Basics of Matlab

Simulating Communication Systems
with MATLAB : An Introduction

Aniruddha Chandra
ECE Department, NIT Durgapur, WB, India.
aniruddha.chandra@ieee.org
September 23, 2010
NIT DGP Student

Branch
Presentation Outline
Sep. 23, 2010
Objective of the Lecture

Expected Background
Simulating Analog Communication Systems
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Simulating Digital Communication Systems
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
A. Chandra, ECE Deptt., NITD
Simulating Communication Systems with MATLAB
Sep. 23, 2010

Expected Background
Sep. 23, 2010
After the Lecture Youll be able to
Write your own Matlab Script

Make a Analog/ Digital Communication Link
Compare your Results with Theoretical Values
Sep. 23, 2010

Expected Background
Expected Background
Sep. 23, 2010
I assume that You understand
Basic MATLAB Operations (function, matrix)

Basics of Communication (modulation)
Performance Metrics (BER)
Sep. 23, 2010

Expected Background
Analog Communication Systems
Source
Sep. 23, 2010
Modulator
Channel
Destination
Demodulator
Simulate a Source
Source
Sep. 23, 2010
Modulator
Channel
Destination
Demodulator
Produces message signal e.g. a simple Sine wave
Simulate a Source
Sep. 23, 2010
Generate message signal (simple sine wave)

m t Vm sin 2f mt
Define time instants (1000 sample points)
tmin = 0; tmax = 10^(-3); step = (tmax-tmin)/1000;
t = tmin:step:tmax;
Define amplitude and frequency (initial phase is zero)

Vm = 1;
fm = 2*10^3;
% Amplitude
% Frequency
Construct the Signal

m = Vm*sin(2*pi*fm*t);
View the Signal

plot(t,m,'r');
10
Simulate a Source
Complete MATLAB Script
Sep. 23, 2010
[Prog1.m]

t = tmin:step:tmax;
fm = 2*10^3;
Vm = 1;
plot(t,m,'r');
11
Simulate a Source
Sep. 23, 2010
12
Simulate a Source
Assignment #1
Sep. 23, 2010
[Prog2.m], [Prog3.m]
What happens if there is an initial phase?

phi_deg = 45;
phi_rad = phi_deg*pi/180;
m = Vm*sin(2*pi*fm*t+phi_rad);
What happens if the message is not sinusoidal?

tmin = 0; tmax = 1; step = (tmax-tmin)/1000;
t = tmin:step:tmax;
f = 2;
m = sawtooth(2*pi*f*t);
plot(t,m,'r');
13
Simulate Modulation
Source
Sep. 23, 2010
Modulator
Channel
Destination
Demodulator
Built-in functions are available (ammod, amdemod etc.)

WYSIWYG?? No
14
Amplitude Modulation
Simulate with built-in functions
fs = 8000;
fc = 300;
t = [0:0.1*fs]'/fs;
m = sin(20*pi*t);
v = ammod(m,fc,fs);
%
%
%
%
%
[Prog4.m]
Sampling rate is 8000 samples per second

Carrier frequency in Hz
Sampling times for 0.1 second
Representation of the signal
Modulate m to produce v
figure(1)
subplot(2,1,1); plot(t,m);
subplot(2,1,2); plot(t,v);
mr = amdemod(v,fc,fs);
Sep. 23, 2010
% Plot m on top
% Plot v below
% Demodulate v to produce m
figure(2);
subplot(2,1,2); plot(t,mr);
% Plot m on top
% Plot mr below
Source: Introduction to Communications Toolbox in MATLAB 7.6.0 (R2008) by Amit Degada

Available: http://amitdegada.weebly.com/download.html
15
Sep. 23, 2010
16
Sep. 23, 2010
17
Sep. 23, 2010
Dont have the feel??? . Try this

Define message signal, m t Vm sin 2f m t (as done earlier)
t = tmin:step:tmax;
Vm = 1;
fm = 2*10^3;
Define carrier, c t Vc sin 2f c t

