15 Chuyen de Hoa Hoc 9

Ti liu bi dng hc sinh gii mn ho hc
k hoch bi dng hsg

mn: Ho Hc 9
Stt
Tn chuyn
I Rn luyn k nng vit CTHH, PTHH v cc phng php gii
ton ho hc thng dng.
1 Vit, hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc v hng dn 1 s
phng php gii ton ho hc thng dng.
II Vn dng cc cng thc tnh ton ho hc
1 Bi tp v tan, nng dung dch...
2 Bi tp pha trn dung dch cc cht
III Tnh theo PTHH: Xc nh cng thc - Tnh khi lng, th
tch, nng v thnh phn % ca cc cht.
1 Xc nh cng thc ca cc cht v c
a/ Bi tp Oxit tc dng vi dung dch axt
2 b/ Bi tp Oxt tc dng vi dung dch baz
c/ Bi tp hn hp Oxt
3 Bi tp dung dch axit tc dng vi kim loi
4 Bi tp dung dch axt tc dng vi baz
(hn hp axit tc dng vi hn hp baz)
5 Bi tp dung dch axt tc dng vi mui
6 Bi tp dung dch baz tc dng vi dung dch mui
7 Bi tp hn hp kim loi
8 Bi tp hn hp mui
9 Bi tp tng hp ca ch tnh theo PTHH.
IV Nhn bit phn bit, tch tinh ch, iu ch cc cht v c
theo yu cu. Vit PTHH thc hin s chuyn ho.
1 Bi tp nhn bit phn bit cc hp cht v c
2 Bi tp tch tinh ch cc cht v c
3 iu ch cc cht v c
4 Vit v hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc thc hin s
chuyn ho - chui phn ng
V Hirocacbon Dn xut ca hircacbon
1 Vit cng thc cu to
2 Nhn bit, tinh ch v iu ch cht hu c
3 Vit phng trnh ho hc s chuyn ho - chui phn
ng
4 Xc nh cng thc phn t hp cht hu c
5 Tnh theo PTHH: Tnh ru, nng v thnh phn % v
khi lng, th tch ca cc cht hu c trong hn hp.
a Bi tp hn hp hircacbon
b Bi tp hn hp ru
c Bi tp hn hp axit hu c
d Bi tp tng hp
S tit
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Chuyn 1: Vit phng trnh ho hc
I/ Phn ng va c s thay i s oxi ho, va khng c s thay i s oxi ho.
1/ Phn ng ho hp.
- c im ca phn ng: C th xy ra s thay i s oxi ho hoc khng.
V d:
Phn ng c s thay i s oxi ho.
4Al (r) + 3O2 (k) ----> 2Al2O3 (r)
Phn ng khng c s thay i s oxi ho.
BaO (r) + H2O (l) ----> Ba(OH)2 (dd)
2/ Phn ng phn hu.
- c im ca phn ng: C th xy ra s thay i s oxi ho hoc khng.
V d:
Phn ng c s thay i s oxi ho.
2KClO3 (r) -------> 2KCl (r) + 3O2 (k)
Phn ng khng c s thay i s oxi ho.
CaCO3 (r) -----> CaO (r) + CO2 (k)
II/ Phn ng c s thay i s oxi ho.
1/ Phn ng th.
- c im ca phn ng: Nguyn t ca n cht thay th mt hay nhiu nguyn t ca
mt nguyn t trong hp cht.
V d:
Zn (r) + 2HCl (dd) ----> ZnCl2 (dd) + H2 (k)
2/ Phn ng oxi ho - kh.
- c im ca phn ng: Xy ra ng thi s oxi ho v s kh. hay xy ra ng thi s
nhng electron v s nhn electron.
V d:
CuO (r) + H2 (k) ------> Cu (r) + H2O (h)
Trong :
- H2 l cht kh (Cht nhng e cho cht khc)
- CuO l cht oxi ho (Cht nhn e ca cht khc)
- T H2 -----> H2O c gi l s oxi ho. (S chim oxi ca cht khc)
- T CuO ----> Cu c gi l s kh. (S nhng oxi cho cht khc)
III/ Phn ng khng c thay i s oxi ho.
1/ Phn ng gia axit v baz.
- c im ca phn ng: Sn phm thu c l mui v nc.
V d:
2NaOH (dd) + H2SO4 (dd) ----> Na2SO4 (dd) + 2H2O (l)
NaOH (dd) + H2SO4 (dd) ----> NaHSO4 (dd) + H2O (l)
Cu(OH)2 (r) + 2HCl (dd) ----> CuCl2 (dd) + 2H2O (l)
2

Trong :
Phn ng trung ho (2 cht tham gia trng thi dung dch).
- c im ca phn ng: l s tc dng gia axit v baz vi lng va .
- Sn phm ca phn ng l mui trung ho v nc.
V d:
NaOH (dd) + HCl (dd) ----> NaCl (dd) + H2O (l)
2/ Phn ng ga axit v mui.
- c im ca phn ng: Sn phm thu c phi c t nht mt cht khng tan hoc mt
cht kh hoc mt cht in li yu.
V d:
Na2CO3 (r) + 2HCl (dd) ----> 2NaCl (dd) + H2O (l) + CO2 (k)
BaCl2 (dd) + H2SO4 (dd) -----> BaSO4 (r) + 2HCl (dd)
Lu : BaSO4 l cht khng tan k c trong mi trng axit.
3/ Phn ng gia baz v mui.
- c im ca phn ng:
+ Cht tham gia phi trng thi dung dch (tan c trong nc)
+ Cht to thnh (Sn phm thu c) phi c t nht mt cht khng tan hoc mt cht kh
hoc mt cht in li yu.
+ Ch cc mui kim loi m oxit hay hiroxit c tnh cht lng tnh phn ng vi dung
dch baz mnh.
V d:
2NaOH (dd) + CuCl2 (dd) ----> 2NaCl (dd) + Cu(OH)2 (r)
Ba(OH)2 (dd) + Na2SO4 (dd) ---> BaSO4 (r) + 2NaOH (dd)
NH4Cl (dd) + NaOH (dd) ---> NaCl (dd) + NH3 (k) + H2O (l)
AlCl3 (dd) + 3NaOH (dd) ----> 3NaCl (dd) + Al(OH)3 (r)
Al(OH)3 (r) + NaOH (dd) ---> NaAlO2 (dd) + H2O (l)
4/ Phn ng gia 2 mui vi nhau.
- c im ca phn ng:
+ Cht tham gia phi trng thi dung dch (tan c trong nc)
+ Cht to thnh (Sn phm thu c) phi c t nht mt cht khng tan hoc mt cht kh
hoc mt cht in li yu.
V d:
NaCl (dd) + AgNO3 (dd) ----> AgCl (r) + NaNO3 (dd)
BaCl2 (dd) + Na2SO4 (dd) ----> BaSO4 (r) + 2NaCl (dd)
2FeCl3 (dd) + 3H2O (l) + 3Na2CO3 (dd) ----> 2Fe(OH)3 (r) + 3CO2 (k) + 6NaCl (dd)
Cc phng php cn bng mt phng trnh phn ng.
1/ Cn bng phng trnh theo phng php i s.
V d: Cn bng phng trnh phn ng
P2O5 + H2O -> H3PO4
a cc h s x, y, z vo phng trnh ta c:
- Cn c vo s nguyn t P ta c: 2x = z
(1)
- Cn c vo s nguyn t O ta c: 5x + y = z (2)
3

- Cn c vo s nguyn t H ta c: 2y = 3z
Thay (1) vo (3) ta c: 2y = 3z = 6x => y =
(3)
6x
= 3x
2
Nu x = 1 th y = 3 v z = 2x = 2.1 = 2
=> Phng trnh dng cn bng nh sau: P2O5 + 3H2O -> 2H3PO4
V d: Cn bng phng trnh phn ng.
Al + HNO3 (long) ----> Al(NO3)3 + NO + H2O
Bc 1: t h s bng cc n s a, b, c, d trc cc cht tham gia v cht to thnh (Nu 2
cht m trng nhau th dng 1 n)
Ta c.
a Al + b HNO3 ----> a Al(NO3)3 + c NO + b/2 H2O.
Bc 2: Lp phng trnh ton hc vi tng loi nguyn t c s thay i v s nguyn t 2
v.
Ta nhn thy ch c N v O l c s thay i.
N:
b = 3a + c
(I)
O:
3b = 9a + c + b/2 (II)
Bc 3: Gii phng trnh ton hc tm h s
Thay (I) vo (II) ta c.
3(3a + c) = 9a + c + b/2
2c = b/2 ----> b = 4c ---> b = 4 v c = 1. Thay vo (I) ---> a = 1.
Bc 4: Thay h s va tm c vo phng trnh v hon thnh phng trnh.
Al + 4 HNO3 ----> Al(NO3)3 + NO + 2 H2O
Bc 5: Kim tra li phng trnh va hon thnh.
2/ Cn bng theo phng php electron.
V d:
Cu + HNO3 (c) -----> Cu(NO3)2 + NO2 + H2O
Bc 1: Vit PTP xc nh s thay i s oxi ho ca nguyn t.
Ban u: Cu0 ----> Cu+ 2 Trong cht sau phn ng Cu(NO3)2
Ban u: N+ 5 (HNO3) ----> N+ 4 Trong cht sau phn ng NO2
Bc 2: Xc nh s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t thay i.
Cu0 ----> Cu+ 2
N+ 5 ----> N+ 4
Bc 3: Vit cc qu trnh oxi ho v qu trnh kh.
Cu0 2e ----> Cu+ 2
N+ 5 + 1e ----> N+ 4
Bc 4: Tm bi chung cn bng s oxi ho.
1 Cu0 2e ----> Cu+ 2
2 N+ 5 + 1e ----> N+ 4
Bc 5: a h s vo phng trnh, kim tra, cn bng phn khng oxi ho - kh v hon
thnh PTHH.
Cu + 2HNO3 (c) -----> Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + H2O
+ 2HNO3 (c) ----->
Cu + 4HNO3 (c) -----> Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
3/ Cn bng theo phng php bn phn ng ( Hay ion electron)
4

Theo phng php ny th cc bc 1 v 2 ging nh phng php electron.
Bc 3: Vit cc bn phn ng oxi ho v bn phn ng kh theo nguyn tc:
+ Cc dng oxi ho v dng kh ca cc cht oxi ho, cht kh nu thuc cht in li mnh th
vit di dng ion. Cn cht in li yu, khng in li, cht rn, cht kh th vit di dng
phn t (hoc nguyn t). i vi bn phn ng oxi ho th vit s e nhn bn tri cn bn phn
ng th vit s e cho bn phi.
Bc 4: Cn bng s e cho nhn v cng hai bn phn ng ta c phng trnh phn ng
dng ion.
Mun chuyn phng trnh phn ng dng ion thnh dng phn t ta cng 2 v nhng lng
tng ng nh nhau ion tri du (Cation v anion) b tr in tch.
Ch : cn bng khi lng ca na phn ng.
Mi trng axit hoc trung tnh th ly oxi trong H2O.
Bc 5: Hon thnh phng trnh.
Mt s phn ng ho hc thng dng.
Cn nm vng iu kin xy ra phn ng trao i trong dung dch.
Gm cc phn ng:
1/ Axit + Baz Mui + H2O
2/ Axit + Mui Mui mi + Axt mi
3/ Dung dch Mui + Dung dch Baz Mui mi + Baz mi
4/ 2 Dung dch Mui tc dng vi nhau 2 Mui mi
iu kin xy ra phn ng trao i l: Sn phm thu c phi c t nht mt cht khng
tan hoc mt cht kh hoc phi c H2O v cc cht tham gia phi theo yu cu ca tng phn
ng.
Tnh tan ca mt s mui v baz.
Hu ht cc mui clo rua u tan ( tr mui AgCl , PbCl2 )
Tt c cc mui nit rat u tan.
Tt c cc mui ca kim loi kim u tan.
Hu ht cc baz khng tan ( tr cc baz ca kim loi kim, Ba(OH)2 v Ca(OH)2 tan t.
* Na2CO3 , NaHCO3 ( K2CO3 , KHCO3 ) v cc mui cacbonat ca Ca, Mg, Ba u tc dng
c vi a xt.
NaHCO3 + NaHSO4 Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2
Na2CO3 + NaHSO4 Khng xy ra
NaHCO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O
Na2CO3 + NaOH Khng xy ra
2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
NaHCO3 + Ba(OH)2 BaCO3 + NaOH + H2O
2NaHCO3 + 2KOH Na2CO3 + K2CO3 + 2H2O
Na2CO3 +
Ba(HCO3)2
Ca(HCO3)2
NaHCO3 +
Na2CO3 +
Ba(HCO3)2
Ba(OH)2 BaCO3 + 2NaOH

+ Ba(OH)2 2BaCO3 + 2H2O
+ Ba(OH)2 BaCO3 + CaCO3 + 2H2O
BaCl2 khng xy ra
BaCl2 BaCO3 + 2NaCl
+ BaCl2 khng xy ra
5

Ca(HCO3)2 + CaCl2 khng xy ra
NaHSO3 + NaHSO4 Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2
Na2SO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2
2NaHSO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O + 2SO2
Na2SO3 + 2NaHSO4 2Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2
2KOH + 2NaHSO4 Na2SO4 + K2SO4 + H2O
(NH4)2CO3 + 2NaHSO4 Na2SO4 + (NH4)2SO4 + H2O + CO2
Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu
Cu + Fe SO4 khng xy ra
Cu + Fe2(SO4)3 2FeSO4 + CuSO4
Fe + Fe2(SO4)3 3FeSO4
2FeCl2 + Cl2 t 2FeCl3
0
Mt s PTHH cn lu :
V d: Ho tan m( gam ) MxOy vo dung dch axit (HCl, H2SO4, HNO3)
Ta c PTHH cn bng nh sau: lu 2y/x l ho tr ca kim loi M
MxOy + 2yHCl xMCl2y/x + yH2O
2MxOy + 2yH2SO4 xM2(SO4)2y/x + 2yH2O
MxOy +
2yHNO3 xM(NO3)2y/x
+ yH2O
VD: Ho tan m( gam ) kim loi M vo dung dch a xit (HCl, H2SO4)
Ta c PTHH cn bng nh sau: lu x l ho tr ca kim loi M
2M + 2xHCl 2MClx
+ xH2
p dng:
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2
+ H2
2Al + 2*3 HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2
6
2M + xH2SO4 M2(SO4)x +
xH2
p dng:
Fe
+ H2SO4 FeSO4
+
H2
2Al
+ 3H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 +
3H2
Cc phn ng iu ch mt s kim loi:
i vi mt s kim loi nh Na, K, Ca, Mg th dng phng php in phn nng chy
cc mui Clorua.
2M(r ) + Cl2( k )
PTHH chung:
2MClx (r ) dpnc
(i vi cc kim loi ho tr II th nh n gin phn h s)
i vi nhm th dng phng php in phn nng chy Al2O3, khi c cht xc tc
4Al ( r ) + 3 O2 (k )
Criolit(3NaF.AlF3) , PTHH: 2Al2O3 (r ) dpnc
i vi cc kim loi nh Fe , Pb , Cu th c th dng cc phng php sau:
- Dng H2:
FexOy + yH2 t xFe
+ yH2O ( h )
t
- Dng C:
2FexOy
+ yC(r ) 2xFe
+ yCO2 ( k )
- Dng CO:
FexOy
+ yCO (k ) t xFe
+ yCO2 ( k )
t
- Dng Al( nhit nhm ): 3FexOy + 2yAl (r ) 3xFe + yAl2O3 ( k )
- PTP nhit phn st hir xit:
4xFe(OH)2y/x + (3x 2y) O2 t 2xFe2O3 + 4y H2O
0

Mt s phn ng nhit phn ca mt s mui
1/ Mui nitrat
Nu M l kim loi ng trc Mg (Theo dy hot ng ho hc)
2M(NO3)x 2M(NO2)x + xO2
(Vi nhng kim loi ho tr II th nh n gin phn h s )
Nu M l kim loi k t Mg n Cu (Theo dy hot ng ho hc)
4M(NO3)x t 2M2Ox + 4xNO2 + xO2
(Vi nhng kim loi ho tr II th nh n gin phn h s )
Nu M l kim loi ng sau Cu (Theo dy hot ng ho hc)
2M(NO3)x t 2M
+ 2NO2 + xO2
(Vi nhng kim loi ho tr II th nh n gin phn h s)
2/ Mui cacbonat
- Mui trung ho: M2(CO3)x (r) t M2Ox (r) + xCO2(k)
- Mui cacbonat axit: 2M(HCO3)x(r) t M2(CO3)x(r) + xH2O( h ) + xCO2(k)
3/ Mui amoni
NH4Cl t NH3 (k) + HCl ( k )
NH4HCO3 t NH3 (k) + H2O ( h ) + CO2(k)
NH4NO3 t N2O (k) + H2O ( h )
NH4NO2 t N2 (k) + 2H2O ( h )
(NH4)2CO3 t 2NH3 (k) + H2O ( h ) + CO2(k)
2(NH4)2SO4 t 4NH3 (k) + 2H2O ( h ) + 2SO2 ( k ) + O2(k)
0
0
0
Bi 1: Vit cc phng trnh ho hc biu din cc phn ng ho hc cc th nghim sau:

a) Nh vi git axit clohiric vo vi.
b) Ho tan canxi oxit vo nc.
c) Cho mt t bt iphotpho pentaoxit vo dung dch kali hirxit.
d) Nhng mt thanh st vo dung dch ng(II) sunfat.
e) Cho mt mu nhm vo dung dch axit sunfuric long.
f) Nung mt t st(III) hirxit trong ng nghim.
g) Dn kh cacbonic vo dung dch nc vi trong n d.
h) Cho mt t natri kim loi vo nc.
Bi 2: C nhng baz sau: Fe(OH)3, Ca(OH)2, KOH, Mg(OH)2. Hy cho bit nhng baz no:
a) B nhit phn hu?
b) Tc dng c vi dung dch H2SO4?
c) i mu dung dch phenolphtalein t khng mu thnh mu hng?
Bi 3: Cho cc cht sau: canxi oxit, kh sunfur, axit clohiric, bari hirxit, magi cacbonat,
bari clorua, iphotpho penta oxit. Cht no tc dng c vi nhau tng i mt. Hy vit cc
phng trnh ho hc ca phn ng.
Hng dn: Lp bng thy c cc cp cht tc dng c vi nhau r hn.
7

Bi 4: Cho cc oxit sau: K2O, SO2, BaO, Fe3O4, N2O5. Vit phng trnh ho hc(nu c) ca
cc oxit ny ln lt tc dng vi nc, axit sunfuric, dung dch kali hiroxit.
Bi 5: Cho mt lng kh CO d i vo ng thu tinh t nng c cha hn hp bt gm: CuO,
K2O, Fe2O3 (u ng thu tinh cn li b hn kn). Vit tt c cc phng trnh ho hc xy ra.
Bi 6: Nu hin tng v vit PTHH minh ho
a/ Cho Na vo dung dch Al2(SO4)3
b/ Cho K vo dung dch FeSO4
c/ Ho tan Fe3O4 vo dung dch H2SO4 long.
d/ Nung nng Al vi Fe2O3 to ra hn hp Al2O3 v FexOy.
PTHH tng qut:
3x Fe2O3 + ( 6x 4y ) Al t 6 FexOy + ( 3x 2y ) Al2O3
Bi 7: Cho th nghim
MnO2
+
HCl Kh A
Na2SO3 + H2SO4 ( l ) Kh B
FeS +
HCl Kh C
NH4HCO3 + NaOHd Kh D
Na2CO3 + H2SO4 ( l ) Kh E
a. Hon thnh cc PTHH v xc nh cc kh A, B, C, D, E.
b. Cho A tc dng C, B tc dng vi dung dch A, B tc dung vi C, A tc dung dch NaOH
iu kin thng, E tc dng dung dch NaOH. Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
0
Bi 8: Nu hin tng xy ra, gii thch v vit PTHH minh ho khi:

1/ Sc t t n d CO2 vo dung dch nc vi trong; dung dch NaAlO2.
2/ Cho t t dung dch axit HCl vo dung dch Na2CO3.
3/ Cho Na vo dung dch MgCl2, NH4Cl.
4/ Cho Na vo dung dch CuSO4, Cu(NO3)2.
5/ Cho Ba vo dung dch Na2CO3, (NH4)2CO3, Na2SO4.
6/ Cho Fe vo dung dch AgNO3 d
7/ Cho t t n d dung dch NaOH vo dung dch AlCl3, Al2(SO4)3.
8/ Cho Cu ( hoc Fe ) vo dung dch FeCl3.
9/ Cho t t n d bt Fe vo hn hp dung dch gm AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2.
10/ Sc t t NH3 vo dung dch AlCl3
Mt s phng php gii ton ho hc thng dng.

1. Phng php s hc
Gii cc php tnh Ho hc cp II ph thng, thng thng s dng phng php s
hc: l cc php tnh da vo s ph thuc t l gia cc i lng v cc php tnh phn
trm. C s ca cc tnh ton Ho hc l nh lut thnh phn khng i c p dng cho cc
php tnh theo CTHH v nh lut bo ton khi lng cc cht p dng cho c php tnh theo
PTHH. Trong phng php s hc ngi ta phn bit mt s phng php tnh sau y:
8
a. Phng php t l.
im ch yu ca phng php ny l lp c t l thc v sau l p dng cch tnh
ton theo tnh cht ca t l thc tc l tnh cc trung t bng tch cc ngoi t.
Th d: Tnh khi lng ccbon ixit CO2 trong c 3 g cacbon.
Bi gii
CO2 12 (16.2) 44
1mol CO2 = 44g

Lp t l thc: 44g CO2
c 12g C
xg
3g C
44 : x = 12 : 3
=> x =
44.3
11
12
Vy, khi lng cacbon ixit l 11g

Th d 2: C bao nhiu gam ng iu ch c khi cho tng tc 16g ng sunfat vi mt
lng st cn thit.
Bi gii
Phng trnh Ho hc: CuSO4 + Fe - > FeSO4 + Cu
160g
64g
16g
xg
=> x =
16.64
6,4 g
160
Vy iu ch c 6,4g ng.
b. Phng php tnh theo t s hp thc.
Dng c bn ca php tnh ny tnh theo PTHH tc l tm khi lng ca mt trong
nhng cht tham gia hoc to thnh phn ng theo khi lng ca mt trong nhng cht khc
nhau. Phng php tm t s hp thc gia khi lng cc cht trong phn ng c pht biu
nh sau:
T s khi lng cc cht trong mi phn ng Ho hc th bng t s ca tch cc khi
lng mol cc cht vi cc h s trong phng trnh phn ng. C th biu th di dng
ton hc nh sau:
m1 m1 n1
m2 m2 n2
Trong : m1 v m2 l khi lng cc cht, M 1, M2 l khi lng mol cc cht cn n 1, n2

l h s ca PTHH.
Vy khi tnh khi lng ca mt cht tham gia phn ng Ho hc theo khi lng ca
mt cht khc cn s dng nhng t s hp thc tm c theo PTHH nh th no ? minh
ho ta xt mt s th d sau:
Th d 1: Cn bao nhiu gam Ptat n da cho phn ng vi 10g st III clorua ?

Bi gii
PTHH
FeCL3 + 3KOH -> Fe(OH)3 + 3KCL
10g ?
Tnh t s hp thc gia khi lng Kali hirxit v st II clorua
MKOH = (39 + 16 + 1) = 56g
M FeCL3 (56 35,5.3) 162,5 g
m KOH
56.3
168
m Fecl 3 162,5 162,5

160
* Tm khi lng KOH: m KOH 10 g. 162,5 10,3g

Th d 2: Cn bao nhiu gam st III chorua cho tng tc vi kalihirxit thu c
2,5g Kaliclorua?
Bi gii
PTHH
FeCl3 + 3 KOH - > Fe(OH)3 + 3KCl
Tnh t s hp thc gia khi lng FeCl3 v Kaliclorua
M FeCL 162,5 g ; MKCL 74,5g
3
m FeCl 4
m KCl
162,5 162,5
74,5.3 223,5
162,5
* Tnh khi lng FeCl3: M FeCL 2,5. 223,5 1,86 g

3
c. Phng php tnh theo tha s hp thc.

Hng s c tnh ra t t l hp thc gi l tha s hp thc v biu th bng ch ci f.
Tha s hp thc c tnh sn v c trong bng tra cu chuyn mn.
Vic tnh theo tha s hp thc cng cho cng kt qu nh php tnh theo t s hp thc
nhng c tnh n gin hn nh cc bng tra cu c sn.
Th d: Theo th d 2 trn th tha s hp thc l:
162,5
f = 223,5 0,727
=> M FeCL 2,5. f 2,5.0,727 1,86
Vy, khi lng FeCl3 l 1,86g
3
2. Phng php i s
Trong cc phng php gii cc bi ton Ho hc phng php i s cng thng c
s dng. Phng php ny c u im tit kim c thi gian, khi gii cc bi ton tng hp,
tng i kh gii bng cc phng php khc. Phng php i s c dng gii cc bi
ton Ho hc sau:
a. Gii bi ton lp CTHH bng phng php i s.
Th d: t chy mt hn hp 300ml hirocacbon v amoniac trong oxi c d. Sau khi
chy hon ton, th tch kh thu c l 1250ml. Sau khi lm ngng t hi nc, th tch gim
10

cn 550ml. Sau khi cho tc dng vi dung dch kim cn 250ml trong c 100ml nit. Th
tch ca tt c cc kh o trong iu kin nh nhau. Lp cng thc ca hirocacbon
Bi gii
Khi t chy hn hp hirocacbon v amoniac trong oxi phn ng xy ra theo phng
trnh sau:
4NH3 + 3O2 -> 2N2 + 6H2O
(1)
CxHy + (x +
y
y
) O2 -> xCO2 + H2O (2)
4
2
Theo d kin bi ton, sau khi t chy amoniac th to thnh 100ml nit. Theo PTHH
(1) sau khi t chy hon ton amoniac ta thu c th tch nit nh hn 2 ln th tch amoniac
trong hn hp ban u, vy th tch amonac khi cha c phn ng l 100. 2 = 200ml. Do th
tch hiro ccbon khi cha c phn ng l 300 - 200 = 100ml. Sau khi t chy hn hp to
thnh (550 - 250) = 300ml, cacbonnic v (1250 - 550 - 300) = 400ml hi nc.
T ta c s phn ng:
CxHy + (x +
y
y
) O2 -> xCO2 + H2O
4
2
100ml
300ml 400ml
Theo nh lut Avogaro, c th thay th t l th tch cc cht kh tham gia v to thnh trong
phn ng bng t l s phn t hay s mol ca chng.
CxHy + 5O2 -> 3CO2 + 4 H2O
=> x = 3; y = 8
Vy CTHH ca hydrocacbon l C3H8
b. Gii bi ton tm thnh phn ca hn hp bng phng php i s.
Th d: Ho tan trong nc 0,325g mt hn hp gm 2 mui Natriclorua v Kaliclorua.
Thm vo dung dch ny mt dung dch bc Nitrat ly d - Kt ta bc clorua thu c c khi
lng l 0,717g. Tnh thnh phn phn trm ca mi cht trong hn hp.
Bi gii
Gi MNaCl l x v mKcl l y ta c phng trnh i s:
x + y = 0,35 (1)
PTHH:
NaCl + AgNO3 -> AgCl + NaNO3
KCl + AgNO3 -> AgCl + KNO3
Da vo 2 PTHH ta tm c khi lng ca AgCl trong mi phn ng:
M AgCl
mAgCl = x .
mAgCl = y .
M NaCl
M AgCl
143
= x . 58,5 = x . 2,444
143
= y . 74,5 = y . 1,919
M kcl
=> mAgCl = 2,444x + 1,919y = 0,717
x y 0,325
2,444 x 1,919 y 0,717
T (1) v (2) => h phng trnh
Gii h phng trnh ta c: x = 0,178

y = 0,147
11
(2)

0,178
=> % NaCl = 0,325 .100% = 54,76%

% KCl = 100% - % NaCl = 100% - 54,76% = 45,24%.
Vy trong hn hp: NaCl chim 54,76%, KCl chim 45,24%
3. Phng php p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t v khi lng.
a/ Nguyn tc:
Trong phn ng ho hc, cc nguyn t v khi lng ca chng c bo ton.
T suy ra:
+ Tng khi lng cc cht tham gia phn ng bng tng khi lng cc cht to thnh.
+ Tng khi lng cc cht trc phn ng bng tng khi lng cc cht sau phn ng.
b/ Phm vi p dng:
Trong cc bi ton xy ra nhiu phn ng, lc ny i khi khng cn thit phi vit cc
phng trnh phn ng v ch cn lp s phn ng thy mi quan h t l mol gia cc
cht cn xc nh v nhng cht m cho.
Bi 1. Cho mt lung kh clo d tc dng vi 9,2g kim loi sinh ra 23,4g mui kim loi ho tr
I. Hy xc nh kim loi ho tr I v mui kim loi .
Hng dn gii:
t M l KHHH ca kim loi ho tr I.
PTHH: 2M + Cl2 2MCl
2M(g)
(2M + 71)g
9,2g
23,4g
ta c: 23,4 x 2M = 9,2(2M + 71)
suy ra: M = 23.
Kim loi c khi lng nguyn t bng 23 l Na.
Vy mui thu c l: NaCl
Bi 2: Ho tan hon ton 3,22g hn hp X gm Fe, Mg v Zn bng mt lng va dung dch
H2SO4 long, thu c 1,344 lit hiro ( ktc) v dung dch cha m gam mui. Tnh m?
Hng dn gii:
PTHH chung: M + H2SO4 MSO4 + H2
1,344
nH 2 SO 4 = nH 2 = 22,4 = 0,06 mol

p dng nh lut BTKL ta c:
mMui = mX + m H 2 SO 4 - m H 2 = 3,22 + 98 * 0,06 - 2 * 0,06 = 8,98g
Bi 3: C 2 l st khi lng bng nhau v bng 11,2g. Mt l cho tc dng ht vi kh clo, mt
l ngm trong dung dch HCl d. Tnh khi lng st clorua thu c.
Hng dn gii:
PTHH:
2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3
(1)
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2 (2)
Theo phng trnh (1,2) ta c:
12

11,2
11,2
nFeCl 3 = nFe = 56 = 0,2mol

nFeCl 2 = nFe = 56 = 0,2mol
S mol mui thu c hai phn ng trn bng nhau nhng khi lng mol phn t ca
FeCl3 ln hn nn khi lng ln hn.
mFeCl 2 = 127 * 0,2 = 25,4g
mFeCl 3 = 162,5 * 0,2 = 32,5g
Bi 4: Ho tan hn hp 2 mui Cacbonnat kim loi ho tr 2 v 3 bng dung dch HCl d thu
c dung dch A v 0,672 lt kh (ktc).
Hi c cn dung dch A thu c bao nhiu gam mui khc nhau?
Bi gii:
Bi 1: Gi 2 kim loi ho tr II v III ln lt l X v Y ta c phng trnh phn ng:
XCO3 + 2HCl -> XCl2 + CO2 + H2O
(1)
Y2(CO3)3 + 6HCl -> 2YCl3 + 3CO2 + 3H2O (2).
S mol CO2 thot ra (ktc) phng trnh 1 v 2 l:
nCO2
0,672
0,03mol
22,4
Theo phng trnh phn ng 1 v 2 ta thy s mol CO2 bng s mol H2O.
n H 2O nCO2 0,03mol
n HCl 0,03.2 0,006mol
Nh vy khi lng HCl phn ng l:

mHCl = 0,06 . 36,5 = 2,19 gam
Gi x l khi lng mui khan ( m XCl 2 m YCl3 )
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
10 + 2,19 = x + 44 . 0,03 + 18. 0,03
=> x = 10,33 gam
Bi ton 2: Cho 7,8 gam hn hp kim loi Al v Mg tc dng vi HCl thu c 8,96 lt
H2 ( ktc). Hi khi c cn dung dch thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan.
Bi gii: Ta c phng trnh phn ng nh sau:
Mg + 2HCl -> MgCl2 + H2
2Al + 6HCl -> 2AlCl3 + 3H2
S mol H2 thu c l:
nH 2
8,96
0,4mol
22,4
Theo (1, 2) ta thy s mol HCL gp 2 ln s mol H2

Nn: S mol tham gia phn ng l:
n
HCl = 2 . 0,4 = 0,8 mol
13

S mol (s mol nguyn t) to ra mui cng chnh bng s mol HCl bng 0,8 mol. Vy
khi lng Clo tham gia phn ng:
mCl = 35,5 . 0,8 = 28,4 gam
Vy khi lng mui khan thu c l:
7,8 + 28,4 = 36,2 gam
4. Phng php da vo s tng, gim khi lng.
a/ Nguyn tc:
So snh khi lng ca cht cn xc nh vi cht m gi thit cho bit lng ca n, t
khi lng tng hay gim ny, kt hp vi quan h t l mol gia 2 cht ny m gii quyt yu
cu t ra.
b/ Phm v s dng:
i vi cc bi ton phn ng xy ra thuc phn ng phn hu, phn ng gia kim loi
mnh, khng tan trong nc y kim loi yu ra khi dung sch mui phn ng, ...c bit khi
cha bit r phn ng xy ra l hon ton hay khng th vic s dng phng php ny cng
n gin ho cc bi ton hn.
Bi 1: Nhng mt thanh st v mt thanh km vo cng mt cc cha 500 ml dung dch CuSO 4.
Sau mt thi gian ly hai thanh kim loi ra khi cc th mi thanh c thm Cu bm vo, khi
lng dung dch trong cc b gim mt 0,22g. Trong dung dch sau phn ng, nng mol ca
ZnSO4 gp 2,5 ln nng mol ca FeSO4. Thm dung dch NaOH d vo cc, lc ly kt ta
ri nung ngoi khng kh n khi lng khng i , thu c 14,5g cht rn. S gam Cu bm
trn mi thanh kim loi v nng mol ca dung dch CuSO4 ban u l bao nhiu?
Hng dn gii:
PTHH
(1)
(2)
Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu
Gi a l s mol ca FeSO4
V th tch dung dch xem nh khng thay i. Do t l v nng mol ca cc cht trong
dung dch cng chnh l t l v s mol.
Theo bi ra: CM ZnSO 4 = 2,5 CM FeSO 4 Nn ta c: nZnSO 4 = 2,5 nFeSO 4
Khi lng thanh st tng: (64 - 56)a = 8a (g)
Khi lng thanh km gim: (65 - 64)2,5a = 2,5a (g)
Khi lng ca hai thanh kim loi tng: 8a - 2,5a = 5,5a (g)
M thc t bi cho l: 0,22g
Ta c: 5,5a = 0,22 a = 0,04 (mol)
Vy khi lng Cu bm trn thanh st l: 64 * 0,04 = 2,56 (g)
v khi lng Cu bm trn thanh km l: 64 * 2,5 * 0,04 = 6,4 (g)
Dung dch sau phn ng 1 v 2 c: FeSO4, ZnSO4 v CuSO4 (nu c)
Ta c s phn ng:
NaOH d
FeSO4
t , kk
Fe(OH)2
1
Fe2O3
2
14

a
a
2
(mol)
mFe 2 O 3 = 160 x 0,04 x 2 = 3,2 (g)

NaOH d
CuSO4 Cu(OH)2 CuO

b
b
b
(mol)
mCuO = 80b = 14,5 - 3,2 = 11,3 (g) b = 0,14125 (mol)
Vy nCuSO 4 ban u = a + 2,5a + b = 0,28125 (mol)
CM CuSO 4 =
0,28125
= 0,5625 M
0,5
Bi 2: Nhng mt thanh st nng 8 gam vo 500 ml dung dch CuSO 4 2M. Sau mt thi gian
ly l st ra cn li thy nng 8,8 gam. Xem th tch dung dch khng thay i th nng
mol/lit ca CuSO4 trong dung dch sau phn ng l bao nhiu?
Hng dn gii:
S mol CuSO4 ban u l: 0,5 x 2 = 1 (mol)
PTHH
(1)
1 mol
1 mol
56g
64g lm thanh st tng thm 64 - 56 = 8 gam
M theo bi cho, ta thy khi lng thanh st tng l: 8,8 - 8 = 0,8 gam
Vy c
0,8
= 0,1 mol Fe tham gia phn ng, th cng c 0,1 mol CuSO4 tham gia phn ng.
8
S mol CuSO4 cn d : 1 - 0,1 = 0,9 mol

0,9
Ta c CM CuSO 4 = 0,5 = 1,8 M
Bi 3: Dn V lit CO2 (ktc) vo dung dch cha 3,7 gam Ca(OH) 2. Sau phn ng thu c 4
gam kt ta. Tnh V?
Hng dn gii:
Theo bi ra ta c:
3,7
= 0,05 mol
74
4
S mol ca CaCO3 =
= 0,04 mol
100
S mol ca Ca(OH)2 =
PTHH
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
- Nu CO2 khng d:
Ta c s mol CO2 = s mol CaCO3 = 0,04 mol
Vy V(ktc) = 0,04 * 22,4 = 0,896 lt
- Nu CO2 d:
0,05

0,05 mol 0,05
CO2 + CaCO3 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2
0,01
(0,05 - 0,04) mol
15

Vy tng s mol CO2 tham gia phn ng l: 0,05 + 0,01 = 0,06 mol
V(ktc) = 22,4 * 0,06 = 1,344 lt
Bi 4: Ho tan 20gam hn hp hai mui cacbonat kim loi ho tr 1 v 2 bng dung dch HCl
d thu c dung dch X v 4,48 lt kh ( ktc) tnh khi lng mui khan thu c dung
dch X.
Bi gii: Gi kim loi ho tr 1 v 2 ln lt l A v B ta c phng trnh phn ng sau:
A2CO3 + 2HCl -> 2ACl + CO2 + H2O
(1)
BCO3 + 2HCl -> BCl2 + CO2 + H2O (2)

S mol kh CO2 ( ktc) thu c 1 v 2 l:
nCO2
4,48
0,2mol
22,4
Theo (1) v (2) ta nhn thy c 1 mol CO 2 bay ra tc l c 1 mol mui cacbonnat chuyn
thnh mui Clorua v khi lng tng thm 11 gam (gc CO 3 l 60g chuyn thnh gc Cl2 c
khi lng 71 gam).
Vy c 0,2 mol kh bay ra th khi lng mui tng l:
0,2 . 11 = 2,2 gam
Vy tng khi lng mui Clorua khan thu c l:
M(Mui khan) = 20 + 2,2 = 22,2 (gam)
Bi 5: Ho tan 10gam hn hp 2 mui Cacbonnat kim loi ho tr 2 v 3 bng dung dch HCl
d thu c dung dch A v 0,672 lt kh (ktc).
Hi c cn dung dch A thu c bao nhiu gam mui khc nhau?
Bi gii
Mt bi ton ho hc thng l phi c phn ng ho hc xy ra m c phn ng ho hc
th phi vit phng trnh ho hc l iu khng th thiu.
Vy ta gi hai kim loi c ho tr 2 v 3 ln lt l X v Y, ta c phn ng:
XCO3 + 2HCl -> XCl2 + CO2 + H2O
(1)
Y2(CO3)3 + 6HCl -> 2YCl3 + 3CO2 + 3H2O (2).
S mol cht kh to ra chng trnh (1) v (2) l:
n CO2
0,672
= 0,03 mol
22,4
Theo phn ng (1, 2) ta thy c 1 mol CO 2 bay ra tc l c 1 mol mui Cacbonnat chuyn
thnh mui clorua v khi lng tng 71 - 60 = 11 (gam) ( m CO 60 g ; mCl 71g ).
3
S mol kh CO2 bay ra l 0,03 mol do khi lng mui khan tng ln:
11 . 0,03 = 0,33 (gam).
Vy khi lng mui khan thu c sau khi c cn dung dch.
16

m (mui khan) = 10 + 0,33 = 10,33 (gam).
Bi 6: Ho tan 20gam hn hp hai mui cacbonat kim loi ho tr 1 v 2 bng dung dch HCl
d thu c dung dch X v 4,48 lt kh ( ktc) tnh khi lng mui khan thu c dung
dch X.
Bi gii: Gi kim loi ho tr 1 v 2 ln lt l A v B ta c phng trnh phn ng sau:
A2CO3 + 2HCl -> 2ACl + CO2 + H2O
(1)
BCO3 + 2HCl -> BCl2 + CO2 + H2O (2)

S mol kh CO2 ( ktc) thu c 1 v 2 l:
nCO2
4,48
0,2mol
22,4
Theo (1) v (2) ta nhn thy c 1 mol CO 2 bay ra tc l c 1 mol mui cacbonnat chuyn
thnh mui Clorua v khi lng tng thm 11 gam (gc CO 3 l 60g chuyn thnh gc Cl2 c
khi lng 71 gam).
Vy c 0,2 mol kh bay ra th khi lng mui tng l:
0,2 . 11 = 2,2 gam
Vy tng khi lng mui Clorua khan thu c l:
M(Mui khan) = 20 + 2,2 = 22,2 (gam)
Bi 1: Nhng mt thanh kim loi M ho tr II vo 0,5 lit dd CuSO4 0,2M. Sau mt thi gian
phn ng, khi lng thanh M tng ln 0,40g trong khi nng CuSO4 cn li l 0,1M.
a/ Xc nh kim loi M.
b/ Ly m(g) kim loi M cho vo 1 lit dd cha AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 , nng mi mui l 0,1M.
Sau phn ng ta thu c cht rn A khi lng 15,28g v dd B. Tnh m(g)?
Hng dn gii:
a/ theo bi ra ta c PTHH .

