses are not
recomputed from displacements.
Notes on combination
methods
Dont use algebraic for adding two
load cases.
You cant take credit for occasional loads
acting opposite to operating loads.
Output Types
Displacement
Usually reported only for basic load
cases
Force
Usually reported only for basic load
cases
Stress
Reported based on code requirements.
What to report
Suppress the HGR cases and the
segregated occasional load cases.
Report displacement, force for all
primitive load cases.
Dont report stress for the operating
load cases.
This is not true for offshore codes, nor FRP
codes, nor buried pipe codes.