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Chng 1 : NGUYN T
I. Thnh phn cu to ca nguyn t
Kt lun : thnh phn cu to ca nguyn t gm:
Ht nhn nm tm nguyn t gm cc ht proton v ntron
V nguyn t gm cc electron chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn
Electron
me= 9,1094.10-31 kg
qe= -1,602.10 -19 C k hiu l eo qui c bng 1Proton
Ht proton l 1 thnh phn cu to ca ht nhn nguyn t,mang in tch dng, k hiu p
m= 1,6726.10 -27 kg
q= + 1,602.10 -19 C k hiu eo, qui c 1+
Ntron
Ht ntron l 1 thnh phn cu to ca ht nhn nguyn t, khng mang in , k hiu n.Khi
lng gn bng khi lng proton
II.Kch thc v khi lng ca nguyn t
1- Kch thc
Nguyn t cc nguyn t c kch thc v cng nh, nguyn t khc nhau c kch thc khc
nhau.
n v biu din A(angstron) hay nm(nanomet)
1nm= 10 -9 m ; 1nm= 10A
1A= 10 -10 m = 10 -8 cm
2- Khi lng
Khi lng nguyn t rt nh b, biu th khi lng ca nguyn t, phn t, p, n, e dng n
v khi lng nguyn t, k hiu u (vc)
1u = 1/12 khi lng 1 nguyn t ng v cacbon-12
1u = 19,9265.10 -27 kg/12
= 1,6605.10 -27kg
III-Ht nhn nguyn t
1. in tch ht nhn
Proton mang in tch 1+, nu ht nhn c Z proton th in tch ca ht nhn bng Z+
Trong nguyn t :
S n v in tch ht nhn = S p = S e
V d : nguyn t Na c Z = 11+ ngt Na c 11p, 11e
2. S khi
L tng s ht proton v ntron ca ht nhn
A=Z+N
V d 1: Ht nhn nguyn t O c 8p v 8n
A = 8 + 8 = 16
V d 2: Nguyn t Li c A =7 v Z = 3
Z = p = e = 3 ; N = 7 - 3 =4
Nguyn t Li c 3p, 3e v 4n
IV- Nguyn t ha hc
Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh
H tr kin thc h hc 10
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
1.nh ngha
Nguyn t ha hc l nhng nguyn t c cng in tch ht nhn
V d : Tt c cc nguyn t c cng Z l 8 u thuc nguyn t oxi, chng u c 8p, 8e
2.S hiu nguyn t
S n v in tch ht nhn nguyn t ca 1 nguyn t c gi l s hiu nguyn t ca nguyn
t (Z)
3.K hiu nguyn t
S khi
A
Z
S hiu nguyn t
23
11
V d :
Na
Cho bit nguyn t ca nguyn t natri c Z=11, 11p, 11e v 12n (23-11=12)
V - NG V
Cc ng v ca cng 1 nguyn t ha hc l nhng nguyn t c cng s proton nhng khc nhau
v s ntron, do s khi ca chng khc nhau
V d : Nguyn t oxi c 3 ng v
16
8
O,
17
8
O,
18
8
Ch :
- Cc nguyn t ca cng 1 nguyn t c th c s khi khc nhau
- Cc ng v c tnh cht ha hc ging nhau
VI- Nguyn t khi v nguyn t khi trung bnh ca cc nguyn t ha hc
1- Nguyn t khi
Nguyn t khi ca 1 nguyn t cho bit khi lng ca nguyn t nng gp bao nhiu ln
n v khi lng nguyn t
V khi lng nguyn t tp trung nhn nguyn t nn nguyn t khi coi nh bng s khi
(Khi khng cn chnh xc)
V d : Xc nh nguyn t khi ca P bit P cZ=15, N=16 Nguyn t khi ca P=31
2- Nguyn t khi trung bnh
Trong t nhin a s nguyn t ha hc l hn hp ca nhiu ng v(c s khi khc nhau)
Nguyn t khi ca nguyn t l nguyn t khi trung bnh ca cc ng v .
aX + bY
A=
100
X, Y: nguyn t khi ca ng v X, Y
a,b : % s nguyn t ca ng v X, Y
V d : Clo l hn hp ca 2 ng v
35
17
Cl chim 75,77%
35
17
Cl
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
b. S electron ti a trong mt lp :
Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh
H tr kin thc h hc 10
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
Lp
Lp K Lp L
Lp M
Lp N
Th t
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
Sphnlp
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
S e ti a ( 2n2)
2e
8e
18e
32e
- Lp electron s e ti a gi l lp e bo ha.