M
+
CuSO4
MSO4
+
Cu
(1)
S mol CuSO4 tham gia phn ng (1) l: 0,5 ( 0,2 0,1 ) = 0,05 mol
tng khi lng ca M l:
mtng = mkl gp - mkl tan = 0,05 (64 M) = 0,40
gii ra: M = 56 , vy M l Fe
b/ ta ch bit s mol ca AgNO3 v s mol ca Cu(NO3)2. Nhng khng bit s mol ca Fe
(cht kh
Fe
Cu2+
Ag+ (cht oxh mnh)
0,1
0,1
( mol )
2+
Ag C Tnh oxi ho mnh hn Cu nn mui AgNO3 tham gia phn ng vi Fe trc.
PTHH:
Fe
+
2AgNO3 Fe(NO3)2
+
2Ag
(1)
Fe(NO3)2
Fe
+
Cu(NO3)2
+
Cu
(2)
Ta c 2 mc so snh:
- Nu va xong phn ng (1): Ag kt ta ht, Fe tan ht, Cu(NO3)2 cha phn ng.
+
17

Cht rn A l Ag th ta c: mA = 0,1 x 108 = 10,8 g
- Nu va xong c phn ng (1) v (2) th khi cht rn A gm: 0,1 mol Ag v 0,1 mol Cu
mA = 0,1 ( 108 + 64 ) = 17,2 g
theo cho mA = 15,28 g ta c: 10,8 < 15,28 < 17,2
vy AgNO3 phn ng ht, Cu(NO3)2 phn ng mt phn v Fe tan ht.
mCu to ra = mA mAg = 15,28 10,80 = 4,48 g. Vy s mol ca Cu = 0,07 mol.
Tng s mol Fe tham gia c 2 phn ng l: 0,05 ( p 1 ) + 0,07 ( p 2 ) = 0,12 mol
Khi lng Fe ban u l: 6,72g
5. Phng php ghp n s.
Bi ton 1: (Xt li bi ton nu phng php th nht)
Ho tan hn hp 20 gam hai mui cacbonnat kim loi ho tr I v II bng dung dch HCl
d thu c dung dch M v 4,48 lt CO 2 ( ktc) tnh khi lng mun to thnh trong dung
dch M.
Bi gii
Gi A v B ln lt l kim loi ho tr I v II. Ta c phng trnh phn ng sau:
A2CO3 + 2HCl -> 2ACl + H2O + CO2
(1)
BCO3 + 2HCl -> BCl2 + H2O + CO2 (2)

S mol kh thu c phn ng (1) v (2) l:
nCO3
4,48
0,2mol
22,4
Gi a v b ln lt l s mol ca A2CO3 v BCO3 ta c phng trnh i s sau:

(2A + 60)a + (B + 60)b = 20 (3)
Theo phng trnh phn ng (1) s mol ACl thu c 2a (mol)
Theo phng trnh phn ng (2) s mol BCl2 thu c l b (mol)
Nu gi s mui khan thu c l x ta c phng trnh:
(A + 35.5) 2a + (B + 71)b = x (4)
Cng theo phn ng (1, 2) ta c:
a + b = nCO 0,2(mol )
2
(5)
T phng trnh (3, 4) (Ly phng trnh (4) tr (5)) ta c:

11 (a + b) = x - 20 (6)
Thay a + b t (5) vo (6) ta c:
11 . 0,2 = x - 20
=> x = 22,2 gam
Bi ton 2: Ho tan hon ton 5 gam hn hp 2 kim loi bng dung dch HCl thu c
dung dch A v kh B, c cn dung dch A thu c 5,71 gam mui khan tnh th tch kh B
ktc.
18

Bi gii: Gi X, Y l cc kim loi; m, n l ho tr, x, y l s mol tng ng, s nguyn t
khi l P, Q ta c:
2X + 2n HCl => 2XCln = nH2
(I)
2Y + 2m HCl -> 2YClm + mH2
(II).
Ta c: xP + y Q = 5 (1)
x(P + 35,5n) + y(Q + 35,5m) = 5,71 (2)
Ly phng trnh (2) tr phng trnh (1) ta c:
x(P + 35,5n) + y(Q + 35,5m)- xP - yQ = 0,71
=> 35,5 (nx + my) = 0,71
1
2
Theo I v II: n H ( xn my)

2
=> th tch: V = nx + my =
0,71
.22,4 0,224 (lt)
355.2
6. Phng php chuyn bi ton hn hp thnh bi ton cht tng ng.

a/ Nguyn tc:
Khi trong bi ton xy ra nhiu phn ng nhng cc phn ng cng loi v cng hiu sut th
ta thay hn hp nhiu cht thnh 1 cht tng ng. Lc lng (s mol, khi lng hay th
tch) ca cht tng ng bng lng ca hn hp.
b/ Phm vi s dng:
Trong v c, phng php ny p dng khi hn hp nhiu kim loi hot ng hay nhiu oxit
kim loi, hn hp mui cacbonat, ... hoc khi hn hp kim loi phn ng vi nc.
Bi 1: Mt hn hp 2 kim loi kim A, B thuc 2 chu k k tip nhau trong bng h thng tun
hon c khi lng l 8,5 gam. Hn hp ny tan ht trong nc d cho ra 3,36 lit kh H 2 (ktc).
Tm hai kim loi A, B v khi lng ca mi kim loi.
Hng dn gii:
PTHH
2A + 2H2O 2AOH + H2 (1)
2B + 2H2O 2BOH + H2 (2)
t a = nA , b = nB
3,36
ta c: a + b = 2 22,4 = 0,3 (mol)

M trung bnh:
(I)
8,5
M = 0,3 = 28,33
Ta thy 23 < M = 28,33 < 39

Gi s MA < MB th A l Na, B l K hoc ngc li.
mA + mB = 23a + 39b = 8,5 (II)
T (I, II) ta tnh c: a = 0,2 mol, b = 0,1 mol.
Vy mNa = 0,2 * 23 = 4,6 g, mK = 0,1 * 39 = 3,9 g.
Bi 2: Ho tan 115,3 g hn hp gm MgCO3 v RCO3 bng 500ml dung dch H2SO4 long ta
thu c dung dch A, cht rn B v 4,48 lt CO 2 (ktc). C cn dung dch A th thu c 12g
19

mui khan. Mt khc em nung cht rn B ti khi lng khng i th thu c 11,2 lt CO 2
(ktc) v cht rn B1. Tnh nng mol/lit ca dung dch H 2SO4 long dng, khi lng ca
B, B1 v khi lng nguyn t ca R. Bit trong hn hp u s mol ca RCO 3 gp 2,5 ln s
mol ca MgCO3.
Hng dn gii:
Thay hn hp MgCO3 v RCO3 bng cht tng ng M CO3
PTHH
M CO3 + H2SO4 M SO4 + CO2 + H2O (1)
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,2
4,48
S mol CO2 thu c l: nCO 2 = 22,4 = 0,2 (mol)

Vy nH 2 SO 4 = nCO 2 = 0,2 (mol)
CM H 2 SO 4 =
0,2
= 0,4 M
0,5
Rn B l M CO3 d:
M CO3 M O + CO2 (2)
0,5
0,5
0,5
Theo phn ng (1): t 1 mol M CO3 to ra 1 mol M SO4 khi lng tng 36 gam.
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
115,3 = mB + mmui tan - 7,2
Vy mB = 110,5 g
Theo phn ng (2): t B chuyn thnh B1, khi lng gim l:
mCO 2 = 0,5 * 44 = 22 g.
Vy mB 1 = mB - mCO 2 = 110,5 - 22 = 88,5 g
Tng s mol M CO3 l: 0,2 + 0,5 = 0,7 mol
115,3
Ta c M + 60 = 0,7 164,71 M = 104,71

V trong hn hp u s mol ca RCO3 gp 2,5 ln s mol ca MgCO3.
Nn 104,71 =
24 * 1 R * 2,5
R = 137
3,5
Vy R l Ba.
Bi 3: ho tan hon ton 28,4 gam hn hp 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi thuc phn
nhm chnh nhm II cn dng 300ml dung dch HCl aM v to ra 6,72 lit kh (ktc). Sau phn
ng, c cn dung dch thu c m(g) mui khan. Tnh gi tr a, m v xc nh 2 kim loi trn.
Hng dn gii:
6,72
nCO 2 = 22,4 = 0,3 (mol)

Thay hn hp bng M CO3
M CO3 + 2HCl M Cl2 + CO2 + H2O (1)
0,3
0,6
0,3
0,3
Theo t l phn ng ta c:
nHCl = 2 nCO 2 = 2 * 0,3 = 0,6 mol
0,6
CM HCl = 0,3 = 2M
20

S mol ca M CO3 = nCO 2 = 0,3 (mol)
28,4
Nn M + 60 = 0,3 = 94,67
M = 34,67
Gi A, B l KHHH ca 2 kim loi thuc phn nhm chnh nhm II, MA < MB
ta c:
MA < M = 34,67 < MB tho mn ta thy 24 < M = 34,67 < 40.
Vy hai kim loi thuc phn nhm chnh nhm II l: Mg v Ca.
Khi lng mui khan thu c sau khi c cn l: m = (34,67 + 71)* 0,3 = 31,7 gam.
7/ Phng php da theo s mol gii ton ho hc.
a/ Nguyn tc p dng:
Trong mi qu trnh bin i ho hc: S mol mi nguyn t trong cc cht c bo ton.
b/ V d: Cho 10,4g hn hp bt Fe v Mg (c t l s mol 1:2) ho tan va ht trong 600ml
dung dch HNO3 x(M), thu c 3,36 lit hn hp 2 kh N2O v NO. Bit hn hp kh c t khi
d = 1,195. Xc nh tr s x?
Hng dn gii:
Theo bi ra ta c:
nFe : nMg = 1 : 2 (I) v 56nFe + 24nMg = 10,4 (II)
Gii phng trnh ta c: nFe = 0,1 v nMg = 0,2
S phn ng.
Fe, Mg
+ HNO3 ------> Fe(NO3)3 , Mg(NO3)2 + N2O, NO + H2O
0,1 v 0,2
x
0,1
0,2
a v b
(mol)
Ta c:
3,36
44a 30b
a + b = 22,4 = 0,15 v (a b)29 = 1,195 ---> a = 0,05 mol v b = 0,1 mol

S mol HNO3 phn ng bng:
nHNO 3 = nN = 3nFe(NO 3 ) 3 + 2nMg(NO 3 ) 2 + 2nN 2 O + nNO
= 3.0,1 + 2.0,2 + 2.0,05 + 0,1 = 0,9 mol
Nng mol/lit ca dung dch HNO3:
x(M) =
0,9
.1000 = 1,5M
600
8/ Phng php bin lun theo n s.

a/ Nguyn tc p dng:
Khi gii cc bi ton ho hc theo phng php i s, nu s phng trnh ton hc thit
lp c t hn s n s cha bit cn tm th phi bin lun ---> Bng cch: Chn 1 n s lm
chun ri tch cc n s cn li. Nn a v phng trnh ton hc 2 n, trong c 1 n c
gii hn (tt nhin nu c 2 n c gii hn th cng tt). Sau c th thit lp bng bin thin
hay d vo cc iu kin khc chn cc gi tr hp l.
b/ V d:
21

Bi 1: Ho tan 3,06g oxit MxOy bng dung dich HNO3 d sau c cn th thu c 5,22g
mui khan. Hy xc nh kim loi M bit n ch c mt ho tr duy nht.
Hng dn gii:
PTHH: MxOy + 2yHNO3 -----> xM(NO3)2y/x + yH2O
T PTP ta c t l:
3,06
5,22
=
---> M = 68,5.2y/x
M x 16 y
M x 124 y
Trong : t 2y/x = n l ho tr ca kim loi. Vy M = 68,5.n (*)

Cho n cc gi tr 1, 2, 3, 4. T (*) ---> M = 137 v n =2 l ph hp.
Do M l Ba, ho tr II.
Bi 2: A, B l 2 cht kh iu kin thng, A l hp cht ca nguyn t X vi oxi (trong
oxi chim 50% khi lng), cn B l hp cht ca nguyn t Y vi hir (trong hiro chim
25% khi lng). T khi ca A so vi B bng 4. Xc nh cng thc phn t A, B. Bit trong 1
phn t A ch c mt nguyn t X, 1 phn t B ch c mt nguyn t Y.
Hng dn gii:
t CTPT A l XOn, MA = X + 16n = 16n + 16n = 32n.
t CTPT A l YOm, MB = Y + m = 3m + m = 4m.
MA
32n
d= M =
= 4 ---> m = 2n.
4m
B
iu kin tho mn: 0 < n, m < 4, u nguyn v m phi l s chn.
Vy m ch c th l 2 hay 4.
Nu m = 2 th Y = 6 (loi, khng c nguyn t no tho)
Nu m = 4 th Y = 12 (l cacbon) ---> B l CH4
v n = 2 th X = 32 (l lu hunh) ---> A l SO2
9/ Phng php da vo cc i lng c gii hn tm gii hn ca mt i lng
khc.
a/ Nguyn tc p dng:
Da vo cc i lng c gii hn, chng hn:
KLPTTB ( M ), ho tr trung bnh, s nguyn t trung bnh, ....
Hiu sut: 0(%) < H < 100(%)
S mol cht tham gia: 0 < n(mol) < S mol cht ban u,...
suy ra quan h vi i lng cn tm. Bng cch:
- Tm s thay i gi tr min v max ca 1 i lng no dn n gii hn cn tm.
- Gi s thnh phn hn hp (X,Y) ch cha X hay Y suy ra gi tr min v max ca i
lng cn tm.
b/ V d:
Bi 1: Cho 6,2g hn hp 2 kim loi kim thuc 2 chu k lin tip trong bng tun hon phn
ng vi H2O d, thu c 2,24 lit kh (ktc) v dung dch A.
a/ Tnh thnh phn % v khi lng tng kim loi trong hn hp ban u.
Hng dn:
a/ t R l KHHH chung cho 2 kim loi kim cho
MR l khi lng trung bnh ca 2 kim loi kim A v B, gi s MA < MB
---.> MA < MR < MB .
22

Vit PTHH xy ra:
Theo phng trnh phn ng:
nR = 2nH 2 = 0,2 mol. ----> MR = 6,2 : 0,2 = 31
Theo ra: 2 kim loi ny thuc 2 chu k lin tip, nn 2 kim loi l:
A l Na(23) v B l K(39)
Bi 2:
a/ Cho 13,8 gam (A) l mui cacbonat ca kim loi kim vo 110ml dung dch HCl 2M. Sau
phn ng thy cn axit trong dung dch thu c v th tch kh thot ra V1 vt qu 2016ml.
Vit phng trnh phn ng, tm (A) v tnh V1 (ktc).
b/ Ho tan 13,8g (A) trn vo nc. Va khuy va thm tng git dung dch HCl 1M cho ti
180ml dung dch axit, thu c V2 lit kh. Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra v tnh V2
(ktc).
Hng dn:
a/ M2CO3 + 2HCl ---> 2MCl + H2O + CO2
Theo PTHH ta c:
S mol M2CO3 = s mol CO2 > 2,016 : 22,4 = 0,09 mol
---> Khi lng mol M2CO3 < 13,8 : 0,09 = 153,33 (I)
Mt khc: S mol M2CO3 phn ng = 1/2 s mol HCl < 1/2. 0,11.2 = 0,11 mol
---> Khi lng mol M2CO3 = 13,8 : 0,11 = 125,45 (II)
T (I, II) --> 125,45 < M2CO3 < 153,33 ---> 32,5 < M < 46,5 v M l kim loi kim
---> M l Kali (K)
Vy s mol CO2 = s mol K2CO3 = 13,8 : 138 = 0,1 mol ---> VCO 2 = 2,24 (lit)
b/ Gii tng t: ---> V2 = 1,792 (lit)
Bi 3: Cho 28,1g qung lmt gm MgCO3; BaCO3 (%MgCO3 = a%) vo dung dch HCl d
thu c V (lt) CO2 ( ktc).
a/ Xc nh V (lt).
Hng dn:
a/ Theo bi ra ta c PTHH:
MgCO3 + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2O + CO2
(1)
x(mol)
x(mol)
BaCO3 + 2HCl BaCl2 + H2O + CO2
(2)
y(mol)
y(mol)
CO2
+
Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
(3)

0,2(mol)
0,2(mol) 0,2(mol)
(4)
m
Gi s hn hp ch c MgCO3.Vy BaCO3 = 0
S mol: nMgCO3 =
28,1
= 0,3345 (mol)
84
Nu hn hp ch ton l BaCO3 th mMgCO3 = 0

S mol: nBaCO3 =
28,1
= 0,143 (mol)
197
Theo PT (1) v (2) ta c s mol CO2 gii phng l:

0,143 (mol) nCO2 0,3345 (mol)
Vy th tch kh CO2 thu c ktc l: 3,2 (lt) VCO 2 7,49 (lt)
23
Chuyn 2: tan nng dung dch

Mt s cng thc tnh cn nh:
St
Cng thc tnh tan:
0C
Cng thc tnh nng %:
mct
cht
= m . 100
dm
mct
C% = m . 100%
dd
mdd = mdm + mct Hoc mdd = Vdd (ml) . D(g/ml)
* Mi lin h gia tan ca mt cht v nng phn trm dung dch bo ho ca cht
mt nhit xc nh.
C 100g dm ho tan c Sg cht tan to thnh (100+S)g dung dch bo ho.
Vy: x(g)
//
y(g)
//
100g
//
100 S
100.C %
Hoc S =
100 S
100 C %
n(mol )
1000.n(mol )
CM = V (lit ) =
V (ml )
Cng thc lin h: C% =

Cng thc tnh nng mol/lit:
* Mi lin h gia nng % v nng mol/lit.

Cng thc lin h: C% =
Trong :
-
C M .M
10 D
Hoc CM =
10 D.C %
M
mct l khi lng cht tan( n v: gam)

mdm l khi lng dung mi( n v: gam)
mdd l khi lng dung dch( n v: gam)
V l th tch dung dch( n v: lit hoc mililit)
D l khi lng ring ca dung dch( n v: gam/mililit)
M l khi lng mol ca cht( n v: gam)
S l tan ca 1 cht mt nhit xc nh( n v: gam)
C% l nng % ca 1 cht trong dung dch( n v: %)
CM l nng mol/lit ca 1 cht trong dung dch( n v: mol/lit hay M)
Dng 1: Ton tan
Loi 1: Bi ton lin quan gia tan ca mt cht v nng phn trm dung dch bo
ho ca cht .
Bi 1: 400C, tan ca K2SO4 l 15. Hy tnh nng phn trm ca dung dch K 2SO4 bo
ho nhit ny?
p s: C% = 13,04%
Bi 2: Tnh tan ca Na2SO4 100C v nng phn trm ca dung dch bo ho Na 2SO4
nhit ny. Bit rng 100C khi ho tan 7,2g Na2SO4 vo 80g H2O th c dung dch bo
ho Na2SO4.
p s: S = 9g v C% = 8,257%
Loi 2: Bi ton tnh lng tinh th ngm nc cn cho thm vo dung dch cho sn.
24

Cch lm:
Dng nh lut bo ton khi lng tnh:
* Khi lng dung dch to thnh = khi lng tinh th + khi lng dung dch ban u.
* Khi lng cht tan trong dung dch to thnh = khi lng cht tan trong tinh th + khi
lng cht tan trong dung dch ban u.
* Cc bi ton loi ny thng cho tinh th cn ly v dung dch cho sn c cha cng loi cht
tan.
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Tnh lng tinh th CuSO4.5H2O cn dng iu ch 500ml dung dch CuSO 4 8%(D =
1,1g/ml).
p s: Khi lng tinh th CuSO4.5H2O cn ly l: 68,75g
Bi 2: iu ch 560g dung dch CuSO4 16% cn phi ly bao nhiu gam dung dch CuSO4
8% v bao nhiu gam tinh th CuSO4.5H2O.
Hng dn
* Cch 1:
Trong 560g dung dch CuSO4 16% c cha.
m
ct CuSO4(c trong dd CuSO4 16%) =
560.16
2240
=
= 89,6(g)
100
25
t mCuSO4.5H2O = x(g)
1mol(hay 250g) CuSO4.5H2O cha 160g CuSO4
Vy
x(g)
//
cha
160x
16x
=
(g)
250
25
dd CuSO4 8% c trong dung dch CuSO4 16% l (560 x) g
ct CuSO4(c trong dd CuSO4 8%) l
Ta c phng trnh:
(560 x).8
(560 x).2
=
(g)
100
25
(560 x).2
16x
+
= 89,6
25
25
Gii phng trnh c: x = 80.

Vy cn ly 80g tinh th CuSO 4.5H2O v 480g dd CuSO4 8% pha ch thnh 560g dd CuSO 4
16%.
* Cch 2: Gii h phng trnh bc nht 2 n.
* Cch 3: Tnh ton theo s ng cho.
Lu : Lng CuSO4 c th coi nh dd CuSO4 64%(v c 250g CuSO4.5H2O th c cha 160g
CuSO4). Vy C%(CuSO4) =
160
.100% = 64%.
250
Loi 3: bi ton tnh lng cht tan tch ra hay thm vo khi thay i nhit mt dung
dch bo ho cho sn.
Cch lm:
- Bc 1: Tnh khi lng cht tan v khi lng dung mi c trong dung dch bo
ho t1(0c)
- Bc 2: t a(g) l khi lng cht tan A cn thm hay tch ra khi dung dch
ban u, sau khi thay i nhit t t1(0c) sang t2(0c) vi t1(0c) khc t2(0c).
25

- Bc 3: Tnh khi lng cht tan v khi lng dung mi c trong dung dch bo
ho t2(0c).
- Bc 4: p dng cng thc tnh tan hay nng % dung dch bo ho(C%
ddbh) tm a.
Lu : Nu yu cu tnh lng tinh th ngm nc tch ra hay cn thm vo do thay i
nhit dung dch bo ho cho sn, bc 2 ta phi t n s l s mol(n)
Bi 1: 120C c 1335g dung dch CuSO4 bo ho. un nng dung dch ln n 900C. Hi phi
thm vo dung dch bao nhiu gam CuSO4 c dung dch bo ho nhit ny.
Bit 120C, tan ca CuSO4 l 33,5 v 900C l 80.
p s: Khi lng CuSO4 cn thm vo dung dch l 465g.
Bi 2: 850C c 1877g dung dch bo ho CuSO4. Lm lnh dung dch xung cn 250C. Hi c
bao nhiu gam CuSO4.5H2O tch khi dung dch. Bit tan ca CuSO 4 850C l 87,7 v
250C l 40.
p s: Lng CuSO4.5H2O tch khi dung dch l: 961,75g
Bi 3: Cho 0,2 mol CuO tan trong H 2SO4 20% un nng, sau lm ngui dung dch n 10 0C.
Tnh khi lng tinh th CuSO4.5H2O tch khi dung dch, bit rng tan ca CuSO 4
100C l 17,4g/100g H2O.
p s: Lng CuSO4.5H2O tch khi dung dch l: 30,7g
Dng 2: Ton nng dung dch
Bi 1: Cho 50ml dung dch HNO3 40% c khi lng ring l 1,25g/ml. Hy:
a/ Tm khi lng dung dch HNO3 40%?
b/ Tm khi lng HNO3?
c/ Tm nng mol/l ca dung dch HNO3 40%?
p s:
a/ mdd = 62,5g
b/ mHNO 3 = 25g
c/ CM(HNO 3 ) = 7,94M
Bi 2: Hy tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch thu c trong mi trng hp sau:
a/ Ho tan 20g NaOH vo 250g nc. Cho bit D H 2 O = 1g/ml, coi nh th tch dung dch khng
i.
b/ Ho tan 26,88 lt kh hiro clorua HCl (ktc) vo 500ml nc thnh dung dch axit HCl. Coi
nh th dung dch khng i.
c/ Ho tan 28,6g Na2CO3.10H2O vo mt lng nc va thnh 200ml dung dch
Na2CO3.
p s:
a/ CM( NaOH ) = 2M
b/ CM( HCl ) = 2,4M
c/ CM(Na2CO3) = 0,5M
26

Bi 3: Cho 2,3g Na tan ht trong 47,8ml nc thu c dung dch NaOH v c kh H 2 thot ra .
Tnh nng % ca dung dch NaOH?
p s: C%(NaOH) = 8%
chuyn 3: pha trn dung dch
Loi 1: Bi ton pha long hay c dc mt dung dch.
a) c im ca bi ton:
- Khi pha long, nng dung dch gim. Cn c dc, nng dung dch tng.
- D pha long hay c c, khi lng cht tan lun lun khng thay i.
b) Cch lm:
C th p dng cng thc pha long hay c c
TH1: V khi lng cht tan khng i d pha long hay c c nn.
mdd(1).C%(1) = mdd(2).C%(2)
TH2: V s mol cht tan khng i d pha long hay c dc nn.
Vdd(1). CM (1) = Vdd(2). CM (2)
Nu gp bi ton bi ton: Cho thm H2O hay cht tan nguyn cht (A) vo 1 dung dch
(A) c nng % cho trc, c th p dng quy tc ng cho gii. Khi c th
xem:
- H2O l dung dch c nng O%
- Cht tan (A) nguyn cht cho thm l dung dch nng 100%
+ TH1: Thm H2O
Dung dch u C1(%)
C2(%) - O
mdd .dau
C2(%)
H2O
= m
H 2O
O(%)
C1(%) C2(%)
+ TH1: Thm cht tan (A) nguyn cht

Dung dch u C1(%)
100 - C2(%)
mdd .dau
C2(%)
Cht tan (A)
= m
ctA
100(%)
C1(%) C2(%)
Lu : T l hiu s nng nhn c ng bng s phn khi lng dung dch u( hay
H2O, hoc cht tan A nguyn cht) cn ly t cng hng ngang.
Bi ton p dng:
Bi 1: Phi thm bao nhiu gam H 2O vo 200g dung dch KOH 20% c dung dch KOH
16%.
p s: mH2O(cn thm) = 50g
27

Bi 2: C 30g dung dch NaCl 20%. Tnh nng % dung dch thu c khi:
- Pha thm 20g H2O
- C c dung dch ch cn 25g.
p s: 12% v 24%
Bi 3: Tnh s ml H2O cn thm vo 2 lit dung dch NaOH 1M thu c dung dch mi c
nng 0,1M.
p s: 18 lit
Bi 4: Tnh s ml H2O cn thm vo 250ml dung dch NaOH1,25M to thnh dung dch
0,5M. Gi s s ho tan khng lm thay i ng k th tch dung dch.
p s: 375ml
Bi 5: Tnh s ml dung dch NaOH 2,5%(D = 1,03g/ml) iu ch c t 80ml dung dch
NaOH 35%(D = 1,38g/ml).
p s: 1500ml
Bi 6: Lm bay hi 500ml dung dch HNO3 20%(D = 1,20g/ml) ch cn 300g dung dch.
Tnh nng % ca dung dch ny.
p s: C% = 40%
Loi 2:Bi ton ho tan mt ho cht vo nc hay vo mt dung dch cho sn.
a/ c im bi ton:
- Ho cht em ho tan c th l cht kh, cht lng hay cht rn.
- S ho tan c th gy ra hay khng gy ra phn ng ho hc gia cht em ho tan
vi H2O hoc cht tan trong dung dch cho sn.
b/ Cch lm:
- Bc 1: Xc nh dung dch sau cng (sau khi ho tan ho cht) c cha cht no:
Cn lu xem c phn ng gia cht em ho tan vi H 2O hay cht tan trong dung
dch cho sn khng? Sn phm phn ng(nu c) gm nhng cht tan no? Nh rng:
c bao nhiu loi cht tan trong dung dch th c by nhiu nng .
. Nu cht tan c phn ng ho hc vi dung mi, ta phi tnh nng ca sn phm
phn ng ch khng c tnh nng ca cht tan .
- Bc 2: Xc nh lng cht tan(khi lng hay s mol) c cha trong dung dch
sau cng.
. Lng cht tan(sau phn ng nu c) gm: sn phm phn ng v cc cht tc dng
cn d.
. Lng sn phm phn ng(nu c) tnh theo ptt phi da vo cht tc dng
ht(lng cho ), tuyt i khng c da vo lng cht tc dng cho d (cn
tha sau phn ng)
- Bc 3: Xc nh lng dung dch mi (khi lng hay th tch)
. tnh th tch dung dch mi c 2 trng hp (tu theo bi)
Nu khng cho bit khi lng ring dung dch mi(Dddm)

+ Khi ho tan 1 cht kh hay 1 cht rn vo 1 cht lng c th coi:
Th tch dung dch mi = Th tch cht lng
28

+ Khi ho tan 1 cht lng vo 1 cht lng khc, phi gi s s pha trn khng lm
thy i ng k th tch cht lng, tnh:
Th tch dung dch mi = Tng th tch cc cht lng ban u.
Nu cho bit khi lng ring dung dch mi(D ddm)

mddm
Th tch dung dch mi: Vddm = D

ddm
mddm: l khi lng dung dch mi
+ tnh khi lng dung dch mi
mddm = Tng khi lng(trc phn ng) khi lng kt ta(hoc kh bay ln) nu
c.
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Cho 14,84g tinh th Na2CO3 vo bnh cha 500ml dung dch HCl 0,4M c dung dch
B. Tnh nng mol/lit cc cht trong dung dch B.
p s: Nng ca NaCl l: CM = 0,4M
Nng ca Na2CO3 cn d l: CM = 0,08M
Bi 2: Ho tan 5,6lit kh HCl ( ktc) vo 0,1lit H 2O to thnh dung dch HCl. Tnh nng
mol/lit v nng % ca dung dch thu c.
p s:
- CM = 2,5M
- C% = 8,36%
Bi 3: Cho 200g SO3 vo 1 lt dung dch H2SO4 17%(D = 1,12g/ml) c dung dch A. Tnh
nng % dung dch A.
p s: C% = 32,985%
Bi 4: xc nh lng SO3 v lng dung dch H2SO4 49% cn ly pha thnh 450g dung dch
H2SO4 83,3%.
p s:
Khi lng SO3 cn ly l: 210g
Khi lng dung dch H2SO4 49% cn ly l 240g
Bi 5: Xc nh khi lng dung dch KOH 7,93% cn ly khi ho tan vo 47g K 2O th
thu c dung dch 21%.
p s: Khi lng dung dch KOH 7,93% cn ly l 352,94g
Bi 6: Cho 6,9g Na v 9,3g Na2O vo nc, c dung dch A(NaOH 8%). Hi phi ly thm
bao nhiu gam NaOH c tinh khit 80%(tan hon ton) cho vo c dung dch 15%?
p s: - Khi lng NaOH c tinh khit 80% cn ly l 32,3g
Loi 3: Bi ton pha trn hai hay nhiu dung dch.
a/ c im bi ton.
Khi pha trn 2 hay nhiu dung dch vi nhau c th xy ra hay khng xy ra phn ng ho hc
gia cht tan ca cc dung dch ban u.
29

b/ Cch lm:
TH1: Khi trn khng xy ra phn ng ho hc(thng gp bi ton pha trn cc dung
dch cha cng loi ho cht)
Nguyn tc chung gii l theo phng php i s, lp h 2 phng trnh ton hc (1 theo
cht tan v 1 theo dung dch)
Cc bc gii:
- Bc 1: Xc nh dung dch sau trn c cha cht tan no.
- Bc 2: Xc nh lng cht tan(mct) c trong dung dch mi(ddm)
- Bc 3: Xc nh khi lng(mddm) hay th tch(Vddm) dung dch mi.
mddm = Tng khi lng( cc dung dch em trn )
+ Nu bit khi lng ring dung dch mi(Dddm)
mddm
Vddm = D
ddm
+ Nu khng bit khi lng ring dung dch mi: Phi gi s s hao ht th tch do
s pha trn dung dch l khng ng k, c.
Vddm = Tng th tch cc cht lng ban u em trn
+ Nu pha trn cc dung dch cng loi cht tan, cng loi nng , c th gii bng
quy tc ng cho.
m1(g) dd C1(%)
C2 C3
C3(%)
m2(g) dd C2(%)
C3 C1
( Gi s: C1< C3 < C2 ) v s hao ht th tch do s pha trn cc dd l khng ng k.
m1
m2
C 2 C3
C 3 C1
+ Nu khng bit nng % m li bit nng mol/lit (CM) th p dng s :

V1(l) dd C1(M)
C2 C3
C3(M)
V2(g) dd C2(M)
( Gi s: C1< C3 < C2 )
V1
V2
C3 C1
C 2 C3
C 3 C1
30

+ Nu khng bit nng % v nng mol/lit m li bit khi lng ring (D) th p dng
s :
V1(l) dd D1(g/ml)
D2 D3
D3(g/ml)
V2(l) dd D2(g/ml)
D3 D1
(Gi s: D1< D3 < D2) v s hao ht th tch do s pha trn cc dd l khng ng k.
V1
V2
D2 D3
D3 D1
TH2: Khi trn c xy ra phn ng ho hc cng gii qua 3 bc tng t bi ton loi 2
(Ho tan mt cht vo mt dung dch cho sn). Tuy nhin, cn lu .
- bc 1: Phi xc nh cng thc cht tan mi, s lng cht tan mi. Cn ch
kh nng c cht d(do cht tan ban u khng tc dng ht) khi tnh ton.
- bc 3: Khi xc nh lng dung dch mi (mddm hay Vddm)
Tac: mddm = Tng khi lng cc cht em trng khi lng cht kt ta hoc cht
kh xut hin trong phn ng.
- Th tch dung dch mi tnh nh trng hp 1 loi bi ton ny.
Th d: p dng phng php ng cho.
Mt bi ton thng c nhiu cch gii nhng nu bi ton no c th s dng c
phng php ng cho gii th s lm bi ton n gin hn rt nhiu.
Bi ton 1: Cn bao nhiu gam tinh th CuSO4 . 5H2O ho vo bao nhiu gam dung dch
CuSO4 4% iu ch c 500 gam dung dch CuSO4 8%.
Bi gii: Gii Bng phng php thng thng:
Khi lng CuSO4 c trong 500g dung dch bng:
mCuO4
500.8
40 gam
100
(1)
Gi x l khi lng tinh th CuSO 4 . 5 H2O cn ly th: (500 - x) l khi lng dung dch
CuSO4 4% cn ly:
Khi lng CuSO4 c trong tinh th CuSO4 . 5H2O bng:
m CuSO4
x.160
250
(2)
Khi lng CuSO4 c trong tinh th CuSO4 4% l:

mCuSO4
(500 x).4
(3)
100
T (1), (2) v (3) ta c:

( x.160) (500 x).4
40
250
100
31

=> 0,64x + 20 - 0,04x = 40.
Gii ra ta c:
X = 33,33g tinh th
Vy khi lng dung dch CuSO4 4% cn ly l:
500 - 33,33 gam = 466,67 gam.
+ Gii theo phng php ng cho
Gi x l s gam tinh th CuSO4 . 5 H2O cn ly v (500 - x) l s gam dung dch cn ly ta
c s ng cho nh sau:
69
x
500 x
4-8
64 - 8
=>
x
4
1
500 x 56 14
Gii ra ta tm c: x = 33,33 gam.

