Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sch
1. W. Whyte, "Cleanroom Design" Second Edition, John Wiley, 1999
2. P. R. Gray and R, G, Meyer, "Analysis and design of analog integrated
circuit", John Wiley, New York, 1984.
cho mnh nhng dy truyn cng ngh ph hp vi cng sut sn xut cng nh
kh nng kinh t. Tr nhng nh ch to ln, phn ln cc cng ty nh v va
thng la chn cc thit b hn die nhn cng (manual) hoc bn t ng. cng
on ny, chp trn c gp bng bt chn khng hoc kp chn khng (nh). K
thut ny cho php gi chp mt cch chc chn ng thi khng lm tn hi n
b mt chp.
kim thng thp hn khi n dng kim loi n l. Hp kim Au-Si, Au-Sn hoc PdSi thng c s dng rng ri trong k thut ny. gn c die ln leadframe
u tin ngi ta ph mt lp vng vi dy ph hp ln trn b mt leadframe
hoc die).
Trong qu trnh hn, nhit cao s lm khuch tn cc phn t silic t b mt die
ln lp vng ca leadframe, to ra cng tinh Au-Si (v d, hp kim Au-Si vi 2.85%
Au c im nng chy 3630C). Khi hn ngi ta s nng nhit cao hn Tm mt
cht, thng l c 10C so vi nhit eutectic dn n s lin khuch tn gia
cht rn v cht lng b mt phn cch. Hp kim eutectic sau ho rn v c
lm lnh. Hp phn, im cng tinh ca mt mt s hp kim c lit k trong
bng di y.
Bng 1 Hp phn v im nng chy ca mt s hp kim c gn sn trn
leadframe
Hp phn
80% Au, 20% Sn
92.5% Pb, 2.5% Ag, 5% In
97.5% Pb, 1.5% Ag, 1% Sn
95% Pb, 5% Sn
88% Au, 12% Ge
98% Au, 2% Si
100% Au
Nhit (C)
Th lng
Th rn
280
280
300
309
309
314
310
356
356
800
370
1063
1063
Mi hn dt
Mi hn trn
(a) K thut hn dt
4. K thut hn Trn Dt (Ball-Wedge Wire Bonding)
Trong k thut ny, mt u mi hn c c nh, dy hn c lm nng chy v
to hnh di dng cu. Mi hn th hai c p v to hnh di dng dt (hnh
b).
hn
V tr
Lc kp
Tnh cht
Kh nng hn
iu kin b mt hn
B mt a l
Din tch b mt hn
Nhit
Kh nng truyn nhit
cng
Mi trng hn
n nh
chnh xc ca php nh v
S ng ho
Dy hn
Mi hn
Kch thc dy
Loi dy
Chu ti ca dy (ti lm t
dy)
S ko di
tinh khit (vt liu lm dy)
ng u
Vn/Xon
iu kin b mt
Kh nng hn
S hon tinh ca dy hn
Tip xc u hn/Dy hn
Hnh thi b mt
Quy trnh hn ti u
V tr hn
xon dy
Tip xc lin kim loi
Thi gian/ Nhit lm vic
iu kin b mt tip xc ca
mi hn
Hiu sut hn
My hn
B mt hn
S chun ho my
Quy trnh hn ti u
K nng ca ngi vn hnh
Hiu sut hn
Thi gian
Nhit
Nng lng siu m
S ng b ho
Kh nng hn
p sut lc hn
______________________________________________
Cng ngh ng gi b mt (SMT)
Xu hng pht trin khng th khc ti Vit nam
u thng 5/2008, ti H Ni s din ra hi ch trin lm v cng nghip in t.
Khch tham quan trin lm s c c hi din kin nhng c my, nhng cng ngh
ang ngy m gp phn vo s pht trin ca nn cng nghip in t ton cu.
Theo thng tin do TH nhn c, cc hng sn xut thit b cho nn cng nghip
in t s tp trung vo gii thiu cc dy truyn hn linh kin b mt. Nhn s
kin ny chng ti xin gi ti qu c gi mt s khi nim v cng ngh tin tin
ny vi mong mun rng chng ta s c nhng khi nim c bn khi tip xc vi
cc c my lm nn s thnh cng cho bao tp on in t hng u th gii.
