BI TP V TINH TH ION - TINH TH PHN T

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BI TP V TINH TH ION - TINH TH PHN T

DNG 1: Da vo cu trc mng tinh th gii thch tnh
cht ca cc phn t
Bi 1:
Ti sao bng phin v iot d dng thng hoa m khng dn in? Bit rng
bng phin thuc mng tinh th phn t?
Bi gii:
Cu trc mng phn t bng phin v iot km bn vng. u nt mng
l nhng phn t. Lc tng tc gia cc phn t rt yu nn bng phin va
iot d dng b thng hoa.
Mng tinh th khng cha phn t chuyn ng t do nn khng dn
in.
Bi 2: Hy m t cu trc ca mng tinh th kim cng? Lin kt gia cc
nguyn t l kiu lin kt g? Cho bit tnh cht ca tinh th kim cng?
Bi gii:
Kim cng thuc loi tinh th nguyn t in hnh, trong mi nguyn
t cacbon to bn lin kt cng ha tr bn vi bn nguyn t cacbon ln cn
nm trn cc nh ca hnh t din u. mi nguyn t cacbon nh li lin
kt vi bn nguyn t cacbon khc

Kim cng l vt cht cng nht c tm thy trong t nhin, vi

cng l 10 trong thang cng Mohs cho cc khong vt. gin ca kim
cng ch t trung bnh kh n tt. gin ch kh nng kh b v ca vt
liu. gin ca kim cng mt phn l do cu trc tinh th ca kim cng
khng chng chu tt lm. Kim cng c rt nhiu mu sc: khng mu,
xanh dng, xanh l cy, cam, , ta, hng, vng, nu v c en.
Kim cng s chy khong 800 C, nu c xy.

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Kim cng c kh nng tn sc tt, do c chit sut bin i nhanh vi bc
sng nh sng.
Kim cng khng dn in. Kim cng l mt cht truyn nhit tt bi v
cc nguyn t c lin kt cht ch vi nhau.
Bi 3: Hy so snh s khc nhau gia tinh th ion, tinh th nguyn t v tinh
th phn t.
Bi gii:
Tinh th

Ion

Nguyn t

Phn t

- V d

Mui n

Kim cng,
than ch,
thic

Iot, nc ,
bng phin(long
no)

- Nt mng

Cc ion m v ion Nguyn t

dng

- Lc lin kt

Lc ht tnh in Lc lin kt
Lc tng tc
ln
cng ho tr ln yu gia cc
phn t

- Tnh cht chung Kh rn; t0nng

chy, t0si cao.

Phn t

Cng; t0nng Mm; t0nng

chy, t0si cao. chy, t0si thp

Bi 4: Ti sao th tch ca nc trng thi ng c ln hn khi trng

thi lng?
Bi gii
Trong nc lnh cc phn t H2O gn nhau hn, khng tun theo 1 trt
t no, lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt hiro lin phn t
Cn trong Nc c cu trc tinh th phn t : 4 phn t H2O 4 nh
ca t din u => nc c cu trc rng => c th tch ln hn nc
lnh

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Cu trc tinh th phn t nc

Bi 5 : Nc d tan, bng phin d bay hi, iot d thng hoa =>
ti sao tinh th phn t li d nng chy, d bay hi nh vy?
Bi gii :
Ngay nhit thng, 1 phn tinh th bng phin, iot b
ph hy, cc phn t tch ri ra khi mng tinh th v khuych tn
vo khng kh lm ta d nhn ra mi ca chng.Trong tinh th
phn t, cc phn t vn tn ti nh nhng n v c lp v ht
nhau bng lc tng tc yu gia cc phn t. V vy chng d
nng chy, d bay hi.
Bi 6 : Hy m t cu trc tinh th iot, tinh th phn t nc
v nu nhng tnh cht ca chng?
Bi gii :
Mng tinh th phn t ca iot l lp phng tm din
Phn t iot l phn t hai nguyn t, cc phn t iot nm trn
cc nh v tm cc mt ca hnh lp phng, gi l tinh th lp
phng tm din.
Tinh th phn t iot khng bn, iot c th chuyn thng t th
rn sang th hi (s thng hoa).
Lp phng tm mt (hay lp phng tm din): l cu trc lp

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phng vi cc nguyn t nm cc nh hnh lp phng (8

nguyn t) v 6 nguyn t khc nm tm ca cc mt ca hnh
lp phng. Cu trc ny cha 4 nguyn t trong mt nguyn t.
Trong tinh th hc, cu trc lp phng tm mt c k hiu l
fcc (Face-centered cubic).

b) Mng tnh th phn t ca nc

Mng tinh th nc thuc loi tinh th phn t. Mi phn t
lin kt vi bn phn t khc gn n nht nm trn bn nh ca
mt hnh t din u (hnh 3.14).