Bi ton 2: Trn 500gam dung dch NaOH 3% vi 300 gam dung dch NaOH 10% th thu
c dung dch c nng bao nhiu%.
Bi gii: Ta c s ng cho:
500 3
10 - C%
500 10 C
C%
=>
:
300 C 3
C% - 3%
300 10
:
Gii ra ta c: C = 5,625%
Vy dung dch thu c c nng 5,625%.
Bi ton 3: Cn trn 2 dung dch NaOH 3% v dung dch NaOH 10% theo t l khi
lng bao nhiu thu c dung dch NaOH 8%.
Bi gii:
Gi m1; m2 ln lt l khi lng ca cc dung dch cn ly. Ta c s ng cho sau:
m1
m2
10
10 - 8
8-3
Vy t l khi lng cn ly l:
10 8
1
=> m 8 3
2
m1 2
m2 5
Bi ton p dng:
32

Bi 1: Cn pha ch theo t l no v khi lng gia 2 dung dch KNO 3 c nng % tng
ng l 45% v 15% c mt dung dch KNO3 c nng 20%.
p s: Phi ly 1 phn khi lng dung dch c nng d 45% v 5 phn khi lng dung dch
c nng 15% trn vi nhau.
Bi 2: Trn V1(l) dung dch A(cha 9,125g HCl) vi V2(l) dung dch B(cha 5,475g HCl) c
2(l) dung dch D.
Coi th tch dung dch D = Tng th tch dung dch A v dung dch B.
a) Tnh nng mol/lit ca dung dch D.
b) Tnh nng mol/lit ca dung dch A, dung dch B (Bit hiu nng mol/lit ca dung
dch A tr nng mol/lit dung dch B l 0,4mol/l)
p s:
a) CM(dd D) = 0,2M
b) t nng mol/l ca dung dch A l x, dung dch B l y ta c:
x y = 0,4 (I)
V th tch: Vdd D = Vdd A + Vdd B =
0,15
0,25
+ y = 2 (II)
x
Gii h phng trnh ta c: x = 0,5M, y = 0,1M

Vy nng mol/l ca dung dch A l 0,5M v ca dung dch B l 0,1M.
Bi 3: Hi phi ly 2 dung dch NaOH 15% v 27,5% mi dung dch bao nhiu gam trn vo
nhau c 500ml dung dch NaOH 21,5%, D = 1,23g/ml?
p s: Dung dch NaOH 27,5% cn ly l 319,8g v dung dch NaOH 15% cn ly l 295,2g
Bi 4: Trn ln 150ml dung dch H2SO4 2M vo 200g dung dch H2SO4 5M( D = 1,29g/ml ).
Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch H2SO4 nhn c.
p s: Nng H2SO4 sau khi trn l 3,5M
Bi 5: Trn 1/3 (l) dung dch HCl (dd A) vi 2/3 (l) dung dch HCl (dd B) c 1(l) dung dch
HCl mi (dd C). Ly 1/10 (l) dd C tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 d th thu c 8,61g kt ta.
a) Tnh nng mol/l ca dd C.
b) Tnh nng mol/l ca dd A v dd B. Bit nng mol/l dd A = 4 nng d mol/l dd B.
p s: Nng mol/l ca dd B l 0,3M v ca dd A l 1,2M.
Bi 6: Trn 200ml dung dch HNO3 (dd X) vi 300ml dung dch HNO3 (dd Y) c dung dch
(Z). Bit rng dung dch (Z) tc dng va vi 7g CaCO3.
a) Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch (Z).
b) Ngi ta c th iu ch dung dch (X) t dung dch (Y) bng cch thm H 2O vo dung
dch (Y) theo t l th tch: VH 2 O : Vdd(Y) = 3:1.
Tnh nng mol/l dung dch (X) v dung dch (Y)? Bit s pha trn khng lm thay i
ng k th tch dung dch.
p s:
a) CMdd(Z) = 0,28M
b) Nng mol/l ca dung dch (X) l 0,1M v ca dung dch (Y) l 0,4M.
33

Bi 7: trung ho 50ml dung dch NaOH 1,2M cn V(ml) dung dch H 2SO4 30% (D =
1,222g/ml). Tnh V?
p s: Th tch dung dch H2SO4 30% cn ly l 8,02 ml.
Bi 8: Cho 25g dung dch NaOH 4% tc dng vi 51g dung dch H2SO4 0,2M, c khi lng
ring D = 1,02 g/ml. Tnh nng % cc cht sau phn ng.
p s:
- Nng % ca dung dch Na2SO4 l 1,87%
- Nng % ca dung dch NaOH (d) l 0,26%
Bi 9:Trn ln 100ml dung dch NaHSO 4 1M vi 100ml dung dch NaOH 2M c dung dch
A.
a) Vit phng trnh ho hc xy ra.
b) C cn dung dch A th thu c hn hp nhng cht no? Tnh khi lng ca mi cht.
p s: b) Khi lng cc cht sau khi c cn.
- Khi lng mui Na2SO4 l 14,2g
- Khi lng NaOH(cn d) l 4 g
Bi 10: Khi trung ho 100ml dung dch ca 2 axit H 2SO4 v HCl bng dung dch NaOH, ri c
cn th thu c 13,2g mui khan. Bit rng c trung ho 10 ml dung dch 2 axit ny th cn
va 40ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M. Tnh nng mol/l ca mi axit trong dung dch ban u.
p s: Nng mol/l ca axit H2SO4 l 0,6M v ca axit HCl l 0,8M
Bi 11: Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch H2SO4 v dung dch NaOH bit rng:
C 30ml dung dch H2SO4 c trung ho ht bi 20ml dung dch NaOH v 10ml dung
dch KOH 2M.
Ngc li: 30ml dung dch NaOH c trung ho ht bi 20ml dung dch H 2SO4 v 5ml
dung dch HCl 1M.
p s: Nng mol/l ca dd H2SO4 l 0,7M v ca dd NaOH l 1,1M.
Hng dn gii bi ton nng bng phng php i s:
Th d: Tnh nng ban u ca dung dch H2SO4 v dung dch NaOH bit rng:
- Nu 3 lt dung dch NaOH vo 2 lt dung dch H 2SO4 th sau phn ng dung dch c
tnh kim vi nng 0,1M.
- Nu 2 lt dung dch NaOH vo 3 lt dung dch H 2SO4 th sau phn ng dung dch c
tnh axit vi nng 0,2M.
Bi gii
PTHH: 2NaOH + H2SO4 -> Na2SO4 + 2H2O
Gi nng dung dch xt l x v nng dung dch axit l y th:
* Trong trng hp th nht lng kim cn li trong dung dch l
0,1 . 5 = 0,5mol.
Lng kim tham gia phn ng l: 3x - 0,5 (mol)
Lng axt b trung ho l: 2y (mol)
Theo PTP s mol xt ln hn 2 ln H2SO4
Vy 3x - 0,5 = 2y.2 = 4y hay 3x - 4y = 0,5 (1)
* Trong trng hp th 2 th lng a xt d l 0,2.5 = 1mol
34

Lng a xt b trung ho l 3y - 1 (mol)
Lng xt tham gia phn ng l 2x (mol). Cng lp lun nh trn ta c:
3y - 1 =
1
. 2x = x hay 3y - x = 1 (2)
2
T (1) v (2) ta c h phng trnh bc nht:

3 x 4 y 0,5
3y x 1
Gii h phng trnh ny ta c x = 1,1 v y = 0,7.

Vy, nng ban u ca dung dch H2SO4 l 0,7M ca dung dch NaOH l 1,1M.
Bi 12: Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch NaOH v dung dch H 2SO4. Bit nu ly 60ml dung
dch NaOH th trung ho hon ton 20ml dung dch H 2SO4. Nu ly 20ml dung dch H 2SO4 tc
dng vi 2,5g CaCO3 th mun trung ho lng axit cn d phi dng ht 10ml dung dch
NaOH trn.
p s: Nng mol/l ca dd H2SO4 l 1,5M v ca dd NaOH l 1,0M.
Bi 13: Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch HNO3 v dung dch KOH. Bit
- 20ml dung dch HNO3 c trung ho ht bi 60ml dung dch KOH.
- 20ml dung dch HNO3 sau khi tc dng ht vi 2g CuO th c trung ho ht bi
10ml dung dch KOH.
p s: Nng ca dung dch HNO3 l 3M v ca dung dch KOH l 1M.
Bi 14: C 2 dung dch H2SO4 l A v B.
a) Nu 2 dung dch A v B c trn ln theo t l khi lng 7:3 th thu c dung dch C
c nng 29%. Tnh nng % ca dd A v dd B. Bit nng dd B bng 2,5 ln nng
dd A.
b) Ly 50ml dd C (D = 1,27g/ml) cho phn ng vi 200ml dd BaCl 2 1M. Tnh khi lng
kt ta v nng mol/l ca dd E cn li sau khi tch ht kt ta, gi s th tch dd
thay i khng ng k.
Hng dn:
a/ Gi s c 100g dd C. c 100g dd C ny cn em trn 70g dd A nng x% v 30g dd B
nng y%. V nng % dd C l 29% nn ta c phng trnh:
m
H2SO4(trong dd C) =
70x
30 y
+
= 29 (I)
100
100
Theo bi ra th: y = 2,5x (II)

Gii h (I, II) c: x% = 20% v y% = 50%
b/ nH2SO4( trong 50ml dd C ) =
29(50.1,27)
C %.mdd
=
= 0,1879 mol
100.98
100M
BaCl2 = 0,2 mol > nH2SO4. Vy axit phn ng ht

m
BaSO4 = 0,1879 . 233 = 43,78g
Dung dch cn li sau khi tch ht kt ta c cha 0,3758 mol HCl v 0,2 0,1879 = 0,0121
mol BaCl2 cn d.
Vy nng ca dd HCl l 1,5M v ca dd BaCl2 l 0,0484M
Bi 15: Trn dd A cha NaOH v dd B cha Ba(OH) 2 theo th tch bng nhau c dd C. Trung
ho 100ml dd C cn ht 35ml dd H 2SO4 2M v thu c 9,32g kt ta. Tnh nng mol/l ca
cc dd A v B. Cn trn bao nhiu ml dd B vi 20ml dd A ho tan va ht 1,08g bt Al.
35

p s: nH2SO4 = 0,07 mol; nNaOH = 0,06 mol; nBa(OH)2 = 0,04 mol.
CM(NaOH) = 1,2M; CM(Ba(OH) 2 ) = 0,8M.
Cn trn 20ml dd NaOH v 10ml dd Ba(OH)2 ho tan ht 1,08g bt nhm.
Chuyn 4: Xc nh cng thc ho hc
Phng php 1: Xc nh cng thc ho hc da trn biu thc i s.
* Cch gii:
- Bc 1: t cng thc tng qut.
- Bc 2: Lp phng trnh(T biu thc i s)
- Bc 3: Gii phng trnh -> Kt lun
Cc biu thc i s thng gp.
- Cho bit % ca mt nguyn t.
- Cho bit t l khi lng hoc t l %(theo khi lng cc nguyn t).
Cc cng thc bin i.
- Cng thc tnh % ca nguyn t trong hp cht.
CTTQ AxBy
AxBy
M A .x
%A
M A .x
%A = M
.100%
-->
= M .y
%B
AxBy
B
- Cng thc tnh khi lng ca nguyn t trong hp cht.
CTTQ AxBy
AxBy
mA = nA
.MA.x
mA
M A .x
mB = M B . y
-->
Lu :
- xc nh nguyn t kim loi hoc phi kim trong hp cht c th phi lp bng
xt ho tr ng vi nguyn t khi ca kim loi hoc phi kim .
- Ho tr ca kim loi (n): 1 n 4, vi n nguyn. Ring kim loi Fe phi xt thm
ho tr 8/3.
- Ho tr ca phi kim (n): 1 n 7, vi n nguyn.
- Trong oxit ca phi kim th s nguyn t phi kim trong oxit khng qu 2 nguyn t.
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Mt oxit nit(A) c cng thc NOx v c %N = 30,43%. Tm cng thc ca (A).
p s: NO2
Bi 2: Mt oxit st c %Fe = 72,41%. Tm cng thc ca oxit.
p s: Fe3O4
Bi 3: Mt oxit ca kim loi M c %M = 63,218. Tm cng thc oxit.
p s: MnO2
Bi 4: Mt qung st c cha 46,67% Fe, cn li l S.
a) Tm cng thc qung.
b) T qung trn hy iu ch 2 kh c tnh kh.
p s:
a) FeS2
36

b)
H2S v SO2.
Bi 5: Oxit ng c cng thc CuxOy v c mCu : mO = 4 : 1. Tm cng thc oxit.

p s: CuO
Bi 6: Oxit ca kim loi M. Tm cng thc ca oxit trong 2 trng hp sau:
a) mM : mO = 9 : 8
b) %M : %O = 7 : 3
p s:
a) Al2O3
b) Fe2O3
Bi 7: Mt oxit (A) ca nit c t khi hi ca A so vi khng kh l 1,59. Tm cng thc oxit
A.
p s: NO2
Bi 8: Mt oxit ca phi kim (X) c t khi hi ca (X) so vi hiro bng 22. Tm cng thc (X).
p s:
TH1: CO2
TH2: N2O
Phng php 2: Xc nh cng thc da trn phn ng.
Cch gii:
- Bc 1: t CTTQ
- Bc 2: Vit PTHH.
- Bc 3: Lp phng trnh ton hc da vo cc n s theo cch t.
- Bc 4: Gii phng trnh ton hc.
Mt s gi :
- Vi cc bi ton c mt phn ng, khi lp phng trnh ta nn p dng nh lut t
l.
- Tng qut:
C PTHH: aA + bB -------> qC + pD
(1)
Chun b:
a
b.MB
q.22,4
cho:
nA p
nB p
VC (l ) ktc
Theo(1) ta c:
a
n A. pu
b.M B
m B. pu
q.22,4
VC
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: t chy hon ton 1gam nguyn t R. Cn 0,7 lit oxi(ktc), thu c hp cht X. Tm
cng thc R, X.
p s: R l S v X l SO2
Bi 2: Kh ht 3,48 gam mt oxit ca kim loi R cn 1,344 lit H2 (ktc). Tm cng thc oxit.
- y l phn ng nhit luyn.
37

- Tng qut:
Oxit kim loi A + (H2, CO, Al, C) ---> Kim loi A + (H2O, CO2, Al2O3, CO hoc
CO2)
- iu kin: Kim loi A l kim loi ng sau nhm.
p s: Fe3O4
Bi 3: Nung ht 9,4 gam M(NO3)n thu c 4 gam M2On. Tm cng thc mui nitrat
Hng dn:
- Phn ng nhit phn mui nitrat.
- Cng thc chung:
-----M: ng trc Mg---> M(NO2)n (r) + O2(k)
0
M(NO3)3(r) -----t ------ -----M: ( t Mg --> Cu)---> M2On (r) + O2(k) + NO2(k)
-----M: ng sau Cu------> M(r) + O2(k) + NO2(k)
p s: Cu(NO3)2.
Bi 4: Nung ht 3,6 gam M(NO3)n thu c 1,6 gam cht rn khng tan trong nc. Tm cng
thc mui nitrat em nung.
Hng dn: Theo ra, cht rn c th l kim loi hoc oxit kim loi. Gii bi ton theo 2
trng hp.
Ch :
TH: Rn l oxit kim loi.
Phn ng: 2M(NO3)n (r) ----t----> M2Om (r) + 2nO2(k) +
2n m
O2(k)
2
Hoc 4M(NO3)n (r) ----t----> 2M2Om (r) + 4nO2(k) + (2n m)O2(k)

iu kin: 1 n m 3, vi n, m nguyn dng.(n, m l ho tr ca M )
p s: Fe(NO3)2
Bi 5: t chy hon ton 6,8 gam mt hp cht v c A ch thu c 4,48 lt SO 2(ktc) v 3,6
gam H2O. Tm cng thc ca cht A.
p s: H2S
Bi 6: Ho tan hon ton 7,2g mt kim loi (A) ho tr II bng dung dch HCl, thu c 6,72 lit
H2 (ktc). Tm kim loi A.
p s: A l Mg
Bi 7: Cho 12,8g mt kim loi R ho tr II tc dng vi clo va th thu c 27g mui
clorua. Tm kim loi R.
p s: R l Cu
Bi 8: Cho 10g st clorua(cha bit ho tr ca st ) tc dng vi dung dch AgNO 3 th thu c
22,6g AgCl(r) (khng tan). Hy xc nh cng thc ca mui st clorua.
p s: FeCl2
Bi 9: Ho tan hon ton 7,56g mt kim loi R cha r ho tr vo dung dch axit HCl, th thu
c 9,408 lit H2 (ktc). Tm kim loi R.
p s: R l Al
38

Bi 10: Ho tan hon ton 8,9g hn hp 2 kim loi A v B c cng ho tr II v c t l mol l
1 : 1 bng dung dch HCl dng d thu c 4,48 lit H2(ktc). Hi A, B l cc kim loi no trong
s cc kim loi sau y: ( Mg, Ca, Ba, Fe, Zn, Be )
p s:A v B l Mg v Zn.
Bi 11: Ho tan hon ton 5,6g mt kim loi ho tr II bng dd HCl thu c 2,24 lit H 2(ktc).
Tm kim loi trn.
p s: Fe
Bi 12: Cho 4,48g mt oxit ca kim loi ho tr tc dng ht 7,84g axit H 2SO4. Xc nh cng
thc ca oxit trn.
p s: CaO
Bi 13: ho tan 9,6g mt hn hp ng mol (cng s mol) ca 2 oxit kim loi c ho tr II
cn 14,6g axit HCl. Xc nh cng thc ca 2 oxit trn. Bit kim loi ho tr II c th l Be, Mg,
Ca, Fe, Zn, Ba.
p s: MgO v CaO
Bi 14: Ho tan hon ton 6,5g mt kim loi A cha r ho tr vo dung dch HCl th thu c
2,24 lit H2(ktc). Tm kim loi A.
p s: A l Zn
Bi 15: C mt oxit st cha r cng thc, chia oxit ny lm 2 phn bng nhau.
a/ ho tan ht phn 1 cn dng 150ml dung dch HCl 1,5M.
b/ Cho lung kh H2 d i qua phn 2 nung nng, phn ng xong thu c 4,2g st.
Tm cng thc ca oxit st ni trn.
p s: Fe2O3
Bi 16: Kh hon ton 4,06g mt oxit kim loi bng CO nhit cao thnh kim loi. Dn
ton b kh sinh ra vo bnh ng nc vi trong d, thy to thnh 7g kt ta. Nu ly lng
kim loi sinh ra ho tan ht vo dung dch HCl d th thu c 1,176 lit kh H 2 (ktc). Xc nh
cng thc oxit kim loi.
Hng dn:
Gi cng thc oxit l MxOy = amol. Ta c a(Mx +16y) = 4,06
MxOy + yCO -----> xM + yCO2
a
ay
ax
ay
(mol)
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 ----> CaCO3 + H2O
ay
ay
ay
(mol)
Ta c ay = s mol CaCO3 = 0,07 mol.---> Khi lng kim loi = M.ax = 2,94g.
2M + 2nHCl ----> 2MCl n + nH2 ax
0,5nax (molTa c:
0,5nax = 1,176 :22,4=0,0525molhaynax=0,105Lptl:
Max 2,94
=28.Vy M = 28n ---> Ch c
nax 0,0525
gi tr n = 2 v M = 56 l ph hp. Vy M l Fe. Thay n = 2 ---> ax = 0,0525.

ax
0,0525
Ta c: ay = 0,07 = = y ----> x = 3 v y = 4. Vy cng thc oxit l Fe3O4.

4
39
Chuyn 5: Bi ton v oxit v hn hp oxit

Tnh cht:
Cch lm:
-
Oxit baz tc dng vi dung dch axit.

Oxit axit tc dng vi dung dch baz.
Oxit lng tnh va tc dng vi dung dch axit, va tc dng dung dch baz.
Oxit trung tnh: Khng tc dng c vi dung dch axit v dung dch baz.
Bc 1: t CTTQ
Bc 2: Vit PTHH.
Bc 3: Lp phng trnh ton hc da vo cc n s theo cch t.
Bc 4: Gii phng trnh ton hc.
Bc 5: Tnh ton theo yu cu ca bi.
A - Ton oxit baz
40

Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Cho 4,48g mt oxit ca kim loi ho tr tc dng ht 7,84g axit H 2SO4. Xc nh cng
thc ca oxit trn.
p s: CaO
Bi 2: Ho tan hon ton 1 gam oxit ca kim loi R cn dng 25ml dung dch hn hp gm axit
H2SO4 0,25M v axit HCl 1M. Tm cng thc ca oxit trn.
p s: Fe2O3
Bi 3: C mt oxit st cha r cng thc, chia oxit ny lm 2 phn bng nhau.
a/ ho tan ht phn 1 cn dng150ml dung dch HCl 1,5M.
b/ Cho lung kh H2 d i qua phn 2 nung nng, phn ng xong thu c 4,2g st.
Tm cng thc ca oxit st ni trn.
p s: Fe2O3
Bi 4: Ho tan hon ton 20,4g oxit kim loi A, ho tr III trong 300ml dung dch axit H 2SO4 th
thu c 68,4g mui khan. Tm cng thc ca oxit trn.
p s:
Bi 5: ho tan hon ton 64g oxit ca kim loi ho tr III cn va 800ml dung dch axit
HNO3 3M. Tm cng thc ca oxit trn.
p s:
Bi 6: Khi ho tan mt lng ca mt oxit kim loi ho tr II vo mt lng va dung dch
axit H2SO4 4,9%, ngi ta thu c mt dung dch mui c nng 5,78%. Xc nh cng thc
ca oxit trn.
Hng dn:
t cng thc ca oxit l RO
PTHH: RO
+ H2SO4 ----> RSO4 + H2O
(MR + 16)
98g
(MR + 96)g
Gi s ho tan 1 mol (hay MR + 16)g RO
Khi lng dd RSO4(5,87%) = (MR + 16) + (98 : 4,9).100 = MR + 2016
M R 96
C% = M 2016 .100% = 5,87%

R
Gii phng trnh ta c: MR = 24, kim loi ho tr II l Mg.
p s: MgO
Bi 7: Ho tan hon ton mt oxit kim loi ho tr II bng dung dch H 2SO4 14% va th thu
c mt dung dch mui c nng 16,2%. Xc nh cng thc ca oxit trn.
p s: MgO
B - Ton oxit axit
Bi tp 1: Cho t t kh CO2 (SO2) vo dung dch NaOH(hoc KOH) th c cc PTHH xy ra:
CO2 + 2NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O ( 1 )
Sau khi s mol CO2 = s mol NaOH th c phn ng.
41

CO2 + NaOH NaHCO3 ( 2 )
Hng gii: xt t l s mol vit PTHH xy ra.
n
t T =
NaOH
CO2
Nu T 1 th ch c phn ng ( 2 ) v c th d CO2.
Nu T 2 th ch c phn ng ( 1 ) v c th d NaOH.
Nu 1 < T < 2 th c c 2 phn ng ( 1 ) v ( 2 ) trn hoc c th vit nh sau:
CO2 + NaOH NaHCO3 ( 1 ) /
tnh theo s mol ca CO2.
V sau : NaOH d + NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O ( 2 ) /
Hoc da vo s mol CO2 v s mol NaOH hoc s mol Na2CO3 v NaHCO3 to thnh sau
phn ng lp cc phng trnh ton hc v gii.
t n x,y ln lt l s mol ca Na2CO3 v NaHCO3 to thnh sau phn ng.
-
Bi tp p dng:
1/ Cho 1,68 lit CO2 (ktc) sc vo bnh ng dd KOH d. Tnh nng mol/lit ca mui thu
c sau phn ng. Bit rng th tch dd l 250 ml.
2/ Cho 11,2 lit CO2 vo 500ml dd NaOH 25% (d = 1,3g/ml). Tnh nng mol/lit ca dd mui
to thnh.
3/ Dn 448 ml CO2 (ktc) sc vo bnh cha 100ml dd KOH 0,25M. Tnh khi lng mui to
thnh.
Bi tp 2: Cho t t kh CO2 (SO2) vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 (hoc Ba(OH)2) th c cc phn
ng xy ra:
Phn ng u tin to ra mui trung ho trc.
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O ( 1 )
Sau khi s mol CO2 = 2 ln s mol ca Ca(OH)2 th c phn ng
2CO2 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(HCO3)2 ( 2 )
Hng gii : xt t l s mol vit PTHH xy ra:
n
t T =
CO2
Ca (OH ) 2
Nu T 1 th ch c phn ng ( 1 ) v c th d Ca(OH)2.
Nu T 2 th ch c phn ng ( 2 ) v c th d CO2.
Nu 1 < T < 2 th c c 2 phn ng (1) v (2) trn hoc c th vit nh sau:
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O ( 1 )
tnh theo s mol ca Ca(OH)2 .
CO2 d + H2O + CaCO3 Ca(HCO3)2 ( 2 ) !
Hoc da vo s mol CO2 v s mol Ca(OH)2 hoc s mol CaCO3 to thnh sau phn ng
lp cc phng trnh ton hc v gii.
t n x, y ln lt l s mol ca CaCO3 v Ca(HCO3)2 to thnh sau phn ng.
-
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Ho tan 2,8g CaO vo nc ta c dung dch A.
42

a/ Cho 1,68 lit kh CO2 hp th hon ton vo dung dch A. Hi c bao nhiu gam kt ta to
thnh.
b/ Nu cho kh CO2 sc qua dung dch A v sau khi kt thc th nghim thy c 1g kt ta th c
bao nhiu lt CO2 tham gia phn ng. ( cc th tch kh o ktc )
p s:
a/ mCaCO3 = 2,5g
b/ TH1: CO2 ht v Ca(OH)2 d. ---> VCO 2 = 0,224 lit
TH2: CO2 d v Ca(OH)2 ht ----> VCO 2 = 2,016 lit
Bi 2:Dn 10 lt hn hp kh gm N2 v CO2 (ktc) sc vo 2 lit dung dch Ca(OH)2 0,02M, thu
c 1g kt ta. Hy xc nh % theo th tch ca kh CO2 trong hn hp.
p s:
TH1: CO2 ht v Ca(OH)2 d. ---> VCO 2 = 0,224 lit v % VCO 2 = 2,24%
TH2: CO2 d v Ca(OH)2 ht ----> VCO 2 = 1,568 lit v % VCO 2 = 15,68%
Bi 3: Dn V lit CO2(ktc) vo 200ml dung dch Ca(OH)2 1M, thu c 10g kt ta. Tnh v.
p s:
TH1: CO2 ht v Ca(OH)2 d. ---> VCO 2 = 2,24 lit.
TH2: CO2 d v Ca(OH)2 ht ----> VCO 2 = 6,72 lit.
Bi 4: Cho m(g) kh CO2 sc vo 100ml dung dch Ca(OH)2 0,05M, thu c 0,1g cht khng
tan. Tnh m.
p s:
TH1: CO2 ht v Ca(OH)2 d. ---> mCO2 = 0,044g
TH2: CO2 d v Ca(OH)2 ht ----> mCO2 = 0,396g
Bi 5: Phi t bao nhiu gam cacbon khi cho kh CO 2 to ra trong phn ng trn tc dng
vi 3,4 lit dung dch NaOH 0,5M ta c 2 mui vi mui hiro cacbonat c nng mol bng
1,4 ln nng mol ca mui trung ho.
p s:
V th tch dung dch khng thay i nn t l v nng cng chnh l t l v s mol. ---> m C
= 14,4g.
Bi 6: Cho 4,48 lit CO2(ktc) i qua 190,48ml dung dch NaOH 0,02% c khi lng ring l
1,05g/ml. Hy cho bit mui no c to thnh v khi lng lf bao nhiu gam.
p s: Khi lng NaHCO3 to thnh l: 0,001.84 = 0,084g
Bi 7: Thi 2,464 lit kh CO2 vo mt dung dch NaOH th c 9,46g hn hp 2 mui Na 2CO3
v NaHCO3. Hy xc nh thnh phn khi lng ca hn hp 2 mui . Nu mun ch thu
c mui NaHCO3 th cn thm bao nhiu lt kh cacbonic na.
p s: 8,4g NaHCO3 v 1,06g Na2CO3. Cn thm 0,224 lit CO2.
Bi 8: t chy 12g C v cho ton b kh CO 2 to ra tc dng vi mt dung dch NaOH 0,5M.
Vi th tch no ca dung dch NaOH 0,5M th xy ra cc trng hp sau:
a/ Ch thu c mui NaHCO3(khng d CO2)?
43

b/ Ch thu c mui Na2CO3(khng d NaOH)?
c/ Thu c c 2 mui vi nng mol ca NaHCO3 bng 1,5 ln nng mol ca Na2CO3?
Trong trng hp ny phi tip tc thm bao nhiu lit dung dch NaOH 0,5M na c 2
mui c cng nng mol.
p s:
a/ nNaOH = nCO2 = 1mol ---> Vdd NaOH 0,5M = 2 lit.
b/ nNaOH = 2nCO 2 = 2mol ---> Vdd NaOH 0,5M = 4 lit.
c/
t a, b ln lt l s mol ca mui NaHCO3 v Na2CO3.
Theo PTHH ta c:
n
CO2 = a + b = 1mol (I)
V nng mol NaHCO3 bng 1,5 ln nng mol Na2CO3 nn.
a
b
= 1,5 ---> a = 1,5b (II)
V
V
Gii h phng trnh (I, II) ta c: a = 0,6 mol, b = 0,4 mol

nNaOH = a + 2b = 0,6 + 2 x 0,4 = 1,4 mol ---> Vdd NaOH 0,5M = 2,8 lit.
Gi x l s mol NaOH cn thm v khi ch xy ra phn ng.
NaHCO3 + NaOH ---> Na2CO3 + H2O
x(mol)
x(mol)
x(mol)
n
NaHCO3 (cn li) = (0,6 x) mol
n
Na2CO3 (sau cng) = (0,4 + x) mol
V bi cho nng mol 2 mui bng nhau nn s mol 2 mui phi bng nhau.
(0,6 x) = (0,4 + x) ---> x = 0,1 mol NaOH
Vy s lit dung dch NaOH cn thm l: Vdd NaOH 0,5M = 0,2 lit.
Bi 9: Sc x(lit) CO2 (ktc) vo 400ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,5M th thu c 4,925g kt ta.
Tnh x.
p s:
TH1: CO2 ht v Ca(OH)2 d. ---> VCO 2 = 0,56 lit.
TH2: CO2 d v Ca(OH)2 ht ----> VCO 2 = 8,4 lit.
C - Ton hn hp oxit.
Cc bi ton vn dng s mol trung bnh v xc nh khong s mol ca cht.
1/ i vi cht kh. (hn hp gm c 2 kh)
Khi lng trung bnh ca 1 lit hn hp kh ktc:
MTB =
M 1V M 21V2
22 , 4V
Khi lng trung bnh ca 1 mol hn hp kh ktc:
MTB =
MTB =
Hoc: MTB =
Hoc:
M 1n1 M 2 ( n n1 )
n
M 1V1 M 2V2
V
(n l tng s mol kh trong hn hp)
M 1 x1 M 2 (1 x1 )
1
44
(x1l % ca kh th nht)
Hoc: MTB = dhh/kh x . Mx

2/ i vi cht rn, lng.
MTB ca hh = n
Tnh cht 1:
MTB ca hh c gi tr ph thuc vo thnh phn v lng cc cht thnh phn trong hn hp.
mhh
hh
Tnh cht 2:
MTB ca hh lun nm trong khong khi lng mol phn t ca cc cht thnh phn nh nht
v ln nht.
Mmin < nhh < Mmax

Tnh cht 3:
Hn hp 2 cht A, B c MA < MB v c thnh phn % theo s mol l a(%) v b(%)
Th khong xc nh s mol ca hn hp l.
<
mB
MB
nhh
<
mA
MA
Gi s A hoc B c % = 100% v cht kia c % = 0 hoc ngc li.