Vc = 2;
% Amplitude
fc = 10^4;
% Frequency
c = Vc*sin(2*pi*fc*t); % Carrier signal
18
Sep. 23, 2010
Continued .
Modulate the Signal, v t Vc 1
v = (1+m/Vc).*c;
Vm
sin 2f mt sin 2f ct
Vc
% DSB-FC modulation
View Modulated Wave

plot(t,v);
% Modulated Wave
hold on;
plot(t,Vc*(1+m/Vc),'r:'); % Upper Envelope
hold on;
plot(t,-Vc*(1+m/Vc),'r:'); % Lower Envelope
hold off ;
19
Complete MATLAB Script
Sep. 23, 2010
[Prog5.m]
clear all; close all; clc;

t = tmin:step:tmax;
% Time
Vm = 1; Vc = 2;
% Amplitude
fm = 2*10^3; fc = 10^4; % Frequency
c = Vc*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
v = (1+m/Vc).*c;
% Message
% Carrier
% Modulated Wave
plot(t,v); hold on;

plot(t,Vc*(1+m/Vc),'r:'); hold on; % Upper Envelope
plot(t,-Vc*(1+m/Vc),'r:'); hold off % Lower Envelope
20
Sep. 23, 2010
21
Assignment #2
Sep. 23, 2010
[Prog6.m]
How to view effect of changing modulation index?

t = tmin:step:tmax;
Vm = 1; mu = 1.5; Vc = Vm/mu;
fm = 2*10^3; fc = 10^4;
v = (1+m/Vc).*c;
plot(t,v); hold on;
plot(t,Vc*(1+m/Vc),'r:'); hold on;
plot(t,-Vc*(1+m/Vc),'r:'); hold off
22
Assignment #2 (Contd)
Sep. 23, 2010
[Prog7.m]
How to simulate DSB-SC modulation?

t = tmin:step:tmax;
Vm = 2; Vc = 1;
fm = 2*10^3; fc = 10^4;
v = m.*c;
plot(t,v); hold on;
plot(t,m,'r:'); hold on;
plot(t,-m,'r:'); hold off
23
Demodulation
Demodulate DSB-SC with filter
Sep. 23, 2010
[Prog8.m]

tmin = 0; tmax = 1; step = (tmax-tmin)/(10^3);
t = tmin:step:tmax;
Vm = 2; Vc = 1;
fm = 2; fc = 10^2;
v = m.*c;
r = v.*c;
[b a] = butter(1,0.01);
mr = filter(b,a,r);
figure(1)
24
Demodulation
Sep. 23, 2010
25
Demodulation
Ideal Demodulation of DSB-SC
Sep. 23, 2010
[Prog9.m]

fs = 10^5; N = 10^5;
t = 1/fs:1/fs:N/fs;
fm = 2; fc = 10^3;
m = sin(2*pi*fm*t);
c = sin(2*pi*fc*t);
v = m.*c;
r = zeros(1,N); n =f s/fc;
for k = 1:fc
mr((k-1)*n+1:k*n) = 2*v((k-1)*n+1:k*n)*c((k-1)*n+1:k*n)'/n;
end
figure(1)
26
Demodulation
Sep. 23, 2010
27
Analog Communication Systems
Source
Sep. 23, 2010
Modulator
Channel
Destination
Demodulator
Introduces noise Additive White Gaussian Noise
28
Simulate Channel
Introducing AWGN
Sep. 23, 2010
[Prog10.m]
fs = 10^5; N = 10^5;
t = 1/fs:1/fs:N/fs;
fm = 2; fc = 10^3;
m = sin(2*pi*fm*t);
c = sin(2*pi*fc*t);
v = m.*c;
SNRdB = 10; SNR = 10^(SNRdB/10);
vn = var(v)/SNR;
n = sqrt(vn)*randn(1,N);
v = v + n;
r=zeros(1,N); n=fs/fc;
for k=1:fc
mr((k-1)*n+1:k*n)=2*v((k-1)*n+1:k*n)*c((k-1)*n+1:k*n)'/n;
end
figure(1)
subplot(2,1,2); plot(t,mr); axis([0 1 -1 1])
29
Simulate Channel
Sep. 23, 2010
30
Sep. 23, 2010

Expected Background
31
Digital Communication Systems
Source
Sep. 23, 2010
Modulator
Channel
Destination
Demodulator
32
Simulate BPSK
Simulation
%This program simulates BER
num_bit=100000;
max_run=20;
Eb=1;
SNRdB=0:1:9;
SNR=10.^(SNRdB/10);
Sep. 23, 2010
[Prog11.m]
of BPSK in AWGN channel%
%Signal length
%Maximum number of iterations for a single SNR
%Bit energy
%Signal to Noise Ratio (in dB)
hand=waitbar(0,'Please Wait....');
for count=1:length(SNR)
%Beginning of loop for different SNR
avgError=0;
No=Eb/SNR(count);
%Calculate noise power from SNR
33
Simulate BPSK
Simulation (Contd.)
Sep. 23, 2010
[Prog11.m]
for run_time=1:max_run %Beginning of loop for different runs

waitbar((((count-1)*max_run)+run_time-1)/(length(SNRdB)*max_run));
Error=0;
data=randint(1,num_bit);
s=2*data-1;
%Generate binary data source