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Cu trc ca tinh th phn t nc thuc cu trc t din, l

cu trc rng nn nc c t khi nh hn khi nc trng thi
lng, th tch nc trng thi ng c ln hn khi trng
thi lng.

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DNG 2: Xc inh khi lng ring, s phi tr, c kht

ca cc cu trc mng
Bi 1:
Xc nh Ic ca tng loi cu trc mng?
1. Khi lng ring ca tinh th:
n.M
=
N.Vtb
n: S n v cu trc trong mt t bo c bn ( s qu cu).
M : khi lng phn t ca n v cu trc.
Vtb: Th tch ca t bo c bn.
N: s Avgar.
Bi 2:
Xc nh Ic, P v bn knh ca qu cu kim loi trong mng lp phng
tm khi. Bit:
B

A
C
D
a

Bi gii:
Theo m hnh ta c: DC = a 2
AC = 4R. ( vi R l bn knh ca qu cu).
Xt tam gic: ADC l tam gic vung ti D:
AC2 = AD 2 + DC 2
(4R)2 = a2 + 2a2 = 3a2
R=a 3.
4

mi qu cu nh ng gp 1/8 . V tm c mt qu
n = 2 hay c hai qu cu trong mt cu trc c bn.
Vtb = a3
4
3

Vc = R 3
Lp vo cng thc => P = 0,68.
Vy trong mng li lp phng tm khi: c kht 68%

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% l trng: 32%.
Ic = 8.
Bi 3:
Xc nh R, P, Ic ca cu trc lp phng tm din bit:
A

a
Bi gii
Theo m hnh => AD = 4R
m tam gic vung ti C => AD 2 = AC 2 + CD 2
R =a

2
4

S n v cu trc:
+ mi qu cu nh ng gp 1/8
+ mi qu cu trn mt ng gp
n = 4.
Ic = 12.
thay cc gi tr vo ta c: P = 0,74
Vy trong mng lp phng tm din:
- c kht l 74%
- % cc l trng l 26%.
Bi 4:
Tm R, Ic, P cho cu trc lc phng c kht.
Bit:
a
A
c

B
D

Vi DH vung gc vi ABC
Bi gii
Theo m hnh ta c: AC = CB = 2R ( tam gic ABC cn ti C)

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Mt khc gc ACB = 600 v vy tam gic ABC u
AB = a = 2R hay R = a/2
Ta c t din ABCD l t din u v cc cnh u bng 2R
Vi DH vung gc vi ABC => DH = c/2 theo gi thit.
H l trc tm ca tam gic ABC
AH = 2 a 3 =a 3
3 2
3
Tam gic AHD vung gc ti H.
AD 2 = AH 2 + HD 2
a2 = c2/4 + a2/3
c= a

2 2
3

S n v cu trc:
+ Mi qu cu nh ng gp 1/6.
+ mi qu cu mt ng gp 1/2
+ mi qu cu trong ng gp 1
n = 3 + 2 + 1 = 6.
Vtb = c.S(y)
Thay cc gi tr vo biu thc tnh ta c:
dc kht : 74%
% l trng : 26%
Ic = 12.
Bi 5:
Tnh khi lng ring ca tinh th Ni, bit Ni kt tinh theo mng tinh th
0
lp phng tm mt v bn knh ca Ni l 1,24 A .

Gii:
0
4r 4.1, 24

3,507(
A
) ; P = 0,74
a=
2
2

Khi lng ring ca Ni:

a

3.58, 7.0, 74
3
8 3
23 =9,04 (g/cm )
4.3,14.(1, 24.10 ) .6, 02.10

a 2 = 4.r

Bi 6: ng kt tinh theo kiu lp phng tm din.

Tnh khi lng ring ca ng theo g/ cm3. Cho Cu = 64.