Lu :
- Vi bi ton hn hp 2 cht A, B (cha bit s mol) cng tc dng vi 1 hoc c 2 cht X, Y
( bit s mol). bit sau phn ng ht A, B hay X, Y cha. C th gi thit hn hp A, B
ch cha 1 cht A hoc B
- Vi MA < MB nu hn hp ch cha A th:
nA =
mhh
MA
> nhh =
mhh
M hh
Nh vy nu X, Y tc dng vi A m cn d, th X, Y s c d tc dng ht vi hn hp A,
B
Vi MA < MB, nu hn hp ch cha B th:
-
nB =
mhh
MB
< nhh =
mhh
M hh
Nh vy nu X, Y tc dng cha vi B th cng khng tc dng ht vi hn hp A, B.

Ngha l sau phn ng X, Y ht, cn A, B d.
3/ Khi lng mol trung bnh ca mt hn hp ( M )
Khi lng mol trung bnh (KLMTB) ca mt hn hp l khi lng ca 1 mol hn hp .
mhh
M 1 .n1 M 2 .n2 ...M i .ni
M = n =
n1 n2 ...ni
hh
(*)
Trong :
- mhh l tng s gam ca hn hp.
- nhh l tng s mol ca hn hp.
- M1, M2, ..., Mi l khi lng mol ca cc cht trong hn hp.
- n1, n2, ..., ni l s mol tng ng ca cc cht.
Tnh cht: Mmin < M < Mmax
i vi cht kh v th tch t l vi s mol nn (*) c vit li nh sau:
M =
M 1V1 M 2V2 ...M iVi

V1 V2 ...Vi
(**)
T (*) v (**) d dng suy ra:

45

M = M1x1 + M2x2 + ... + Mixi
(***)
Trong : x1, x2, ..., xi l thnh phn phn trm (%) s mol hoc th tch (nu hn hp kh)
tng ng ca cc cht v c ly theo s thp phn, ngha l: 100% ng vi x = 1.
50% ng vi x = 0,5.
Ch : Nu hn hp ch gm c hai cht c khi lng mol tng ng M1 v M2 th cc cng
thc (*), (**) v (***) c vit di dng:
M .n M 2 .(n n1 )
(*) M = 1 1
n
M 1 .V1 M 2 .(V V1 )
(**) M =
V
(***) M = M1x + M2(1 - x)
(*)/
(**)/
(***)/
Trong : n1, V1, x l s mol, th tch, thnh phn % v s mol hoc th tch (hn hp kh) ca
cht th nht M1. n gin trong tnh ton thng thng ngi ta chn M1 > M2.
Nhn xt: Nu s mol (hoc th tch) hai cht bng nhau th M =
M1 M 2
v ngc li.
2
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Ho tan 4,88g hn hp A gm MgO v FeO trong 200ml dung dch H 2SO4 0,45M(long)
th phn ng va , thu c dung dch B.
a/ Tnh khi lng mi oxit c trong hn hp A.
b/ tc dng va vi 2 mui trong dung dch B cn dng V(lit) dung dch NaOH 0,2M,
thu c kt ta gm 2 hirxit kim loi. Lc ly kt ta, em nung trong khng kh n khi
lng khng i thu c m gam cht rn khan(phn ng hon ton). Tnh V v m.
p s:
a/ mMgO = 2g v mFeO = 2,88g
b/ Vdd NaOH 0,2M = 0,9 lit v mrn = 5,2g.
Bi 2: ho tan 9,6g mt hn hp ng mol (cng s mol) ca 2 oxit kim loi c ho tr II
cn 14,6g axit HCl. Xc nh cng thc ca 2 oxit trn. Bit kim loi ho tr II c th l Be, Mg,
Ca, Fe, Zn, Ba.
p s: MgO v CaO
Bi 3: Kh 9,6g mt hn hp gm Fe2O3 v FeO bng H2 nhit cao, ngi ta thu c Fe
v 2,88g H2O.
a/ Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
b/ Xc nh thnh phn % ca 2 oxit trong hn hp.
c/ Tnh th tch H2(ktc) cn dng kh ht lng oxit trn.
p s:
b/ % Fe2O3 = 57,14% v % FeO = 42,86%
c/ VH 2 = 3,584 lit
Bi 4: Cho X v Y l 2 oxit ca cng mt kim loi M. Bit khi ho tan cng mt lng oxit X
nh nhau n hon ton trong HNO3 v HCl ri c cn dung dch th thu c nhng lng
mui nitrat v clorua ca kim loi M c cng ho tr. Ngoi ra, khi lng mui nitrat khan ln
hn khi lng mui clorua khan mt lng bng 99,38% khi lng oxit em ho tan trong
mi axit. Phn t khi ca oxit Y bng 45% phn t khi ca oxit X. Xc nh cc oxit X, Y.
46

p s:
Bi 5: Kh 2,4g hn hp gm CuO v Fe2O3 bng H2 nhit cao th thu c 1,76g hn hp
2 kim loi. em hn hp 2 kim loi ho tan bng dd axit HCl th thu c V(lit) kh H2.
a/ Xc nh % v khi lng ca mi oxit trong hn hp.
b/ Tnh V ( ktc).
p s:
a/ % CuO = 33,33% ; % Fe2O3 = 66,67%
b/ VH 2 = 0,896 lit.
Bi 6: Ho tan 26,2g hn hp Al2O3 v CuO th cn phi dng va 250ml dung dch H 2SO4
2M. Xc nh % khi lng mi cht trong hn hp.
p s: % Al2O3 = 38,93% v % CuO = 61,07%.
Bi 7: Cho hn hp A gm 16g Fe2O3 v 6,4g CuO vo 160ml dung dch H2SO4 2M. Sau phn
ng thy cn m gam rn khng tan.
a/ Tnh m.
b/ Tnh th tch dung dch hn hp gm axit HCl 1M v axit H2SO4 0,5M cn dng phn ng
ht hn hp A.
p s:
a/ 3,2 < m < 4,8
b/ Vdd hh axit = 0,06 lit.
47

Chuyn 6: Axit tc dng vi kim loi
Cch lm:
1/ Phn loi axit:
Axit loi 1: Tt c cc axit trn( HCl, H2SO4long, HBr,...), tr HNO3 v H2SO4 c.
Axit loi 2: HNO3 v H2SO4 c.
2/ Cng thc phn ng: gm 2 cng thc.
Cng thc 1: Kim loi phn ng vi axit loi 1.
Kim loi + Axit loi 1 ----> Mui + H2
iu kin:
Kim loi l kim loi ng trc H trong dy hot ng ho hc Bktp.
Dy hot ng ho hc Bktp.
K, Na, Ba, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Ni, Sn, Pb, H, Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt, Au.
c im:
Mui thu c c ho tr thp(i vi kim loi c nhiu ho tr)
Th d: Fe + 2HCl ----> FeCl2 + H2
Cu + HCl ----> Khng phn ng.
Cng thc 2: Kim loi phn ng vi axit loi 2:
Kim loi + Axit loi 2 -----> Mui + H2O + Sn phm kh.
c im:
Phn ng xy ra vi tt c cc kim loi (tr Au, Pt).
Mui c ho tr cao nht(i vi kim loi a ho tr)
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Ho tan ht 25,2g kim loi R trong dung dch axit HCl, sau phn ng thu c 1,008 lit
H2 (ktc). Xc nh kim loi R.
p s:
Bi 2: Ho tan hon ton 6,5g mt kim loi A cha r ho tr vo dung dch axit HCl, th thu
c 2,24 lit H2 (ktc). Xc nh kim loi A.
p s: A l Zn.
Bi 3: Cho 10g mt hn hp gm Fe v Cu tc dng vi dung dch axit HCl, th thu c 3,36
lit kh H2 (ktc). Xc nh thnh phn % v khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
p s: % Fe = 84%, % Cu = 16%.
Bi 4: Cho 1 hn hp gm Al v Ag phn ng vi dung dch axit H 2SO4 thu c 5,6 lt H2
(ktc). Sau phn ng th cn 3g mt cht rn khng tan. Xc nh thnh phn % theo khi
lng cu mi kim loi trong hn hp ban u.
p s: % Al = 60% v % Ag = 40%.
Bi 5: Cho 5,6g Fe tc dng vi 500ml dung dch HNO3 0,8M. Sau phn ng thu c V(lit)
hn hp kh A gm N2O v NO2 c t khi so vi H2 l 22,25 v dd B.
a/ Tnh V (ktc)?
b/ Tnh nng mol/l ca cc cht c trong dung dch B.
Hng dn:
48

Theo bi ra ta c:
nFe = 5,6 : 56 = 0,1 mol
n
HNO3 = 0,5 . 0,8 = 0,4 mol
Mhh kh = 22,25 . 2 = 44,5
t x, y ln lt l s mol ca kh N2O v NO2.
PTHH xy ra:
8Fe + 30HNO3 ----> 8Fe(NO3)3 + 3N2O + 15H2O (1)
8mol
3mol
8x/3
x
Fe + 6HNO3 -----> Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O (2)
1mol
3mol
y/3
y
T l th tch cc kh trn l:
Gi a l thnh phn % theo th tch ca kh N2O.
Vy (1 a) l thnh phn % ca kh NO2.
Ta c: 44a + 46(1 a) = 44,5
a = 0,75 hay % ca kh N2O l 75% v ca kh NO2 l 25%
T phng trnh phn ng kt hp vi t l th tch ta c:
x = 3y (I)
---> y = 0,012 v x = 0,036
8x/3 + y/3 = 0,1
(II)
Vy th tch ca cc kh thu c ktc l:

VN 2 O = 0,81(lit) v VNO 2 = 0,27(lit)
Theo phng trnh th:
S mol HNO3 (phn ng) = 10nN 2 O + 2n NO 2 = 10.0,036 + 2.0,012 = 0,384 mol
S mol HNO3 (cn d) = 0,4 0,384 = 0,016 mol
S mol Fe(NO3)3 = nFe = 0,1 mol
Vy nng cc cht trong dung dch l:
CM(Fe(NO3)3) = 0,2M
CM(HNO3)d = 0,032M
Bi 6: ho tan 4,48g Fe phi dng bao nhiu ml dung dch hn hp HCl 0,5M v H 2SO4
0,75M.
Hng dn: Gi s phi dng V(lit) dung dch hn hp gm HCl 0,5M v H2SO4 0,75M
S mol HCl = 0,5V (mol)
S mol H2SO4 = 0,75V (mol)
S mol Fe = 0,08 mol
PTHH xy ra:
Fe + 2HCl ---> FeCl2 + H2
Fe + H2SO4 ---> FeSO4 + H2
Theo phng trnh ta c: 0,25V + 0,75V = 0,08
---> V = 0,08 : 1 = 0,08 (lit)
49

Bi 7: ho tan 4,8g Mg phi dng bao nhiu ml dung dch hn hp HCl 1,5M v H 2SO4
0,5M.
a/ Tnh th tch dung dch hn hp axit trn cn dng.
b/ Tnh th tch H2 thu c sau phn ng ktc.
p s:
a/ Vhh dd axit = 160ml.
b/ Th tch kh H2 l 4,48 lit.
Bi 8: Ho tan 2,8g mt kim loi ho tr (II) bng mt hn hp gm 80ml dung dch axit H 2SO4
0,5M v 200ml dung dch axit HCl 0,2M. Dung dch thu c c tnh axit v mun trung ho
phi dng 1ml dung dch NaOH 0,2M. Xc nh kim loi ho tr II em phn ng.
Hng dn:
Theo bi ra ta c:
S mol ca H2SO4 l 0,04 mol
S mol ca HCl l 0,04 mol
S mol ca NaOH l 0,02 mol
t R l KHHH ca kim loi ho tr II
a, b l s mol ca kim loi R tc dng vi axit H2SO4 v HCl.
Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
Sau khi kim loi tc dng vi kim loi R. S mol ca cc axit cn li l:
S mol ca H2SO4 = 0,04 a (mol)
S mol ca HCl = 0,04 2b (mol)
Vit cc PTHH trung ho:
T PTP ta c:
S mol NaOH phn ng l: (0,04 2b) + 2(0,04 a) = 0,02
---> (a + b) = 0,1 : 2 = 0,05
Vy s mol kim loi R = (a + b) = 0,05 mol
---> MR = 2,8 : 0,05 = 56 v R c ho tr II ---> R l Fe.
Bi 9: Chia 7,22g hn hp A gm Fe v R (R l kim loi c ho tr khng i) thnh 2 phn
bng nhau:
Phn 1: Phn ng vi dung dch HCl d, thu c 2,128 lit H2(ktc)
Phn 2: Phn ng vi HNO3, thu c 1,972 lit NO(ktc)
a/ Xc nh kim loi R.
b/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp A.
Hng dn:
a/ Gi 2x, 2y (mol) l s mol Fe, R c trong hn hp A --> S mol Fe, R trong 1/2 hn hp A l
x, y.
Vit cc PTHH xy ra:
Lp cc phng trnh ton hc;
mhh A = 56.2x + 2y.MR (I)
nH 2 = x + ny/2 = 0,095 (II)
nNO = x + ny/3 = 0,08
(III)
Gii h phng trnh ta c: MR = 9n (vi n l ho tr ca R)
Lp bng: Vi n = 3 th MR = 27 l ph hp. Vy R l nhm(Al)
b/ %Fe = 46,54% v %Al = 53,46%.
50
Chuyn 7: axit tc dng vi baz

(Bi ton hn hp axit tc dng vi hn hp baz)
* Axit n: HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3. Ta c nH = nA xit
* Axit a: H2SO4, H3PO4, H2SO3. Ta c nH = 2nA xit hoc nH = 3nA xit
* Baz n: KOH, NaOH, LiOH. Ta c nOH = 2nBaZ
* Baz a: Ba(OH)2, Ca(OH)2. Ta c nOH = 2nBaZ

PTHH ca phn ng trung ho: H+ + OH - H2O
*Lu : trong mt hn hp m c nhiu phn ng xy ra th phn ng trung ho c u tin
xy ra trc.
Cch lm:
Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
t n s nu bi ton l hn hp.
Lp phng trnh ton hc
Gii phng trnh ton hc, tm n.
Tnh ton theo yu cu ca bi.
Lu :
Khi gp dung dch hn hp cc axit tc dng vi hn hp cc baz th dng phng php
t cng thc tng ng cho axit v baz.
t th tch dung dch cn tm l V(lit)
Tm V cn nh: nHX = nMOH.
Bi tp:
Cho t t dung dch H2SO4 vo dung dch NaOH th c cc phn ng xy ra:
Phn ng u tin to ra mui trung ho trc.
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O ( 1 )
Sau khi s mol H2SO4 = s mol NaOH th c phn ng
H2SO4 +
NaOH NaHSO4 + H2O ( 2 )
Hng gii: xt t l s mol vit PTHH xy ra.
n
t T =
NaOH
H 2 SO4
Nu T 1 th ch c phn ng (2) v c th d H2SO4.

Nu T 2 th ch c phn ng (1) v c th d NaOH.
Nu 1 < T < 2 th c c 2 phn ng (1) v (2) trn.
Ngc li:
Cho t t dung dch NaOH vo dung dch H2SO4 th c cc phn ng xy ra:
Phn ng u tin to ra mui axit trc.
H2SO4 + NaOH NaHSO4 + H2O ( 1 ) !
V sau NaOH d + NaHSO4 Na2SO4 + H2O ( 2 ) !
Hoc da vo s mol H2SO4 v s mol NaOH hoc s mol Na2SO4 v NaHSO4 to thnh sau
phn ng lp cc phng trnh ton hc v gii.
t n x, y ln lt l s mol ca Na2SO4 v NaHSO4 to thnh sau phn ng.
-
51

Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Cn dng bao nhiu ml dung dch KOH 1,5M trung ho 300ml dung dch A cha
H2SO4 0,75M v HCl 1,5M.
p s: Vdd KOH 1,5M = 0,6(lit)
Bi 2: trung ho 10ml dung dch hn hp axit gm H 2SO4 v HCl cn dng 40ml dung dch
NaOH 0,5M. Mt khc ly 100ml dung dch axit em trung ho mt lng xt va ri c
cn th thu c 13,2g mui khan. Tnh nng mol/l ca mi axt trong dung dch ban u.
Hng dn:
t x, y ln lt l nng mol/lit ca axit H2SO4 v axit HCl
Vit PTHH.
Lp h phng trnh:
2x + y = 0,02 (I)
142x + 58,5y = 1,32 (II)
Gii phng trnh ta c:
Nng ca axit HCl l 0,8M v nng ca axit H2SO4 l 0,6M.
Bi 3: Cn bao nhiu ml dung dch NaOH 0,75M trung ho 400ml hn hp dung dch axit
gm H2SO4 0,5M v HCl 1M.
p s: VNaOH = 1,07 lit
Bi 4: trung ho 50ml dung dch hn hp axit gm H 2SO4 v HCl cn dng 200ml dung
dch NaOH 1M. Mt khc ly 100ml dung dch hn hp axit trn em trung ho vi mt lng
dung dch NaOH va ri c cn th thu c 24,65g mui khan. Tnh nng mol/l ca mi
axit trong dung dch ban u.
p s: Nng ca axit HCl l 3M v nng ca axit H2SO4 l 0,5M
Bi 5: Mt dung dch A cha HCl v H2SO4 theo t l s mol 3:1, bit 100ml dung dch A c
trung ho bi 50ml dung dch NaOH c cha 20g NaOH/lit.
a/ Tnh nng mol ca mi axit trong A.
b/ 200ml dung dch A phn ng va vi bao nhiu ml dung dch baz B cha NaOH 0,2M
v Ba(OH)2 0,1M.
c/ Tnh tng khi lng mui thu c sau phn ng gia 2 dung dch A v B.
Hng dn:
a/ Theo bi ra ta c:
n
HCl : nH2SO4 = 3:1
t x l s mol ca H2SO4 (A1), th 3x l s mol ca HCl (A2)
S mol NaOH c trong 1 lt dung dch l:
n
NaOH = 20 : 40 = 0,5 ( mol )
Nng mol/lit ca dung dch NaOH l:
CM ( NaOH ) = 0,5 : 1 = 0,5M
S mol NaOH dung trong phn ng trung ho l:
n
NaOH = 0,05 * 0,5 = 0,025 mol
PTHH xy ra :
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O (1)
52

3x
3x
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O (2)
x
2x
T PTHH 1 v 2 ta c : 3x + 2x = 0,025 <--> 5x = 0,025 x = 0,005
Vy nH2SO4 = x = 0,005 mol
n
HCl = 3x = 3*0,005 = 0,015 mol
Nng ca cc cht c dung dch A l:
CM ( A1 ) = 0,005 : 0,1 = 0,05M
v
CM ( A2 ) = 0,015 : 0,1 = 0,15M
b/ t HA l axit i din cho 2 axit cho. Trong 200 ml dung dch A c:
n
HA = nHCl + 2nH2SO4 = 0,015*0,2 + 0,05*0,2*2 = 0,05 mol
t MOH l baz i din v V(lit) l th tch ca dung dch B cha 2 baz cho:
n
MOH = nNaOH + 2nBa(OH)2 = 0,2 V + 2 * 0,1 V = 0,4 V
PTP trung ho:
HA + MOH MA + H2O (3)
n
Theo PTP ta c MOH = nHA = 0,05 mol
Vy: 0,4V = 0,05 V = 0,125 lit = 125 ml
c/ Theo kt qu ca cu b ta c:
n
NaOH = 0,125 * 0,2 = 0,025 mol v nBa(OH)2 = 0,125 * 0,1 = 0,0125 mol
n
HCl = 0,2 * 0,015 = 0,03 mol v nH2SO4 = 0,2 * 0,05 = 0,01 mol
V P trn l phn ng trung ho nn cc cht tham gia phn ng u tc dng ht nn d
phn ng no xy ra trc th khi lng mui thu c sau cng vn khng thay i hay n
c bo ton.
mhh mui = mSO 4 + mNa + mBa + mCl
= 0,01*96 + 0,025*23 + 0,0125*137 + 0,03*35,5
= 0,96 + 1,065 + 0,575 + 1,7125 = 4,3125 gam
Hoc t:
n
NaOH = 0,125 * 0,2 = 0,025 mol mNaOH = 0,025 * 40 = 1g
n
Ba(OH)2 = 0,125 * 0,1 = 0,0125 mol mBa (OH) 2 = 0,0125 * 171 = 2,1375g
n
HCl = 0,2 * 0,015 = 0,03 mol mHCl = 0,03 * 36,5 = 1,095g
n
H2SO4 = 0,2 * 0,05 = 0,01 mol mH 2 SO 4 = 0,01 * 98 = 0,98g
p dng l BTKL ta c: mhh mui = mNaOH + mBa (OH) 2 + mHCl + mH 2 SO 4 - mH 2 O
V s mol: nH2O = nMOH = nHA = 0,05 mol. mH 2 O = 0,05 *18 = 0,9g
Vy ta c: mhh mui = 1 + 2,1375 + 1,095 + 0,98 0,9 = 4,3125 gam.
Bi 6: Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch H2SO4 v NaOH bit rng:
30ml dung dch NaOH c trung ho ht bi 200ml dung dch NaOH v 10ml dung dch
KOH 2M.
30ml dung dch NaOH c trung ho ht bi 20ml dung dch H2SO4 v 5ml dung dch
HCl 1M.
p s: Nng ca axit H2SO4 l 0,7M v nng ca dung dch NaOH l 1,1M.
Bi 7: Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch HNO3 v dung dch KOH bit:
20ml dung dch HNO3 c trung ho ht bi 60ml dung dch KOH.
20ml dung dch HNO3 sau khi tc dng ht vi 2g CuO th c trung ho ht bi 10ml
dung dch KOH.
p s: Nng dung dch HNO3 l 3M v nng dung dch KOH l 1M.
53

Bi 8: Mt dd A cha HNO3 v HCl theo t l 2 : 1 (mol).
a/ Bit rng khi cho 200ml dd A tc dng vi 100ml dd NaOH 1M, th lng axit d trong A tc
dng va vi 50ml Ba(OH)2 0,2M. Tnh nng mol/lit ca mi axit trong dd A.
b/ Nu trn 500ml dd A vi 100ml dd B cha NaOH 1M v Ba(OH)2 0,5M. Hi dd thu c c
tnh axit hay baz ?
c/ Phi thm vo dd C bao nhiu lit dd A hoc B c c dd D trung ho.
/S: a/ CM [ HCl ] = 0,2M ; CM [ H 2 SO 4 ] = 0,4M
b/ dd C c tnh axit, s mol axit d l 0,1 mol.
c/ Phi thm vo dd C vi th tch l 50 ml dd B.
Bi 9: Ho tan 8g hn hp 2 hiroxit kim loi kim nguyn cht thnh 100ml dung dch X.
a/ 100ml dung dch X c trung ho va bi 800ml dung dch axit axtic CH3COOH, cho
14,72g hn hp mui. Tm tng s mol hai hiroxit kim loi kim c trong 8g hn hp. Tm
nng mol/l ca dung dch CH3COOH.
b/ Xc nh tn hai kim loi kim bit chng thuc 2 chu k k tip trong bng tun hon. Tm
khi lng tng hiroxit trong 8g hn hp.
Hng dn:
Gi A, B l k hiu ca 2 kim loi kim ( cng chnh l k hiu KLNT ).
Gi s MA < MB v R l k hiu chung ca 2 kim loi ---> MA < MR < MB
Trong 8g hn hp c a mol ROH.
a/ Nng mol/l ca CH3COOH = 0,16 : 0,8 = 0,2M
b/ MR = 33 ---> MA = 23(Na) v MB = 39(K)
mNaOH = 2,4g v mKOH = 5,6g.
Chuyn 8: axit tc dng vi mui

1/ Phn loi axit
Gm 3 loi axit tc dng vi mui.
a/ Axit loi 1:
Thng gp l HCl, H2SO4long, HBr,..
Phn ng xy ra theo c ch trao i.
b/ Axit loi 2:
L cc axit c tnh oxi ho mnh: HNO3, H2SO4c.
Phn ng xy ra theo c ch phn ng oxi ho kh.
c/ Axit loi 3:
L cc axit c tnh kh.
Thng gp l HCl, HI, H2S.
Phn ng xy ra theo c ch phn ng oxi ho kh.
2/ Cng thc phn ng.
a/ Cng thc 1:
Mui + Axit ---> Mui mi + Axit mi.
iu kin: Sn phm phi c:
Kt ta.
54

Hoc c cht bay hi(kh).
Hoc cht in li yu hn.
c bit: Cc mui sunfua ca kim loi k t Pb tr v sau khng phn ng vi axit loi 1.
V d: Na2CO3 + 2HCl ---> 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 (k)
BaCl2 + H2SO4 ---> BaSO4(r) + 2HCl
b/ Cng thc 2:
Mui + Axit loi 2 ---> Mui + H2O + sn phm kh.
iu kin:
Mui phi c tnh kh.
Mui sinh ra sau phn ng th nguyn t kim loi trong mui phi c ho tr cao nht.
Ch : C 2 nhm mui em phn ng.
Vi cc mui: CO32-, NO3-, SO42-, Cl- .
+ iu kin: Kim loi trong mui phi l kim loi a ho tr v ho tr ca kim loi trong mui
trc phi ng khng cao nht.
Vi cc mui: SO32-, S2-, S2-.
+ Phn ng lun xy ra theo cng thc trn vi tt c cc kim loi.
c/ Cng thc 3:
Thng gp vi cc mui st(III). Phn ng xy ra theo quy tc 2.(l phn ng oxi ho kh)
2FeCl3 + H2S ---> 2FeCl2 + S(r) + 2HCl.
Ch :
-
Bi tp: Cho t t dung dch HCl vo Na2CO3 (hoc K2CO3) th c cc PTHH sau:
Giai on 1 Ch c phn ng.
Na2CO3 + HCl NaHCO3 + NaCl ( 1 )
x (mol)
x mol
x mol
Giai on 2 Ch c phn ng
NaHCO3 + HCl d NaCl
+ H2O + CO2 ( 2 )
x
x
x mol
Hoc ch c mt phn ng khi s mol HCl = 2 ln s mol Na2CO3.
Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O +
CO2 ( 3 )
i vi K2CO3 cng tng t.
Hng gii: xt t l s mol vit PTHH xy ra
n
t T =
HCl
Na 2 CO3
Nu T 1 th ch c phn ng (1) v c th d Na2CO3.

Nu T 2 th ch c phn ng (3) v c th d HCl.
Nu 1 < T < 2 th c c 2 phn ng (1) v (2) trn hoc c th vit nh sau.
t x l s mol ca Na2CO3 (hoc HCl) tham gia phn ng ( 1 )
x (mol)
x mol
x mol
Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O +
CO2 ( 2 ) !
Tnh s mol ca Na2CO3 (hoc HCl) tham gia phn ng(2!)da vo bi ra v qua phn ng(1).
-
Th d: Cho t t dung dch cha x(mol) HCl vo y (mol) Na 2CO3 (hoc K2CO3). Hy bin
lun v cho bit cc trng hp c th xy ra vit PTHH , cho bit cht to thnh, cht cn d
sau phn ng:
55

TH 1:
x < y
C PTHH: Na2CO3 + HCl NaHCO3 + NaCl
x
x
x
x mol
- Dung dch sau phn ng thu c l: s mol NaHCO3 = NaCl = x (mol)
- Cht cn d l Na2CO3 (y x) mol
TH 2:
x = y
C PTHH : Na2CO3 + HCl NaHCO3 + NaCl
x
x
x
x mol
- Dung dch sau phn ng thu c l: NaHCO3 ; NaCl
- C 2 cht tham gia phn ng u ht.
TH 3:
y < x < 2y
C 2 PTHH: Na2CO3 + HCl NaHCO3 + NaCl
y
y
y
y mol
sau phn ng (1) dung dch HCl cn d (x y) mol nn tip tc c phn ng
NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl
+ H2O + CO2
(x y)
(x y)
(x y)
(x y)
- Dung dch thu c sau phn ng l: c x(mol) NaCl v (2y x)mol NaHCO3 cn d
TH 4:
x = 2y
C PTHH: Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O +
CO2
y
2y
2y
y mol
- Dung dch thu c sau phn ng l: c 2y (mol) NaCl, c 2 cht tham gia phn ng u ht.
TH 5: x > 2y
C PTHH: Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O +
CO2
y
2y
2y
y mol
- Dung dch thu c sau phn ng l: c 2y (mol) NaCl v cn d (x 2y) mol HCl.
Bi tp 5: Cho t t dung dch HCl vo hn hp mui gm NaHCO 3 v Na2CO3 (hoc KHCO3
v K2CO3) th c cc PTHH sau:
t x, y ln lt l s mol ca Na2CO3 v NaHCO3.
Giai on 1: Ch c Mui trung ho tham gia phn ng.
x (mol)
x mol
x mol
Giai on 2: Ch c phn ng
NaHCO3 + HCl d NaCl
+ H2O + CO2 ( 2 )
(x + y)
(x + y)
(x + y) mol
i vi K2CO3 v KHCO3 cng tng t.
Bi tp: Cho t t dung dch HCl vo hn hp mui gm Na2CO3; K2CO3; NaHCO3 th c cc
PTHH sau:
t x, y, z ln lt l s mol ca Na2CO3; NaHCO3 v K2CO3.
Giai on 1: Ch c Na2CO3 v K2CO3 phn ng.
Na2CO3 + HCl NaHCO3
+
NaCl ( 1 )
x (mol)
x
x
x
K2CO3 + HCl KHCO3
+
KCl ( 2 )
z (mol)
z
z
z
Giai on 2: c cc phn ng
56

NaHCO3 + HCl d NaCl
(x + y)
(x + y)
KHCO3 + HCl d KCl
z (mol)
z
H2 O +
CO2
(3)
(x + y) mol
+
H2 O +
CO2 ( 4 )
z mol
Bi tp: Cho t t dung dch HCl vo dung dch NaAlO2 th c cc PTHH sau.
NaAlO2 + HCl + H2O Al(OH)3 + NaCl ( 1 )
Al(OH)3
+ 3HCl d AlCl3
+
3H2O ( 2 )
NaAlO2 +
4HCl AlCl3
+ NaCl
+ 2H2O ( 3 )
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Ho tan Na2CO3 vo V(ml) hn hp dung dch axit HCl 0,5M v H2SO4 1,5M th thu
c mt dung dch A v 7,84 lit kh B (ktc). C cn dung dch A thu c 48,45g mui khan.
a/ Tnh V(ml) hn hp dung dch axit dng?
b/ Tnh khi lng Na2CO3 b ho tan.
Hng dn:
Gi s phi dng V(lit) dung dch gm HCl 0,5M v H2SO4 1,5M.
Na2CO3 + 2HCl ---> 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
0,25V
0,5V
0,5V
0,25V (mol)
Na2CO3 + H2SO4 ---> Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2
1,5V
1,5V
1,5V
1,5V (mol)
Theo bi ra ta c:
S mol CO2 = 0,25V + 1,5V = 7,84 : 22,4 = 0,35 (mol) (I)
Khi lng mui thu c: 58,5.0,5V + 142.1,5V = 48,45 (g) (II)
V = 0,2 (l) = 200ml.
S mol Na2CO3 = s mol CO2 = 0,35 mol
Vy khi lng Na2CO3 b ho tan:
m
Na2CO3 = 0,35 . 106 = 37,1g.
Bi 2:
a/ Cho 13,8 gam (A) l mui cacbonat ca kim loi kim vo 110ml dung dch HCl 2M. Sau
phn ng thy cn axit trong dung dch thu c v th tch kh thot ra V1 vt qu 2016ml.
Vit phng trnh phn ng, tm (A) v tnh V1 (ktc).
b/ Ho tan 13,8g (A) trn vo nc. Va khuy va thm tng git dung dch HCl 1M cho ti
180ml dung dch axit, thu c V2 lit kh. Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra v tnh V2
(ktc).
Hng dn:
a/ M2CO3 + 2HCl ---> 2MCl + H2O + CO2
Theo PTHH ta c:
S mol M2CO3 = s mol CO2 > 2,016 : 22,4 = 0,09 mol
---> Khi lng mol M2CO3 < 13,8 : 0,09 = 153,33 (I)
Mt khc: S mol M2CO3 phn ng = 1/2 s mol HCl < 1/2. 0,11.2 = 0,11 mol
---> Khi lng mol M2CO3 = 13,8 : 0,11 = 125,45 (II)
T (I, II) --> 125,45 < M2CO3 < 153,33 ---> 32,5 < M < 46,5 v M l kim loi kim
---> M l Kali (K)
57

Vy s mol CO2 = s mol K2CO3 = 13,8 : 138 = 0,1 mol ---> VCO 2 = 2,24 (lit)
b/ Gii tng t: ---> V2 = 1,792 (lit)
Bi 3: Ho tan CaCO3 vo 100ml hn hp dung dch gm axit HCl v axit H2SO4 th thu c
dung dch A v 5,6 lit kh B (ktc), c cn dung dch A th thu c 32,7g mui khan.
a/ Tnh nng mol/l mi axit trong hn hp dung dch ban u.
b/ Tnh khi lng CaCO3 dng.
Bi 4: Cho 4,2g mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr II. Ho tan vo dung dch HCl d, th c kh
thot ra. Ton b lng kh c hp th vo 100ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,46M thu c 8,274g
kt ta. Tm cng thc ca mui v kim loi ho tr II.
p s:
TH1 khi Ba(OH)2 d, th cng thc ca mui l: CaCO3 v kim loi ho tr II l Ca.
TH2 khi Ba(OH)2 thiu, th cng thc ca mui l MgCO3 v kim loi ho tr II l Mg.
Bi 5: Cho 1,16g mui cacbonat ca kim loi R tc dng ht vi HNO3, thu c 0,448 lit hn
hp G gm 2 kh c t khi hi so vi hiro bng 22,5. Xc nh cng thc mui (bit th tch
cc kh o ktc).
Hng dn:
Hn hp G gm c kh CO2 v kh cn li l kh X.
C dhh G/ H 2 = 22,5 --> MTB ca hh G = 22,5 . 2 = 45
M MCO 2 = 44 < 45 ---> Mkh X > 45. nhn thy trong cc kh ch c NO2 v SO2 c khi lng
phn t ln hn 45. Trong trng hp ny kh X ch c th l NO2.
t a, b ln lt l s mol ca CO2 v NO2.
Ta c h
nhh G = a + b = 0,02
a = 0,01
MTB hh G =
44a 46b
= 45
ab
b = 0,01
PTHH:
R2(CO3)n + (4m 2n)HNO3 ---> 2R(NO3)m + (2m 2n)NO2 + nCO2 + (2m
n)H2O.
2MR + 60n
1,16g
2m 2n
0,01 mol
2m 2n
2 M R 60n
= 0,01 ----> MR = 116m 146n
1,16
Lp bng: iu kin 1 n m 4
Theo PTHH ta c:
n
1
2
2
3
m
3
2
3
3
MR
56
Ch c cp nghim n = 2, m = 3 --> MR = 56 l ph hp. Vy R l Fe
CTHH: FeCO3
3
4
Bi 6: Cho 5,25g mui cacbonat ca kim loi M tc dng ht vi HNO3, thu c 0,336 lit kh
NO v V lit CO2. Xc nh cng thc mui v tnh V. (bit th tch cc kh c o ktc)
p s: Gii tng t bi 3 ---> CTHH l FeCO3
58

Bi 7: Ho tan 2,84 gam hn hp 2 mui CaCO3 v MgCO3 bng dung dch HCl d thu c
0,672 lt kh CO2 (ktc). Tnh thnh phn % s mol mi mui trong hn hp.
Bi gii
Cc PTHH xy ra:
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O (1)
MgCO3 + 2HCl MgCl2 + CO2 + H2O (2)
0,672
T (1) v (2) nhh = nCO 2 = 22,4 = 0,03 (mol)

Gi x l thnh phn % s mol ca CaCO3 trong hn hp th (1 - x) l thnh phn % s mol ca
MgCO3.
2,84
Ta c M 2 mui = 100x + 84(1 - x) = 0,03 x = 0,67

% s mol CaCO3 = 67% ; % s mol MgCO3 = 100 - 67 = 33%.
Bi 8: Ho tan 174 gam hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat v sunfit ca cng mt kim loi kim
vo dung dch HCl d. Ton b kh thot ra c hp th ti thiu bi 500 ml dung dch KOH
3M.
a/ Xc nh kim loi kim.
b/ Xc nh % s mol mi mui trong hn hp ban u.
Bi gii
cc PTHH xy ra:
M2CO3 + 2HCl 2MCl + CO2 + H2O (1)
M2SO3 + 2HCl 2MCl + SO2 + H2O (2)
Ton b kh CO2 v SO2 hp th mt lng ti thiu KOH sn phm l mui axit.
CO2 + KOH KHCO3 (3)
SO2 + KOH KHSO3 (4)
T (1), (2), (3) v (4)
suy ra: n 2 mui = n 2 kh = nKOH =
M
500.3
= 1,5 (mol)
1000
174
= 1,5 = 116 (g/mol) 2M + 60 < M < 2M + 80

18 < M < 28, v M l kim loi kim, vy M = 23 l Na.
2 mui
b/ Nhn thy M 2 mui =
106 126
= 116 (g/mol).
2
% n 2 3 n 2 3 = 50%.
Na CO = Na SO
Chuyn 9: Dung dch baz tc dng vi mui.

