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jfg mem 100 nam ngay J3dc J6 ra cfitim<fa&nj ctiu nxtfc

HO CHI MINH VA CON DLfCfNG CtflJ NtMC:

^*

DOC LAP DAN TOC


GAN LIEN VOl CHU NGHIA XA HOI

Hai Sam '


1

thieu mot during ldi cdu nude dung dan.


Nguyen T a t T h a n h r a t k h a m phuc
( J M Thanh da theo cha d i khap
t i n h t h a n cua cac n h a yeu nUdc Phan
m
vung trong t i n h t h a m cac
Bdi Chau, Phan Chau T r i n h , nhimg A n h
nhan si yeu ntfdc, nghe cac
khong
t a n t h a n h v d i each l a m cua h a i
bac cha chu ban ve van nUdc, long dan.
dng. Cach mang V i e t N a m dang t r a i qua
A i la ngtfdi se giup dan m i n h thoat k h o i
ach thong t r i cua Phap? NgUdi cho rang
nhdng n a m t h a n g k h u n g hoang ca ve l y
la Nhat, ngUdi lai nghi l a Anh, co ngUdi
luan, during ldi va phuring thdc. Khong
lai cho la My.
bi quan triidc t i n h h i n h ay, N g u y l n T a t
Luc bay gid, phong trao Can Vqcng
Thanh da n h i n thay d day sq quat k h d i
(1885 - 1866) do vua H a m N g h i va Ton cua dong bao, truyen thong bat khuat
That Thuyet l a n h dao da tat. Cuoc k h d i
cua dan tdc va sq t h d i thuc t i m dudng
nghia cua Hoang Hoa T h a m da t h a t bai.
cdu nqdc cua nhdng ngutii con yeu nude.
Phan Boi Chau k h d i xiidng phong trao
Cung nhu" nhieu nha each mang, t r o n g
Bong Du (nam 1906 - 1908) dUa vao A n h luon canh canh hoai bao cdu nUdc,
Nhat de danh duoi thqc dan Phap: Phong
giai phong dan toe, giai phong nhan dan,
trao Duy Tan (nam 1908) do cu Phan Chu
nhiing cdu nUdc, cdu dan bang each nao,
T r i n h chu truring cai each theo hudng
bang con dudng nao? A n h cho rang, phai
nang dan t r i , chan hiing dan k h i , hau bat dau bang viec xem xet, quan sat t h a t
dan sinh... NhUng t a t ca deu t h a t bai do
nhieu, t i m r a ly luan each mang dung, de
co hanh dong each mang dung, phai "di
de biet, de hoc, de r d i l a m diiqc mot viec
(*) PGS. T r i e t hoc, nguyen c a n bo giang day
Hoc v i e n C h i n h t r i - H a n h c h i n h k h u vtfc I I
gi do co ich cho dan minh".
s ~~ ^m\i nhd, cau be Nguyen T a t

K h o a h o c C h f n h tri - So 03/2011

14

A n h mudn sang Phap, noi trao lull


t u do, dan chu dang phat t r i e n , mudn l a m
quen vdi nen v a n m i n h nUdc Phap, t i m
xem nhdng g i an dau dang sau nhUng
t d "Tq do, B i n h dang, Bac a i " cua ngUdi
Phap ma anh duqc biet t r e n ghe nha
trudng. Vuqt l e n t r e n nhdng ngUdi yeu
nUdc ciing t h d i trong l i n h vUc tU tudng xa

hoi bang mot phuong thdc chinh xac de


t i m chan ly, Nguyen Tat T h a n h da chon
each di rieng cua minh.
TrUa ngay 2/6/1911, t d ben Nha
Rong (Sai Gon), Nguyen T a t T h a n h l e n
tau x i n viec lam. Horn sau, ngay 3/6/1911
anh xudng tau vdi ten mdi: V a n Ba. NgUdi
thanh nien yeu nUdc dau t i e n t u dan m i n h
vao con dudng "vd san hoa". Van Ba cung
con tau "Do doc Latuscf T r e v i n " r d i ben
cang Nha Rong t r e n dudng sang Phap,
do l a ngay 5/6/1911. M p t ngay da di vao
lich sd cua dan tpc.
Ngay 8/6/1911 tau t d i Singapore,
thupc dia cua Anh. Ngay 14/6, t d i
Colombo, cung thupc dia cua Anh, mpt de
quoc ldn duqc cho la "mat t r d i khong bao
gid lan". Trong h a n h t r i n h dau tien, A n h
da n h i n thay vet thUOng cua nhan loai:
nhdng thupc dia cua bpn thqc dan.
Ngay 6/7 tau cap ben cang Macxay.
K h i dat chan len dat Phap dieu dau tien
A n h nhan thay: t h i r a ben Phap cung co
nhUng ngUdi ngheo n h u ben nUdc ta.