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Gii:
1
8

1
2

S nguyn t Cu trong mng tinh th: 8. 6. 4

dCu

m 4.M Cu
4.64 g

8,96 g / cm3
3
23
V
a
6, 02.10 .(3, 62.108 cm)3

Bi 7. T nhit phng n 1185K st tn ti dng Fe vi cu trc lp

phng tm khi, t 1185K n 1667K dng Fe vi cu trc lp phng
tm din. 293K st c khi lng ring d = 7,874g/cm3.
a) Tnh khi lng ring ca st 1250K (b qua nh hng khng ng k
do s dn n nhit).
Thp l hp kim ca st v cacbon, trong mt s khong trng gia
cc nguyn t st b chim bi nguyn t cacbon. Trong l luyn thp (l
thi) st d nng chy khi cha 4,3% cacbon v khi lng. Nu c lm
lnh nhanh th cc nguyn t cacbon vn c phn tn trong mng li lp
phng ni tm, hp kim c gi l martensite cng v dn. Kch thc
ca t bo s ng ca Fe khng i.
c) Hy tnh s nguyn t trung bnh ca C trong mi t bo s ng ca Fe
vi hm lng ca C l 4,3%.
d) Hy tnh khi lng ring ca martensite. (cho Fe = 55,847; C = 12,011;
s N = 6,022. 1023 )
HD: a) nhit 1250 st tn ti dng Fe vi cu trc mng lp phng
tm din.
4.55,847 g

0
3
C: a 2 2.r 2 2.1, 24 3,51 A ; d Fe 6, 022.1023.(3,51.108 cm)3 8, 58 g / cm

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c) S nguyn t trung bnh ca C trong mi t bo s ng ca Fe l:
mC
%C.mFe
4,3.2.55,847

0, 418
12, 011 % Fe.12, 011 95, 7.12, 011
(2.55,847 0, 418.12, 011) g

3
d) Khi lng ring ca martensite: 6, 022.1023.(2,87.108 cm)3 8, 20 g / cm

Cu 8. Cho rng ht nhn nguyn t v chnh nguyn t H c dng hnh cu.

Ht nhn nguyn t hiro c bn knh gn ng bng 1015 m, bn knh
nguyn t hiro bng 0,53 1010 m.
Hy xc nh khi lng ring ca ht nhn v nguyn t hiro.
(cho khi lng proton = khi lng ntron 1,672 1027 kg
khi lng electron = 9,109 1031 kg)
Hng dn
Khi lng ht nhn nguyn t hiro chnh l khi lng ca proton =
1,672 1027 kg
+ Th tch ht nhn nguyn t hiro bng
4
3

4
3

V = r3 3,14 (1015)3 = 4,19 1045 (m3)

Khi lng ring ca ht nhn nguyn t hiro bng:
1,672 1027
8
3
D=
45 = 3,99 10 (tn/m )
4,19 10

+ Th tch gn ng ca nguyn t hiro l:

4 3,14 (0,53 1010)3
= 0,63 1030 (m3)
3

+ Khi lng ca nguyn t hiro (tnh c khi lng ca electron) =

1,673 1027 kg
Khi lng ring ca nguyn t hiro bng
1,673 1027
= 2,66 103 (kg/m3) = 2,66 103 (g/cm3)
0,63 1030

Bi 9: Xc nh khi lng ring ca Na, Mg, K.

Gii: Xc nh khi lng ring ca cc kim loi trn theo cng thc:
3.M .P

D = 4 r 3 .N Sau in vo bng v so snh khi lng ring ca cc kim

A
loi , gii thch kt qu tnh c.
Kim loi

Na

Mg

Al

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Nguyn t khi (v.C)
0
Bn knh nguyn t ( A )
Mng tinh th
c kht
Khi lng ring l thuyt (g/cm3)
Khi lng ring thc nghim
(g/cm3)

22,99
1,89
Lptk
0,68
0,919

24,31
1,6
Lpck
0,74
1,742

26,98
1,43
Lptm
0,74
2,708

0,97

1,74

2,7

Nhn xt: Khi lng ring tng theo th t: DNa < DMg < DAl. L do s
bin i cu trc mng tinh th kim loi, c kht tng dn v khi lng
mol nguyn t tng dn

Dng 3: Xc nh bn knh, canh ca hnh v khong cch

ngn nht gia hai tm ca hai nguyn t trong mng tinh th
Bi 1: ng kt tinh theo kiu lp phng tm din.
Tnh cnh ca hnh lp phng ca mng tinh th v khong cch ngn nht
gia hai tm ca hai nguyn t ng trong mng, bit nguyn t ng c bn
knh bng 1,28A0.
Gii: Bn knh nguyn t Cu l: r = 1,28.10-8 cm.