Khi nim v cng ngh hn linh kin b mt (SMT)
Cng ngh hn linh kin b mt l phng php gn cc linh kin in t trc tip
ln trn b mt ca bo mch (PCB). Cc linh kin in t dnh ring cho cng ngh
ny c tn vit tt l SMD. Trong cng nghip in t, SMT thay th phn ln
cng ngh ng gi linh kin trn tm PCB xuyn l theo linh kin in t c
c nh trn b mt PCB bng phng php xuyn l v hn qua cc b ch nng.
Gn chp, gn IC
Cc linh kin SMDs, kch thc nh, thng c
chuyn ti ti dy truyn trn bng cha (bng giy
hoc nha) xoay quanh mt trc no . Trong khi
IC li thng c cha trong cc khay ng ring.
My gp chip c iu khin s s g cc chip trn
khay cha v t chng ln trn b mt PCB ni
c qut kem hn. Cc linh kin mt di ca bo
mch c gn ln trc, v cc chm keo c sy
kh nhanh bng nhit hoc bng bc x UV. Sau
bo mch c lt li v my gn linh kin thc hin
nt cc phn cn li trn b mt bo.
Gia nhit lm mt
Sau khi qu trnh gp, gn linh kin hon tt, bo
mch c chuyn ti l sy. u tin cc bo tin
vo vng sy s b ni m nhit ca bo v
mi linh kin tng i ng u v c nng ln
mt cch t t. Vic ny lm gim thiu ng sut
nhit khi khi qu trnh lp rp kt thc sau khi hn.
Bo mch sau tin vo vng vi nhit ln
c th lm nng chy cc ht vt liu hn trong
kem hn, hn cc u linh kin ln trn bo mch.
Sc cng b mt ca kem hn nng chy gip cho
linh kin khng lch v tr, v nu nh b mt a l
ca chn hn c ch to nh thit k, sc cng
b mt s t ng iu chnh linh kin v ng v
tr ca n. .
(thit b gn chp
SM421 ca Samsung)
C nhiu k thut dng cho vic gia nhit, bo mch sau qu trnh gp, gn.
Nhng k thut m ta thng gp s dng n hng ngoi, kh nng. Trng hp
c bit ngi ta c th s dng cht lng CF4 vi nhit si ln. k thut ny
c gi l gia. Phng php ny khng cn l u tin s mt khi xy dng cc
nh my. Hin nay ngi ta s dng nhiu kh nit cho hoc kh nn giu ni-t
trong cc l i lu. D nhin, mi phng php c nhng u im v nhc im
ring. Vi phng php dng IR, k s thit k phi b tr linh kin trn bo sao
cho nhng linh kin thp hn khng ri vo vng ca cc linh kin cao hn. Nu
ngi thit k bit trc c cc chu trnh nhit hoc qu trnh hn i lu th anh
ta s d dng hn trong vic b tr cc linh kin gn trn bo. Vi mt s thit k,
ngi ta phi hn th cng hoc lp thm cc linh kin c bit, hoc l t ng
ha bng cch s dng cc thit b hng ngoi tp trung. Sau qu trnh hn cc bo
mch phi c ra g b nhng phn vt liu hn cn dnh trn v bt k
mt vin vt liu hn no trn b mt bo cng c th lm ngn mch ca h thng.
Cc vt liu hn khc nhau c ra bng cc ha cht khc nhau c ty ra
bng cc dung mi khc nhau. Phn cn li l dung mi ha tan c ra bng
nc sch v lm kh nhanh bng khng kh nn. Nu khng ch trng ti hnh
thc v vt liu hn khng gy hin tng ngn mch hoc n mn, bc lm sch
ny c th l khng cn thit, tit kim chi ph v gim thiu nhim cht thi.