14
Th d : Xc nh s lp electron ca cc nguyn t :
7 N
4.Cu hnh electron nguyn t
a.Nguyn l vng bn
- Cc e trong nguyn t trng thi c bn ln lt chim cc mc nng lng t thp n cao.
- Mc nng lng ca : 1s2s2p3s3p4s3d5s4d5p6s4f5d6p7s5f6d...
- Khi in tch ht nhn tng ln s xut hin s chn mc nng lng gia s v d hay s v f.
+ Lp : tng theo th t t 1 n 7 k t gn ht nhn nht
+Phn lp: tng theo th t s, p, d, f.
b. Nguyn l pauli:
Trn 1obitan nguyn t cha ti a 2 electron v c chiu t quay khc chiu nhau xung quanh trc
ring ca mi electron.
c. Qui tc hun :
Trong cng mt phn lp cc electron in vo cc obitan sao cho s lectron c thn l ln nht.
e. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t:
- Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t:
Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t biu din s phn b electrron trn cc phn lp thuc cc lp
khc nhau.
- Quy c cch vit cu hnh electron :
+ STT lp e c ghi bng ch s (1, 2, 3. . .)
+ Phn lp c ghi bng cc ch ci thng s, p, d, f.
+ S e c ghi bng s pha trn bn phi ca phn lp.(s2 , p6 )
- Mt s ch khi vit cu hnh electron:
+ Cn xc nh ng s e ca nguyn t hay ion. ( s e = s p = Z )
+ Nm vng cc nguyn l v qui tc, k hiu ca lp v phn lp ...
+ Qui tc bo ho v bn bo ho trn d v f : Cu hnh electron bn khi cc electron in
vo phn lp d v f t bo ho ( d10, f14 ) hoc bn bo ho ( d5, f7 )
- Cc bc vit cu hnh electron nguyn t
Bc 1: in ln lt cc e vo cc phn lp theo th t tng dn mc nng lng.
Bc 2: Sp xp li theo th t cc lp v phn lp theo nguyn tc t trong ra ngoi.
Bc 3: Xem xt phn lp no c kh nng t n bo ho hoc bn bo ho, th c s sp xp li
cc electron cc phn lp ( ch yu l d v f )
V d: Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t cc nguyn t sau
+ H( Z = 1)
+ Ne(Z = 10)
+ Cl(Z = 17) 1s22s22p63s23p5
+ Fe, Z = 26, 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
+ Cu ( Z = 29); Cr ( Z = 24)
-Cch xc nh nguyn t s, p, d, f:
+ Nguyn t s : c electron cui cng in vo phn lp s.
Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh
H tr kin thc h hc 10
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
V d 4:
Ion M3+ c cu to bi 37 ht. S ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 9.
Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh
H tr kin thc h hc 10
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
VIIA
R2O7
RH
Tnh
axit
Nhm A
(Trn xung )
8. nh lut tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc.
Tnh cht ca cc nguyn t v n cht cng nh thnh phn v tnh cht ca cc hp cht to nn
t cc nguyn t bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t.
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
Ca
u hnh e
nguye
n t
To
ng soe
Stt nguye
n to
Nguye
n tos hoa
cp
Thuo
c nho
mA
Nguye
n tod hoa
cf
Thuo
c nho
mB
Soe ngoa
i cu
ng
Stt cu
a nho
m
Sol
pe
Stt chu k
V d : Xt i vi nguyn t P ( Z = 15)
-
To
ng soe
Nguye
n tos hoa
cp
Nguye
n tod hoa
cf
Soe ngoa
i cu
ng
Sol
pe
-
Ca
u hnh e
nguye
n t
: 16 ne
n Stt nguye
n to:16
: P ne
n thuo
c nho
mA
:
: 6e ne
n thuo
c nho
m VIA
: 3 l
p ne
n thuo
c chu k 3
a + b l s th t ca nhm .