Bi tp: Cho t t dung dch NaOH (hoc KOH) hay Ba(OH)2 (hoc Ca(OH)2) vo dung dch
AlCl3 th c cc PTHH sau.
3NaOH + AlCl3 Al(OH)3 +
3NaCl ( 1 )
NaOH d + Al(OH)3 NaAlO2 + 2H2O ( 2 )
4NaOH
+ AlCl3 NaAlO2
+ 3NaCl + 2H2O ( 3 )
v:
3Ba(OH)2 + 2AlCl3 2Al(OH)3 +
3BaCl2 ( 1 )
59

Ba(OH)2 d + 2Al(OH)3 Ba(AlO2)2 + 4H2O ( 2 )
4Ba(OH)2
+ 2AlCl3 Ba(AlO2)2 + 3BaCl2 + 4H2O ( 3 )
Ngc li: Cho t t dung dch AlCl3 vo dung dch NaOH (hoc KOH) hay Ba(OH)2 (hoc
Ca(OH)2) ch c PTHH sau:
AlCl3 + 4NaOH NaAlO2 + 3NaCl + 2H2O
v 2AlCl3 + 4Ba(OH)2 ----> Ba(AlO2)2 + 3BaCl2 + 4H2O
Bi tp: Cho t t dung dch NaOH (hoc KOH) hay Ba(OH)2 (hoc Ca(OH)2) vo dung dch
Al2(SO4)3 th c cc PTHH sau.
6NaOH + Al2(SO4)3 2Al(OH)3 + 3Na2SO4 ( 1 )
NaOH d
+ Al(OH)3 NaAlO2 + 2H2O ( 2 )
8NaOH + Al2(SO4)3
2NaAlO2 + 3Na2SO4 + 4H2O ( 3 )
V:
3Ba(OH)2 + Al2(SO4)3 2Al(OH)3 +
3BaSO4 ( 1 )
Ba(OH)2 d + 2Al(OH)3 Ba(AlO2)2 + 4H2O ( 2 )
4Ba(OH)2
+ Al2(SO4)3 Ba(AlO2)2 + 3BaSO4 + 4H2O ( 3 )
Ngc li: Cho t t dung dch Al2(SO4)3 vo dung dch NaOH (hoc KOH) hay Ba(OH)2 (hoc
Ca(OH)2) th c PTHH no xy ra?
Al2(SO4)3 + 8NaOH
2NaAlO2 + 3Na2SO4 + 4H2O (3 )/
Al2(SO4)3 + 4Ba(OH)2 Ba(AlO2)2 + 3BaSO4 + 4H2O (3 )//
Mt s phn ng c bit:
NaHSO4 (dd) + NaAlO2 + H2O Al(OH)3 + Na2SO4
NaAlO2 + HCl + H2O Al(OH)3 + NaCl
NaAlO2 + CO2 + H2O Al(OH)3 + NaHCO3
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Cho 200 ml dd gm MgCl2 0,3M; AlCl3 0,45; HCl 0,55M tc dng hon ton vi V(lt)
dd C cha NaOH 0,02 M v Ba(OH)2 0,01 M. Hy tnh th tich V(lt) cn dng thu c kt
ta ln nht v lng kt ta nh nht. Tnh lng kt ta . (gi s khi Mg(OH)2 kt ta ht
th Al(OH)3 tan trong kim khng ng k)
Hng dn gii :
nHCl = 0,11mol ; nMgCl 2 = 0,06 mol ; nAlCl 3 = 0,09 mol.
Tng s mol OH- = 0,04 V (*)
Cc PTHH xy ra:
H+ + OH- H2O (1)
Mg2+ +
OH- Mg(OH)2 (2)
Al3+ + 3OH- Al(OH)3
(3)
Al(OH)3 + OH AlO2 + 2H2O
(4)
Trng hp 1: c kt ta ln nht th ch c cc phn ng (1,2,3 ).
Vy tng s mol OH- dng l: 0,11 + 0,06 x 2 + 0,09 x 3 = 0,5 mol (**)
T (*) v (**) ta c Th tch dd cn dng l: V = 0,5 : 0,04 = 12,5 (lit)
mKt ta = 0,06 x 58 + 0,09 x 78 = 10,5 g
Trng hp 2: c kt ta nh nht th ngoi cc p (1, 2, 3) th cn c p (4) na.
Khi lng Al(OH)3 tan ht ch cn li Mg(OH)2, cht rn cn li l: 0,06 x 58 = 3,48 g
V lng OH- cn dng thm cho p (4) l 0,09 mol.
60

Vy tng s mol OH- tham gia p l: 0,5 + 0,09 = 0,59 mol
Th tch dd C cn dng l: 0,59/ 0,04 = 14,75 (lit)
Bi 2: Cho 200ml dung dch NaOH vo 200g dung dch Al2(SO4)3 1,71%. Sau phn ng thu
c 0,78g kt ta. Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch NaOH tham gia phn ng.
p s:
TH1: NaOH thiu
S mol NaOH = 3s mol Al(OH)3 = 3. 0,01 = 0,03 mol ---> CM NaOH = 0,15M
TH2: NaOH d ---> CM NaOH = 0,35M
Bi 3: Cho 400ml dung dch NaOH 1M vo 160ml dung dch hn hp cha Fe2(SO4)3 0,125M
v Al2(SO4)3 0,25M. Sau phn ng tch kt ta em nung n khi lng khng i c cht
rn C.
a/ Tnh mrn C.
b/ Tnh nng mol/l ca mui to thnh trong dung dch.
p s:
a/ mrn C = 0,02 . 160 + 0,02 . 102 = 5,24g
b/ Nng ca Na2SO4 = 0,18 : 0,56 = 0,32M v nng ca NaAlO2 = 0,07M
Bi 4: Cho 200g dung dch Ba(OH)2 17,1% vo 500g dung dch hn hp (NH4)2SO4 1,32% v
CuSO4 2%. Sau khi kt thc tt c cc phn ng ta thu c kh A, kt ta B v dung dch C.
a/ Tnh th tch kh A (ktc)
b/ Ly kt ta B ra sch v nung nhit cao n khi lng khng i th c bao nhiu gam
rn?
c/ Tnh nng % ca cc cht trong C.
p s:
a/ Kh A l NH3 c th tch l 2,24 lit
b/ Khi lng BaSO4 = 0,1125 . 233 = 26,2g v mCuO = 0,0625 . 80 = 5g
c/ Khi lng Ba(OH)2 d = 0,0875 . 171 = 14,96g
mdd = Tng khi lng cc cht em trn - mkt ta - mkh
mdd = 500 + 200 26,21 6,12 1,7 = 666g
Nng % ca dung dch Ba(OH)2 = 2,25%
Bi 5: Cho mt mu Na vo 200ml dung dch AlCl3 thu c 2,8 lit kh (ktc) v mt kt ta A.
Nung A n khi lng khng i thu c 2,55 gam cht rn. Tnh nng mol/l ca dung
dch AlCl3 .
Hng dn:
mrn: Al2O3 --> s mol ca Al2O3 = 0,025 mol ---> s mol Al(OH)3 = 0,05 mol
s mol NaOH = 2s mol H2 = 0,25 mol.
TH1: NaOH thiu, ch c phn ng.
3NaOH + AlCl3 ---> Al(OH)3 + 3NaCl
Khng xy ra v s mol Al(OH)3 to ra trong phn ng > s mol Al(OH)3 cho.
TH2: NaOH d, c 2 phn ng xy ra.
3NaOH + AlCl3 ---> Al(OH)3 + 3NaCl
0,15
0,05
0,05
mol
4NaOH + AlCl3 ---> NaAlO2 + 3NaCl + H2O
(0,25 0,15)
0,025
61

Tng s mol AlCl3 phn ng 2 phng trnh l 0,075 mol
----> Nng ca AlCl3 = 0,375M
Bi 6: Cho 200ml dung dch NaOH x(M) tc dng vi 120 ml dung dch AlCl3 1M, sau cng
thu c 7,8g kt ta. Tnh tr s x?
p s:
TH1: Nng AlCl3 = 1,5M
TH2: Nng AlCl3 = 1,9M
Bi 7: Cho 9,2g Na vo 160ml dung dch A c khi lng ring 1,25g/ml cha Fe2(SO4)3
0,125M v Al2(SO4)3 0,25M. Sau khi phn ng kt thc ngi ta tch kt ta v em nung nng
n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn.
a/ Tnh khi lng cht rn thu c.
b/ Tnh nng % ca dung dch mui thu c.
p s:
a/ mFe2O3 = 3,2g v mAl2O3 = 2,04g.
b/ Nng % ca cc dung dch l: C%(Na2SO4) = 12,71% v C%(NaAlO2) = 1,63%
Chuyn 10: Hai dung dch mui tc dng vi nhau.

Cng thc 1:
Mui + Mui ---> 2 Mui mi
iu kin:
Mui phn ng: tan hoc tan t trong nc.
Sn phm phi c cht:
+ Kt ta.
+ Hoc bay hi
+ Hoc cht in li yu. H2O
V d: BaCl2 + Na2SO4 ---> BaSO4 + 2NaCl
Cng thc 2:
Cc mui ca kim loi nhm, km, st(III) ---> Gi chung l mui A
Phn ng vi cc mui c cha cc gc axit: CO3, HCO3, SO3, HSO3, S, HS, AlO2 ---> Gi
chung l mui B.
Phn ng xy ra theo quy lut:
Mui A + H2O ----> Hiroxit (r) + Axit
Axit + Mui B ----> Mui mi + Axit mi.
V d: FeCl3 phn ng vi dung dch Na2CO3
2FeCl3 + 6H2O -----> 2Fe(OH)3 + 6HCl
6HCl + 3Na2CO3 ---> 6NaCl + 3CO2 + 3H2O
PT tng hp:
2FeCl3 + 3H2O + 3Na2CO3 ---> 2Fe(OH)3 + 3CO2 + 6NaCl.
Cng thc 3:
Xy ra khi gp st, phn ng xy ra theo quy tc 2.
62

V d:
AgNO3 + Fe(NO3)2 ---> Fe(NO3)3 + Ag.
Bi 1: Cho 0,1mol FeCl3 tc dng ht vi dung dch Na2CO3 d, thu c cht kh B v kt ta
C. em nung C n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn D. Tnh th tch kh B (ktc) v
khi lng cht rn D.
p s:
Th tch kh CO2 l 3,36 lit
Rn D l Fe2O3 c khi lng l 8g
Bi 2: Trn 100g dung dch AgNO3 17% vi 200g dung dch Fe(NO3)2 18% thu c dung dch
A c khi lng ring (D = 1,446g/ml). Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch A.
p s:
Dung dch A gm Fe(NO3)2 0,1 mol v Fe(NO3)3 0,1 mol.
Nng mol/l ca cc cht l: CM(Fe(NO3)2) = CM(Fe(NO3)3) = 0,5M
Bi 3: Cho 500ml dung dch A gm BaCl2 v MgCl2 phn ng vi 120ml dung dch Na2SO4
0,5M d, thu c 11,65g kt ta. em phn dung dch c cn thu c 16,77g hn hp mui
khan. Xc nh nng mol/l cc cht trong dung dch.
Hng dn:
Phn ng ca dung dch A vi dung dch Na2SO4.
BaCl2 + Na2SO4 ----> BaSO4 + 2NaCl
0,05
0,05
0,05 0,1
mol
Theo (1) s mol BaCl2 trng dd A l 0,05 mol v s mol NaCl = 0,1 mol.
S mol Na2SO4 cn d l 0,06 0,05 = 0,01 mol
S mol MgCl2 =
16,77 0,01.142 0,1.58,5

= 0,1 mol.
95
Vy trong 500ml dd A c 0,05 mol BaCl2 v 0,1 mol MgCl2.

---> Nng ca BaCl2 = 0,1M v nng ca MgCl2 = 0,2M.
Bi 4: Cho 31,84g hn hp NaX, NaY (X, Y l 2 halogen 2 chu k lin tip) vo dung dch
AgNO3 d, thu c 57,34g kt ta. Tm cng thc ca NaX, NaY v tnh thnh phn % theo
khi lng ca mi mui.
Hng dn;
* TH1: X l Flo(F) --> Y l Cl. Vy kt ta l AgCl.
Hn hp 2 mui cn tm l NaF v NaCl
PTHH: NaCl + AgNO3 ---> AgCl + NaNO3
Theo PT (1) th nNaCl = nAgCl = 0,4 mol ---> %NaCl = 73,49% v %NaF = 26,51%.
* TH2: X khng phi l Flo(F).
Gi Na X l cng thc i din cho 2 mui.
PTHH:
Na X + AgNO3 ---> Ag X
+ NaNO3
(23 + X )
(108 + X )
31,84g
57,34g
Theo PT(2) ta c:
23 X
108 X
=
---> X = 83,13
31,84
57,34
Vy hn hp 2 mui cn tm l NaBr v NaI ---> %NaBr = 90,58% v %NaI = 9,42%

63

Bi 5: Dung dch A cha 7,2g XSO4 v Y2(SO4)3. Cho dung dch Pb(NO3)2 tc dng vi dung
dch A (va ), thu c 15,15g kt ta v dung dch B.
a/ Xc nh khi lng mui c trong dung dch B.
b/ Tnh X, Y bit t l s mol XSO4 v Y2(SO4)3 trong dung dch A l 2 : 1 v t l khi lng
mol nguyn t ca X v Y l 8 : 7.
Hng dn:
PTHH xy ra:
XSO4 + Pb(NO3)2 ---> PbSO4 + X(NO3)2
x
x
x
mol
Y2(SO4)3 + 3Pb(NO3)2 ---> 3PbSO4 + 2Y(NO3)3
y
3y
2y
Theo PT (1, 2) v cho ta c:
mhh mui = (X+96)x + (2Y+3.96)y = 7,2 (I) ---> X.x + 2Y.y = 2,4
Tng khi lng kt ta l 15,15g --> S mol PbSO4 = x + 3y = 15,15/303 = 0,05 mol
Gii h ta c: mmui trong dd B = 8,6g
(c th p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng)
Theo ra v kt qu ca cu a ta c:
x:y=2:1
X:Y=8:7
x + 3y = 0,05
X.x + 2.Y.y = 2,4
---> X l Cu v Y l Fe
Vy 2 mui cn tm l CuSO4 v Fe2(SO4)3.
Bi 6: C 1 lit dung dch hn hp gm Na2CO3 0,1M v (NH4)2CO3 0,25M. Cho 43g hn hp
BaCl2 v CaCl2 vo dung dch trn. Sau khi cc phn ng kt thc thu c 39,7g kt ta A v
dung dch B.
a/ Chng minh mui cacbonat cn d.
b/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng cc cht trong A.
c/ Cho dung dch HCl d vo dung dch B. Sau phn ng c cn dung dch v nung cht rn
cn li ti khi lng khng i thu c rn X. Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng rn X.
Hng dn:
chng minh mui cacbonat d, ta chng minh mmui phn ng < mmui ban u
Ta c: S mol Na2CO3 = 0,1 mol v s mol (NH4)2CO3 = 0,25 mol.
Tng s mol CO3 ban u = 0,35 mol
Phn ng to kt ta:
BaCl2 + CO3 ----> BaCO3 + 2Cl
CaCl2 + CO3 ---> CaCO3 + 2Cl
Theo PTHH ta thy: Tng s mol CO3 phn ng = (43 39,7) : 11 = 0,3 mol.
Vy s mol CO3 phn ng < s mol CO3 ban u.---> s mol CO3 d
b/ V CO3 d nn 2 mui CaCl2 v BaCl2 phn ng ht.
mmui kt ta = 197x + 100y = 39,7
Tng s mol Cl phn ng = x + y = 0,3
----> x = 0,1 v y = 0,2
Kt ta A c thnh phn: %BaCO3 = 49,62% v %CaCO3 = 50,38%
c/ Cht rn X ch c NaCl. ---> %NaCl = 100%.
64
Chuyn 11: hn hp kim loi.

Thng gp di dng kim loi phn ng vi axit, baz, mui v vi nc.
ngha ca dy hot ng ho hc
K Na Ba Ca Mg Al Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Hg Ag Pt Au
-
Dy c sp xp theo chiu gim dn tnh hot ng ho hc (t tri sang phi)

Mt s kim loi va tc dng c vi axit v vi nc: K, Na, Ba, Ca
Kim loi + H2O ----> Dung dch baz + H2
Kim loi va tc dng vi axit, va tc dng vi baz: (Be), Al, Zn, Cr
2A + 2(4 n)NaOH + 2(n 2)H2O ---> 2Na4 nAO2 + nH2
V d: 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O ----> 2NaAlO2+ 3H2
2Al + Ba(OH)2 + 2H2O ----> Ba(AlO2)2 + 3H2
Zn + 2NaOH ---> Na2ZnO2 + H2
Zn + Ba(OH)2 ---> BaZnO2 + H2
Kim loi ng trc H tc dng vi dung dch axit HCl, H2SO4 long to mui v gii
phng H2.
Kim loi + Axit ----> Mui + H2
Lu : Kim loi trong mui c ho tr thp (i vi kim loi a ho tr)
K t Mg tr i kim loi ng trc y c kim loi ng sau ra khi mui ca chng.
theo quy tc:
Cht kh mnh + cht oxi ha mnh cht oxi ho yu + cht kh yu.
Lu : nhng kim loi u dy (kim loi tc dng c vi nc) th khng tun theo quy tc
trn m n xy ra theo cc bc sau:
Kim loi kim (hoc kim th) + H2O Dung dch baz + H2
Sau : Dung dch baz + dung dch mui Mui mi + Baz mi (*)
iu kin(*): Cht to thnh phi c t nht 1 cht kt ta (khng tan).
VD: cho Ba vo dung dch CuSO4.
-
Trc tin:
Ba + 2H2O Ba(OH)2 +
Ba(OH)2 + CuSO4 Cu(OH)2
H2
+
BaSO4
c bit: Cu + 2FeCl3 ---> CuCl2 + 2FeCl2

Cu + Fe2(SO4)3 ---> CuSO4 + 2FeSO4
MTB =
M 1V M 21V2
22 , 4V
MTB =
65
M 1V1 M 2V2
V

Hoc:
Hoc:
MTB =
MTB =
M 1n1 M 2 ( n n1 )
n
M 1 x1 M 2 (1 x1 )
1

MTB ca hh = n
Tnh cht 1:
Tnh cht 2:
v ln nht.
mhh
hh
Mmin < nhh < Mmax

Tnh cht 3:
<
mB
MB
nhh
<
mA
MA

Lu :
nA =
mhh
MA
> nhh =
mhh
M hh
B
-
nB =
mhh
MB
< nhh =
mhh
M hh

V d 1: Cho 22,2 gam hn hp gm Fe, Al tan hon ton trong HCl, ta thu c 13,44 lt H2
(ktc). Tnh thnh phn % khi lng mi cht trong hn hp v khi lng mui clorua khan
thu c.
Bi gii
V phn ng hon ton nn ta c th thay hn hp Fe, Al bng kim loi tng ng M c ho
tr n . Gi x l s mol Fe trong 1 mol hn hp.
M = 56.x + 27(1 - x)
n = 2.x + 3(1 - x)
PTHH:
M +
22,2
M
n HCl
M Cl n +
22,2
M
66
n
H2
2
22,2 n
.
M 2

13,44
22,2 n
. = nH 2 = 22,4 = 0,6 (mol)
M 2
22,2 2 x 3(1 x)
56 x 27(1 x).2 = 0,6

x = 0,6 mol Fe v 0,4 mol Al
Theo bi ra:
M = 0,6.56 + 27.0,4 = 44,4 (g/mol)

0,6.56
% Fe = 44,4 .100% = 75,67%
% Al = 100 - 75,67 = 24,33%

Ta c n = 0,6.2 + 0,4.3 = 2,4 (mol)
Khi lng mui clorua khan:
m=
35,5.2,4
22,2
( M + 35,5. n ) = 22,2 + 44,4 .22,2 = 64,8 gam.
M
Ch : C th p dng KLMTB ca mt hn hp vo bi ton xc nh tn kim loi. Thng

thng l bi ton hn hp hai kim loi thuc 2 chu k, hai phn nhm k tip, ...
V d 2: Khi cho 3,1 gam hn hp hai kim loi kim thuc hai chu k lin tip tc dng ht vi
nc ta thu c 1,12 lt H2 (ktc). Xc nh hai kim loi v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng
ca hn hp.
Bi gii
V phn ng xy ra hon ton nn ta c th thay th hn hp hai kim loi kim bng mt kim
loi tng ng A c ho tr 1 (kim loi kim)
2 A + 2H2O 2 A OH + H2 (1)
1,12
Theo (1) n A = 2nH 2 = 2 22,4 = 0,1 (mol)

3,1
A =
= 31 g/mol
0,1
Na = 23 < A = 31 < K = 39
23 39
s mol hai cht bng nhau ngha l trong 1 mol hn hp
Mt khc: A = 31 =
2
mi kim loi c 0,5 mol. Thnh phn % khi lng:

% Na =
0,5.23
.100 = 37,1% v % K = (100 - 37,1)% = 62,9%.
31
Nhn xt: S dng cc i lng trung bnh s cho php chng ta gii quyt nhanh cc
bi tp ho hc.
A- hn hp Kim loi tc dng vi axit
Bi 1: Cho 10g hn hp gm Zn v Cu tc dng vi dung dch axit H 2SO4 long th thu c
2,24 lit H2 (ktc). Tnh thnh phn % v khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp ban u.
p s:
Bi 2: Ho tan 5,2g hn hp gm Mg v Fe bng dung dch axit HCl 1M, th thu dc 3,36 lit
H2 (ktc).
a/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp.
b/ Tnh th tch dung dch axit HCl dng.
67

p s:
a/
b/
Bi 3: Cho mt lng hn hp gm Ag v Zn tc dng vi lng d dung dch axit H 2SO4, thu
c 5,6 lit kh H2 (ktc). Sau phn ng thy cn 6,25g mt cht rn khng tan. Tnh thnh
phn % v khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp.
p s:
Bi 4: Ho tan hon ton 15,3g hn hp gm Mg v Zn bng dung dch axit HCl 1M th thu
c 6,72 lit H2 (ktc).
a/ Xc nh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
b/ Tnh th tch dung dch axit HCl cn dng.
p s:
a/ mMg = 2,46g v mZn = 12,84g v
b/ Vdd HCl 1M = 0,6 lit.
Bi 5: A l hn hp gm: Ba, Al, Mg.
Ly m gam A cho tc dng vi nc ti khi ht phn ng thy thot ra 3,36 lit H2 (ktc).
Ly m gam A cho vo dung dch xt d ti khi ht phn ng thy thot ra 6,72 lt H2 (ktc).
Ly m gam A ho tan bng mt lng va dung dch axit HCl th thu c mt dung
dch v 8,96 lit H2 (ktc).
Hy tnh m gam v thnh phn % theo khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp.
p s:
m = 24,65g trong mBa = 19,55g, mAl = 2,7g, mMg = 2,4g.
Bi 3: Ho tan hn hp gm Fe, Zn trong 500ml dung dch HCl 0,4M c dung dch A v
10,52g mui khan.
a/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi kim loi.
b/ Tnh th tch dung dch B gm NaOH 0,02M v Ba(OH)2 cn dng trung ho dung dch A.
p s:
a/ %Fe = 46,28% v %Zn = 53,72%
b/ Vdd B = 1(lit)
Bi 7: Ho tan ht 12g hn hp A gm Fe v kim loi M (ho tr II khng i) vo 200ml dung
dch HCl 3,5M thu c 6,72 lit kh (ktc). Mt khc ly 3,6g kim loi M tan ht vo 400ml
dung dch H2SO4 nng 1M th H2SO4 cn d.
a/ Xc nh kim loi M.
b/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca Fe, M trong hn hp.
p s:
a/ M l Mg.
b/ %Mg = 30% v %Fe = 70%.
Bi 8: Ho tan ht 11,3g hn hp A gm Fe v kim loi R (ho tr II khng i) vo 300ml dung
dch HCl 2,5M thu c 6,72 lit kh (ktc). Mt khc ly 4,8g kim loi M tan ht vo 200ml
dung dch H2SO4 nng 2M th H2SO4 cn d.
a/ Xc nh kim loi R.
b/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca Fe, R trong hn hp.
p s:
68

a/ v b/
Bi 9: Ho tan ht 12,1g hn hp A gm Fe v kim loi M (ho tr II khng i) vo 150ml
dung dch HCl 3M th thu c 4,48 lit kh (ktc). Mt khc mun ho tan ht 4,875g kim loi
M th cn phi dng 100ml dung dch H2SO4 0,75M, dung dch thu c khng lm i mu
giy qu.
Bi 10: Hn hp A gm Mg v kim loi M ho tr III, ng trc hir trong dy hot ng ho
hc. Ho tan hon ton 1,275 g A vo 125ml dd B cha ng thi HCl nng C1(M) v H2SO4
nng C2(M). Thy thot ra 1400 ml kh H2 ( ktc) v dd D. trung ho hon ton lng a
xt d trong D cn dng 50ml dd Ba(OH)2 1M. Sau khi trung ho dd D cn thu c 0,0375mol
mt cht rn khng ho tan trong HCl.
a/ Vit cc PTP xy ra.
b/ Tnh C1 v C2 ca dd B.
c/ Tm NTK ca kim loi M (AM) v khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp A em th nghim.
Bit rng ho tan 1,35g M cn dng khng qu 200ml dd HCl 1M.
Hng dn gii:
a/ cc PTHH xy ra.

Mg + 2H+
Mg2+ +
H2
(1)
+
3+

2M +
6H
2M
+ 3H2
(2)
+
2Trong dd D c cc Ion: H d , Cl , SO4 , Mg2+, M3+.
Trung ho dd D bng Ba(OH)2.

H+ +
OHH2O
(3)
2+
2
Ba
+ SO4
BaSO4
(4)
Theo bi ra ta c:
S mol OH- = 2 s mol Ba(OH)2 = 0,05 . 1 . 2 = 0,1 mol
S mol Ba2+ = s mol Ba(OH)2 = 0,05 mol.
b/ S mol H+ trong dd B = 0,125C1 + 2 . 0,125C2
s mol H+ tham gia cc phn ng (1,2,3) l: 0,0625 . 2 + 0,1 = 0,225 mol
( V s mol ca H2 thot ra = 0,0625 mol )
Ta c: 0,125C1 + 2 . 0,125C2 = 0,225 (*)
Mt khc , s mol Ba2+ = 0,05 mol > s mol ca BaSO4 = 0,0375 mol.
Nh vy chng t SO42- phn ng ht v Ba2+ cn d.
Do s mol ca SO42- = s mol ca BaSO4 = 0,0375 mol.
Nn ta c nng mol/ lit ca dd H2SO4 l: C2 = 0,0375 : 0,125 = 0,3M
V s mol ca H2SO4 = s mol ca SO42- = 0,0375 (mol)
Thay v ( * ) ta c: C1 = 1,2 M
c/ PTP ho tan M trong HCl.
2M + 6HCl 2MCl3 + 3H2 (5)
S mol HCl = 0,2 x 1 = 0,2 mol
Theo (5): S mol ca kim loi M 0,2 : 3 (V theo bi ra M b ho tan ht)
Do NTK ca M l: AM 1,35 : ( 0,2 : 3 ) = 20,25
V M l kim loi ho tr III nn M phi l: Al (nhm)
Gi x, y ln lt l s mol ca Mg v Al trong 1,275 g hn hp A
Ta c: 24x + 27y = 1,275 (I)
Theo PT (1, 2): x + 1,5 y = 0,0625
(II)
Gii h pt (I) v (II) ta c: x = y = 0,025.
Vy khi lng ca cc cht trong hn hp l: mMg = 0,6 g v mAl = 0,675 g.
69

Bi 11: Cho 9,86g hn hp gm Mg v Zn vo 1 cc cha 430ml dung dch H2SO4 1M long.
Sau khi phn ng hon ton, thm tip vo cc 1,2 lit dung dch hn hp gm Ba(OH)2 0,05M
v NaOH 0,7M, khuy u cho phn ng hon ton, ri lc ly kt ta v nung nng n khi
lng khng i th thu c 26,08g cht rn. Tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
Hng dn;
t s mol Mg v Zn l x v y.
Ta c: 24x + 65y = 9,86 (I)
S mol H2SO4 = 043.1= 0,43 mol
t HX l cng thc tng ng ca H2SO4 ---> nHX = 2nH 2 SO 4 = 0,43.2 = 0,86 mol
S mol Ba(OH)2 = 1,2 . 0,05 = 0,06 mol
S mol NaOH = 0,7 . 1,2 = 0,84 mol
t ROH l cng thc tng ng cho 2 baz cho.
Ta c: nROH = 2nBa(OH) 2 + nNaOH = 0,06.2 + 0,84 = 0,96 mol
PTHH xy ra
Gi s hn hp ch cha mnh Zn ---> x = 0.
Vy y = 9,86 : 65 = 0,1517 mol
Gi s hn hp ch Mg ---> y = 0
Vy x = 9,86 : 24 = 0,4108 mol
0,1517 < nhh kim loi < 0,4108
V x > 0 v y > 0 nn s mol axit tham gia phn ng vi kim loi l:
0,3034 < 2x + 2y < 0,8216 nhn thy lng axit dng < 0,86 mol.
Vy axit d --> Do Zn v Mg phn ng ht.
Sau khi ho tan ht trong dung dch c.
x mol MgX2 ; y mol ZnX2 ; 0,86 2(x + y) mol HX v 0,43 mol SO4.
Cho dung dch tc dng vi dung dch baz.
HX
+
ROH ---> RX +
H2O.
0,86 2(x + y) 0,86 2(x + y)
mol
MgX2
+
2ROH ----> Mg(OH)2 + 2RX
x
2x
x
mol
ZnX2
+
2ROH ----> Zn(OH)2 + 2RX
y
2y
y
mol
Ta c nROH phn ng = 0,86 2(x + y) + 2x + 2y = 0,86 mol
Vy nROH d = 0,96 0,86 = 0,1mol
Tip tc c phn ng xy ra:
Zn(OH)2 + 2ROH ----> R2ZnO2 + 2H2O
b: y
0,1
mol
P: y1
2y1
mol
cn: y y1
0,1 2y1
mol
( iu kin: y y1)
Phn ng to kt ta.
Ba(OH)2 + H2SO4 ---> BaSO4 + 2H2O
b: 0,06
0,43
0
mol
p: 0,06
0,06
0,06
mol
cn: 0
0,43 0,06
0,06
mol
Nung kt ta.
70