%Baseband BPSK modulation
N=sqrt(No/2)*randn(1,num_bit);
%Generate AWGN
Y=s+N;
%Received Signal
for k=1:num_bit %Decision device taking hard decision and deciding error
if ((Y(k)>0 && data(k)==0)||(Y(k)<0 && data(k)==1))
Error=Error+1;
end
end
Error=Error/num_bit;
avgError=avgError+Error;
end
%Calculate error/bit
%Calculate error/bit for different runs
%Termination of loop for different runs
34
Simulate BPSK
Simulation (Contd.)
[Prog11.m]
BER_sim(count)=avgError/max_run;
end
BER_th=(1/2)*erfc(sqrt(SNR));
close(hand);
Sep. 23, 2010
%Calculate BER for a particular SNR

%Termination of loop for different SNR
%Calculate analytical BER
semilogy(SNRdB,BER_th,'k');
%Plot BER
hold on
semilogy(SNRdB,BER_sim,'k*');
legend('Theoretical','Simulation',3);
axis([min(SNRdB) max(SNRdB) 10^(-5) 1]);
hold off
35
Simulate BPSK
Sep. 23, 2010
36
References
Sep. 23, 2010
[1] http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/
[2] http://www.freewebs.com/acwebpage/teaching.htm
[3] B.P. Lathi and Z. Ding, Modern Digital and Analog
Communication Systems, Oxford University Press,
International 4th edition, 2010.
[4] J.G. Proakis, M. Salehi, and G. Bauch, Contemporary
Communication Systems using MATLAB, Thomson/ CLEngineering, 2nd edition, 2003.
37
Sep. 23, 2010
Thank You!
Questions???
aniruddha.chandra@ieee.org
38

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Simulating Communication Systems

with MATLAB : An Introduction

September 23, 2010

NIT DGP Student

Sep. 23, 2010

Objective of the Lecture

A. Chandra, ECE Deptt., NITD

Simulating Communication Systems with MATLAB

Sep. 23, 2010

Objective of the Lecture

A. Chandra, ECE Deptt., NITD

Simulating Communication Systems with MATLAB

Objective of the Lecture

Sep. 23, 2010

After the Lecture Youll be able to

Write your own Matlab Script

A. Chandra, ECE Deptt., NITD

Simulating Communication Systems with MATLAB

Sep. 23, 2010

Objective of the Lecture

A. Chandra, ECE Deptt., NITD

Simulating Communication Systems with MATLAB

Sep. 23, 2010

I assume that You understand

Basic MATLAB Operations (function, matrix)

A. Chandra, ECE Deptt., NITD

Simulating Communication Systems with MATLAB

Sep. 23, 2010

Objective of the Lecture

A. Chandra, ECE Deptt., NITD

Simulating Communication Systems with MATLAB

Analog Communication Systems

Sep. 23, 2010

A. Chandra, ECE Deptt., NITD

Simulating Communication Systems with MATLAB

Sep. 23, 2010

Produces message signal e.g. a simple Sine wave

A. Chandra, ECE Deptt., NITD

Simulating Communication Systems with MATLAB

Sep. 23, 2010

Generate message signal (simple sine wave)

Define amplitude and frequency (initial phase is zero)

Construct the Signal

View the Signal

A. Chandra, ECE Deptt., NITD

Simulating Communication Systems with MATLAB

Sep. 23, 2010

tmin = 0; tmax = 10^(-3); step = (tmax-tmin)/1000;

A. Chandra, ECE Deptt., NITD

Simulating Communication Systems with MATLAB

A. Chandra, ECE Deptt., NITD

Simulating Communication Systems with MATLAB

Sep. 23, 2010

Sep. 23, 2010

What happens if there is an initial phase?

What happens if the message is not sinusoidal?

A. Chandra, ECE Deptt., NITD

Simulating Communication Systems with MATLAB

Sep. 23, 2010

Built-in functions are available (ammod, amdemod etc.)

A. Chandra, ECE Deptt., NITD

Simulating Communication Systems with MATLAB

Sampling rate is 8000 samples per second