+ Nu a + b > 10
(a + b) 10 l s th t ca nhm.
+ Nu 8 a + b 10 nguyn t thuc nhm VIII B
b. Nguyn t h f : (n-2)fansb vi a = 1 14 ; b = 1 2
+ Nu n = 6 Nguyn t thuc h lantan.
+ Nu n = 7 Nguyn t thuc h actini.
(a + b) 3 = s th t ca nguyn t trong h
V d : Z = 62 ; n = 6, a = 6, b = 2 6 + 2 3 = 5 , thuc th 5 trong h lantan.
PHNG PHP GII MT S BI TON CHNG II
Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh
H tr kin thc h hc 10
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
echo
enhan
Chng 3: LIN KT HO HC
Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh
H tr kin thc h hc 10
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
0,4
1,7
LKCHT khng cc
LKCHT phn cc
Lin kt ion
V d : Da v m in ca cc cht hy xc nh loi lin kt ho hc tn ti trong cc hp cht
sau : O2. CO2, HCl, NaCl, CH4, AlCl3...
4. S LAI HO CC ORBITAN
a. Khi nim : S lai ho obitan nguyn t l s t hp (trn ln) mt s obitan trong
nguyn t c cc obitan lai ho ging nhau nhng nh hng khc nhau trong khng gian.
* S obitan lai ho = Tng s cc obitan tham gia t hp.
* S lai ho c xt i vi cc nguyn t trung tm.
b. Cc kiu lai ho thng gp .
b1. Lai ho sp (lai ho ng thng) : S t hp 1AO(s) + 1AO(p) 2AO(sp)
Phn tch : AO(s) hnh cu, AO(p) hnh s 8 ni , AO(sp) hnh s 8 ni khng cn i, hai
AO lai ho to vi nhau mt gc 180o (ng thng)
V d : Xt trong phn t BeH2 , C2H2, BeCl2
b2. Lai ho sp2 (lai ho tam gic): S t hp 1AO(s) + 2AO(p) 3AO(sp2)
Phn tch : AO(s) hnh cu, AO(p) hnh s 8 ni , AO(sp 2) hnh s 8 ni khng cn i, ba
AO lai ho to vi nhau mt gc 120o
V d : Xt trong phn t BeF3 , C2H4, BCl3...
b3. Lai ho sp3 (lai ho t din ): S t hp 1AO(s) + 3AO(p) 4AO(sp3)
Phn tch : AO(s) hnh cu, AO(p) hnh s 8 ni , AO(sp3) hnh s 8 ni khng cn i, bn
AO lai ho to vi nhau mt gc 109o28'
V d :
Thng gp cc nguyn t O, C, N
Xt trong phn t CH4, H2O, NH3...
Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh
H tr kin thc h hc 10
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
Al0
H 02
O 02
Cl 02
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
ANION NO 3 trong mi trng axit l cht xiha mnh (sn phm to thnh l NO 2, NO,
N2O, N2, hay NH +4 ); trong mi trng kim to sn phm l NH3 (thng tc dng vi kim loi m
oxit v hirxit l cht lng tnh); trong mi trng trung tnh th xem nh khng l cht oxiha.
H2SO4 C l cht oxiha mnh( to SO2, S hay H2S)
MnO 4 cn gi l thuc tm (KMnO4) trong mi trng H+ to Mn2+ (khng mu hay hng
nht), mi trng trung tnh to MnO2 (kt ta en), mi trng OH- to MnO42- (xanh).
HALOGEN
ZN
2. CHT KH l cht nhng electron, kt qu l s oxha tng.
Nu hp cht c nguyn t (hay ion) mang soh thp nht l cht kh (soh thp nht ng vi 8 STT nhm) hay cha s oxy ho trung gian (c thl cht oxiha khi gp cht kh mnh)
n cht kim loi , n cht phi kim (C, S, P, N).