Mg(OH)2 -----> MgO + H2O
x
x
mol
Zn(OH)2 -------> ZnO + H2O
y y1
y y1
mol
BaSO4 ----> khng b nhit phn hu.
0,06 mol
Ta c: 40x + 81(y y1) + 233.0,06 = 26,08
---> 40x + 81(y y1) = 12,1
(II)
Khi y y1 = 0 ---> y = y1 ta thy 0,1 2y1 0 ---> y1 0,05
Vy 40x = 12,1 ---> x = 12,1 : 40 = 0,3025 mol
Thay vo (I) ta c y = 0,04 ( y = y1 0,05) ph hp
Vy mMg = 24 . 0,3025 = 7,26g v mZn = 65 . 0,04 = 2,6g
Khi y y1 > 0 --> y > y1 ta c 0,1 2y1 = 0 (v nROH phn ng ht)
----> y1 = 0,05 mol, thay vo (II) ta c: 40x + 81y = 16,15.
Gii h phng trnh (I, II) ---> x = 0,38275 v y = 0,01036
Kt qu y < y1 (khng ph hp vi iu kin y y1 ) ---> loi.
B- hn hp Kim loi tc dng vi nc v baz
Bi 1: Ho tan hon ton 17,2g hn hp gm kim loi kim A v oxit ca n vo 1600g nc
c dung dch B. C cn dung dch B c 22,4g hiroxit kim loi khan.
a/ Tm kim loi v thnh phn % theo khi lng mi cht trong hn hp.
b/ Tnh th tch dung dch H2SO4 0,5M cn dng trung ho dung dc B.
Hng dn:
Gi cng thc ca 2 cht cho l A v A2O.
a, b ln lt l s mol ca A v A2O
Vit PTHH:
Theo phng trnh phn ng ta c:
a.MA + b(2MA + 16) = 17,2 (I)
(a + 2b)(MA + 17) = 22,4 (II)
Ly (II) (I): 17a + 18b = 5,2 (*)
Khi lng trung bnh ca hn hp:
MTB = 17,2 : (a + b)
Tng ng: MTB = 18.17,2 : 18(a + b).
Nhn thy: 18.17,2 : 18(a + b) < 18.17,2 : 17a + 18b = 18.17,2 : 5,2
---> MTB < 59,5
Ta c: MA < 59,5 < 2MA + 16 ---> 21,75 < MA < 59,5.
Vy A c th l: Na(23) hoc K(39).
Gii h PT ton hc v tnh ton theo yu cu ca bi.
p s:
71

a/
-
Vi A l Na th %Na = 2,67% v %Na2O = 97,33%

Vi A l K th %K = 45,3% v %K2O = 54,7%
b/
-
TH: A l Na ----> Vdd axit = 0,56 lit

TH: A l K -----> Vdd axit = 0,4 lit.
Bi 2: Ho tan hon ton 3,1g hn hp 2 kim loi kim trong nc thu c dung dch A.
trung ho dung dch A phi dng 50ml dung dch HCl 2M, sau phn ng thu c dung dch B.
a/ Nu c cn dung dch B th s thu c bao nhiu gam hn hp mui khan?
b/ Xc nh 2 kim loi kim trn, bit rng t l s mol ca chng trong hn hp l 1 : 1.
p s:
a/ mMui = 6,65g
b/ 2 kim loi l: Na v K.
Bi 3: Cho 6,2g hn hp 2 kim loi kim thuc 2 chu k lin tip trong bng tun hon phn
ng vi H2O d, thu c 2,24 lit kh (ktc) v dung dch A.
a/ Tnh thnh phn % v khi lng tng kim loi trong hn hp ban u.
b/ Sc CO2 vo dung dch A thu c dung dch B. Cho B phn ng vi BaCl2 d thu c
19,7g kt ta. Tnh th tch kh CO2 b hp th.
Hng dn:
a/ t R l KHHH chung cho 2 kim loi kim cho
MR l khi lng trung bnh ca 2 kim loi kim A v B, gi s MA < MB
---.> MA < MR < MB .
Vit PTHH xy ra:
Theo phng trnh phn ng:
nR = 2nH 2 = 0,2 mol. ----> MR = 6,2 : 0,2 = 31
Theo ra: 2 kim loi ny thuc 2 chu k lin tip, nn 2 kim loi l:
A l Na(23) v B l K(39)
b/ Ta c: nROH = nR = 0,2 mol
PTHH xy ra:
CO2 + 2ROH ----> R2CO3 + H2O
CO2 + ROH ---> RHCO3
Theo bi ra khi cho BaCl2 vo dung dch B th c kt ta. Nh vy trong B phi c R2CO3 v
trong 2 loi mui trn th BaCl2 ch phn ng vi R2CO3 m khng phn ng vi RHCO3.
BaCl2 + R2CO3 ----> BaCO3 + RCl
---> nCO 2 = nR 2 CO 3 = nBaCO 3 = 19,7 : 197 = 0,1 mol ----> VCO 2 = 2,24 lt.
Bi 4: Hai kim loi kim A v B c khi lng bng nhau. Cho 17,94g hn hp A v B tan hon
ton trong 500g H2O thu c 500ml dung dch C(d = 1,03464g/ml). Tm A v B.
Bi 5: Mt hn hp X gm 2 kim loi A, B thuc 2 chu k lin tip trong bng tun hon, c
khi lng l 8,5g. Cho X phn ng ht vi nc cho ra 3,36 lit kh H2(ktc)
a/ Xc nh 2 kim loi v tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
72

b/ Thm vo 8,5g hn hp X trn, 1 kim loi kim th D c hn hp Y, cho Y tc dng vi
nc thu c dung dch E v 4,48 lit kh H2 (ktc). C cn dung dch E ta c cht rn Z c
khi lng l 22,15g. Xc nh D v khi lng ca D.
p s:
a/ mNa = 4,6g v mK = 3,9g.
b/ kim loi D l Ba. --> mBa = 6,85g.
Bi 6: Ho tan 23g mt hn hp gm Ba v 2 kim loi kim A, B thuc 2 chu k k tip nhau
trong bng tun hon vo nc thu c dung dch D v 5,6 lit H2 (ktc).
Nu thm 180ml dung dch Na2SO4 0,5M vo dung dch D th cha kt ta ht c Ba(OH)2.
Nu thm 210ml dung dch Na2SO4 0,5M vo dung dch D th dung dch sau phn ng cn d
Na2SO4. Xc nh 2 kim loi kim trn.
p s: 2 kim loi kim l Na v K.
C- hn hp Kim loi tc dng vi dung dch mui.
Th d 1: Ngm thanh st vo hn hp dung dch gm AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2
Phn ng xy ra theo th t nh sau:
* Mui ca kim loi c tnh oxi ho mnh hn s ( Ag+ > Cu2+ ) tham gia phn ng trc vi
kim loi ( hoc ni cch khc l mui ca kim loi hot ng ho hc yu hn s tham gia phn
ng trc ).
Fe + 2AgNO3 Fe(NO3)2 + 2Ag
Fe + Cu(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)2 + Cu
Bi tp p dung:
1/ C 200ml hn hp dung dch gm AgNO3 0,1M v Cu(NO3)2 0,5M. Thm 2,24g bt Fe kim
loi vo dung dch khuy u ti phn ng hon ton thu c cht rn A v dung dch B.
a/ Tnh s gam cht rn A.
b/Tnh nng mol/lit ca cc mui trong dung dch B, bit rng th tch dung dch khng i.
Hng dn gii
Fe + 2AgNO3 Fe(NO3)2 + 2Ag ( 1 )
Fe + Cu(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)2 + Cu ( 2 )
S mol ca cc cht l: nFe = 0,04 mol ; nAgNO3 = 0,02 mol ; nCu(NO3)2 = 0,1 mol
V Ag hot ng ho hc yu hn Cu nn mui ca kim loi Ag s tham gia phn ng vi Fe
trc.
Theo p ( 1 ): nFe ( p ) = 0,01 mol ; Vy sau phn ng ( 1 ) th nFe cn li = 0,03 mol.
Theo (p ( 2 ): ta c nCu(NO3)2 p = nFe cn d = 0,03 mol.
Vy sau p ( 2 ): nCu(NO3)2 cn d l = 0,1 0,03 = 0,07 mol
Cht rn A gm Ag v Cu
mA = 0,02 x 108 + 0,03 x 64 = 4,08g
dung dch B gm: 0,04 mol Fe(NO3)2 v 0,07 mol Cu(NO3)2 cn d.
Th tch dung dch khng thay i V = 0,2 lit
Vy nng mol/lit ca dung dch sau cng l:
CM [ Cu(NO 3 ) 2 ] d = 0,35M ; CM [ Fe (NO 3 ) 2 ] = 0,2M
2/ Cho 1,68 g Fe vo 200ml hn hp dung dch gm Cu(NO3)2 0,15M v AgNO3 0,1M. Sau khi
phn ng kt thc thu c cht rn A v dung dch B.
73

a/ Tnh khi lng cht rn A.
b/ Tnh nng mol/lit ca dung dch B. Gi s th tch dung dch khng thay i.
/S: a/ mA = 3,44g
b/ CM [ Cu(NO 3 ) 2 ] d = 0,05M v CM [ Fe (NO 3 ) 2 ] = 0,15M
Th d 2: Cho hn hp gm bt st v km vo trong cng 1 ng nghim ( 1 l ) cha dung
dch AgNO3.
Phn ng xy ra theo th t nh sau:
Kim loi c tnh kh mnh hn s tham gia phn ng trc vi mui.
Zn + 2AgNO3 Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag
Fe + 2AgNO3 d Fe(NO3)2 + 2Ag
Bi tp p dng:
Nhng 2 ming kim loi Zn v Fe cng vo mt ng nghim ng dung dch CuSO4, sau mt
thi gian ly 2 ming kim loi ra th trong dung dch nhn c bit nng ca mui Zn gp
2,5 ln mui Fe. ng thi khi lng dung dch sau phn ng gim so vi trc phn ng
0,11g. Gi thit Cu gii phng u bm ht vo cc thanh kim loi. Hy tnh khi lng Cu
bm trn mi thanh.
Hng dn gii:
- Nu khi lng thanh kim loi tng = mkim lo i giai phong - mkim lo ai tan
- Nu khi lng thanh kim loi tng = mkim lo i tan - mkim lo ai giai phong
V Zn hot ng ho hc mnh hn Fe. Nn Zn tham gia phn ng vi mui trc.

Zn
+
CuSO4
ZnSO4
+
Cu (1)
x
x
x
x
(mol)

Fe
+
CuSO4
FeSO4
+
Cu (2)
y
y
y
y
(mol)
V khi lng dung dch gim 0,11 g. Tc l khi lng 2 thanh kim loi tng 0,11 g
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c: (160y 152y) + (160x 161x) = 0,11
Hay
8y x = 0,11 (I)
Mt khc: nng mui Zn = 2,5 ln nng mui Fe
* Nu l nng mol/lit th ta c x : y = 2,5 (II) (V th tch dung dch khng i)
* Nu l nng % th ta c 161x : 152y = 2,5 (II)/ (Khi lng dd chung)
Gii h (I) v (II) ta c:
x = 0,02 mol v y = 0,05 mol .
mCu = 3,2 g v mZn = 1,3 g
/
Gii h (I) v (II) ta c:
x = 0,046 mol v y = 0,0195 mol
mCu = 2,944 g v mZn = 1,267 g
Phng php dng mc so snh
Bi ton 1: Nhng 2 kim loi vo cng 1 dung dch mui ca kim loi hot ng ho hc yu
hn (cc kim loi tham gia phn ng phi t Mg tr i).
Trng hp 1: Nu cho 2 kim loi trn vo 2 ng nghim ng cng 1 dung dch mui th lc
ny c 2 kim loi ng thi cng xy ra phn ng.
V d: Cho 2 kim loi l Mg v Fe vo 2 ng nghim cha dung dch CuSO4
Xy ra ng thi cc phn ng:

Mg
+
CuSO4
MgSO4 + Cu
74

Fe
+
CuSO4
FeSO4
+
Cu
Trng hp 2:
- Nu cho hn hp gm 2 kim loi l: Mg v Fe vo cng mt ng nghim th lc ny xy ra
phn ng theo th t ln lt nh sau:

Mg
+
CuSO4
MgSO4 + Cu ( 1 )
- Phn ng (1) s dng li khi CuSO4 tham gia phn ng ht v Mg dng vi lng va hoc
cn d. Lc ny dung dch thu c l MgSO4; cht rn thu c l Fe cha tham gia phn ng
Cu va c sinh ra, c th c Mg c d.
- C phn ng (2) xy ra khi CuSO4 sau khi tham gia phn ng (1) cn d (tc l Mg ht)

Fe
+
CuSO4
FeSO4
+
Cu ( 2 )
Sau phn ng (2) c th xy ra cc trng hp l:
+ C Fe v CuSO4 u ht: dung dch thu c sau 2 phn ng l: MgSO4, FeSO4; cht rn
thu c l Cu.
+ Fe cn d v CuSO4 ht: dung dch thu c sau 2 phn ng l: MgSO4, FeSO4; cht rn
thu c l Cu v c th c Fe d.
+ CuSO4 cn d v Fe ht: dung dch thu c sau 2 phn ng l : MgSO4 , FeSO4 v c th
c CuSO4 cn d ; cht rn thu c l Cu.
Gii thch: Khi cho 2 kim loi trn vo cng 1 ng nghim cha mui ca kim loi hot ng
ho hc yu hn th kim loi no hot ng ho hc mnh hn s tham gia phn ng trc vi
mui theo quy c sau:
Kim loi mnh + Mui ca kim loi yu hn Mui ca kim loi mnh hn +
Kim loi yu
Trng hp ngoi l:
Fe ( r ) + 2FeCl3 ( dd ) 3FeCl2 ( dd )
Cu ( r ) + 2FeCl3 ( dd ) 2FeCl2 ( dd ) + CuCl2 ( dd )
Bi ton 2: Cho hn hp (hoc hp kim) gm Mg v Fe vo hn hp dung dch mui ca 2 kim
loi yu hn. (cc kim loi tham gia phn ng phi t Mg tr i)
Bi 1: Cho hp kim gm Fe v Mg vo hn hp dung dch gm AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 thu c
dung dch A v cht rn B.
a/ C th xy ra nhng phn ng no?
b/ Dung dch A c th c nhng mui no v cht rn B c nhng kim loi no? Hy bin lun
v vit cc phn ng xy ra.
Hng dn
cu a.
Do Mg hot ng ho hc mnh hn Fe nn Mg s tham gia phn ng trc.
V Ion Ag + c tnh oxi ho mnh hn ion Cu 2+ nn mui AgNO3 s tham gia phn ng trc.
Tun theo quy lut:
Cht kh mnh + cht Oxi ho mnh
Nn c cc phn ng.
Mg + 2AgNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + 2Ag (1)
Mg + Cu(NO3)2 Cu(NO3)2 + Cu (2)
Fe + 2AgNO3 Fe(NO3)2 + 2Ag (3)
Fe + Cu(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)2 + Cu (4)
Cu b
75
Cht Oxi ho yu + cht kh yu.

C cc trng hp c th xy ra nh sau.
Trng hp 1: Kim loi d, mui ht
* iu kin chung
- dung dch A khng c: AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2
- cht rn B c Ag v Cu.
Nu Mg d th Fe cha tham gia phn ng nn dung dch A ch c Mg(NO3)2 v cht rn
B cha Mg d, Fe, Ag, Cu.
Nu Mg phn ng va ht vi hn hp dung dch trn v Fe cha phn ng th dung dch
A ch c Mg(NO3)2 v cht rn B cha Fe, Ag, Cu.
Mg ht, Fe phn ng mt phn vn cn d (tc l hn hp dung dch ht) th dung dch A
cha Mg(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)2 v cht rn B cha Fe d, Ag, Cu.
Trng hp 2: Kim loi v mui phn ng va ht.
Dung dch A: Mg(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)2
Cht rn B: Ag, Cu.
Trng hp 3: Mui d, 2 kim loi phn ng ht.
* iu kin chung
Dung dch A chc chn c: Mg(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)2
Kt ta B khng c: Mg, Fe.
Nu AgNO3 d v Cu(NO3)2 cha phn ng: th dung dch A cha AgNO3, Cu(NO3)2,
Mg(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)2 v cht rn B ch c Ag.(duy nht)
Nu AgNO3 phn ng va ht v Cu(NO3)2 cha phn ng: th dung dch A cha
Cu(NO3)2, Mg(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)2 v cht rn B ch c Ag.(duy nht)
AgNO3 ht v Cu(NO3)2 phn ng mt phn vn cn d: th dung dch A cha Cu(NO3)2
d Mg(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)2 v cht rn B ch c Ag, Cu.
Bi tp: Mt thanh kim loi M ho tr II c nhng vo trong 1 lit dung dch CuSO4 0,5M. Sau
mt thi gian ly thanh M ra v cn li, thy khi lng ca thanh tng 1,6g, nng CuSO4
gim cn bng 0,3M.
a/ Xc nh kim loi M
b/ Ly thanh M c khi lng ban u bng 8,4g nhng vo hh dung dch cha AgNO3 0,2M v
CuSO4 0,1M. Thanh M c tan ht khng? Tnh khi lng cht rn A thu c sau phn ng v
nng mol/lit cc cht c trong dung dch B (gi s th tch dung dch khng thay i)
Hng dn gii:
a/ M l Fe.
b/ s mol Fe = 0,15 mol; s mol AgNO3 = 0,2 mol; s mol CuSO4 = 0,1 mol.
(cht kh
Fe
Cu2+
Ag+ (cht oxh mnh)
0,15
0,1
0,2
( mol )
2+
Ag C Tnh o xi ho mnh hn Cu nn mui AgNO3 tham gia phn ng vi Fe trc.
PTHH :
Fe
+
2AgNO3 Fe(NO3)2
+
2Ag
(1)
+
76

Fe
+
CuSO4
FeSO4
+
Cu
(2)
Theo bi ra ta thy, sau phn ng (1) th Ag NO3 phn ng ht v Fe cn d: 0,05 mol
Sau phn ng (2) Fe tan ht v cn d CuSO4 l: 0,05 mol
Dung dch thu c sau cng l: c 0,1 mol Fe(NO3)2; 0,05 mol FeSO4 v 0,05 mol CuSO4 d
Cht rn A l: c 0,2 mol Ag v 0,05 mol Cu
mA = 24,8 g
V th tch dung dch khng thay i nn V = 1 lit
Vy nng ca cc cht sau phn ng l :
CM [ Fe (NO 3 ) 2 ] = 0,1M ; CM [ CuSO 4 ] d = 0,05M ; CM [ Fe SO 4 ] = 0,05M
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Nhng mt thanh kim loi M ho tr II vo 0,5 lit dd CuSO4 0,2M. Sau mt thi gian
phn ng, khi lng thanh M tng ln 0,40 g trong khi nng CuSO4 cn li l 0,1M.
a/ Xc nh kim loi M.
b/ Ly m(g) kim loi M cho vo 1 lit dd cha AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 , nng mi mui l 0,1M.
Sau phn ng ta thu c cht rn A khi lng 15,28g v dd B. Tnh m(g)?
Hng dn gii:
a/ theo bi ra ta c PTHH .

Fe
+
CuSO4
FeSO4
+
Cu
(1)
S mol Cu(NO3)2 tham gia phn ng (1) l: 0,5 (0,2 0,1) = 0,05 mol
tng khi lng ca M l:
mtng = mkl gp - mkl tan = 0,05 (64 M) = 0,40
gii ra: M = 56, vy M l Fe
b/ ta ch bit s mol ca AgNO3 v s mol ca Cu(NO3)2. Nhng khng bit s mol ca Fe
(cht kh
Fe
Cu2+
Ag+ (cht oxh mnh)
0,1
0,1
( mol )
2+
Ag C Tnh oxi ho mnh hn Cu nn mui AgNO3 tham gia phn ng vi Fe trc.
PTHH:
Fe
+
2AgNO3 Fe(NO3)2
+
2Ag
(1)

Fe
+
CuSO4
FeSO4
+
Cu
(2)
Ta c 2 mc so snh:
- Nu va xong phn ng (1): Ag kt ta ht, Fe tan ht, Cu(NO3)2 cha phn ng.
Cht rn A l Ag th ta c: mA = 0,1 x 108 = 10,8 g
- Nu va xong c phn ng (1) v (2) th khi cht rn A gm: 0,1 mol Ag v 0,1 mol Cu
mA = 0,1 ( 108 + 64 ) = 17,2 g
theo cho mA = 15,28 g ta c: 10,8 < 15,28 < 17,2
vy AgNO3 phn ng ht, Cu(NO3)2 phn ng mt phn v Fe tan ht.
mCu to ra = mA mAg = 15,28 10,80 = 4,48 g. Vy s mol ca Cu = 0,07 mol.
Tng s mol Fe tham gia c 2 phn ng l: 0,05 ( p 1 ) + 0,07 ( p 2 ) = 0,12 mol
Khi lng Fe ban u l: 6,72g
+
Bi 2: Cho 8,3 g hn hp gm Al v Fe c s mol bng nhau vo 100ml hn hp dung dch

cha AgNO3 2M v Cu(NO3)2 1,5M. Xc nh kim loi c gii phng, khi lng l bao
nhiu?
77

/S: mrn = mAg + mCu = 0,2 . 108 + 0,15 . 64
= 31,2 g
Bi 3: Mt thanh kim loi M ho tr II nhng vo 1 lt dd FeSO4, thy khi lng M tng ln

16g. Nu nhng cng thanh kim loi y vo 1 lit dd CuSO4 th thy khi lng thanh kim loi
tng ln 20g. Bit rng cc phn ng ni trn u xy ra hon ton v sau phn ng cn d
kim loi M, 2 dd FeSO4 v CuSO4 c cng nng mol ban u.
a/ Tnh nng mol/lit ca mi dd v xc nh kim loi M.
b/ Nu khi lng ban u ca thanh kim loi M l 24g, chng t rng sau phn ng vi mi dd
trn cn d M. Tnh khi lng kim loi sau 2 phn ng trn.
HDG:
a/ V th tch dung dch khng thay i, m 2 dd li c nng bng nhau. Nn chng c cng
s mol. Gi x l s mol ca FeSO4 (cng chnh l s mol ca CuSO4)
Lp PT ton hc v gii: M l Mg, nng mol/lit ca 2 dd ban u l: 0,5 M
b/ Vi FeSO4 th khi lng thanh Mg sau phn ng l: 40g
Vi CuSO4 th khi lng thanh Mg sau phn ng l: 44g
Chuyn 12: Bi ton hn hp mui

MTB =
M 1V M 21V2
22 , 4V
MTB =
Hoc:
Hoc:
MTB =
MTB =
M 1V1 M 2V2
V
M 1n1 M 2 ( n n1 )
n
M 1 x1 M 2 (1 x1 )
1

MTB ca hh = n
Tnh cht 1:
Tnh cht 2:
v ln nht.
mhh
hh
Mmin < nhh < Mmax

Tnh cht 3:
mB
MB
<
nhh
<
mA
MA

Lu :
78

nA =
mhh
MA
> nhh =
mhh
M hh
B
-
nB =
mhh
MB
< nhh =
mhh
M hh

A- Ton hn hp mui cacbonat
Bi 1: Cho 5,68g hn hp gm CaCO3 v MgCO3 ho tan vo dung dch HCl d, kh CO2 thu
c cho hp th hon ton bi 50ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,9M to ra 5,91g kt ta. Tnh khi
lng v thnh phn % theo khi lng mi mui trong hn hp.
p s: mMgCO 3 = 1,68g v m CaCO 3 = 4g
Bi 2: Ho tan hon ton 27,4g hn hp gm M2CO3 v MHCO3 (M l kim loi kim) bng
500ml dung dch HCl 1M thy thot ra 6,72 lit kh CO2 (ktc). trung ho axit d phi dng
50ml dung dch NaOH 2M.
a/ Xc nh 2 mui ban u.
b/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi mui trong hn hp ban u.
p s:
a/ M l Na ---> 2 mui l Na2CO3 v NaHCO3
b/ %Na2CO3 = 38,6% v %NaHCO3
Bi 3: Ho tan 8g hn hp A gm K2CO3 v MgCO3 vo dung dch H2SO4 d, kh sinh ra c
sc vo 300ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,2M, thu c m(g) kt ta.
Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi mui trong hn hp A m t gi tr cc tiu(nh
nht) v cc i(ln nht).
p s:
Khi lng kt ta l cc tiu(nh nht) khi CO2 l cc i. Tc l %K2CO3 = 0% v
%MgCO3 = 100%.
Khi lng kt ta l cc i(ln nht) khi nCO2 = nBa(OH)2 = 0,06 mol. Tc l %K2CO3 =
94,76% v %MgCO3 = 5,24%.
Bi 4: Cho 4,2g mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr II. Ho tan vo dung dch HCl d, th c kh
thot ra. Ton b lng kh c hp th vo 100ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,46M thu c 8,274g
kt ta. Tm cng thc ca mui v kim loi ho tr II.
p s:
TH1 khi Ba(OH)2 d, th cng thc ca mui l: CaCO3 v kim loi ho tr II l Ca.
TH2 khi Ba(OH)2 thiu, th cng thc ca mui l MgCO3 v kim loi ho tr II l Mg.
79

Bi 5: Ho tan ht 4,52g hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi A, B k tip nhu trong
phn nhm chnh nhm II bng 200ml dung dch HCl 0,5M. Sau phn ng thu c dung dch
C v 1,12 lit kh D (ktc).
a/ Xc nh 2 kim loi A, B.
b/ Tnh tng khi lng ca mui to thnh trong dung dch C.
c/ Ton b lng kh D thu c trn c hp th hon ton bi 200ml dung dch Ba(OH)2.
Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch Ba(OH)2 :
Thu c 1,97g kt ta.
Thu c lng kt ta ln nht, nh nht.
p s:
a/ 2 kim loi l Mg v Ca
b/ mmui = 5,07g
c/ - TH1: 0,15M
TH2: khi kt ta thu c ln nht l 0,25M.
TH3: khi kt ta thu c nh nht l 0,125M.
Bi 6: Cho 10,8g hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi k tip nhau trong phn nhm
chnh nhm II tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 long d, thu c 23,64g kt ta. Tm cng thc
ca 2 mui trn v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca mi mui trong hn hp ban u.
%MgCO3 = 58,33% v %CaCO3 = 41,67%.
Bi 7: Ho tan hn hp Na2CO3 v KHCO3 vo nc thnh 400 ml dung dch A. Cho t t 100
ml dung dch HCl 1,5M vo dung dch A ng thi khuy u, khi phn ng kt thc ta c
dung dch B v 1,008 lt kh ( ktc). Cho dung dch B tc dng vi dung dch Ba(OH)2 d
c 29,55g kt ta. Tnh khi lng cc cht c trong hn hp ban u. Nu cho t t dung
dch A vo bnh ng 100 ml dung dch HCl 1,5M th thu c th tch kh thot ra ( ktc) l
bao nhiu?
HDG:
a, t x, y ln lt l s mol ca 2 mui Na2CO3 v KHCO3 (x, y > 0)
Ta c PTP:
Giai on 1: NaCO3 + HCl NaCl + NaHCO3 ( 1 )
Mol:
x
x
x
x
n
Nh vy: HCO3 x y (mol ) ; Theo PT (1) th n NaHCO3 = n Na2CO3 = x (mol)
Gi a, b l s mol ca HCO3 tham gia phn ng vi dung dch HCl v dung dch Ba(OH)2
Giai on 2: HCO3 + HCl Cl + H2O + CO2 ( 2 )
Mol:
a
a
a
a
n
Theo bi ra: HCl = 0,1.1,5 = 0,15 ( mol )
1,008
HCl ( P 2 ) = n CO2 = a = 22,4 = 0,045 ( mol )

n Na2CO3 ( b ) = n HCl ( P 1 ) = 0,15 0,045 = 0,105 (mol)
Sau phn ng (1) th ton b Na2CO3 chuyn thnh NaHCO3. Khi cho dung dch B tc dng
vi dung dch Ba(OH)2 d xy ra phn ng sau:
HCO3 + Ba(OH)2 BaCO3 + OH + H2O ( 3 )
Mol :
b
b
b
b
n
80

n
BaCO3 = b =
29,55
= 0,15 ( mol )
197
Vy n HCO3 ( P ) = a + b = x + y = 0,045 + 0,15 = 0,195 (mol)

n KHCO3 ( b ) = 0,195 0,105 = 0,09 (mol)
Khi lng ca mi cht trong hn hp ban u:
m
Na2CO3 = 0,105 . 106 = 11,13g
m
KHCO3 = 0,09 . 100 = 9g
b/ Khi cho dung dch A vo bnh cha dung dch HCl 1,5M th xy ra phn ng
*Nu c 2 phn ng xy ra ng thi th ta thy phng trnh (4) nu gii phng 1 mol kh
CO2 cn 2 mol HCl ,gp i s mol HCl dng cho phn ng (5).
t z l s mol HCl tham gia phn ng (5); th s mol HCl tham gia phn ng (4) l 2z (mol)
Na2CO3 + 2HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2 ( 4 )
KHCO3 + HCl KCl + H2O + CO2 ( 5 )
Theo PTP ta c: 2z + z = 0,1.1,5 = 0,15 (mol) z = 0,05 ( mol ). S mol CO2 thot ra l:
0,1 ( mol )
*Nu phn ng ( 4 ) xy ra trc: ta c 2z = 0,15 ( mol ) z = 0,075 (mol); m s mol ca
Na2CO3 = 0,105( mol ) > 0,075.Vy nn axt phi phn ng ht,nn s mol kh CO2 thot ra l
0,075 (mol)
*Nu phn ng (5) xy ra trc: ta c z = 0,09 ( mol ) z = 0,09 (mol); m s mol ca HCl
= 0,15 (mol).Vy s mol HCl cn d = 0,15 0,09 = 0,06 (mol) s tip tc tham gia phn ng
(4) .Khi 2z = 0,06 (mol) z = 0,03 (mol). Vy tng s mol CO2 thot ra l:
n
CO2 = 0,09 + 0,03 = 0,12 (mol)
kt hp cc d kin ta c: 0,075 ( mol ) < n CO2 < 0,12(mol)
Hay 1,68 ( lt ) < VCO 2 < 2,688 (lt)
Bi 8: Cho 28,1g qung lmt gm MgCO3; BaCO3 (%MgCO3 = a%) vo dung dch HCl d
thu c V (lt) CO2 ( ktc).
a/ Xc nh V (lt).
b/ Sc V (lt) CO2 va thu c vo dung dch nc vi trong. Tnh khi lng kt ta ti a
thu c bit s mol Ca(OH)2 = 0,2 (mol) v khi lng ca mi cht c trong hn hp ban
u.
Hng dn:
a/ Theo bi ra ta c PTHH:
MgCO3 + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2O + CO2
(1)
x(mol)
x(mol)
BaCO3 + 2HCl BaCl2 + H2O + CO2
(2)
y(mol)
y(mol)
CO2
+
Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
(3)

0,2(mol)
0,2(mol) 0,2(mol)
(4)
m
Gi s hn hp ch c MgCO3.Vy BaCO3 = 0
S mol: nMgCO3 =
28,1
= 0,3345 (mol)
84
Nu hn hp ch ton l BaCO3 th mMgCO3 = 0

S mol: nBaCO3 =
28,1
= 0,143 (mol)
197
81

Theo PT (1) v (2) ta c s mol CO2 gii phng l:
0,143 (mol) nCO2 0,3345 (mol)
Vy th tch kh CO2 thu c ktc l: 3,2 (lt) VCO 2 7,49 (lt)
b/ Khi lng kt ta thu c l:
*Nu s mol ca CO2 l: 0,143 ( mol ), th ch c PTP (3) xy ra v d Ca(OH)2, theo PTP
th nCaCO3 = nCO2 = 0,143 (mol).
Vy khi lng kt ta thu c l: mCaCO3 = 0,143 . 100 = 1,43g
*Nu s mol ca CO2 l: 0,3345 (mol), th c c P (3) v (4), theo PTP ta c: S mol CO2
tham gia P (3) l: nCO2 = nCa(OH)2 = 0,2 (mol). Vy s mol CO2 d l: 0,3345 0,2 =
0,1345 (mol). Tip tc tham gia P (4) khi :
S mol ca CaCO3 to ra (3) l: nCaCO3 = nCa(OH)2 = 0,2 (mol).
S mol ca CaCO3 P (4) l: nCaCO3 = nCO2 ( d ) = 0,1345 (mol)
Vy sau P (4) s mol ca CaCO3 cn li l: 0,2 0,1345 = 0,0655 (mol)
Khi lng kt ta thu c l: mCaCO3 = 0,0655 . 100 = 6,55g
* thu c kt ta ti a th nCO2 = nCa(OH)2 = 0,2 (mol).
Vy nCaCO3 = nCa(OH)2 = 0,2(mol)
Khi lng ca CaCO3 l: mCaCO3 = 0,2 . 100 = 20g
t x,y ln lt l s mol ca MgCO3 v BaCO3
Theo bi ra v PT (3) ta c:
x + y = 0,2 (*)
x = 0,1(mol)
Gii h PT (*) v (**) ta c:
84x + 197y = 28,1 (**)
y = 0,1(mol)
Vy khi lng ca mi cht c trong hn hp ban u l:
m
MgCO3 = 0,1 . 84 = 8,4g
m
BaCO3 = 0,1 .197 = 19,7g
Bi 9: Khi thm t t v khuy u 0,8 lit dd HCl 0,5 M vo dd cha 35g hn hp A gm 2
mui Na2CO3 v K2CO3 th c 2,24 lit kh CO2 thot ra ( ktc) v dd D. Thm dd Ca(OH)2 c
d vo dd D thu c kt ta B.
a/ Tnh khi lng mi mui trong hn hp A v khi lng kt ta B.
b/ Thm m (g) NaHCO3 vo hn hp A c hn hp A/. Tin hnh th nghim tng t nh
trn, th tch dd HCl 0,5M thm vo vn l 0,8 lit, dd thu c l dd D/. Khi thm Ca(OH)2 d
vo dd D/ c kt ta B/ nng 30 g. Tnh V (lit) kh CO2 thot ra ( ktc) v m (g).
Hng dn gii:
Gi x, y ln lt l s mol ca Na2CO3 v K2CO3.
Theo bi ra: S mol HCl = 0,4 mol
Giai on 1:
HCl + Na2CO3 NaHCO3 + NaCl (1)
HCl +
K2CO3 KHCO3 + KCl (2)
Sau phn ng (1 v 2) S mol HCl cn li l: 0,4 (x + y) tip tc tham gia phn ng
Giai on 2:
HCl + NaHCO3 NaCl +
H2O + CO2 (3)
HCl + KHCO3
KCl + H2O + CO2 (4)
Theo bi ra ta c: S mol CO2 = 0,1 mol.
Theo PTP ( 3 v 4 ) th: S mol HCl ( p ) = S mol CO2 = 0,1 mol.
82

Khi thm dd Ca(OH)2 d vo dd D thu c kt ta B , chng t HCl tham gia phn ng ht.
Trong D ch cha Mui clo rua v mui hir cacbonat (cn li sau phn ng 3 v 4)
Theo PTP:
NaHCO3 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + NaOH + H2O (5)
KHCO3 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + KOH + H2O (6)
T cc PT (1, 2, 3, 4) ta c: x + y = 0,3 (I)
Theo bi ra ta c: 106 x + 138 y = 35 (II)
Gii h PT (I) v (II): ta c x = 0,2 ; y = 0,1.
Khi lng ca cc cht trong hn hp ban u l: mNa 2 CO 3 = 21,2 g ; mK 2 CO 3 = 13,8 g
Theo PT (5,6) S mol CaCO3 = S mol (NaKHO3 + KHCO3) cn li sau phn ng (3,4)
Theo PT (3,4) S mol NaHCO3 + KHCO3 phn ng = S mol CO2 gii phng = 0,1 mol
Vy s mol NaHCO3 + KHCO3 cn li l: 0,3 0,1 = 0,2 mol
Khi lng CaCO3 to thnh l: 0,2 x 100 = 20 g
b/ khi thm m(g) NaHCO3 vo hn hp A
giai on 1: ch c Na2CO3 v K2CO3 phn ng nn s mol ca HCl vn l: x + y = 0,3 mol
s mol HCl phn ng giai on 2 vn l: 0,1 mol
Do s mol CO2 vn l 0,1 mol. Vy VCO 2 = 0,1 x 22,4 = 2,24 lit
Nu gi s mol ca NaHCO3 thm vo l b (mol)
Th tng s mol NaHCO3 + KHCO3 cn li sau giai on 2 l: (0,2 + b) mol
Theo bi ra ta c: 0,2 + b = 30 : 100 = 0,3. Vy b = 0,1 (mol)
Khi lng NaHCO3 thm vo l: 0,1 x 84 = 8,4 g
Bi 10: Cho 38,2g hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat trung ho ca 2 kim loi ho tr I tc dng
va vi dung dch axit HCl th thu c 6,72 lit CO2 (ktc).
a/ Tm tng khi lng 2 mui thu c sau phn ng.
b/ Tm 2 kim loi trn, bit 2 kim loi ny lin tip nhau trong phn nhm chnh nhm I.
p s:
a/ mhh mui = 41,5g.
b/ 2 kim loi trn l Na v K.
Bi 11: Mt hn hp X gm Na2CO3 v K2CO3 c khi lng l 10,5g. Khi cho hn hp X tc
dng vi HCl d th thu c 2,016 lit kh CO2 (ktc).
a/ Xc nh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca hn hp X.
b/ Ly 21g hn hp X vi thnh phn nh trn cho tc dng vi dung dch HCl va (khng
c kh thot ra). Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 2M cn dng.
p s:
a/ %Na2CO3 = 60,57% v %K2CO3 = 39,43%.
Bi 12: Cho 7,2g hn hp A gm 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi k tip nhau trong phn nhm
chnh nhm II. Cho A ho tan ht trong dung dch H2SO4 long thu c kh B, cho ton b kh
B hp th ht bi 450ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,2M thu c 15,76g kt ta. Xc nh 2 mui
cacbonat v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca chng tronh hn hp.
p s:
TH1: Ba(OH)2 d --> 2 mui l: MgCO3 v CaCO3
%MgCO3 = 58,33% v %CaCO3 = 41,67%
TH2: Ba(OH)2 thiu --> 2 mui l: MgCO3 v BeCO3
83

%MgCO3 = 23,33% v %BeCO3 = 76,67%
Bi 13: Cho 9,2g hn hp A gm 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi k tip nhau trong phn nhm
chnh nhm II. Ho tan hon ton hn hp a trong dung dch HCl thu c kh B, cho ton b
kh B hp th ht bi 550ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,2M thu c 19,7g kt ta. Xc nh 2 mui
cacbonat v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca chng trong hn hp u.
p s:
TH1: Ba(OH)2 d --> 2 mui l: MgCO3 v CaCO3
%MgCO3 = 45,65% v %CaCO3 = 54,35%
TH2: Ba(OH)2 thiu --> 2 mui l: MgCO3 v BeCO3
%MgCO3 = 44% v %BeCO3 = 56%
Bi 14: Mt hn hp X gm 2 kim loi A, B thuc 2 chu k lin tip trong bng tun hon, c
khi lng l 8,5g. Cho X phn ng ht vi nc cho ra 3,36 lit kh H2(ktc)
a/ Xc nh 2 kim loi v tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
b/ Thm vo 8,5g hn hp X trn, 1 kim loi kim th D c hn hp Y, cho Y tc dng vi
nc thu c dung dch E v 4,48 lit kh H2 (ktc). C cn dung dch E ta c cht rn Z c
khi lng l 22,15g. Xc nh D v khi lng ca D.
c/ trung ho dung dch E trn cn bao nhiu lt dung dch F cha HCl 0,2M v H2SO4
0,1M. Tnh khi lng kt ta thu c.
p s:
a/ mNa = 4,6g v mK = 3,9g.
b/ kim loi D l Ba. --> mBa = 6,85g.
c/ S mol BaSO4 = s mol Ba(OH)2 = s mol Ba = 0,05mol.
---> khi lng ca BaSO4 = 0,05 . 233 = 11,65g.
Bi 15: Ho tan 23g mt hn hp gm Ba v 2 kim loi kim A, B thuc 2 chu k k tip nhau
trong bng tun hon vo nc thu c dung dch D v 5,6 lit H2 (ktc).
a/ Nu trung ho 1/2 dung dch D cn bao nhiu ml dung dch H2SO4 0,5M? C cn dung dch
thu c sau khi trung ho th c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
b/ Nu thm 180ml dung dch Na2SO4 0,5M vo dung dch D th cha kt ta ht c
Ba(OH)2. Nu thm 210ml dung dch Na2SO4 0,5M vo dung dch D th dung dch sau phn
ng cn d Na2SO4. Xc nh 2 kim loi kim trn.
p s:
a/ mhh mui = 23,75g
b/ 2 kim loi kim l Na v K.
B- Ton hn hp mui halogen.
Cn nh:
halogen ng trn y c halogen ng di ra khi mui.
Tt c halogen u tan tr: AgCl, AgBr, AgI.
Hin nhin: AgF tan.
Bi 1: Mt hn hp 3 mui NaF, NaCl, NaBr nng 4,82g. Ho tan hon ton trong nc c
dung dch A. Sc kh Cl2 vo dung dch A ri c cn, thu c 3,93g mui khan. Ly mt na
lng mui khan ny ho tan trong nc ri cho phn ng vi dung dch AgNO3 d, thu c
84