Kim tra v sa li
Cui cng bo mch c a sang b phn kim tra quang hc pht hin li b
st linh kin hoc sa cc liv tr ca linh kn. Trong trng hp cn thit, chng
Linh kin nh hn
Cn phi to ra rt t l trong qu trnh ch to PCB
Qu trnh lp rp n gin hn
Nhng li nh gp phi trong qu trnh ng gi c hiu chnh t ng
(sc cng b mt ca kem hn nng chy lm lch v tr ca linh kin ra khi
v tr ca chn hn trn bo mch)
C th gn linh kin ln trn hai mt ca bo mch
Lm gim tr v khng ca lp ch tip xc (lm tng hiu nng ca cc linh
kin cao tn)
Tinh nng chu bn b hn trong iu kin b va p v rung lc
Gi linh kin cho cng ngh SMT thng r hn gi linh kin cho cng ngh
xuyn l
Cc hiu ng cao tn (RF) khng mong mun t xy ra hn khi s dng cng
ngh SMT so vi cc linh kin cho dng cng ngh hn ch, to iu kin
thun li cho vic d on cc c tuyn ca linh kin.
Do kch thc linh kin rt nh, phn gii ca cc linh kin trn bo l rt cao nn
vic nghin cu, trin khai cng ngh ny mt cch th cng s lm cho t l sai
hng tng i ln v tn km.
Hin nay cc sn phm SMT tng i a dng p ng cc nhu cu t th cng
ti t ng ha hon ton. Hu nh cc hng sn xut thit b SMT hng u th
gii u tham gia trin lm ln ny nh Samsung-SMT, Speedline (M) hay Juki
(Nht bn). Vi s xut hin ca sn phm SMT, vi xu hng dch chuyn u t,
Vit Nam chc chn s tr thnh nhng quc gia c nn cng nghip in t pht
trin trong khu vc v trn th gii trong tng lai khng xa.
ACROSEMI
Nhm nghin cu v khoa hc v k thut vt liu ti trng khoa hc v k thut ng dng
McCormick s dng cng ngh nhum hunh quang to ra mt cng ngh xem hnh nh
mi ca graphen mc chiu dy mt nguyn t.
Graphen c coi l loi vt liu mng nht th gii v rt kh c th nhn c. Hin nay, mt
s cng ngh c s dng xem nh graphen l rt t v tiu tn thi gian. Cng ngh c
s dng nhiu nht hin nay l knh hin vi lc nguyn t (AFM), n c th quan st b mt vt
liu bng cch qut trn b mt ca n vi mt u tp rt nh. Nhng cng ngh ny mt rt
nhiu thi gian c th xem c hnh nh ca graphen v ch c th quan st c mt din
tch rt nh. Knh hin vi in t qut c th qut trn b mt graphen vi mt chm in t c
nng lng cao, vi iu kin mu o c t trong bung chn khng. Cng ngh nh du
hunh quang thng c s dng xem cc hnh nh ca vt liu sinh hc. y l phng
php s dng cht nhum hunh quang cho vt cht sinh hc cn c nghin cu, sau n s
c quan st trn knh hunh quang nhng cng ngh ny khng c s dng cho vt liu
graphen do c ch dp tt hunh quang. Vy lm sao c th xem graphen theo c ch
ny? Huang v cc cng s ca ng ph mt lp ln lp graphen mt cht hunh quang sau
quan st loi vt liu ny bng mt thit b c gi l knh hin vi dp tt hunh quang
(FQM). Kt qu ca phng php ny cho hnh nh ca vt liu graphen r nt nh khi quan st
chng trn knh hin vi lc nguyn t hoc tnh hin vi in t qut. Cng ngh ny cng c th
xem c mu graphen trong dung dch.
Hnh nh ca graphen trn silc c chp bng knh hin vi lc nguyn t (AFM), knh hin
vi in t qut (SEM), knh hin vi quang hc ch phn x (OM), hin vi hunh quang dp
tt (FQM).( i hc Northwestern).
Theo Science daily
Tun trc, trong din n cng ngh thng nin, IMEC cng b cng ngh ch to pin
mt tri dng cng ngh phun ph vi hiu sut ln 3% so vi tm mt tri c sn
xut bng cng ngh quay ph.