Hp cht (mui, baz, axit, oxit) nh: FeCl2, CuS2 ,Fe(OH)3, HBr, H2S, CO, Cu2O
Ion (cation, anion) nh: Fe2+, Cl-, SO32--
3. QU TRNH OXIHA l qu trnh (s) nhng electron.
4. QU TRNH KH l qu trnh (s) nhn electron.
5. S OXI HO l in tch ca nguyn t (in tch hnh thc) trong phn t nu gi nh rng
cc cp electron chung coi nh chuyn hn v pha nguyn t c m in ln hn .
Qui c 1: S oxi ho ca nguyn t dng n cht bng khng
Fe0
Al0
H 02
O 02
Cl 02
Qui c 2: Trong phn t hp cht , s oxi ho ca nguyn t Kim loi nhm A l +n; Phi
kim nhm A trong hp cht vi kim loi hoc hyro l 8 - n (n l STT nhm)
Kim loi ho tr 1 l +1 : Ag+1Cl
Na +21 SO4
K+1NO3
Fe+2SO4
Fe +23 (SO4)3
CO 22
H2SO 42 KNO 3
F2O+2
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
+1
Fe +23 O 3 + H 02
Fe0 + H 2 O-2
2Fe+3 + 6e
2Fe0
qu trnh kh Fe3+
2H0 2e
qu trnh oxi ho H2
2H+
(2Fe+3 + 3H2
2Fe0 + 3H2O)
Cn bng :
Fe2O3 +
3H2
2Fe +
3H2O
2
2
+ OH-
MnO 4 + SO 4 + H2O
2
MnO2 + SO 24 +OHMi trng trung tnh : MnO 4 + SO 3 + H2O
Cht phn ng
Phn ng oxi ha- kh ni phn t: L phn ng oxiha- kh trong cht kh v cht
oxiha u thuc cng phn t.
nung
KClO3
MnO2
KCl +
3
2
O2
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
11. CC CH LM BI TP
Khi hon thnh chui phn ng tnh s oxiha bit l phn ng oxiha-kh hay khng.
chng minh hoc gii thch vai tr ca mt cht trong phn ng th trc ht dng s oxiha
xc nh vai tr v la cht phn ng.
Ton nh p dng nh lut bo ton electron da trn nh lut bo ton nguyn t theo s .
Mt cht c hai kh nng axit-baz mnh v oxiha-kh mnh th xt ng thi
Ring mt cht khi phn ng vi cht khc m c c 2 kh nng phn ng axit- baz v oxihokh th c xt ng thi ( th d Fe3O4 + H+ + NO3Hn hp gm Mn+, H+, NO3- th xt vai tr oxiha nh sau (H+, NO3-), H+, Mn+
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
t
2Na + Cl2
2NaCl
0
t
2Fe + 3Cl2
2FeCl3
0
t
Cu + Cl2
CuCl2
b. Tc dng vi phim kim(cn c nhit hoc c nh sng)
as
H2 + Cl2 2HCl
Cl2 + 2S S2Cl2
0
t
2P + 3Cl2
2PCl3
Cl2 khng tc dng trc tip vi O2.
c. Tc dng vi mt s hp cht c tnh kh:
0
t
H2S + Cl2
2HCl + S
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
t
3Cl2 + 6KOH
KClO3 + 5KCl + 3H2O
e. Tc dng vi mui
Cl2 + 2NaBr 2NaCl + Br2
Cl2 + 2FeCl2 2FeCl3
3Cl2 + 6FeSO4 2Fe2(SO4)3 + 2FeCl3
Cl2 + 2KI 2KCl + I2
f.Phn ng th, phn ng cng, phn ng phn hu vi mt s hp cht hu c
CH4 + Cl2 akt
CH3Cl + HCl
CH2=CH2 + Cl2 CH2Cl CH2Cl
C2H2 + Cl2 2C + 2HCl
2.iu ch : Nguyn tc l kh cc hp cht Cl- to Cl0
a. Trong phng th nghim
Cho HCl m c tc dng vi cc cht xiha mnh
H2 + 2NaOH + Cl2
2NaCl + 2H2O
pdd/mnx
pnc
2Na+ Cl2 ( b sung thm kin thc v in phn)
2NaCl
( nu qu trnh in phn khng c mng ngn th sn phm thu c l dung dch nc javel)
Ngoi ra cn c th t HCl v O2 c xc tc l CuCl2 400oC.