Nam 1912, Nguyen Tat Thanh l a m


thuy thu t r e n mpt tau chd hang chay
vong quanh chau Phi, di qua cac cang cua
Tay Ban Nha, Bo Dao Nha, ddng chan d
cang Algeria, Tuynidi, Congo, Dahomey,
Reuyniong, Senegal...
Song v d i nhdng ngUdi cung khd d
cac chan t r d i khac nhau, t d Dia Trung
Hai, qua kenh dao Xuye, bien Do den A n
Dp Duong, roi Dai Tay Duong, anh Ba
thay d dau nhan dan thupc dia cung khd
va cang thay t i n h cap bach cua sU pha

xieng. Den My, anh dupe chdng kien,


phia sau tuqng t h a n T q Do d l d i vao cang
New York la t o i ac man r p cua chu nghia
de quoc My. Thudng xuyen den t h a m khu
Haclem, A n h rat xuc dong trUdc dieu kien
song t h a m h a i cua ngUdi da den d day,
phan no den cung cUc trUdc h a n h dong
hung ac cua bpn phan biet chung tpc My.
A n h thdt len: "Van m i n h l a n h u vay do
sao?(!)", va rut r a ket luan sau sac: Tat ca
bpn de quoc deu phan ddng va t a n ac.
Nghien cdu h a i cupc each mang
Phap va My, A n h cho r a n g day la 2 cupc
each mang "chua den n o i " (chua giai
phong t r i e t de cho ngUdi lao ddng).
Sau nay, k h i Cach mang Thang Tam
t h a n h cong, NgUdi noi: "Ddc lap ma dan
khong duqc t u do t h i dpc lap chang co y
nghia gi". Trong D i chdc k h i viet ve viec
rieng, NgUdi noi ro: "Ca ddi toi chi co mpt
ham mudn, ham mudn tot bac la lam sao
cho nUdc t a dupe hoan toan dpc lap, dan
ta duqc hoan toan t q do, ai cung co com
an ao mac, ai cung duqc hoc hanh".
N g u y l n A i Quoc t a n t h a n h ba
nguyen tac: Dan tpc dpc lap, Dan quyen
t q do, Dan sinh h a n h phdc cua Ton Trung
Son neu r a trong Cach mang Dan chu
t u san va cho rang nhdng nguyen tac ay
la phu hop vdi Viet Nam. NgUdi da dich
cudn Tam dan chu nghia cua Ton Trung
Son, nhUng khong t i n d sU vdng chac ciia
cupc each mang ay.
NhUng cam xuc m a n h me t d cac
cupc khao sat phong phu vao budi dau
the k y la von quy cua N g u y l n T a t Thanh
va cung la cua each mang V i e t Nam. Hoa
m i n h vdi quan chung va cupc song xa hoi,
gan lpc, tiep t h u nhufng cai hay, loai bo
nhdng cai xau, A n h da n h a n h chong nam
bat mpi sU k i e n vd den gan nhUng tien
bp nhat cua t h d i dai.
Sau k h i qua cac dai duong va cac
luc dia, song va l a m thue d 2 nude tU
K h o a h o c C h i n h trj - So 03/2011

70} niem 100 nam nqay JSdc Jfb ra cfitimcfwcYng afa n


ban hung m a n h l a A n h va My, Nguyen
Tat Thanh thay khong d dau thuan lcfi
bang d Phap de vda nghien cdu ke thu t d
trong sao huyet cua no, vda co nhufng t i n
tdc nhanh, nhieu va thudng xuyen t d To
quoc. O Phap, l a i co hang van ngUdi Viet
Nam, phan l d n l a nhUng cong nhan va
binh linh, do do, A n h mudn tiep tuc khao
sat ngay tren dat Phap.
Anh quyet dinh t r d l a i Paris con v i
ly do, Phap l a n o i i n dam sq k i e n cua
Cong xa Paris nam 1871, l a n dau t i e n
trong lich sd tuyen bd t h u tieu che do
ngUdi boc lot ngUdi, chinh quyen thupc ve
giai cap vo san.
Sau C.Mac,Ph.Angghen,V.I.Lenin,
Nguyln Tat Thanh den Paris vdi t e n goi
mdi: N g u y l n A i Quoc. M o t b i danh mdi,
mot thdi ky mdi, v a cung l a l d i tuyen
chien cong khai dau tien cua A n h v d i chu
nghia thqc dan.