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T cng thc: 4.r = a

a= 4.r /

2 = (4.1,28.10-8 )/1,41 = 3,63.10-8

cm.
Khong cch ngn nht gia 2 tm ca hai nguyn t ng trong mng.
2.r = 2,56.10-8 cm.
Bi 2: Tinh th NaCl c cu trc lp phng tm mt ca cc ion Na +, cn
cc ion Cl- chim cc l trng tm mt trong mng c s ca cc ion Na +,
ngha l c 1 ion Cl- chim tm ca hnh lp phng. Bit cnh a ca mng
0

c s l 5,58 A . Khi lng mol ca Na v Cl ln lt l 22,99 g/mol; 35,45

0

g/mol. Cho bn knh ca Cl- l 1,81 A . Tnh bn knh ca ion Na+.

Gii:

Na
Cl

Cc ion Cl - xp theo kiu lp phng tm mt, cc cation Na+ nh hn

chim ht s hc bt din. Tinh th NaCl gm hai mng lp phng tm mt
lng vo nhau. S phi tr ca Na+ v Cl- u bng 6.
S ion Cl- trong mt c s: 8.1/8 + 6.1/2 = 4
S ion Na+ trong mt c s: 12.1/4 + 1.1 = 4
S phn t NaCl trong mt c s l 4

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C: 2.(r Na+ + rCl-) = a = 5,58.10-8 cm r Na+ = 0,98.10-8 cm;
Bi 3. Tnh bn knh nguyn t gn ng ca Ca 200C, bit ti nhit
khi lng ring ca Ca bng 1,55 g/cm3. Gi thit trong tinh th cc nguyn
t Ca c hnh cu, c c kht l 74%.
Cho nguyn t khi ca Ca = 40,08
Hng dn
40,08

Th tch ca 1 mol Ca = 1,55 = 25,858 cm3, mt mol Ca cha NA = 6,02

1023 nguyn t Ca
25,858 0,74

Theo c kht, th tch ca 1 nguyn t Fe = 6,02 1023 = 3,18

1023 cm3
T V =

4
r3
3

Bn knh nguyn t Ca = r =

3V
=
4

3 3,18 1023
= 1,965 108 cm
4 3,14

Bi 4. Tnh bn knh nguyn t gn ng ca Fe 200C, bit ti nhit

khi lng ring ca Fe bng 7,87 g/cm3. Gi thit trong tinh th cc nguyn
t Fe c hnh cu, c c kht l 68%.
Cho nguyn t khi ca 55,85 = 40
Hng dn
55,85

Th tch ca 1 mol Fe = 7,87 = 7,097 cm3. mt mol Fe cha NA = 6,02

1023 nguyn t Fe
7,097 0,68

Theo c kht, th tch ca 1 nguyn t Fe = 6,02 1023 = 0,8 1023

cm3
T V =

4
r3
3

Bn knh nguyn t Fe = r =

3V
=
4

3 0,8 1023
= 1,24 108 cm
4 3,14

Bi 5: Phn t CuCl kt tinh di dng lp phng tm din. Hy biu din

mng c s ca CuCl.
a) Tnh s ion Cu+ v Cl - ri suy ra s phn t CuCl cha trong mng tinh
th c s.