Cc tm pin mt tri trn vt liu hu c thng c sn xut bng vic quay ph cc
lp hu c v bc bay chn khng kim loi ln mt trn. y l kt qu quan trng
hin thc ha vic sn xut pin mt tri gi r v din tch ln.
iu rt quan trng cho cng ngh ct cnh trong thi gian ti l cc hot ng R&D ang
a chng ta ti giai on hin thc ha quy trnh sn xut pin mt tri vi chi ph thp, nng
sut cao.
Cu trc ca tm pin mt tri dng cng ngh phun ph (a) nh SEM (b), cu trc ngang chp
bng FIB/TEM ca pin mt tri hu c vi lp keo bc trn (c).
Hiu sut chuyn i cho pin mt tri dng vt liu hu c thp hn nhiu so vi nhng vt liu
khi hin nay cng nh i vi cc cng ngh mng mng khc. Hin ti, hiu sut cho pin mt
tri hu c ch t c ~6%, nhng c th t hn 10% vi thi gian sng lu hn, ng thi
cng nghip s tha nhn cng ngh ny nhanh chng hn do kh nng lm gim gi thnh v
tng cng sut. Tuy nhin, iu ny ch thnh hin thc khi mi lp ca pin mt tri c to
nn t dung dch bng cc phng php ph hp. Cc nh khoa hc cho rng cng ngh phun
ph ang l cng ngh mang tnh ha hn cao nht dng ch to pin mt tri trn c s vt
liu hu c k c lp tip xc kim loi.
Hin ti, IMEC s dng dung dch P3HT v PCBM to ra lp hot ha cho tm pin mt tri, v
to ra mt dung dch cha ht nano bc to lp tip xc bn trn. Thch thc cng ngh l
vic ph lp tip xc b mt m khng lm ha tan lp bn di, hoc khng lm hng lp vt
liu khi dng nhit lp nano bc. Phng php phun ph cho php lm gim ng k
chi ph so vi cc k thut khc. Cc ht nano bc c th c nhit T=150C, nhit
tng ng vi qu trnh cc loi mm.
con ngi c thc rt r v tm quan trng ca tit kim nng lng. V th, bi ton t ra
y chnh l vic gim nng lng tiu th trn cc thit b u cui. Lm c iu ny, chng
ta s gii quyt c nhng thch thc v tiu th nng lng ni chung.
Cng nghip v thng mi
Khong mt na nng lng sinh ra c dng trong cng nghip v thng mi. Cng ngh
bn dn c tc ng ti tnh hnh s dng nng lng bng nhiu cch khc nhau. Mt
trong s cc tc ng l ci tin hiu qu ng c in, chim khong 2/3 lng in tiu
th ca ngnh cng nghip trn th gii. Chp bn dn c kh nng iu chnh tc ca ng
c, lm cho mc tiu th c nng lng ch bng 1/8 nng lng cn phi b ra sinh cng
mt cng ng c c tc khng i. Hin ti mi ch c 5% ng c in s dng h
thng bin tc, mi ch th thi nhng nng lng tit kim c tng ng vi sn lng
ca 10 nh my in. Nh vy, nu 100% ng c c ci tin th nng lng m chng ta c
th tit kim c tng ng vi 200 nh my in. Tc ng ti mi trng cng c ngha
quan trng tng ng. Nhng ng c hiu qu tit kim c 68 triu tn kh nh knh.
Tnh ti thi im ny, phn ln cc nh sn xut pin mt tri ang tp trung u t cho cng ngh trn
nn silicon. Nm 2008, nhng tm silicon n tinh th hoc a tinh th c kch thc 125mm x 125mm
hoc 156mm x 156mm hin ang chim gi ti 85% tng cng sut sn xut v lp t ca cc nh my.
Tnh sn sng ca h thng thit b, c s h tng v vic sn xut phin silicon vi hiu sut chuyn i
cao l nhng yu t chnh quyt nh s thnh cng ca cng ngh ny.