Nam 1918 N g u y l n T a t T h a n h gia


nhap Dang Xa. h o i Phap, t d chdc duy
nhat luc do d Phap benh vqc quyen l q i
nhan dan thuoc dia.
Cung vdi cac hoat dong khac,
Nguyen Tat Thanh co t h e m m p t v u k h i
mdi de chdng l a i thqc dan v a l a m cho

sau chien thang cua Dong minh, da


khong quan t a m den nguyen vong cua cac
dan tpc b i ap bde ma con t r u t t h e m ganh
nang l e n dau cac dan tpc do. Nguyen T a t
Thanh thay ro nhdng tuyen bd cua M y
va cac de quoc khac ve tU do, dan chu, tU
t r i , dpc lap, hoan toan la gia ddi va rut r a
m p t k e t luan quan trong: Mudn duqc dpc
lap va tU do t h a t sU, cac dan tpc b i ap bde
phai dqa vao c h i n h sdc cua minh. NgUdi
V i e t Nam phai t q giai phong lay minh.
Ban yeu sach do i n t h a n h 6.000 t d
truyen don duqc trao cho r a t nhieu nha
hoat dong chinh t r i cd t e n tudi, dupe
phan phat d nhieu cupc hop, m i t t i n h cua
cac t d chUc xa h p i va V i e t kieu d Phap,
duqc gdi ve V i e t Nam qua bUu dien va
qua n h U n g thuy t h u h o i hUOng c h u y e n ve

trong nUdc.
NgUdi Phap coi h a n h dong cua
N g u y l n Tat T h a n h l a m p t "qua bom
chinh t r i " no gida Paris. N h a n dan V i e t
Nam coi day la m p t phat phao hieu giuc
gia dau tranh. T u tudng cua A n h luc nao
cung hudng ve m p t phia la: dpc lap cho
dan tpc, tU do cho Td quoc. NhUng cUu
nUdc bang con dudng nao dung nhat van
chua t i m ra. A n h cam t h a y cai thieu nhat
ddi vdi ban t h a n l a l y luan each mang.
A n h danh nhieu t h d i gian d i nghe
nhdng budi n d i chuyen ve c h i n h t r i , vao
t h u vien dpc sach, gap gd nhieu ngUdi de
gidi thieu nguyen vong cua n h a n dan V i e t
Nam va de t h u n h a n l d i khuyen cung sU
dng hp. M p i ngUdi quy t r o n g Anh, t r d
t h a n h ban t h a n cua Anh. T a t ca da giup
N g u y l n tich luy nhieu t r i thdc va k i n h
nghiem phong phu.
M p t sU k i e n t r o n g dai da den: each
mang X H C N t h a n h cong d Nga. A n h

the gidi biet den dong bao cua Anh, do l a


ngoi but. Anh da dung ngdi but de t d cao
vdi ngUdi dan Phap mpi t o i ac cua chu
nghia thqc dan v a nhdng sq bat cong tay
trdi d Viet Nam.
Vdi mong mudn duqc dpc lap cho
dan tpc, lan dau tien v a n de t q quyet cua
nhan dan Viet Nam duqc dat r a vdi mpt
hpi nghi quoc t e trUdc nhieu v i l a n h dao
nha nUdc t r e n the gidi. Thay mat nhdng
ngudi Viet Nam yeu nUdc, anh gdi den
Hpi nghi Vecxay ban yeu sach 8 dieu
doi t q do, dan chu v a quyen t q quyet cho
mdng rd, vui sUdng, h o a n n g h e n h , dng h p
nhan dan Viet Nam.
cupc Cach mang Thang Mudi. Chua hieu
NhUng H p i nghi Vecxay chi l a noi the nao la chu nghia Bdnsevich, l a ngUdi
ban chia l a i t h i trUOng v a gianh l q i ich Bonsevich, chi biet n h a n dan Nga ndi
K h o a h o c C h i n h tri - So 03/2011

mem

100 nam ngay D3dc J~fb ra cti tim cfildnq ciiu n

day l a t do che do cd, l a m chu van menh


cua minh. Sau Cach mang Thang Mufdi,
sU phat t r i e n cua phong trao cong san
cong nhan quoc te, cang l a m A n h hieu
sau sac han nda t U tudng cua V.I.Lenin.
V.I.Lenin mudn giai phong t a t ca cac dan
toe bi ap bde t r e n the gidi va keu gqi t a t
ca cac dan tpc b i ap bde cung ddng day
dau t r a n h giai phong cho minh. A n h con
difqc biet Quoc te I I I do V.I.Lenin t h a n h
lap dng hp phong trao giai phong dan