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b) Xc nh bn knh ion Cu+.
0

Cho: D(CuCl) = 4,136 g/cm3 ; rCl-= 1,84 A ; Cu = 63,5 ; Cl = 35,5

Gii:
V lp phng mt tm nn
Cl- 8 nh:
6 mt:

1
1
8

1
3
2

ion Cl-

4 ion Cl-

ion Cl1

Cu+ gia 12 cnh : 12 4 3 ion Cu+ 4 ion Cu+

t m : 1x1=1 ion Cu+
Vy s phn t trong mng c s l 4Cu+ + 4Cl- =
4CuCl
N .M

CuCl
3. d N .V vi V=a3 ( N: s phn t, a l cnh hnh lp phng)
A

a3

N.M CuCl
4,(63,5 35,5)

158,965.10 24 cm 3
d.N A
4,136.6,023.10 23

a 5,4171A o

Mt khc theo hnh v ta c a= 2r+ + 2r r

a 2r 5,4171 2.1,84

0,86855 A o
2
2

Cc io
Bi 6: St dng (Fe) kt tinh trong mng lp phng tm khi, nguyn t
c bn knh r = 1,24 . Hy tnh:
a) Cnh a ca t bo s ng
b) T khi ca Fe theo g/cm3.
c) Khong cch ngn nht gia hai nguyn t Fe
Cho Fe = 56
Hng dn
B
a) Mng t bo c s ca Fe (hnh
v)
A
A
B

Theo hnh v, s nguyn t Fe l

tm nh lp phng = 8

E
a

1
=
8

C
D

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1
tm lp phng = 1
Vy tng s nguyn t Cu cha trong t bo s ng = 1 + 1 = 2 (nguyn t)
b) T hnh v, ta c: AD2 = a2 + a2= 2a2
xt mt ABCD: AC2 = a2 + AD2 = 3a2
mt khc, ta thy AC = 4r = a 3 nn a =

4r
3

4 1,24
3

= 2,85

c) Khong cch ngn nht gia 2 nguyn t l on AE:

AE =

AC a 3
2,85 3

=
= 2,468
2
2
2

Bi 7.
1) Bng phng php nhiu x tia X kho st cu trc tinh th NH4Cl ngi
ta ghi nh n c kt qu sau:
200C phn t NH4Cl kt tinh di dng l p phng vi hng s mng a =
3,88 A0 v khi lng ring
d = 1,5 g/cm3.
2500C phn t NH4Cl kt tinh di dng l p phng vi hng s mng a
= 6,53 A0 v khi lng ring d = 1,3 g/cm3.
T cc d ki n trn hy cho bit:
a) Kiu tinh th l p phng hnh thnh 200C v 2500C.
b) Khong cch N Cl theo A0 cho tng kiu tinh th xc nh cu (a).
( Cho N = 14; H = 1; Cl = 35,5).
Hng dn
1) S phn t NH4Cl trong m t mng l p phng c tnh theo cng
thc:
d .N A .a 3
n
M NH 4Cl

Thay s vi cc trng hp
a
2

2500C: d N Cl 3, 27 A0
200C :
n

1,5.6, 02.1023.(3,88.108 )3
1
53,5

2500C:
1,3.6, 02.1023.(6,53.108 )3
n
4
53,5

T kt qu tnh => 200C NH4Cl tn ti dng l p phng n gin, mng

NH4+ v Cl chen vo nhau c th tnh tin trng nhau.

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2500C : NH4Cl kt tinh di dng l p phng tm di n.
b) Tnh khong cch:
200C: d N Cl

a 3
3,36 A0
2

Bi 8: (HSG QG 2008) Silic c cu trc tinh th ging kim cng.

1. Tnh bn knh nguyn t silic. Cho khi lng ring ca silic tinh th
bng 2,33g.cm-3; khi lng mol nguyn t ca Si bng 28,1g.mol-1.
2. So snh bn knh nguyn t ca silic vi cacbon (r C = 0,077 nm) v gii
thch.
Gii:
a. T cng thc tnh khi lng ring
D=

n.M
N A .V

V1 = ( 8.28,1)/(2,33.6,02.1023) = 16,027 cm3.

a= 5,43.10-8 cm; d = a. 3 = 5,43.10-8 .1,71 = 9.39.10-8 cm;

Bn knh ca nguyn t silic l: r = d/8 = 1,17 .10-8cm;
b. C rSi (0,117 nm) > rC( 0,077 nm). iu ny ph hp vi quy lut bin i
bn knh nguyn t trong mt phn nhm chnh
Bi 9. T nhit phng n 1185K st tn ti dng Fe vi cu trc lp
phng tm khi, t 1185K n 1667K dng Fe vi cu trc lp phng
tm din. 293K st c khi lng ring d = 7,874g/cm 3. Hy tnh bn knh
ca nguyn t Fe.
GII: S nguyn t Fe trong mt mng c s lp phng tm khi l: 2
d Fe

0
m
2.55,847
2.55,847

a 3
2,87.108 cm 2,87 A
23 3
23
V 6, 022.10 .a
6, 022.10 .7,874

a 3 4r r

0
a 3
1, 24 A
4

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DNG 4: _XC NH TR S AVOGADRO

_TNH THNH PHN PHN TRM TH TCH
KHNG GIAN TRNG TRONG MNG TINH TH.
Bi 1. Bn knh nguyn t Cobalt l 1,25. Tnh th tch ca n v ca
tinh th Co nu trong 1 trt t gn xem Co kt tinh dng lp phng tm
mt.