4HCl + O2 CuCl2
2Cl2 + 2H2O
III. AXIT CLOHIDRIC (HCl)
Dung dch axit HCl c y tnh cht ho hc ca mt axit mnh
1. Ho tnh
a. TC DNG CHT CH TH dung dch HCl lm qu tm ho (nhn bit axit)
HCl
H+ + Clb. TC DNG KIM LOI (ng trc H trong dy Bktp) to mui (vi ha tr thp ca kim
loi) v gii phng kh hidr
t
Fe + 2HCl
FeCl2 + H2
0
t
2Al + 6HCl
2AlCl3 + 3H2
Cu + HCl
khng c phn ng
c. TC DNG OXIT BAZ , BAZ to mui v nc
NaOH + HCl
NaCl + H2O
0
t
CuO + 2HCl
CuCl2 + H2O
0
t
Fe2O3 + 6HCl
2FeCl3 + 3H2O
d. TC DNG MUI (theo iu kin phn ng trao i)
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
AgNO3 + HCl
AgCl + HNO3
( dng nhn bit gc clorua )
Ngoi tnh cht c trng l axit , dung dch axit HCl c cn th hin vai tr cht kh
khi tc dng cht oxi ho mnh nh KMnO4 , MnO2
t
4HCl + MnO2
MnCl2 + Cl 02 + 2H2O
K2Cr2O7 + 14HCl 3Cl2 + 2KCl + 2CrCl3 + 7H2O
Hn hp 3 th tch HCl v 1 th tch HNO3 c c gi l hn hp nc cng toan
( cng thu) c kh nng ho tan c Au ( vng)
3HCl + HNO3 2Cl + NOCl + 2H2O
NOCl NO + Cl
Au + 3Cl AuCl3
2.iu ch
a.PHNG PHP SUNFAT cho NaCl tinh th vo dung dch H2SO4 m c
0
t 400
2NaCltt + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2HCl
t 250
NaHSO4 + HCl
NaCltt + H2SO4
b.PHNG PHP TNG HP t hn hp kh hidro v kh clo
as
H2 + Cl2 2HCl
IV. MUI CLORUA
hidro clorua.
Cha ion m clorua (Cl-) v cc ion dng kim loi, NH +4 nh NaCl ZnCl2 CuCl2AlCl3
NaCl dng n, sn xut Cl2, NaOH, axit HCl
KCl phn kali
ZnCl2 ty g khi hn, chng mc g
BaCl2 cht c
CaCl2 cht chng m
AlCl3 cht xc tc
V. HP CHT CHA XI CA CLO
Trong cc hp cht cha xi ca clo, clo c soh dng, c iu ch gin tip.
Cl2O Clo (I) oxit
Cl2O7 Clo(VII) oxit
HClO Axit hipoclor
NaClO Natri hipoclorit
HClO2 Axit clor
NaClO2 Natri clorit
HClO3 Axit cloric
KClO3 kali clorat
HClO4 Axit pecloric
KClO4 kali peclorat
Tt c hp cht cha oxi ca clo iu l cht xiha mnh.
1.NC ZAVEN l hn hp gm NaCl, NaClO v H2O c tnh xi ha mnh, c tnh ty mu,
c iu ch bng cch dn kh Clo vo dung dch NaOH (KOH)
Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H2O
NaClO + CO2 + H2O NaHCO3 + HClO ( c tnh ty mu)
(Cl2 + 2KOH KCl + KClO + H2O)
2.KALI CLORAT cng thc phn t KClO3 l cht xiha mnh thng dng iu ch O2 trong
phng th nghim
2t
2KClO3 MnO
2KCl + O2
0
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
t
2HClO4
H2O + Cl2O7
Tng kt v cc axit cha oxy ca clo
Chiu tng tnh bn v tnh axit
HClO
HClO2
HClO3
HClO4
Chiu tng tnh oxyho
VI. FLO l cht oxiha mnh, tham gia phn ng vi hu ht cc n cht v hp cht to florua
vi s oxyho -1.( k c vng)
1. Ho tnh
a.TC DNG KIM LOI & PHI KIM
Ca + F2 CaF2
2Ag + F2 2AgF
3F2 + 2Au 2AuCl3
3F2 + S SF6
b.TC DNG VI HIDRO phn ng xy ra mnh hn cc halogen khc , hn hp H2 , F2 n
mnh trong bng ti.