cho ngUdi l a o d o n g chi co the thUc h i e n

minh. De thuc h i e n dieu do, trUdc het phai


t h a n h lap Dang Cong san. Cach mang
phai co dang cua giai cap cong n h a n lanh
dao mdi t h a n h cong.
N g u y l n A i Quoc da t i m thay con
dudng cdu nUdc, mpt con dudng khac xa
the he each mang di trUdc, vuqt qua dupe
nhdng han che cua nhdng nha yeu nUdc
tien bdi va duong t h d i t d dong cP, den
hudng d i va phuung thdc d i t i m dudng
cdu nUdc, cdu dan. N h u vay, sau hon mU6i
nam lao ddng, hoc tap, r e n luyen va dau
tranh, xuat phat t d long yeu nUdc nong
chay va sU giac ngp chu nghia Mac-Lenin,
Nguyen A i Quoc da t i m r a con dudng each
mang cho n h a n dan V i e t Nam, mpt con
dudng dung dan ma A n h t i n tudng, nhcn
do se giai phong dupe dong bao, cdu duqc
nUdc va n h a n dan minh.
Hoc duqc d V.I.Lenin each sd dung
bao chi n h u mpt vu k h i sac ben va quan
trong, A n h l a ngUdi t h a m gia sang lap
bao NgUdi cung kho. Bao r a ddi da lam
cong tac tuyen truyen, giao due, t d chdc
tap hqp n h a n dan cac thupc dia chien dau
vdi sd mang gianh dpc lap dan tpc, giai
phong cho con ngUdi. Trong 5.000 ban
cua sd bao dau t i e n Nguyen A i Quoc da tq
tay gap bao, dan bang, de dia chi len 200
ban gdi ve V i e t Nam. Day l a t d bao dau
tien, tuyen t r u y e n chu nghia Mac-Lenin
va chu nghia yeu nUdc chan chinh d nUdc
ta va cac thupc dia.
Cudi t h a n g 6/1923, mat t h a m Phap
mat dau N g u y l n A i Quoc, rao n e t chia
nhau lung t i m anh nhUng biet vo am tin.
Dung 12 nam sau ngay r d i Td quoc va
gan 6 nam sau ngay den Paris, A n h t d
gia nude Phap den v d i nude Nga ma d do
"cd chuyen l a ddi, dem ngudi no le lam
ngUdi t q do". Nguyen A i Quoc den dat
nUdc cua V.I.Lenin vao ngay 30/6/1923.

bang van dung chu nghia Mac-Lenin,


phu hqp vdi hoan canh va thUc t i l n nUdc

(Xem tiep trang 79)

tpc d cac nUdc t h u p c dia. O A n h nhen l e n


t i n h cam t o n k i n h doi v d i V.I.Lenin, t i n

Quoc te I I I va k h a t khao t i m hieu con


du"dng cua V.I.Lenin. A n h hudng ve nqdc
Nga Xoviet, cung Dang Xa h p i Phap ddng
ve phia each mang Nga.
Chin nam sau ngay r d i To quoc,
ngay 17/7/1920 Nguyen T a t T h a n h dpc
duqc tac pham quan t r o n g cua V.I.Lenin:
Luan cUPng ve v a n de dan t p c va t h u p c

dia. A n h thay bdng l e n anh sang mdi.


Van k i e n l i c h sd cua V.I.Lenin md r a
trUdc mat A n h m p t chan t r d i rUc r d va
giai dap cho A n h con dudng gianh dpc
lap, t U do cho dan tpc: Cach mang giai
phong dan tpc mudn t h a n g l q i phai theo
con dudng each mang vo san.
Trong cupc hop quyet d i n h t h a n h
lap Dang Cong san Phap co sU xuat hien
cua ngUdi cong san V i e t Nam dau tien,
m p t t h a n h vien sang lap Dang Cong san
Phap: N g u y l n A i Quoc. TU chu nghia
yeu nUdc chan chinh den vdi chu nghia
V.I.Lenin, chu nghia cong san, A n h da
t i m ra con dudng dung dan cho sU nghiep
giai phong dan tpc cua each mang Viet
Nam: Con dudng each mang vo san.
K h a m pha nhdng t U tudng kiet xuat
cua V.I.Lenin, N g u y l n A i Quoc hieu rang,'
cong cupc giai phong dan tpc, giai phong

K h o a h o c C h i n h tri - So 03/2011

79

Jhorxj {in AinA /<?