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A

1,25

B
5

1,25
D

AD = 1,25 . 4 = 5 () ;

AB =

52
3,54 (
2

Vy th tch ca mng n v ca Co : V = (3,54)3 = 44,36 ()3

Bi 2. Mng li tinh th ca KCl ging nh mng li tinh th ca NaCl.
18oC, khi lng ring ca KCl bng 1,9893 g/cm 3, di cnh mng
c s (xc nh bng thc nghim) l 6,29082 . Dng cc gi tr ca
nguyn t khi xc nh s
Avogadro. Cho bit K = 39,098; Cl = 35,453
Hng dn

Xt mt mng c s
Trong mt mng c s c s ion K+ (hoc Cl-) l: 8 + 6 = 4
Nh vy, trong mt mng c s c 4 phn t KCl
Xt 1 mol tinh th KCl, khi : Khi lng KCl l: 39,098 + 35,453 =
74,551 (g)
Th tch tinh th KCl l: 74,551 : 1,9893 = 37,476 (cm3)
Th tch mt mng c s l: (6,29082.10-8)3 = 2,4896.10-22 (cm3)
S mng c s l: 37,476 : (2,4896.10-22) = 1,5053.1023
S phn t KCl c trong 1 mol tinh th KCl l: 1,5053.10 23 x4 =
6,0212.1023
Bi 3: ( HSG QG 2007) Thc nghim cho bit pha rn, vng ( Au) c khi
lng ring l 19,4 g/cm3 v c mng li lp phng tm din. di cnh
ca mng n v l 4,070.10 -10 m. Khi lng mol nguyn t ca vng l:
196,97 g/cm3.
1. Tnh phn trm th tch khng gian trng trong mng li tinh th
ca vng.
2. Xc nh tr s ca s Avogadro.

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Gii:
- S nguyn t trong 1 c s:
8.1/8 + 6.1/2 = 4.

- Bn knh nguyn t Au:

a
a 2 = 4.r

4.r = a

r= a

2 /4= 1,435.10-8

cm

Th tch b chim bi cc nguyn t:

Vnguyn t= 4/3..r3 = 4.4/3.3,14.(1,435.10-8 )3 = 5.10-23 cm3.
Th tch 1 n v:
V1 = a3 = (4,070.10-8 )3 = 6,742.10-23 cm3.
Phn trm th tch khng gian trng:
(V1 - Vnguyn t).100 / Vnguyn t = 26%.
Tr s ca s Avogadro: NA = (n.M)/ ( D.V) = 6,02.1023.
Bi 4: (HSG QG 2009) Mu trong c th ngi c mu v cha
hemoglobin ( cht vn chuyn oxi cha st). Mu ca mt s ng vt
nhuyn th khng c mu m c mu khc v cha kim loi khc ( X). T
bo n v ( mng c s) lp phng tm din ca tinh th X c cnh bng
6,62.10-8 cm. Khi lng ring ca nguyn t ny l 8920 kg/m3.
a. Tnh th tch ca cc nguyn t trong mt t bo v phn trm th tch
ca t bo b chim bi cc nguyn t.
b. Xc nh nguyn t X.
Gii:
S nguyn t trong mt t bo: 8.1/8 + 6.1/2 = 4.
Tnh bn knh nguyn t: r = 1,276.10-8 cm.
Th tch b chim bi cc nguyn t V nguyn t = 4.4/3..r3 = 3,48.10-23

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cm3.
Th tch 1 mng c s V 1 = a3 = 4,7.10-23 cm3.
Phn trm th tch t bo b chim bi cc nguyn t: 74%.
Khi lng mol phn t: M = 63,1 g/mol. Vy X l ng.