H2 + F2 2HF
Kh HF tan vo nc to dung dch HF. Dung dch HF l axit yu, c bit l ha tan c SiO2
0
t
4HF + SiO2
2H2O + SiF4 (s n mn thy tinh c ng dng trong k thut khc
trn knh nh v tranh khc ch).
c.TC DNG NC kh flo qua nc s lm bc chy nc (do gii phng O2).
2F2 + 2H2O 4HF + O2
Phn ng ny gii thch v sao F2 khng y Cl2 , Br2 , I2 ra khi dung dch mui hoc axit
trong khi flo c tnh oxiha mnh hn .
2.iu ch HF bng phng php sunfat
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
t
CaF2(tt) + H2SO4()
CaSO4 + 2HF
Hp cht vi oxi : OF2
2F2 + 2NaOH 2NaF + H2O + OF2 ;OF2 l cht c tnh c v tnh oxyho mnh
VII. BRM V IT l cc cht xiha yu hn clo.
1.TC DNG VI KIM LOI to mui tng ng
0
2Na + Br2
2Na + I2
t
2NaBr
t
2NaI
t
2Al + 3Br2
2AlBr3
0
t
2Al + 3I2
2AlI3
2.TC DNG VI HIDRO
non
g
H2 + Br2 un
2HBr
H 2 + I2
2 HI phn ng xy ra thun nghch.
hot ng gim dn t Cl Br I
Cc kh HBr, HI tan vo nc to dung dich axit
H O ddaxit HBr
H O dd axit HI.
HBr +
HI +
2
2
AgCl (trng)
Ag+ + Cl-
+
Ag + Br
AgBr (vng nht)
a
(2AgCl 2Ag + Cl2 )
Ag+ + I-
AgI (vng m)
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
Trang 22
Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
SiO32-
Axt mnh
- kt ta keo trng
DU HIU
- ho xanh m
- dd KMnO4 ( tm)
- mt mu tm
- dd Br2 ( nu )
- dd CuCl2
- ngi mi
- tn que dim
- dd KI + h tinh bt
- mt mu nu
- kt ta en
- mi trng thi
- bng chy
- ho xanh m
H2
- kim loi Ag
- t, lm lnh
CO2
CO
- dd Ca(OH)2
- dd PdCl2
- ho xm en
- c hi nc
Ngng t
- dd b c
- dd b sm mu
NH3
- qu m
- HCl c
- khng kh
- H2O, qu m
- ho xanh
- khi trng
- ho nu
- dd c tnh axit
SO2
H2S
O2
O3
NO
NO2
DU HIU
- mt mu tm
- mt mu nu
2NO + O2 2NO2
SiO32- + 2H+ H2SiO3 ( kt ta)
- kt ta en
- mi trng thi
- bng chy
- dd KI + HTB
- ho xanh m
- kim loi Ag
- ho xm en
O3
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
Trang 23
Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
17
8
18
8
t
2Mg + O2
2MgO
Magi oxit
t
4Al + 3O2
2Al2O3
Nhm oxit
t
3Fe + 2O2
Fe3O4
Oxit st t (FeO, Fe2O3)
Tc dng hu ht vi phi kim (tr halogen), cn c t0 to ra oxit
o
t
S + O2
SO2
o
t
C + O2
CO2
o
t
N2 + O2
2NO t0 khong 30000C hay h quang in
Tc dng vi H2 (n mnh theo t l 2 :1 v s mol), t0
o
t
2H2 + O2
2H2O
Tc dng vi cc cht c tnh kh.
2SO2
CH4
+
+
O2
2O2
V2O5 ,300 C
2SO3
t
CO2 + 2H2O
Tc dng vi cc cht hu c.