4,305g kt ta. Vit cc phn ng xy ra v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi mui trong
hn hp ban u.
Hng dn:
PTHH xy ra:
Cl2 + 2NaBr ---> 2NaCl + Br2
(1)
z
z
mol
T PT (1) --> Trong 3,93g hn hp c cha x(mol) NaF v (y + z) mol NaCl.
Phn ng to kt ta:
AgNO3
+ NaCl ----> NaNO3 + AgCl (2)
yz
2
yz
2
mol
Ta c h PT.
mmui ban u = 42x + 58,5y + 103z = 4,82 (I)
mmui khan = 42x + 58,5(y + z) = 3,93
(II)
S mol AgCl =
yz
= 4,305 : 143,5 = 0,03 (III)
2
Gii h 3 phng trnh: x = 0,01, y = 0,04, z = 0,02

---> %NaCl = 48,5%; %NaBr = 42,7% v %NaF = 8,8%.
Bi 2: Dung dch A c cha 2 mui l AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2, trong nng ca AgNO3 l
1M. Cho 500ml dung dch A tc dng vi 24,05g mui gm KI v KCl, to ra c 37,85g kt
ta v dung dch B. Ngm mt thanh km vo trong dung dch B. Sau khi phn ng kt thc
nhn thy khi lng thanh kim loi km tng thm 22,15g.
a/ Xc nh thnh phn % theo s mol ca mui KI v KCl.
b/ Tnh khi lng Cu(NO3)2 trong 500ml dung dch A.
p s:
a/ nKI = nKCl ---> %nKI = %nKCl = 50%.
b/ S mol Cu(NO3)2 = 0,5 mol ----> khi lng Cu(NO3)2 = 94g.
Bi 3: Ho tan 5,94g hn hp 2 mui clorua ca 2 kim loi A v B( A, B l 2 kim loi thuc
phn nhm chnh nhm II) vo nc, c 100ml dung dch X. Ngi ta cho dung dch X tc
dng va vi dung dch AgNO3 th thu c 17,22g kt ta. Lc kt ta thu c dung dch
Y c th tch l 200ml. C cn dung dch Y thu c m(g) hn hp mui khan.
a/ Tnh m?
b/ Xc nh CTHH ca 2 mui clorua. Bit t l KLNT A so vi B l 5 : 3 v trong mui ban
u c t l s phn t A i vi s phn t mui B l 1 : 3.
c/ Tnh nng mol/l ca cc mui trong dung dch X.
Hng dn:
Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
t x, y l s mol ca mui ACl2 v BCl2
Ta c: (MA + 71).x + (MB + 71)y = 5,94
S mol AgCl to ra = 2(x + y) = 17,22 : 143,5 = 0,12 mol ---> x + y = 0,06.
----> xMA + yMB = 1,68
dd Y thu c gm x mol A(NO3)2 v y mol B(NO3)2 ---> mui khan.
(MA + 124)x + (MB + 124)y = m
Thay cc gi tr ta c: m = 9,12g
b/ theo bi ra ta c:
85

MA : MB = 5 : 3
x : y = n A : nB = 1 : 3
x + y = 0,06
xMA + yMB = 1,68
Gii h phng trnh ta c: MA = 40 v MB = 24.
Nng mol/l ca cc dung dch l:
CM(CaCl2) = 0,15M v CM(BaCl2) = 0,45M.
Bi 4: Chia 8,84 gam hn hp MCl v BaCl2 thnh 2 phn bng nhau. Ho tan phn 1 vo nc
ri cho phn ng vi AgNO3 d thu c 8,61g kt ta. em in phn nng chy phn 2 n
hon ton thu c V lit kh X ktc. Bit s mol MCl chim 80% s mol trong hn hp ban
u.
a/ Xc nh kim loi M v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi cht trong hn hp u.
b/ Tnh V?
Hng dn:
Gi s mol MCl v BaCl2 trong 8,84g hn hp l 2x v 2y (mol)
Cc PTHH xy ra:
MCl + AgNO3 ---> AgCl + MNO3
BaCl2 + 2AgNO3 ----> Ba(NO3)2 + 2AgCl
Phn 2:
2MCl -----> 2M + Cl2
BaCl2 ------> Ba + Cl2
Ta c: nAgCl = x + 2y = 8,61 : 143,5 = 0,06 mol
---> nCl 2 = (x + 2y) : 2 = 0,03 mol
Vy th tch kh Cl2 thu c ktc l:
V = 0,03 . 22,4 = 0,672 lit
- V MCl chim 80% tng s mol nn ta c: x = 4y ---> x = 0,04 v y = 0,01.
mhh X = (M + 35,5).2x + (137 + 71).2y = 8,84 ---> M = 23 v M c ho tr I, M l Na.
%NaCl = 52,94% v %BaCl2 = 47,06%.
Bi 5: Mt hp cht ho hc c to thnh t kim loi ho tr II v phi kim ho tr I. Ho tan
9,2g hp cht ny vo nc c 100ml dung dch. Chia dung dch ny thnh 2 phn bng
nhau. Thm mt lng d dung dch AgNO3 vo phn 1, thy to ra 9,4g kt ta. Thm mt
lng d dung dch Na2CO3 vo phn 2, thu c 2,1g kt ta.
a/ Tm cng thc ho hc ca hp cht ban u.
b/ Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch pha ch.
Hng dn.
t R l KHHH ca kim loi ho tr II v X l KHHH ca phi kim c ho tr I
Ta c CTHH ca hp cht l: RX2
t 2a l s mol ca hp cht RX2 ban u.
Ta c: 2a(MR + 2MX) = 9,2 (g) ----> a.MR + 2.a.MX = 4,6 (I)
Vit cc PTHH xy ra:
Phn 1:
2a(MAg + MX) = 216.a + 2.a.MX = 9,4
(II)
Hay 2.a.MAg - a.MR = 216.a - a.MR = 9,4 4,6 = 4,8 (*)
Phn 2:
a(MR + MCO 3 ) = a.MR + 60.a = 2,1
(III)
Hay 2.a.MX - a.MCO 3 = 2.a.MX 60.a = 4,6 2,1 = 2,5 (**)
86

T (*) v (III) ---> 216.a + 60.a = 4,8 + 2,1 = 6,9 ---> a = 0,025.
Thay a = 0,025 vo (III) ---> MR = 24. Vy R l Mg
Thay vo (I) ---> MX = 80. Vy X l Br.
CTHH ca hp cht: MgBr2
p s:
a/ Cng thc ho hc ca hp cht l MgBr2
b/ Nng dung dch MgBr2 l 0,5M.
Bi 6: Hn hp A gm 3 mui MgCl2, NaBr, KI. Cho 93,4g hn hp A tc dng vi 700ml dung
dch AgNO3 2M. Sau khi phn ng kt thc thu c dung dch D v kt ta B, cho 22,4g bt
Fe vo dung dch D. Sau khi phn ng xong thu c cht rn F v dung dch E. Cho F vo
dung dch HCl d to ra 4,48 lit H2 (ktc). Cho dung dch NaOH d vo dung dch E thu c
kt ta, nung kt ta trong khng kh cho n khi lng khng i thu c 24g cht rn. Tnh
khi lng kt ta B.
Hng dn:
Gi a, b, c ln lt l s mol MgCl2, NaBr, KI.
Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
Dung dch D gm: Mg(NO3)2, NaNO3, KNO3, v AgNO3 cn d.
Kt ta B gm: AgCl, AgBr, AgI.
Rn F gm: Ag v Fe cn d.
Dung dch E: Fe(NO3)2, Mg(NO3)2, NaNO3, KNO3 ch c Fe(NO3)2, Mg(NO3)2 tham gia phn
ng vi dung dch NaOH d.
----> 24g rn sau khi nung l: Fe2O3 v MgO.
p s: mB = 179,6g.
Bi 7: Ho tan 104,25g hn hp cc mui NaCl v NaI vo nc. Cho kh clo i qua ri un
cn. Nung cht rn thu c cho n khi ht hi mu tm bay ra. B cht rn thu c sau khi
nung nng 58,5g. Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi mui trong hn hp.
Hng dn:
Gi a, b ln lt l s mol ca NaCl v NaI
Khi sc kh clo vo th ton b mui NaI chuyn thnh mui NaCl.
Tng s mol mui NaCl sau phn ng l: (a + b) = 58,5 : 58,5 = 1 mol
v ta c: 58,5a + 150b = 104,25
Gii phng trnh ta c: a = 0,5 v b = 0,5
---> %mNaCl = (58,5 . 0,5 : 104,25 ) . 100% = 28,06%
v %mNaI = 100 28,06 = 71,94%
Bi 8: Cho 31,84g hn hp NaX v NaY (X, Y l hai halogen thuc 2 chu k lin tip) vo dung
dch AgNO3 c d thu c 57,34g kt ta. Tm cng thc ca NaX v NaY v thnh phn %
theo khi lng ca mi mui trong hn hp ban u.
Hng dn:
Gi R l halogen tng ng ca X v Y.
Cng thc tng ng ca 2 mui NaX, NaY l Na R
Na R + AgNO3 ---> Ag R + NaNO3
C 1 mol kt ta Ag R nhiu hn 1 mol Na R l: 108 23 = 85g
Vy s mol Na R phn ng l: (57,34 31,84) : 85 = 0,3 mol
Ta c: Khi lng mol ca Na R l: 31,84 : 0,3 = 106,13
---> Khi lng mol ca R = 106,13 23 = 83,13.
Vy X l Br v Y l I.
87

---> %mNaI = 9,43% v %mNaBr = 90,57%
Bi 9: C hn hp gm NaI v NaBr. Ho tan hn hp vo nc ri cho brm d vo dung
dch. Sau khi phn ng thc hin xong, lm bay hi dung dc lm kh sn phm, th thy khi
lng ca sn phm nh hn khi lng hn hp 2 mui ban u l m(g). Li ho tan sn phm
vo nc v cho clo li qua cho n d, lm bay hi dung dch v lm kh, cht cn li ngi
ta thy khi lng cht thu c li nh hn khi lng mui phn ng l m(g). Tnh thnh
phn % theo khi lng ca NaBr trong hn hp ban u.
Hng dn;
Gi a, b ln lt l s mol ca NaBr v NaI.
Khi sc Br2 vo trong dung dch th ch c NaI phn ng v ton b NaI chuyn thnh NaBr.
Vy tng s mol NaBr sau phn ng (1) l: (a + b) mol.
Sau phn ng (1) khi lng gim: m = mI - mBr = (127 - 80)b = 47b (*)
Tip tc sc Cl2 vo trong dung dch th ch c NaBr phn ng v ton b NaBr chuyn thnh
NaCl. Vy tng s mol NaCl sau phn ng (2) l: (a + b) mol.
Sau phn ng (2) khi lng gim: m = mBr mCl = (80 35,5)(a + b) = 44,5(a + b) (**)
T (*) v (**) ta c: b = 17,8a
Vy %mNaBr = (103a : (103a + 150b)) . 100% = 3,7%
Chuyn 13: bi tp tng hp v tnh theo PTHH
Bi 1: Chia hn hp gm 2 kim loi A, B c ho tr n, m lm 3 phn bng nhau.
Phn 1: Ho tan ht trong axit HCl thu c 1,792 lit H2 (ktc).
Phn 2: Cho tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d thu c 1,344 lit kh (ktc) v cn li cht rn
khng tan c khi lng bng 4/13 khi lng mi phn.
Phn 3: Nung trong oxi d thu c 2,84g hn hp gm 2 oxit l A2On v B2Om . Tnh tng
khi lng mi phn v xc nh 2 kim loi A v B.
Hng dn:
Gi a, b l s mol ca A, B trong mi phn.
Phn 1:
Vit PTHH:
S mol H2 =
na
mb
+
= 1,792 : 22,4 = 0,08 mol ----> na + mb = 0,16 (I)
2
2
Phn 2:
Tc dng vi NaOH d ch c 1 kim loi tan, gi s A tan.
A + (4 n)NaOH + (n 2)H2O ---> Na4 nAO2 + n/2 H2
a (mol)
na/2 (mol)
S mol H2 = na/2 = 1,344 : 22,4 ---> na = 0,12 (II)
Thay vo (I) --> mb = 0,04.
Mt khc khi lng B trong mi phn:
mB = 4/13.m1/3 hh
Phn 3:
Vit PTHH:
mhh oxit = (2MA + 16n).a/2 + (2MB + 16m).b/2 = 2,84
= MA + MB + 8(na + mb) = 2,84 ---> MA + MB = 1,56 (g)
(*)
mB = 4/13. 1,56 = 0,48 (g) ----> mA = 1,08 (g)
---> MA = 1,08n : 0,12 = 9n --> n = 3 v MA = 27 l ph hp. Vy A l Al
88

---> MB = 0,48m : 0,04 = 12m --> m = 2 v MB = 24 l ph hp. Vy B l Mg.
Bi 2: Nung a(g) hn hp A gm MgCO3, Fe2O3 v CaCO3 nhit cao n khi lng khng
i, thu c cht rn B c khi lng bng 60% khi lng hn hp A. Mt khc ho tan hon
ton a(g) hn hp A trong dung dch HCl thu c kh C v dung dch D. Cho dung dch D tc
dng vi dung dch NaOH d, lc ly kt ta, nung n khi lng khng i, thu c 12,92g
hn hp 2 oxit.
Cho kh C hp th hon ton vo 2 lit dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,075M, sau khi phn ng xong, lc
ly dung dch, thm nc vi trong d vo trong dung dch thu c thm 14,85g kt ta.
a/ Tnh th tch kh C ktc.
b/ Tnh % khi lng cc cht trong hn hp A.
Hng dn:
t s mol MgCO3, Fe2O3, CaCO3 ln lt l x, y, z (mol) trong hn hp A.
Ta c: 84x + 160y + 100z = a(g) (I)
Sau khi nung cht rn B gm: x mol MgO, y mol Fe2O3 v z mol CaO.
40x + 160y + 56z = 0,6a (II)
T (I, II) ta c: 44(x + y) = 0,4a ---> a = 110(x + y)
(III)
Cho A + HCl.
Kh C gm c: S mol CO2 = x + y (mol)
Hn hp D gm c: x mol MgCl2, y mol FeCl3, z mol CaCl2.
Cho D + NaOH d thu c 2 kt ta: x mol Mg(OH)2 v y mol Fe(OH)3 ---> 2 oxit tng ng
l: x mol MgO, y mol Fe2O3 .
moxit = 40x + 160y = 12,92
(IV)
Cho C + dd Ba(OH)2 ---> a mol BaCO3 v b mol Ba(HCO3)2
Ta c: S mol CO2 phn ng l: a + 2b = x + z
S mol Ba(OH)2 phn ng l: a + b = 2 . 0,075
---> b = (x + y) 0,15 (V)
PTHH:
Ba(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 -----> CaCO3 + BaCO3 + 2H2O
b mol
b mol
b mol
Ta c: 100b + 197b = 14,85 ---> b = 0,05.
T (V) --> x + y = 0,2
T (III) --> a = 110 . 0,2 = 22g
a/ Th tch kh CO2 thu c ktc l: 4,48 lit
b/ Gii h PT (I, III, V) ---> x = 0,195, y = 0,032, z = 0,005.
Khi lng v thnh phn % ca cc cht l:
m
MgCO3 = 16,38g ( 74,45%)
m
Fe2O3 = 5,12g (23,27%)
m
CaCO3 = 0,5g ( 2,27%)
Bi 3: Hn hp bt A gm Fe v Mg c khi lng 2,72g c chia thnh 2 phn bng nhau.
Phn 1: Cho vo 400ml dung dch CuSO4 a(M) ch cho phn ng xong thu c 1,84g cht rn
B v dung dch C. Cho dung dch NaOH d vo dung dch C thu c kt ta. Sy nung kt ta
trong khng kh n khi lng khng i cn c 1,2g cht rn D.
Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp A v tr s a?
89

Phn 2: Cho tc dng vi V(ml) dung dch AgNO3 0,1M. Sau khi phn ng xong thu c cht
rn E c khi lng 3,36g. Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng cc cht trong cht rn E? Tnh
V?
Hng dn:
Xt phn 1:
m(Mg + Fe) = 2,72 : 2 = 1,36g.
TH1: 1/2 hh A phn ng ht vi CuSO4. ---> dd C gm c: FeSO4, MgSO4, CuSO4.
Cht rn B l Cu (c khi lng 1,84g)
Cho dd C + dd NaOH ---> kt ta Fe(OH)2, Mg(OH)2, Cu(OH)2 ---> Oxit tng ng sau khi
nung trong kk l Fe2O3, MgO, CuO c khi lng l 1,2g < 1,36g --> Vy A cha tham gia
phn ng ht.
TH2: 1/2 hh A phn ng cha ht vi CuSO4.
Gi thit Mg Mg phn ng cha ht (m Mg li hot ng ho hc mnh hn Fe) th dd CuSO4
phi ht v Fe cha tham gia phn ng --> dd C l MgSO4 v cht rn D ch c MgO.
---> S mol Mg phn ng = nCu = nMgO = 1,2 : 40 = 0,03 mol
Cht rn B gm Cu, Fe v Mg cn d.
Nhng ta thy mCu to ra = 0,03 . 64 = 1,92g > 1,84g --> Tri vi iu kin bi ton. Vy Mg phi
ht v Fe tham gia 1 phn.
Nh vy:
cht rn B gm c: Cu v Fe cn d
dd C gm c MgSO4 v FeSO4
cht rn D gm c MgO v Fe2O3 c khi lng l 1,2g.
t x, y l s mol Fe, Mg trong 1/2 hh A v s mol Fe cn d l z (mol)
56x + 24y = 1,36
(x z).64 + y.64 + 56z = 1,84
160(x z) : 2 + 40y = 1,2
Gii h phng trnh trn ta c: x = 0,02, y = 0,01, z = 0,01.
---> %Fe = 82,35% v %Mg = 17,65%
S mol ca CuSO4 = 0,02 mol ----> a = 0,02 : 0,4 = 0,05M
Xt phn 2:
1/2 hh A c khi lng l 1,36g
tng khi lng cht rn = 3,36 1,36 = 2,0g
Gi thit Fe cha phn ng.
Ta c: s mol Mg phn ng = 2 : (2 . 108 24) = 0,0104 mol > nMg trong phn 1.
----> Nh vy Fe tham gia phn ng v Mg phn ng ht.
mrn do Mg sinh ra = 0,01 . (2. 108 24) = 1,92g
mrn do Fe sinh ra = 2 1,92 = 0,08 g
nFe phn ng = 0,08 : (2. 108 56) = 0,0005 mol.
nFe d = 0,02 0,0005 = 0,0195mol
Vy cht rn E gm c Fe cn d v Ag c sinh ra sau phn ng.
Tng s mol AgNO3 phn ng = (0,01 + 0,0005).2 = 0,021 mol
Th tch ca dd AgNO3 0,1M dng = 0,021 : 0,1 = 0,21 lit.
Bi 4: Cho 9,86g hn hp gm Mg v Zn vo 1 cc cha 430ml dung dch H2SO4 1M long.
Sau khi phn ng hon ton, thm tip vo cc 1,2 lit dung dch hn hp gm Ba(OH)2 0,05M
v NaOH 0,7M, khuy u cho phn ng hon ton, ri lc ly kt ta v nung nng n khi
lng khng i th thu c 26,08g cht rn. Tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
90

Hng dn;
t s mol Mg v Zn l x v y.
Ta c: 24x + 65y = 9,86 (I)
S mol H2SO4 = 043.1= 0,43 mol
t HX l cng thc tng ng ca H2SO4 ---> nHX = 2nH 2 SO 4 = 0,43.2 = 0,86 mol
S mol Ba(OH)2 = 1,2 . 0,05 = 0,06 mol
S mol NaOH = 0,7 . 1,2 = 0,84 mol
t ROH l cng thc tng ng cho 2 baz cho.
Ta c: nROH = 2nBa(OH) 2 + nNaOH = 0,06.2 + 0,84 = 0,96 mol
PTHH xy ra
Gi s hn hp ch cha mnh Zn ---> x = 0.
Vy y = 9,86 : 65 = 0,1517 mol
Gi s hn hp ch Mg ---> y = 0
Vy x = 9,86 : 24 = 0,4108 mol
0,1517 < nhh kim loi < 0,4108
V x > 0 v y > 0 nn s mol axit tham gia phn ng vi kim loi l:
0,3034 < 2x + 2y < 0,8216 nhn thy lng axit dng < 0,86 mol.
Vy axit d --> Do Zn v Mg phn ng ht.
Sau khi ho tan ht trong dung dch c.
x mol MgX2 ; y mol ZnX2 ; 0,86 2(x + y) mol HX v 0,43 mol SO4.
Cho dung dch tc dng vi dung dch baz.
HX
+
ROH ---> RX +
H2O.
0,86 2(x + y) 0,86 2(x + y)
mol
MgX2
+
2ROH ----> Mg(OH)2 + 2RX
x
2x
x
mol
ZnX2
+
2ROH ----> Zn(OH)2 + 2RX
y
2y
y
mol
Ta c nROH phn ng = 0,86 2(x + y) + 2x + 2y = 0,86 mol
Vy nROH d = 0,96 0,86 = 0,1mol
Tip tc c phn ng xy ra:
Zn(OH)2 + 2ROH ----> R2ZnO2 + 2H2O
b: y
0,1
mol
P: y1
2y1
mol
cn: y y1
0,1 2y1
mol
( iu kin: y y1)
Phn ng to kt ta.
Ba(OH)2 + H2SO4 ---> BaSO4 + 2H2O
b: 0,06
0,43
0
mol
p: 0,06
0,06
0,06
mol
cn: 0
0,43 0,06
0,06
mol
Nung kt ta.
Mg(OH)2 -----> MgO + H2O
x
x
mol
Zn(OH)2 -------> ZnO + H2O
y y1
y y1
mol
BaSO4 ----> khng b nhit phn hu.
91

0,06 mol
Ta c: 40x + 81(y y1) + 233.0,06 = 26,08
---> 40x + 81(y y1) = 12,1
(II)
Khi y y1 = 0 ---> y = y1 ta thy 0,1 2y1 0 ---> y1 0,05
Vy 40x = 12,1 ---> x = 12,1 : 40 = 0,3025 mol
Thay vo (I) ta c y = 0,04 ( y = y1 0,05) ph hp
Vy mMg = 24 . 0,3025 = 7,26g v mZn = 65 . 0,04 = 2,6g
Khi y y1 > 0 --> y > y1 ta c 0,1 2y1 = 0 (v nROH phn ng ht)
----> y1 = 0,05 mol, thay vo (II) ta c: 40x + 81y = 16,15.
Gii h phng trnh (I, II) ---> x = 0,38275 v y = 0,01036
Kt qu y < y1 (khng ph hp vi iu kin y y1 ) ---> loi.
Bi 5: Cho X l hn hp ca 3 cht gm kim loi R, oxit v mui sunfat ca kim loi R. bit R
c ho tr II khng i trong cc hp cht. Chia 29,6 gam X thnh 2 phn bng nhau.
Phn 1: em ho tan trong dung dch H2SO4 long d thu c dung dch A, kh B. lng kh B
ny va kh ht 16g CuO. Sau cho dung dch A tc dng vi dung dch KOH d cho
n khi kt thc phn ng thu c kt ta C. Nung C n khi lng khng i th thu c
14g cht rn.
Phn 2: Cho tc dng vi 200ml dung dch CuSO4 1,5M. Sau khi phn ng kt thc tch b
cht rn, c cn phn dung dch th thu c 46g mui khan.
a/ Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
b/ Xc nh kim loi R.
c/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng cc cht trong X. Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton.
Hng dn:
t x, y, z l s mol R, RO, RSO4 trong 1/2 hh X ta c:
x.MR + (MR + 16).y + (MR + 96).z = 14,8g
phn 1;
Vit cc PTHH xy ra;
dd A c RSO4 = (x + y + z) mol v H2SO4 d
Kh B l H2 = x mol
H2 + CuO -----> Cu + H2O
x
x
x
mol
nCuO = x = 16 : 80 = 0,2 mol
dd A + KOH d
H2SO4 + 2KOH ----> K2SO4 + H2O
RSO4 + 2KOH ----> K2SO4 + R(OH)2
R(OH)2 ------> RO
+ H 2O
(x + y + z)
(x + y + z)
mol
Ta c: (MR + 16). (x + y + z) = 14 (II).
Thay x = 0,2 vo (I, II) --> z = 0,05
Phn 2:
R + CuSO4 ----> RSO4 + Cu
b: 0,2
0,3
mol
p: 0,2
0,2
0,2 mol
S mol CuSO4 d = 0,3 0,2 = 0,1 mol
Tng s mol RSO4 = (0,2 + z) mol
92

mMui khan = mRSO 4 + mCuSO 4 = 0,1.160 + (MR + 96)(0,2 + z) = 46.
Thay z = 0,05 ---> MR = 24, R c ho tr II ---> R l Mg
Thay cc gi tr vo tnh c y = 0,1.
mMg = 4,8g --> %Mg = 32,43%
mMgO = 4,0g --> %MgO = 27,03%
mMgSO 4 = 6,0g --> %MgSO4 = 40,54%
Bi 6: Ho tan ht 7,74g hn hp bt 2 kim loi Mg v Al bng 500ml dung dch hn hp cha
axit HCl 1M v axit H2SO4 long 0,28M, thu c dung dch A v 8,736 lit kh H2 (ktc). Cho
rng cc axit phn ng ng thi vi 2 kim loi.
a/ Tnh tng khi lng mui to thnh sau phn ng.
b/ Cho dung dch A phn ng vi V lit dung dch hn hp gm NaOH 1M v Ba(OH)2 0,5M.
Tnh th tch V cn dng sau phn ng thu c lng kt ta ln nht, tnh khi lng kt
ta .
Hng dn:
t x, y l s mol Mg v Al
24x + 27y = 7,74 (I)
t HA l cng thc tng ng ca hn hp gm 2 axit HCl v H2SO4.
nHA = nHCl + 2nH 2 SO 4 = 0,5 + 2.0,14 = 0,78 mol.
Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
nH 2 = x + 1,5y = 8,736 : 22,4 = 0,39 (II)
T (I, II) --> x = 0,12 v y = 0,18.
mmui = mhh kim loai + mhh axit - mH 2 = 38,93g
t ROH l cng thc tng ng ca hn hp gm 2 baz l NaOH v Ba(OH)2
nROH = nNaOH + 2nBa(OH) 2 = 1V + 2.0,5V = 2V (mol)
Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
----> Tng s mol ROH = 0,78 mol. Vy th tch V cn dng l: V = 0,39 lit
Ngoi 2 kt ta Mg(OH)2 v Al(OH)3 th trong dung dch cn xy ra phn ng to kt ta
BaSO4.Ta c nBaSO 4 = nH 2 SO 4 = 0,14 mol
(V nBa(OH) 2 = 0,5.0,39 = 0,195 mol > nH 2 SO 4 = 0,14 mol) ---> nH 2 SO 4 phn ng ht.
Vy khi lng kt ta ti a c th thu c l.
mkt ta = mMg(OH) 2 + mAl(OH) 3 + mBaSO 4 = 53,62g
Bi 7:
1. Ho tan va axit ca kim loi M c cng thc MO vo dung dch H2SO4 long nng
4,9% c dung dch ch cha mt mui tan c nng 7,6 %.
a) Cho bit tn kim loi M.
b) Tnh khi lng dung dch H2SO4 dng
2. Hp th ton b hn hp gm kh CO2 v hi H2O vo 900 ml dung dch Ca(OH)2 1M, thu
c 40 gam kt ta. Tch b phn kt ta, thy khi lng dung dch tng 7,8 gam so vi khi
lng dung dch Ca(OH)2 ban u.
Hy tm khi lng CO2 v khi lng H2O em dng.
Hng dn:
Gi x l s mol MO
93

MO + H2SO4 MSO4 + H2O
Khi lng cht tan MSO4 l: (M+96)x.
Khi lng MO l:
(M+16)x.
Khi lng H2SO4 ban u:
m=
Khi lng dung dch MSO4:
m=
( M 96) x
2000 x ( M 16) x
98 x.100
2000 x
4,9
2000x + (M + 16)x
.100 7,69
m = 2000 (g)
(x=1)
Do x c nhiu gi tr nn c rt nhiu gi tr khi lng dung dch H2SO4 tng ng.
2,
a . Khi s mol CO2 s mol Ca(OH)2
S mol CaCO3 =
40
= 0,4 mol
100
Khi lng CO2 l 0,4 . 44 = 17,6 (g)

17,6 + mdd+mH2O= m' + 40 (m' = mdd+7,8)
mH2O=7,8+40-17,6 = 30,2 (g)
b) Khi nCa(OH)2 < nCO2 < 2nCa(OH)2
?
0,9
0,9

S mol kt ta:
0,9- t =
40
0,4 t 0,5
100
S mol CO2: 0,9 + 0,5 = 1,4 (mol)

Khi lng CO2: 1,4.44 = 61,6 (g)
Khi lng H2O: 40 +7,8 - 61,6 < 0 -----> Ta loi trng hp ny.
Bi 8: Ho tan hon ton 25,2 g mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi ha tr II bng dung dch HCl
7,3% (D = 1,038 g/ml). Cho ton b kh CO2 thu c vo
500 ml dung dch NaOH 1M th thu c 29,6g mui.
a. Xc nh CTHH ca mui cacbonat.
b. Tnh th tch ca dung dch HCl dng.
94

Hng dn:
a/ t cng thc ca mui cacbonat l MCO3.
Cc PTHH:
MCO3 + 2 HCl
MCl2 + CO2 + H2O (2)
NaOH + CO2
NaHCO3.
(3)
a
a
a
2NaOH + CO2
Na2CO3 + H2O.
(4)
2b
b
b
S mol NaOH: nNaOH = 0,5. 1 = 0,5 mol
Gi a, b ln lt l s mol CO2 tham gia phn ng (3) v (4).
Theo phng trnh v bi ta c:
nNaOH = a + 2b = 0,5 mol
(5).
mmui = 84 a + 106 b = 29,6 g (6)
Gii (5) v (6) ta c: a = 0,1mol ; b = 0,2mol.
S mol CO2 to thnh (2):
nCO2 = a + b = 0,1 + 0,2 = 0,3 mol.
Theo pt (2):
nMCO3= nCO2 = 0,3 mol.
Khi lng phn t ca mui ban u:
25, 2
M MCO3
= 84.
0,3
M + 60 = 84 M = 24 vC.
Vy M l Mg suy ra CTHH ca mui cn tm: MgCO3
Lu : HS c th bin lun chng minh xy ra c (3) v (4).
Ta thy:
29, 6
29, 6
< nmui <
106
84
0,28 mol < nmui < 0,35 mol.
M nCO2 = nmui.
: 0,28 < nCO2 < 0,35.
0, 5 nNaOH
0, 5
2
0,35 nCO2
0, 28
1< nNaOH/ nCO2 < 2

ra to 2 mui c c (3 ) v (4) xy ra.
a. Theo phng trnh (2)

nHCl =2nCO2 =2 . 0,3 = 0,6 mol
Khi lng HCl dng:
MHCl =0,6 .36,5 =21,9 (g)
Khi lng dung dch HCl dng:
mddHCl =
21.9 x100
= 300g.
7,3
Th tch dung dch HCl dng:

300
Vdd HCl = 1,038 = 289ml = 0,289 (lit)

95

Bi 9: Cho 4g Fe v mt kim loi ho tr II vo dung dch H 2SO4 long ly d thu c 2,24 lt
kh H2 (ktc). Nu cho 1,2g kim loi ho tr II ni trn phn ng vi 0,7 lt kh O 2(ktc) th
lng Oxi cn d sau phn ng.
a, Xc nh kim loi ha tr II.
b, Tnh % khi lng tng kim loi trong hn hp.
Hng dn:
a/ Cc PTP:
Fe
+ H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2
xmol
xmol
xmol
A
+ H2SO4 ASO4
+ H2
ymol
ymol
ymol
nH
2,24
=0,1mol
22,4
Theo bi ra ta c h phng trnh:
56x +Ay =4
(a)
x +y =0,1
Ay - 56y = - 1,6
1,6
56 - A
1,6
0,1 M A 40
0<
56 - A
y
(1)
2A
O2
0,7
2AO (*)
mol
n O2 = 22,4 =0,03125
1,2 0,03125
<
(do oxi d)
2A
1
Theo PTP (*):
---> 2A > 38,4 Vy A > 19,2

(2)
(1) v (2) Ta c 19,2 < MA < 40.
Do A l kim loi c ho tr II nn A l Mg.
b. Thay A vo h PT (a)
56 x 24 y 4
x 0,05
x y 0,1
y 0,05
mFe = 0,05. 56= 2,8g

mMg = 1,2g
% Fe =
2,8
.100% =70%
4
% Mg = 100% - 70% = 30%

Bi 10: Nhit phn hon ton 20 g hn hp MgCO3, CaCO3 , BaCO3 thu c kh B. Cho kh B
hp th ht vo nc vi trong thu c 10 gam kt ta v dung dch C. un nng dung dch C
ti phn ng hon ton thy to thnh thm 6 gam kt ta. Hi % khi lng ca MgCO3 nm
trong khong no?
Hng dn: Cc PTHH:
MgCO3
t0
MgO + CO2(k)
(1)
(B)
96

CaCO3
t0
Ca0 + CO2(k)
(2)
(B)
BaCO3
BaO + CO2;k)
(3)
(B)
CO2(k) + Ca (OH)2(dd) ----> CaCO3(r) + H2O(l) (4)
(B)
2CO2(k) + Ca(OH)2(dd) ----> Ca(HCO3)2(dd)
(5)
(B)
(C)
0
Ca(HCO3)2 t
CaCO3(r) + CO2(k) + H2O(l) (6)
(C)
Theo phng trnh phn ng (4) v (6) ta c:
nCaCO3 = 0,1 + 0,06 = 0,16 (mol) ----> n cO2 = 0,1 + 0,06 x 2 = 0,22 (mol)
theo phng trnh phn ng (1) , (2) , (3), (4 ), (5) ta c:
Tng s mol mui: n mui = n CO2 = 0,22 (mol)
Gi x, y, z ln lt l s mol ca mui: MgCO3, CaCO3, BaCO3 c trong 100 gam hn hp v
tng s mol ca cc mui s l: x + y + z = 1,1 mol
V ban u l 20 gam hn hp ta quy v 100 gam hn hp nn nmui = 1,1 (mol)
Ta c: 84x + 100y + 197z = 100 ---> 100y + 197z = 100 84x
V
x +
y +
z = 1,1 --->
y +z
= 1,1 x
100 y 197 z 100 84 x
<--> 100 <

< 197
yz
1,1 x
----> 52,5 < 84x < 86,75
Vy % lng MgCO3 nm trong khong t 52,6% n 86,75 %
t0
Bi 11: Ho tan 11,2g CaO vo nc ta c dd A.

