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I. I S QUAN H
Php kt ni (Join)
Php hp (Union)
Php tr (Difference)
Truy vn d liu
I. I S QUAN H
1.1. Php chn (Selection)
Cho quan h r nh ngha trn lc quan h R(U), E l biu
thc chn pht biu trn U. Php chn trn quan h r theo iu kin E,
k hiu
cc b ca r tho mn iu kin E.
Ta vit:
E(r) = {t | tr v E(t)=ng}
I. I S QUAN H
1.1. Php chn (tip)
I. I S QUAN H
1.1. Php chn (tip)
V d 1: Cho quan h KHACHHANG nh sau:
I. I S QUAN H
1.1. Php chn (tip)
V d 1: Cho quan h KHACHHANG nh sau:
I. I S QUAN H
1.2. Php chiu (projection)
Cho quan h r nh ngha trn lc quan h R(U) vi U={A1, ..., An}
v tp thuc tnh X U. Php chiu quan h r ln tp thuc tnh X, k
hiu X(r) cho ta mt quan h mi vi tp thuc tnh X v cc b l hn
ch trn X ca cc b t r.
Ta vit
X(r) = {t[X] | t r }.
I. I S QUAN H
1.2. Php chiu (tip)
V d 2:
Cho quan h KHACHHANG nh sau:
a. a ra m, tn khch hng ?
) {MaKH, TenKH}(KHACHHANG)
{MaKH, TenKH}(KHACHHANG)
I. I S QUAN H
1.2. Php chiu (tip)
V d 2:
Cho quan h KHACHHANG nh sau:
b. a ra a ch khch hng ?
) {DiaChiKH}(KHACHHANG)
{DiaChiKH}(KHACHHANG)
I. I S QUAN H
V d 3:
Cho quan h KHACHHANG nh sau:
) {TenKH}(DiachiKH=H Ni(KHACHHANG))
DiachiKH=H Ni(KHACHHANG)
{TenKH}(DiachiKH=H Ni(KHACHHANG))
I. I S QUAN H
1.3. Tch cc (Cartesian product)
Cho hai quan h r nh ngha trn lc quan h R(U) v s nh
ngha trn lc quan h S(V) , vi U= {A1,A2, ..., An} , V= {B1,B2,
..., Bm}. Tch cc ca r v s, k hiu rs cho ta mt quan h mi
vi tp thuc tnh U V v cc b c dng:
t= (a1,a2,..., an,b1, b2, ..., bm)
trong (a1 , ..., an ) r v (b1,b2, ..., bm ) s.
Ta vit:
r s={t=(a1,a2...,an ,b1,b2, ...,bm ) | (a1,a2, ..., an) r v (b1,b2, ..., bm)s}.
I. I S QUAN H
1.3. Tch cc (tip)
V d 4:
I. I S QUAN H
1.4. Php kt ni (Join)
a, Php kt ni
Cho hai quan h r nh ngha trn lc quan h R(U) v s nh ngha
trn lc quan h S(V) vi U={A1, ..., An}, V ={B1, ..., Bm}. Ai v Bj l cc
thuc tnh tng ng thuc U v V sao cho Dom(Ai)=Dom(Bj). Gi l mt
trong cc php ton {=, >, >=, <, <=, }.
Php kt ni quan h r vi s theo biu thc Ai Bj , k hiu
s cho ta
I. I S QUAN H
1.4. Php kt ni (tip)
a, Php kt ni
V d 5:
I. I S QUAN H
1.4. Php kt ni (tip)
b, Php kt ni t nhin (Natural join)
Cho hai quan h r nh ngha trn lc quan h R(U) v s nh
ngha trn lc quan h S(V) vi UV. Php kt ni t nhin
gia quan h r vi s, k hiu r*s cho ta mt quan h mi vi tp
thuc tnh U V v cc b c xc nh bi
{t | t[U] r v t[V] s}.
Ta vit:
I. I S QUAN H
1.4. Php kt ni (tip)
b, Php kt ni t nhin
V d 6:
I. I S QUAN H
1.4. Php kt ni (tip)
V d 7:
SINHVIEN
SINHVIEN * KHOA
KHOA
I. I S QUAN H
V d 8a:
SINHVIEN
KHOA
I. I S QUAN H
V d 8b:
Cho 2 quan h:
SINHVIEN (MaSV, Hoten, QueQuan, Makhoa)
KHOA(Makhoa, Tenkhoa)
Hy vit biu thc i s quan h a ra h tn, tn khoa ca sinh
vin khoa L?
Gii
I. I S QUAN H
Bi tp:
Cho c s d liu:
HOADON(SoHD, NgayHD, MaKH)
K_HANG(MaKH, TenKH, DiaChiKH, DTKH)
M_HANG(MaMH, TenMH, DVT, DonGia)
HD_MH(SoHD, MaMH, SoLuong, ThanhTien)
Hy tr li cc cu hi sau bng biu thc i s quan h:
a.
b.
c.
d.
I. I S QUAN H
1.5. Php chia
Cho hai quan h r nh ngha trn lc quan h R(U) v s nh
ngha trn lc quan h S(V) vi VU v s . t X=U \ V.
Thng ca php chia quan h r cho quan h s, k hiu r s cho ta
quan h mi vi tp thuc tnh l X v cc b c xc nh bi:
{u [X] | (u r v v s th (u[X] ,v) r }
Ta vit:
r s = { u [X] | (u r v v s th (u[X] , v ) r }.
I. I S QUAN H
1.5. Php chia (tip)
V d 9:
I. I S QUAN H
1.6. Cc php ton tp hp
a, Quan h kh hp
Hai quan h r v s c gi l kh hp (tng thch) nu chng
c cng tp thuc tnh.
b. Php hp (Union)
Cho hai quan h kh hp r v s xc inh trn lc quan h
R(U). Php hp 2 quan h r v s, k hiu r s cho ta mt quan h mi
vi tp thuc tnh U v cc b l cc b thuc r hoc thuc s.
Ta vit:
r s = { t | t r hoc t s}.
I. I S QUAN H
1.6. Cc php ton tp hp (tip)
V d 10:
I. I S QUAN H
1.6. Cc php ton tp hp (tip)
c. Php giao (Intersect)
Cho hai quan h kh hp r v s xc inh trn lc quan h
R(U). Php giao 2 quan h r v s, k hiu rs cho ta mt quan h mi
vi tp thuc tnh U v cc b l cc b thuc r v thuc s.
Ta vit:
r s = { t | t r v t s}.
I. I S QUAN H
1.6. Cc php ton tp hp (tip)
V d 11:
I. I S QUAN H
1.6. Cc php ton tp hp (tip)
d. Php tr (Difference)
Cho hai quan h kh hp r v s xc inh trn lc quan h
R(U). Php tr quan h r cho s, k hiu r-s cho ta mt quan h mi vi
tp thuc tnh U v cc b l cc b thuc r nhng khng thuc s.
Ta vit:
r - s = { t | t r v t s}.
I. I S QUAN H
1.6. Cc php ton tp hp (tip)
V d 12:
I. I S QUAN H
Bi tp
Cho c s d liu:
HOADON(SoHD, NgayHD, MaKH)
K_HANG(MaKH, TenKH, DiaChiKH, DTKH)
M_HANG(MaMH, TenMH, DVT, DonGia)
HD_MH(SoHD, MaMH, SoLuong, ThanhTien)
Hy tr li cc cu hi sau bng biu thc i s quan h:
a.
b.
c.
(T c gio trnh)
QUERY LANGUAGE )
Char(n): Xu k t c di c nh n ( n <=255 )