C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
C2H5OH + O2 lenmemgiam
CH3COOH + H2O
III. ZN l dng th hnh ca oxi v c tnh xha mnh hn O2 rt nhiu
O3 + 2KI + H2O
I2 + 2KOH + O2 (oxi khng c)
Do to ra KOH nn O3 lm xanh qu tm dd KI (dng trong nhn bit ozon)
2Ag + O3
Ag2O + O2 (oxi khng c phn ng)
IV. HIR PEOXIT : L cht c 2 kh nng l c tnh oxiho v c tnh kh.
Tnh oxiho: H2O2 + 2KI I2 + 2KOH
H2O2 + KNO2 KNO3 + H2O
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
Trang 24
Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
Tnh kh :
Fe + S0
FeS-2
Zn + S0
st II sunfua
ZnS-2 km sunfua
Hg + S
HgS-2 thy ngn sunfua, phn ng xy ra t0 thng
t
H2 + S
H2S-2
hidrosunfua
S l cht kh khi tc dng vi cht xiha to hp cht vi soh dng (+4, +6)
Tc dng vi phi kim (tr Nit v Iod)
o
S + O2
SO2
S + 3F2
SF6
Ngoi ra khi gp cht xiha khc nh HNO3 to H2SO4
VI. HIDRSUNFUA (H2S) l cht kh mnh v trong H2S lu hunh c s oxi ho thp nht (-2),
tc dng hu ht cc cht xiha to sn phm ng vi soh cao hn.
Tc dng vi oxi c th to S hoc SO2 ty lng xi v cch tin hnh phn ng.
t0
t tthap
2H2S + O2 2H2O + 2S
(Dung dch H2S trong khng kh hoc lm lnh ngn la H2S ang chy)
Tc dng vi clo c th to S hay H2SO4 ty iu kin phn ng
H2S + 4Cl2 + 4H2O 8HCl + H2SO4
H2S + Cl2 2 HCl + S (kh clo gp kh H2S)
Dung dch H2S c tnh axit yu 2 nc : Khi tc dng dung dch kim c th to mui axit
hoc mui trung ho
1:1
H2S + NaOH
NaHS + H2O
::2
H2S + 2NaOH 1
Na2S + 2H2O
VII. LU HUNH (IV) OXIT cng thc ha hc SO2, ngoi ra c cc tn gi khc l lu
hunh dioxit hay kh sunfur, hoc anhidrit sunfur.
+4
2 S O2
V2O5 ,300 C
O2
2SO3
+4
+6
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
Trang 25
Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
+4
0
SO2 l cht oxi ho ( S + 4e S ) Khi tc dng cht kh mnh
+4
S O 2 + 2H2S 2H2O + 3 S
+4
+ Mg MgO
S O2
Ngoi ra SO2 l mt oxit axit
1:1
SO2 + NaOH
NaHSO3 (
nNaOH
2)
nSO2
1:2
SO2 + 2 NaOH
Na2SO3 + H2O (
nNaOH
1)
nSO2
mol
NaHSO3 : x
< 2 th to ra c hai mui
mol
nSO2
Na2 SO3 : y
VIII. LU HUNH (VI) OXIT cng thc ha hc SO3, ngoi ra cn tn gi khc lu hunh tri
oxit, anhidrit sunfuric.
L mt xit axit
Tc dng vi H2O to axit sunfuric
SO3 + H2O H2SO4 + Q
SO3 tan v hn trong H2SO4 to leum : H2SO4.nSO3
Tc dng vi baz to mui
SO3 + 2 NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O
IX. AXT SUNFURIC H2SO4 trng thi long l mt axit mnh, trng thi c l mt cht
xiha mnh.
dng long l axt mnh lm qu tm, tc dng kim loi(trc H2) gii phng H2, tc
dng baz, oxit baz v nhiu mui.
H2SO4 2H+ + SO42- l qu tm ho mu .
H2SO4 + Fe FeSO4 + H2
H2SO4 + NaOH NaHSO4 + H2O
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O
H2SO4 + CuO CuSO4 + H2O
H2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2 HCl
H2SO4 + Na2SO3 Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2
H2SO4 + CaCO3 CaSO4 + H2O + CO2
dng c l mt cht xiha mnh
Tc dng vi kim loi: oxi ho hu ht cc kim loi (tr Au v Pt) to mui ho tr cao v
thng gii phng SO2 (c th H2S, S nu kim loi kh mnh nh Mg ).