MOT SO CHI TIEU KliVII TE * THAJVG


D M i\AM 2011
Gia tri san xuat cong nghiep cua ca nude 4
thang dau nam d a t 2 7 0 . 0 0 0 t y dong, tang 14,2% so
vol cung ky nam trudc. Trong do, kim ngach xuat khau
dat 26,9 ty USD, tang 3 5 % so vdi ciing ky. Cac mat
hang co kim ngach xuat khau tang cao la dau kho tang
41%; d e t may tang 33%; cao csu tang 115%; thuy san
tang 27%. Kim ngach nhap khau d a t 31 ty USD, tang
29% so vdi ciing ky nam crude; trong do, kim ngach
nhap khau cua cac doanh nghiep c o von dau to nirdc
ngoai dat 13,9 ty USD, tang 35%...
Tdng mdc ban l e hang hoa va doanh thu
dich vu tieu dung 4 thang udc d a t 6 0 5 nghin ty
dong, tang 2 2 % so vdi cung ky nam trirdc. V o n d a u
ti/tif ngan sach nha nude thqc hien d a t 56,6 nghin
ty dong, bang 2 6 % ke hoach nam.
Trong 4 thang d a u nam, t d n g v o n d a u tu'
tec t i e p nude ngoai v a o V i e t Nam giam gan 5 0 %
so vdi cung ky. S d d i / an dirqc c a p p h e p mdi la
262 dif an, khong giam s o v d i ciing ky, nhifng v o n

dang ky chi d a t khoang 3,2 ty USD, bang 5 7 % so


vdi 4 thang dau nam 2010.
Tinh d e n h e t quy I nam 2011, k e t qua so' b o
tff Do Ke hoach va Dau tu" c h o biet: da c a t giam
duOe 1.387 dy'an, v d i t d n g s o von c a t giam gan
3.400 ti d o n g t r o n g ke hoach giam cac dif an dau
tu" tir ngan sach nha nude nam 2011.
Chi s o C P I 0 4 thang dau nam 2011 tang
9,64%, v i f o t qua mire Q u o c hdi c h o p h e p gan 3%.
S o vdi thang 4/2010, mat bang gia hien tai cao
hon khoang 17,6%.
Thdi gian t d i , d e t i e p t u c thuc day phat
trien kinh te, on dinh kinh t e vT md, kiem che lam
phat. nhifng giai phap dira ra la thifc hien dong bo
cac giai phap binh o n thi tnrdng va gia ca; ra soat
lai cac cong cu. chinh sach tien t e nhif: tang tdng
phirong tien thanh toan; tang tong du' no tin dung;
lai sua
PV tong ho'p

HO CHI MINH VA CON DUCfNG CLfU NlMc...


(tiep trang 16)

Doc l a p d a n toe g a n l i e n vdi C N X H ,

dong gop r a t l d n ca ve l y luan v a k i n h

muc tieu do k h o n g c h i dtiqc r u t r a t d


nghien cdu c h u n g h i a M a c - L e n i n m a

n g h i e m thtic t i e n v d i chu n g h i a MacL e n i n v e l y l u a n g i a i phong d a n toe.

con l a k e t qua n g h i e n cdu, t i m toi, hoc

NgUdi xdng d a n g l a mot c h i e n s i tien


phong trong l i n h vtic nay.

tap, khao s a t thqc t i e n sud't qua t r i n h 30


nam bon b a t i m dudng cdu nUdc t r a i qua
28 nUdc d 4 chau luc A, Au, My, P h i v a
3 dai dtiting: T h a i B i n h Dticfng, A n Do
Duong, D a i T a y D u o n g c u a N g u y e n T a t
Thanh - N g u y e n A i Qudc.
C u n g v d i viec d i t i m dudng giai
phong d a n toe, N g u y e n Ai Qudc da co s q
K h o a h o c C h i n h trj - So 03/2011

K i e n t r i m u c tieu C N X H t r e n co sd
chu n g h i a M a c - L e n i n v a to tudng Ho C h i
Minh, cong cuoc each m a n g c u a D a n g
v a n h a n d a n t a d a v a d a n g g i a n h dtiqc
nhting t h a n g lqi to ltin. D i l e n C N X H , sti
ltia chon duy n h a t dung ddi vdi ntidc ta
h i e n nay.Q

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