Ngi ta tin rng cc nh khoa hc ang c pht kin nhng tin b mi nhm tm ra mc chung ca cc
cng ngh khc nhau, p ng nhu cu ngy cng cao ca nng lng th gii. trnh hin tng nt
gy, cng ngh pin mt tri da trn nn silicon khi s dng cc tng i dy, v vic s dng mt
lng ln silicon trong sn xut l nguyn nhn lm cho gi thnh ca cng ngh ny vn cn cao vi
ngi tiu dung. Mc nhng c gng ca cc nh sn xut s dng nhng tm silicon mng hn (~ 500
micron, 1979 v cha ti 200 micron ngy hm nay), ngi ta vn a d tm nhng cng ngh thay th
vi gi thnh thp hn. D nhin, ci g mi cng kh c th c chp nhn khi ci c ang vn hnh tt
(phn ln mang li ngun li cho nh sn xut). Nhng cng ty sn xut pin mt tri trn c s silicon th
cho rng h s lm gim gi thnh trn mt n v nng lng bng cch tng hiu sut v gim gi silic
a tinh th. Cc nh sn xut PV trn cng ngh mng mng tuyn b vt liu gi r v khn nng sn
xut tm ln s khc phc c bt li v hiu sut chuyn i lm gim chi ph sn xut. Hin ti, hiu
sut chuyn i tt nht ca pin mt tri trn c s silic l 25%, trong khi mng mng trn c s silic v
nh hnh c 12% v cc tm pin mt tri da trn cc hp cht bn dn khc nm trong khong 16% 20%), [1].
PV trn c s mng mng c coi l tng lai ca ngnh sn xut pin mt tri. Vic ph nhng lp
mng mng ln cc loi nh thy tinh, thp khng g hoc nhm, ang dn dn thay th nhu cu ca
silic a tinh th. Trong khi cng ngh silicon cn phi dng nhiu tm ghp li trn , to ra nhng k h
mp tm pin th cng ngh mng mng c th gii quyt c tn ti vi mt tm panel c kch
thc hng mt. im yu ca cng ngh mng mng, cho ti ngy hm nay, chnh l hiu sut chuyn
i thp hn. V th, nhng ni din tch hn ch cng ngh trn c s silicon vn chim u th. Vo
nm 2008, cc tm pin trn c s mng mng vn cha t c mc gi/ot thp hn so vi pin mt tri
trn c s silic (1,38 la/watt silic so vi 1,51/watt cho mng mng, th nm nay t s ny c
cn bng [2]. T l ny c th thay i, nhng rt nh, gia vic t vn v cch tip cn ca cc cng
ty phn tch v nh gi. Phn tch cho thy, vn cn nim tin rng vi s tin b ca k thut cng
ngh mng mng s chim u th so vi cng ngh silic truyn thng v ti nm nay cng ngh mng
mng gn nh gii quyt c vn
Da trn c s ca cc nh sn xut tm pin mt tri ton cu chng ta thy c s tng trng rt
mnh ca ngnh sn xut tm pin mt tri mng mng t 15% (2008) ln 31% nm 2012 ( mt s cng ty
nh gi l 34%). Cng sut sn xut ln nht cho pin mt tri trn c s mng mng da trn silic v
nh hnh, v c d on l c mc tng trng ti hn 5 ln nhng loi vt liu v nh hnh khc vo
nm 2012. Nhng vt liu ang l i th ca silic v nh hnh l hp kinh ng indi sunphua (CIS)
cho hiu sut chuyn i ln hn. Ngoi ra cn c Telua-Cadimi (CdTe) mc du hiu sut cha cao bng
vt liu CIS. Nhng hot ng R&D cho hai loi vt liu ny ang thu ht rt nhiu hng sn xut v cc
trng i hc, vin nghin cu sao cho hiu sut chuyn i ngy cng gn vi silic khi.
Ti thi im ny, cn kh sm ni rng cng ngh no s chim u th hon ton hoc s phi l kt
hp ca nhiu cng ngh. C iu, chng ta hiu r, l nn cng nghip ang t cc vo cng ngh
mng mng nhm ginh ngy cng nhiu th phn t tay vt liu silic dng khi.
ca TFG theo trc x v y. Khi cm bin chu mt vn tc gc quay quanh trc z, ta c phng
trnh ng hc:
(1.a)
(1.b)
Chn trc x l trc truyn ng tc l t mt dao ng:
(2)
Bng 2. Thng s in cc ca t in