Nu 1<
nNaOH
t
2Fe + 6 H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3+ 3SO2+ 6H2O
0
t
Cu + 2 H2SO4 CuSO4 + SO2+ 2H2O
Al, Fe, Cr khng tc dng vi H2SO4 c ngui, v kim loi b th ng ha.
Tc dng vi phi kim (tc dng vi cc phi kim dng rn, t0) to hp cht ca phi kim ng
vi s oxy ho cao nht
0
t
2H2SO4() + C CO2 + 2SO2 + 2H2O
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
Trang 26
Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
0
t
2H2SO4() + S 3SO2 + 2H2O
Tc dng vi mt s cht c tnh kh.
0
t
FeO + H2SO4 () Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 4H2O
0
t
2HBr + H2SO4 () Br2 + SO2 + 2H2O
Ht nc ca mt s cht hu c.
C12H22O11 + H2SO4() 12C + H2SO4.11H2O
X. NHN BIT MT S CHT LIN QUAN.
1. MUI SUNFUA V NHN BIT GC SUNFUA (S2- ) hu nh cc mui sunfua iu khng
tan, ch c mui ca kim loi kim v kim th tan (Na2S, K2S, CaS, BaS). Mt s mui khng tan
v c mu c trng CuS en, PbS en, CdS vng, SnS gch, MnS hng.
nhn bit S2- dng dung dch Pb(NO3)2
Pb2+ + S2- PbS ( en, khng tan trong axit, nc)
2. MUI SUNFAT V NHN BIT GC SUNFAT (SO42-)
C hai loi mui l mui trung ha (sunfat) v mui axit (hidrsunfat).
Phn ln mui sunfat tan, ch c BaSO4, PbSO4 khng tan c mu trng, CaSO4 t tan c
mu trng.
Nhn bit gc SO42- (sunfat) dng dung dch cha Ba2+ , Ca2+ , Pb2+
Ba2+ + SO42- BaSO4 ( kt ta trng, khng tan trong nc v axit)
XI. IU CH
0
t
1. IU CH XI : 2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2 (xc tc MnO2), iu ch trong PTN
Phn hu oxi gi hay nhit phn kalipemangenat
Trong CN chng ct phn on khng kh lng, in phn nc
( Vit cc ptp)
2. IU CH HIDRSUNFUA (H2S) :Cho FeS hoc ZnS tc dung vi dung dch HCl
FeS + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2S
t S trong kh hir
0
t
H2 + S H2S
3. IU CH SO2 c rt nhiu phn ng iu ch
O2
SO2
t
Na2SO3 + H2SO4()
Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2
0
t
Cu +2H2SO4() CuSO4 + 2H2O +SO2
0
t
4FeS2 + 11O2
2Fe2O3 + 8SO2
t ZnS, FeS, H2S, S trong oxi ta cng thu c SO2.
4. IU CH SO3 : 2SO2 + O2
V2O5 ,300 C
2 SO3 .
t FeS2
t
4FeS2 + 11O2 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2
Oxi ho SO2
V2O5 ,300 C
2SO2 + O2
2SO3
Hp nc:
SO3 + H2O
H2SO4
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
Trang 27
Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
T LU HUNH
t S to SO2:
S + O2
SO2
O
Oxi ho SO2
V2O5 ,300 C
2SO2 + O2
2SO3
SO3 hp nc
SO3 + H2O
H2SO4
Gii thch : Ta c
v = k . C Aa .C Bb
Trong :
v tc ti thi im nht nh
k hng s tc
CA,CB nng ca cc cht A,B.
b. Nhit : Tng nhit tc phn ng tng.
Gii thch : Theo Qui tc Van't Hoff : c tng nhit ln 10 oC th tc phn ng tng t 2 - 4
ln.
Biu thc lin h
t 2 t1
vt 2
= 10
vt1
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
Trang 28
Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
2. Cn bng ho hc
a. Khi nim : Cn bng ha hc l trng thi ca phn ng thun nghch khi tc ca phn ng
thun bng tc phn ng nghch.
b. Biu thc: aA + bB cC + dD (* )
Kc : hng s cn bng.
[ C ] .[ D ]
[ A] a .[ B] b
C
Ta c : K c =
trong :
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
Trang 29
Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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