1/ Nu kh CO2 sc qua A v sau khi kt thc th nghim c 2,5 g kt ta th c bao nhiu lt kh
CO2 tham gia phn ng?
2/ Nu ho tan 28,1g hn hp MgCO 3 v BaCO3 c thnh phn thay i trong cha a%
MgCO3 bng dd HCl v cho tt c kh thot ra hp th ht vo dd A th thu c kt ta D.
Hi: a c gi tr bao nhiu th lng kt ta D nhiu nht v t nht?
1.
nCaO =
11,2
= 0,2 mol
56
Phng trnh ho hc:

CaO + H2O
0,2
Ca(OH)2 (1)
0,2
mol
Khi sc CO2 vo c phn ng:

97
(2)

Trng hp 1: Ca(OH)2 d v CO2 phn ng ht th:
Theo (2)
nCO2 = nCaCO3 =
2,5
= 0,025 mol
100
VCO2 = 0,025 . 22,4 = 0,56 Lt.

Trng hp 2:
CO2 d, Ca(OH)2 phn ng ht c thm phn ng:

CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
Ca(HCO3)2
(3)
Theo (1) nCO2 = nCa(OH)2 = nCaCO3 = 0,2 mol.
nCaCO3 phn ng (3): = 0,2 - 0,025 = 0, 175 mol.
Theo (3) nCO2 = nCaCO3 = 0,175 Mol.
Tng nCO2 (2) v (3) l: 0,2 + 0,175 = 0,375 mol.
VCO2 = 0,375 . 22,4 = 8,4 Lt.
2. Cc phn ng xy ra:
MgCO3 + 2 HCl MgCl2 + CO2 + H2O (1)
BaCO3 + 2 HCl BaCl2 + CO2 + H2O (2)
Khi sc CO2 vo dd A c th xy ra cc phn ng :
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O (3)
2 CO2 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(HCO3)2
(4)
lng kt ta CaCO3 thu c l ln nht th ch xy ra phn ng (3).
Khi : nCO2 = nCa(OH)2 = 0,2mol.
Theo bi khi lng MgCO3 c trong 28,1 g hn hp l:
2,81.a
= 0,281a
100
28,1 0,281a
nBaCO3 =
197
mMgCO3 =
nMgCO3 =
0,281a
84
Theo (1) v (2) nCO2 = nMgCO3 + nBaCO3

Ta c phng trnh:
0,281a 28,1 0,281a
= 0,2.
84
197
Gii ra ta c: a = 29,89 % . Vy khi a = 29,89 % th lng kt ta ln nht.

Khi a = 0 % th ngha l hn hp ch ton mui BaCO3
Khi nCO2 =
28,1
= 0,143 mol.
197
Ta c:
nCO2 < nCa(OH)2.
Theo (3): nCaCO3 = nCO2 = 0,143 mol.
m CaCO3 = 0,143 . 100 = 14,3g.
Khi a = 100% ngha l hn hp ch ton mui MgCO3 khi :
nCO2 =
28,1
= 0,334 > nCa(OH)2 = 0,2 mol.
84
Theo (3): nCaCO3 = nCa(OH)2 = 0,2 mol.

V CO2 d nn CaCO3 tip tc phn ng:
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2
Theo (5): nCaCO3 = nCO2 d = 0,334 - 0,2 = 0,134.
nCaCO3 cn li : 0,2 - 0,134 = 0,066
mCaCO3 = 0,066 . 100 = 6,6 < 14,3g.
Vy khi a = 100% th lng kt ta thu c b nht.
98
(5)

Bi 12: Ho tan 7,74g hn hp 2 kim loi Mg, Al trong 500ml dung dch hn hp cha HCl 1M
v H2SO4 0,38M (long). Thu c dung dch A v 8,736 lt kh H2(ktc).
a. Kim loi tan ht cha? gii thch?
b. Tnh khi lng mui c trong dung dch A?
Hng dn:
n HCl = 0,5 mol ; n H 2 SO4 = 0,19 mol ; n H 2 = 0,39 mol
a/ Cc P.T.H.H: Mi PTHH ng cho.
Mg + 2 HCl
MgCl2
+ H2
(1)
2 Al + 6 HCl
2AlCl3
+ 3H2
(2)
Mg + H2SO4
MgSO4
+ H2
(3)
2 Al
+ 3 H2SO4
Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2
(4)
T 1,2 :
1
n H 2 = 2 n HCl = 2 .0,5 = 0,25 (mol).

T 3, 4
n H 2 = n H 2 SO4 = 0,19 (mol)
Suy ra: Tng n H 2 = 0,25 + 0,19 = 0,44 (mol)
Ta thy:
0,44 > 0,39
Vy: Axt d, kim loi tan ht.
b/ Theo cu a: Axt d.
* TH1: Gi s HCl phn ng ht, H2SO4 d:
n HCl = 0,5 mol n H 2 =0,25 mol
(1,2)
n H 2 = 0,39 - 0,25 = 0,14 (mol) suy ra n H 2 SO4 = 0,14 mol
(3,4)
(p)
Theo nh lut BTKL:
m mui = 7,74 + 0,5 .35,5 + 0,14 .96 = 38,93g
(A)
* TH2: Gi s H2SO4 phn ng ht, HCl d
Suy ra n H 2 SO4 = 0,19 mol
suy ra n H 2 = 0,19 mol

3,4
n H 2 = 0,39 0,19 = 0,2 (mol) suy ra n HCl = 0,2.2 =0,4 (mol)

(1,2)
(p )
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng:
m mui = 7,74 + 0,19.96 + 0,4.35,5 = 40,18 (g)
V thc t phn ng xy ra ng thi. Nn c 2 axt u d.
Suy ra tng khi lng mui trong A thu c l:
38,93 (g) < m mui A <40,18 (g)
Bi 13: Cho hn hp gm MgO, Al2O3 v mt oxit ca kim loi ho tr II km hot ng. Ly
16,2 gam A cho vo ng s nung nng ri cho mt lung kh H2 i qua cho n phn ng hon
ton. Lng hi nc thot ra c hp th bng 15,3 gam dung dch H2SO4 90%, thu c
dung dch H2SO4 85%. Cht rn cn li trong ng em ho tan trong HCl vi lng va , thu
c dung dch B v 3,2 gam cht rn khng tan. Cho dung dch B tc dng vi 0,82 lt dung
99

dch NaOH 1M, lc ly kt ta, sy kh v nung nng n khi lng khng i, c 6,08
gam cht rn.
Xc nh tn kim loi ho tr II v thnh phn % khi lng ca A.
Hng dn:
Gi R l KHHH ca kim loi ho tr II, RO l CTHH ca oxit.
t a, b, c ln lt l s mol ca MgO, Al2O3, RO trong hn hp A.
Theo bi ra ta c:
40a + 102b + (MR + 16)c = 16,2 (I)
Cc PTHH xy ra:
RO + H2 -----> R + H2O (1)
MgO + 2HCl ----> MgCl2 + H2O (2)
Al2O3 + 6HCl ---> 2AlCl3 + 3H2O (3)
MgCl2 + 2NaOH ----> Mg(OH)2 + 2NaCl (4)
AlCl3 + 3NaOH -----> Al(OH)3 + 3NaCl (5)
C th c: Al(OH)3 + NaOH -----> NaAlO2 + H2O (6)
x
x
x
Gi x l s mol ca NaOH cn d tham gia phn ng vi Al(OH)3
Mg(OH)2 -----> MgO + H2O (7)
2Al(OH)3 ------> Al2O3 + 3H2O (8)
2b x
2
2b x
mol
Ta c:
Khi lng ca axit H2SO4 trong dd 90% l:
m = 15,3 . 0,9 = 13,77 (g)
Khi lng ca axit H2SO4 trong dd 85% vn l 13,77(g). V khi pha long bng H2O th khi
lng cht tan c bo ton.
Khi lng dd H2SO4 85% l: (15,3 + 18c)
13,77
Ta c: C% = (15,3 18c) .100% = 85%

Gii phng trnh: c = 0,05 (mol)
Cht rn khng tan trong axit HCl l R, c khi lng 3,2g.
MR =
3,2
= 64. Vy R l Cu.
0,05
Thay vo (I) ---> 40a + 102b = 12,2 (II)

S mol NaOH = 0,82.1 = 0,82 (mol)
TH1: Phn ng 6 xy ra nhng Al(OH)3 tan cha ht.
nNaOH = 2a + 6b + x = 0,82 (III)
40a + 102(
2b x
) = 6,08
2
(IV)
Gii h phng trnh (II) v (IV) c: x = 0,12 (mol)

Thay vo (III) ---> 2a + 6b = 0,7 (III)/
Gii h phng trnh: (II) v (III)/ c: a = 0,05 v b = 0,1
%CuO = 24,69% ; %MgO = 12,35% v %Al2O3 = 62,96%
TH2: Phn ng 6 xy ra v Al(OH)3 tan ht
mrn = mMgO = 6,08g
nMgO = 6,08 : 40 = 0,152 mol
100

mAl 2 O 3 = 12,2 6,08 = 6,12 g
nAl 2 O 3 = 6,12 : 102 = 0,06 mol
nNaOH = 2nMgO + 6nAl 2 O 3 = 2.0,152 + 6.0,06 = 0,664 mol
nAl(OH) 3 = 2nAl 2 O 3 = 0,12 mol
nNaOH d = 0,82 0,664 = 0,156 mol
Nhn thy: nNaOH d = 0,156 > nAl(OH) 3 = 0,12 mol => Al(OH)3 tan ht.
Tnh c: mCuO = 4g => %mCuO = 24,69%
mMgO = 6,08g => %mMgO = 37,53%
mAl 2 O 3 = 6,12 => % mAl 2 O 3 = 37,78%
Chuyn 14: nhn bit phn bit cc cht.
I/ Nguyn tc v yu cu khi gii bi tp nhn bit.
Mun nhn bit hay phn bit cc cht ta phi da vo phn ng c trng v c cc hin
tng: nh c cht kt ta to thnh sau phn ng, i mu dung dch, gii phng cht c
mi hoc c hin tng si bt kh. Hoc c th s dng mt s tnh cht vt l (nu nh
bi cho php) nh nung nhit khc nhau, ho tan cc cht vo nc,
Phn ng ho hc c chn nhn bit l phn ng c trng n gin v c du hiu r
rt. Tr trng hp c bit, thng thng mun nhn bit n ho cht cn phi tin hnh (n
1) th nghim.
Tt c cc cht c la chn dng nhn bit cc ho cht theo yu cu ca bi, u
c coi l thuc th.
Lu : Khi nim phn bit bao hm so snh (t nht phi c hai ho cht tr ln) nhng
mc ch cui cng ca phn bit cng l nhn bit tn ca mt s ho cht no .
II/ Phng php lm bi.
1/ Chit(Trch mu th) cc cht vo nhn bit vo cc ng nghim.(nh s)
2/ Chn thuc th thch hp(tu theo yu cu bi: thuc th tu chn, han ch hay khng
dng thuc th no khc).
3/ Cho vo cc ng nghim ghi nhn cc hin tng v rt ra kt lun nhn bit, phn bit
c ho cht no.
4/ Vit PTHH minh ho.
-
III/ Cc dng bi tp thng gp.

Nhn bit cc ho cht (rn, lng, kh) ring bit.
Nhn bit cc cht trong cng mt hn hp.
Xc nh s c mt ca cc cht (hoc cc ion) trong cng mt dung dch.
Tu theo yu cu ca bi tp m trong mi dng c th gp 1 trong cc trng hp sau:
+ Nhn bit vi thuc th t do (tu chn)
+ Nhn bit vi thuc th hn ch (c gii hn)
+ Nhn bit khng c dng thuc th bn ngoi.
1. i vi cht kh:
101

Kh CO2: Dng dung dch nc vi trong c d, hin tng xy ra l lm c nc vi
trong.
Kh SO2: C mi hc kh ngi, lm phai mu hoa hng hoc Lm mt mu dung dch nc
Brm hoc Lm mt mu dung dch thuc tm.
5SO2 + 2KMnO4 + 2H2O 2H2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4
Kh NH3: C mi khai, lm cho qu tm tm t ho xanh.
Kh clo: Dng dung dch KI + H tinh bt th clo lm dung dch t mu trng chuyn
thnh mu xanh.
Cl2 + KI 2KCl + I2
Kh H2S: C mi trng thi, dng dung dch Pb(NO3)2 to thnh PbS kt ta mu en.
Kh HCl: Lm giy qu tm t ho hoc sc vo dung dch AgNO3 to thnh kt ta
mu trng ca AgCl.
Kh N2: a que dim vo lm que dim tt.
Kh NO ( khng mu ): ngoi khng kh ho mu nu .
Kh NO2 ( mu nu ): Mi hc, lm qu tm tm t ho .
4NO2 + 2H2O + O2 4HNO3
2. Nhn bit dung dch baz (kim): Lm qu tm ho xanh.
Nhn bit Ca(OH)2:
Dng CO2 sc vo n khi xut hin kt ta th dng li.
Dng Na2CO3 to thnh kt ta mu trng ca CaCO3
Nhn bit Ba(OH)2:
Dng dung dch H2SO4 to thnh kt ta mu trng ca BaSO4.
3. Nhn bit dung dch axt: Lm qu tm ho
Dung dch HCl: Dng dung dch AgNO3 lm xut hin kt ta mu trng ca AgCl.
Dung dch H2SO4: Dng dung dch BaCl2 hoc Ba(OH)2 to ra kt ta BaSO4.
Dung dch HNO3: Dng bt ng v un nhit cao lm xut hin dung dch mu
xanh v c kh mu nu thot ra ca NO2.
Dung dch H2S: Dng dung dch Pb(NO3)2 xut hin kt ta mu en ca PbS.
Dung dch H3PO4: Dng dung dch AgNO3 lm xut hin kt ta mu vng ca Ag3PO4.
4. Nhn bit cc dung dch mui:
Mui clorua: Dng dung dch AgNO3.
Mui sunfat: Dng dung dch BaCl2 hoc Ba(OH)2.
Mui cacbonat: Dng dung dch HCl hoc H2SO4.
Mui sunfua: Dng dung dch Pb(NO3)2.
Mui phtphat: Dng dung dch AgNO3 hoc dng dung dch CaCl2, Ca(OH)2 lm xut
hin kt ta ma trng ca Ca3(PO4)2.
5. Nhn bit cc oxit ca kim loi.
* Hn hp oxit: ho tan tng oxit vo nc (2 nhm: tan trong nc v khng tan)
Nhm tan trong nc cho tc dng vi CO2.
+ Nu khng c kt ta: kim loi trong oxit l kim loi kim.
+ Nu xut hin kt ta: kim loi trong oxit l kim loi kim th.
Nhm khng tan trong nc cho tc dng vi dung dch baz.
+ Nu oxit tan trong dung dch kim th kim loi trong oxit l Be, Al, Zn, Cr..
+ Nu oxit khng tan trong dung dch kim th kim loi trong oxit l kim loi kim th.
-
Nhn bit mt s oxit:

102

- (Na2O; K2O; BaO) cho tc dng vi nc--> dd trong sut, lm xanh qu tm.
- (ZnO; Al2O3) va tc dng vi dung dch axit, va tc dng vi dung dch baz.
- CuO tan trong dung dch axit to thnh ung dch c mu xanh c trng.
- P2O5 cho tc dng vi nc --> dd lm qu tm ho .
- MnO2 cho tc dng vi dd HCl c c kh mu vng xut hin.
- SiO2 khng tan trong nc, nhng tan trong dd NaOH hoc dd HF.
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Ch dng thm mt ho cht, nu cch phn bit cc oxit: K2O, Al2O3, CaO, MgO.
Bi 2: C 5 mu kim loi Ba, Mg, Fe, Al, Ag nu ch dng dung dch H2SO4 long c th nhn
bit c nhng kim loi no. Vit cc PTHH minh ho.
Bi 3: Ch c nc v kh CO2 hy phn bit 5 cht bt trng sau y: NaCl, Na2CO3, Na2SO4,
BaCO3, BaSO4.
Bi 4: Khng c dng thm mt ho cht no khc, hy nhn bit 5 l b mt nhn sau y.
KHCO3, NaHSO4, Mg(HCO3)2 , Na2CO3, Ba(HCO3)2.
Bi 5: Ch dng thm Cu v mt mui tu hy nhn bit cc ho cht b mt nhn trong cc l
ng tng cht sau: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, H3PO4.
Chuyn 15: Tch Tinh ch cc cht
tch v tinh ch cc cht ta c th:
1/ S dng cc phng php vt l.
Phng php lc: Dng tch cht khng tan ra khi hn hp lng
Phng php c cn: Dng tch cht tan rn (Khng ho hi khi gp nhit cao) ra
khi dung dch hn hp lng.
Phng php chng ct phn on: Dng tch cc cht lng ra khi hn hp lng nu
nhit ng c ca chng cch bit nhau qu ln.
Phng php chit: Dng tch cc cht lng ra khi hn hp lng khng ng nht.
2/ S dng phng php ho hc.
S tch:
AX
Tch
hh A,B + X
bng
p tch
PP vt l
+Y
(P ti to)
XY
Tch bng
phng php
vt l
(A)
(B)
Lu : Phn ng c chn tch phi tho mn 3 yu cu:
-
Ch tc dng ln mt cht trong hn hp cn tch.

Sn phm to thnh c th tch d dng khi hn hp
103

-
T sn phm phn ng to thnh c kh nng ti to c cht ban u.
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Tch ring tng cht ra khi hn hp rn gm: Al2O3 ; CuO ; Fe2O3
Bi 2: Tch cc kim loi sau y ra khi hn hp bt gm: Cu, Fe, Al, Ag.
Bi 3: Bng phng php ho hc hy tch 3 mui KCl, AlCl3 v FeCl3 ra khi nhau trong mt
dung dch.
Bi 4: Tch ring tng cht nguyn cht t hn hp cc oxit gm: MgO, CuO, BaO.
Bi 5: Trnh by cch tinh ch: Cl2 c ln CO2 v SO2.
Bi 6: Tch ring tng cht ra khi hn hp kh: H2S, CO2, N2 v hi nc.
Bi 7: Tch ring N2, CO2 dng tinh khit ra khi hn hp: N2, CO, CO2, O2 v hi H2O.
Mt s lu :
Phng php thu
p ngc ng thu
Nga ng thu
y nc
Thu kh c tnh cht

Kt qu thu c kh
Nh hn khng kh
H2, He, NH3, CH4, N2
Nng hn khng kh
O2, Cl2, HCl, SO2, H2S
Khng tan v khng tc dng vi H2O H2, O2, N2, CH4, He
Chuyn 16: Vit phng trnh ho hc iu ch cht v c v thc hin s

chuyn ho
(Vn dng tnh cht ho hc ca cc cht v cc phn ng ho hc iu ch cc cht vit)
Bi 1: Vit PTHH thc hin s sau.
CaCO3
+A
+B
CO2
+E
+C
+D
Na2CO3
( Bit A,B,C,D,E l nhng cht

khc nhau )
Bi tp p dng: hon thnh cc PTHH theo s phn ng.

1/ Xc nh cc cht A,B,C,D,E v hon thnh s bin ho sau
NaHCO3
104

+A
+B
CO2
+D
+E
+A
CaCO3
+C
Na2CO3
2/ Xc nh cc cht A, B, C, D, E, F, M v hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc theo s
sau:
A NaOH
C
+HCl (d d )
+ F,kk,t0
( dd )
+ Fe,t0
D H ,t M
2
+ Cl2 ,t0
E t D CO ,t M.
0
+ Cl2 ,t0
+ NaOH( dd )
B
3/ Xc nh B, C, D, E, M, X, Z. Gii thch v hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc th hin

theo s bin ho sau:
B
+ HCl
+X+Z
M
+Z
+ NaOH
t0
pnc
M.
+Y+Z
C
4/ Vit cc phng trnh ho hc th hin theo s bin ho sau ( ghi r iu kin nu c ).

(2)
(3)
FeCl2
Fe(NO3)2
Fe(OH)2
(1 )
Fe
(4)
(9)
( 11 )
( 10 )
Fe2O3
(5)
FeCl3
Fe(NO3)3
( 6)
Fe(OH)3
(7)
(8)
5/ Xc nh cc cht A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H v hon thnh s bin ho sau:

C
(2)
+H2SO4
A
+ H2O
(1)
(3)+E
+G
(6)
+ H2SO4
(4)
H
(5) +F
D
105

Bit H l mui khng tan trong axt mnh, A l kim loi hot ng ho hc mnh, khi chy
ngn la c mu vng.
6/ Hon thnh dy bin ho sau ( ghi r iu kin nu c )
FeSO4
(2)
Fe(OH)2
(3)
Fe2O3
(1)
Fe
(7)
(8)
(4)
(9)
Fe
(10)
(5)
Fe2(SO4)3
(6)
Fe(OH)3
Fe3O4
7/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng theo s bin ho sau( ghi r iu kin nu c )
BaCO3
(2)
Ba
(1)
(3)
(8)
Ba(OH)2
(9)
(6)
BaCl2
BaCO3
(7)
BaO
(4)
(5)
Ba(HCO3)2
CaCO3
(2)
Ca
(1)
(3)
(8)
Ca(OH)2
(9)
(6)
CaCl2
CaCO3
(7)
CaO
(4)
(5)
Ca(HCO3)2
Hoc cho s sau: Bit rng C l thnh phn chnh ca phn.
C
(2)
+G
+ H
(3)
(9)
(1)
+H2 O
(8)
B
+ G
E
+H
106
(6)
(7)

(4)
(5)
D
K2CO3
(2)
(1)
(3)
(8)
KOH
(9)
(6)
KCl
KNO3
(7)
KNO2
(4)
(5)
KHCO3
(1)
10/ Al
Al2O3
(2)
(3)
AlCl3
(4)
Al(NO3)3
Al(OH)3
(5)
Al2O3
11/ Xc nh cc cht X1, X2 v hon thnh s bin ho sau
X1
(1)
(2)
4Fe(OH)2 + O2 t 2Fe2O3 + 4H2O
0
FeCl2
(5)
Fe2O3
(3)
X2
(4)
4FeCl2 + 8KOH + 2H2O + O2 4Fe(OH)3 + 8KCl
12/ Hon thnh dy bin ho sau (ghi r iu kin nu c)

+B
0
+H2,t
A
X+D
+O2,t0
B + Br2 + D
Y+Z
+Fe,t0
C +Y hoc Z A + G
Bit A l cht kh c mi xc c trng v khi sc A vo dung dch CuCl2 c cht kt ta to
thnh.
13/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
KClO3
t0
A+ B
A + MnO2 + H2SO4
C+D+E+F
A pnc
G+C
G + H2O
L+M
0
C+L t
KClO3 + A + F
14/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
KClO3
t0
A+ B
107

A + KMnO4 + H2SO4
A pnc
C+D
D + H2O
E + ...
0
C+E t
...
C + ...
15/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc theo s phn ng sau.

M+A
M +B
F
E
M+C
G
I
Fe
H
K
F
L
H + BaSO4
J
M+D
M
G
H
16/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc theo s phn ng sau.
Fe(OH)3 + A
FeCl2 + B + C
FeCl2 + D + E
FeCl3
FeCl2 + F
Fe2(CO3)3
Fe(OH)3 + G ( k )
17/ Chn 2 cht v c tho mn cht R trong s sau:

A
B
C
R
R
R
X
Y
Z
2 cht v c tho mn l NaCl v CaCO3
CaO
Ca(OH)2
CaCO3
CaCO3
CO2
NaHCO3
Na
NaCl
NaOH
NaCl
Cl2
CaCl2
CaCO3
Na2CO3
CaCO3
Na2SO4
NaCl
HCl
NaCl
BaCl2
Bi tp tng hp: Vit PTHH theo s chui phn ng, gii thch th nghim, nhn
bit phn bit tch cht v c
1/ Cho s sau:
B
A
C
G
108

Bit A l kim loi B, C, D, E, F, G l hp cht ca A. Xc nh cng thc ca A, B, C, D, E, F,
G vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
A l Fe; B l FeCl2; C l FeCl3; D l Fe(OH)2; E l Fe(OH)3; F l FeO;
G l Fe2O3.
Cc phng trnh
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2
2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3
2FeCl3 + Fe 3FeCl2
FeCl2 + NaOH
Fe(OH)2 + NaCl
Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)3
Fe2O3 + CO FeO + CO2
Fe2O3 + 3CO 2FeO + 3CO2
FeO + CO Fe + CO2
2/ t cacbon trong khng kh nhit cao c hn hp A1. Cho A1 tc dng vi CuO nung
nng c kh A2 v hn hp A3. Cho A2 tc dng vi dung dch Ca(OH) 2 th thu c kt ta
A4 v dung dch A5. Cho A5 tc dng vi Ca(OH)2 li thu c A4. Cho A3 tc dng vi H2SO4
c nng thu c kh B1 v dung dch B2. Cho B2 tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d c kt
ta B3. Nung B3 n khi lng khng i c cht rn B4.
Vit cc PTHH xy ra v ch r : A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 , A5 , B1 , B2 , B3 , B4 l cht g?
- t cacbon trong khng kh thu c hn hp kh A1
PTHH :
0
2C + O2 t 2CO
(1)
0
2CO + O2t 2CO2
(2)
Hn hp kh A1 gm CO v CO2
- Cho A1 tc dng vi CuO
PTHH :
CO + CuO t Cu + CO2
0
(3)
Kh A2 l CO2
Hn hp A3 l Cu v c th c CuO d.
- Cho A2 tc dng vi dd Ca(OH)2
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 Ca CO3 + H2O
(4)
(5)
Kt ta A4 l CaCO3
dung dch A5 l Ca(HCO3)2
- Cho A5 tc dng vi Ca(OH)2 thu c A4
109

Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 + 2H2O (6)
- Cho A3 tc dng vi H2SO4 (, nng) c kh B1 v dung dch B2.
Cu + 2H2SO4.t CuSO4 + 2H2O + SO2
(7)
0
CuO + H2SO4.t CuSO4 + H2O
(8)
Kh B1 l SO2, dung dch B2 l CuSO4

- Cho B2 tc dng vi NaOH d thu c kt ta B3
CuSO4 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4
(9)
- Kt ta B3 l Cu(OH)2
- Nung B3 n khi lng khng i c B4.
0
Cu(OH)2 t CuO + H2O
(10)
B4 l CuO
Theo phn ng 1 10 ta c :
A1 : CO; CO2
B1 : SO2
A2 : CO2
B2 : CuSO4
A3 : Cu; CuO (d)
B3 : Cu(OH)2
A4 : CaCO3
B4 : CuO
A5 : Ca(HCO3)2
3/
Hn hp A gm Fe3O4, Al, Al2O3, Fe.

Cho A tan trong dung dch NaOH d, thu c cht rn B, dung dch C v kh D. Cho kh D
d tc dng vi A nung nng c cht rn A1. Dung dch C cho tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4
long d c dung dch C1. Cht rn A1 tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 c nng (va ) thu
c dung dch E v kh F. Cho E tc dng vi bt Fe d c dung dch H. Vit cc PTHH
xy ra.
4/ t chy cacbon trong oxi nhit cao c hn hp kh A. Cho A tc dng vi FeO
nung nng c kh B v hn hp cht rn C. Cho B tc dng vi dung dch nc vi trong thu
c kt ta K v dung dch D, un si D li thu c kt ta K. Cho C tan trong dung dch
HCl, thu c kh v dung dch E. Cho E tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d c kt ta
hiroxit F. Nung F trong khng kh ti khi lng khng i thu c cht rn G. Xc nh cc
cht A, B, C, D, K, E, F. Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
5/ Xc nh cc cht t A1 n A11 v vit cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
A1 + A2 A3 + A4
110

A3
A6
+
+
A10
A11 +
A5
A8
A6 +
A7
A10
A9
t A11 + A8
A4
t A1 + A8
0
Bit A3 l mui st Clorua, nu ly 1,27 gam A3 tc dng vi dd AgNO3 d thu c 2,87

gam kt ta.
6/ Hn hp A gm BaO, FeO, Al2O3. Ho tan A trong lng nc d c dd D v phn khng
tan B. Sc kh CO2 d vo D, phn ng to kt ta. Cho kh CO d i qua B nung nng c
cht rn E. Cho E tc dng vi dd NaOH d, thy tan mt phn v cn li cht rn G. Ho tan
ht G trong lng d H2SO4 long ri cho dd thu c tc dng vi dd NaOH d, lc kt ta
nung ngoi khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn Z.
Gii thch th nghim trn bng cc phng trnh ho hc.
7/ C cc phn ng sau:
MnO2
+
HCl Kh A
Na2SO3 + H2SO4 ( l ) Kh B
FeS +
HCl Kh C
NH4HCO3 + NaOHd Kh D
Na2CO3 + H2SO4 ( l ) Kh E
c. Xc nh cc kh A, B, C, D, E.
d. Cho A tc dng C , B tc dng vi dung dch A, B tc dung vi C, A tc dung dch NaOH
iu kin thng, E tc dng dung dch NaOH. Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
e. C 3 bnh kh A, B, E mt nhn. Bng phng php ho hc hy phn bit cc kh.
8/ Mt hn hp X gm cc cht: Na2O, NaHCO3, NH4Cl, BaCl2 c s mol mi cht bng nhau.
Ho tan hn hp X vo nc, ri un nh thu c kh Y, dung dch Z v kt ta M. Xc nh
cc cht trong Y, Z, M v vit phng trnh phn ng minh ho.
9/ Nhit phn mt lng MgCO3 trong mt thi gian thu c mt cht rn A v kh B. Cho kh
B hp th hon ton vo dung dch NaOH thu c dung dch C. Dung dch C c kh nng tc
dng c vi BaCl2 v KOH. Cho A tc dng vi dung dch HCl d li thu c kh B v mt
dung dch D. C cn dung dch D
c mui khan E. in phn nng chy E c kim loi M.
Xc nh A, B, C, D, E, M v Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong th nghim trn.
10/ Cho BaO vo dung dch H2SO4 long ,sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c kt ta A
v dung dch B. Cho nhm d vo dung dch B thu c kh E v dung dch D. Ly dung dch
D cho tc dng vi dung dch Na2CO3 thu c kt ta F. Xc nh cc cht A,B,C,D,F . Vit
cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
11/ Tm cc cht A,B,C,D,E (hp cht ca Cu) trong s sau v vit phng trnh ho hc:
A
D
Cu
E
111

S v cc PTHH xy ra:
A - Cu(OH)2
B- CuCl2
(1)
Cu(OH)2
(2)
D- CuO
(3)
CuCl2
(5)
CuCl2
C - Cu(NO3)2
(4)
Cu(NO3)2
(6)
CuO
(7)
Cu(NO3)2
E - CuSO4
Cu(OH)2
(8)
Cu
CuSO4
(1) Cu(OH)2 + 2 HCl CuCl2 + 2 H2O

(2) CuCl2 + 2AgNO3
2AgCl + Cu(NO3)2
t0
(3)
2Cu(NO3)2
2CuO + 4 NO2 + O2
t0
(4) CuO + H2
(5) CuCl2 + 2AgNO3
Cu + H2O
2AgCl + Cu(NO3)2
(6) Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NaOH
(7) Cu(OH)2 + H2SO4
Cu(OH)2 + 2 NaNO3
CuSO4 + 2H2O
(8) Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu.

12/ Nung nng Cu trong khng kh, sau mt thi gian c cht rn A. Ho tan A trong H2SO4
c, nng c dung dch B v kh C. Kh C tc dng vi dung dch KOH thu c dung dch
D, Dung dch D va tc dng c vi BaCl2 va tc dng c vi NaOH. Cho B tc dng
vi KOH. Vit cc PTHH Xy ra.
13/ C mt ming Na do khng cn thn nn tip xc vi khng kh m trong mt thi gian
bin thnh sn phm A. Cho A phn ng vi nc c dung dch B. Cho bit thnh phn c
th c ca A, B? Vit cc PTHH v gii thch th nghm trn.
14/ Hn hp A gm BaO, FeO, Al2O3. Ho tan A trong lng nc d c dung dch D v
phn khng tan B. Sc kh CO2 d vo D, phn ng to kt ta. Cho kh CO d i qua B nung
nng c cht rn E. Cho E tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d thy tan mt phn v cn li
cht rn G. Ho tan ht G trong lng d dung dch H2SO4 long. Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
15/ Cht rn A mu xanh lam tan c trong nc to thnh dung dch. Khi cho thm NaOH
vo dung dch to ra kt ta B mu xanh lam . Khi nung nng cht B b ho en. Nu sau
tip tc nung nng sn phm trong dng kh H2 th to ra cht rn C mu . Cht rn C tc
dng vi mt axt v c m c to ra dung dch ca cht A ban u. Hy cho bit A l cht
no. Vit tt c cc PTHH xy ra.
112
Phn B. Ho hu c
Cc phng php gii ton ho hc c bn.
1/ Phng php p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t.
Trong mi qu trnh bin i vt cht th cc nguyn t (ngoi tr cc phn ng bin i ht
nhn nguyn t), tng s khi lng v in tch ca cc thnh phn tham gia bin i lun
lun c bo ton.
2/ Phng php p dng nh lut v thnh phn khng i
Vi mi hp cht cho trc th:
T l khi lng ca mi nguyn t i vi khi lng hp cht l mt s khng i.
T l khi lng gia cc nguyn t l mt s khng i.
3/ Phng php p dng cc nh lut vt l v cht kh.
nh lut Avgar: cng mt iu kin v nhit v p sut, bt k cht kh no nu
c cng s phn t bng nhau th chim th tch nh nhau.
H qu: 1 mol phn t cht kh no cng c mt s phn t l N = 6,02.1023 phn t. Do
1 mol phn t kh no cng chim mt th tch nh nhau khi xt cng iu kin v nhit
v p sut.
Phng trnh Mendeleev Clapeyron:
PV = nRT
Trong :
+ n: s mol
+ p: p sut (atm) = p/760 (mmHg)
V: th tch (lit)
T = t0c + 273 (nhit tuyt i: K)
R = 22,4/273 atm.lit/mol.K (hng s Rydberg)
4/ Phng php chuyn bi ton hn hp thnh bi ton mt cht tng ng
(phng php trung bnh)
Khi hn hp gm nhiu cht cng tc dng vi mt cht khc m phn ng xy ra cng mt
loi (oxi ho - kh, trung ho, axit baz,...) v hiu sut cc phn ng bng nhau th ta c th
thay th c hn hp bng mt cht gi l cht tng ng c s mol, khi lng, hay th tch
bng s mol, khi lng hay th tch ca c hn hp m cc kt qu phn ng ca cht tng
ng y ht nh kt qu cc phn ng ca ton hn hp.
Cng thc ca cht tng ng gi l cng thc tng ng hay cng thc trung bnh.
Khi lng mol phn t, khi lng mol nguyn t, s nguyn t ca cc nguyn t ca cht
tng ng l cc gi tr trung bnh M , A , x , y , z ,...
Gi a1, a2, a3, ...< 1 ln lt l thnh phn % theo s mol ca cc cht 1, 2, 3, ...trong hn hp.
Ta c:
M =
mhh
Khoiluonghonhop
=
Tongsomol
n hh
= a1M1 + a2M2 + a3M3 + ....
113

Vi mhh = n1M1 + n2M2 + n3M3 + ...
Trong : n1, n2, n3, ...ln lt l s mol phn t ca cht 1, 2, 3,...
A = a1A1 + a2A2 + a3A3 + ...
x = a1x1 + a2x2 + a3x3 + ...
y = a1y1 + a2y2 + a3y3 + ...
z = a1z1 + a2z2 + a3z3 + ...
Gi tr nh nht < gi tr trung bnh < gi tr ln nht.
Suy ra:
Hai cht ng ng lin tip th:
x < x < x + 1 ; 2p < y < 2(p + 1)
- Hn hp anken v ankyn th: 1 < k < 2
- Hai s c gi tr trung bnh l trung bnh cng khi v ch khi hai s c h s bng nhau; n1
= n2 ---> a1 = a2
Trung bnh ca hai s nguyn lin tip l mt s khng nguyn v trong khong hai s
nguyn .
Th d: cho n v n + 1 c n = 3,2
---> n = 3 v n + 1 = 4.
5/ Bn cht phn ng sc kh CO2 hay SO2 vo dung dch kim.
Dung dch kim c th l dung dch NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2. Khi cho CO2 hay
SO2 l nhng oxit axit vo trong dung dch th CO2 hay SO2 s kt hp vi nc ca dung dch
kim s to ra axit.
Bn cht ca phn ng gia CO2 hay SO2 v dung dch kim l phn ng trung ho axit v
baz.
H+ + OH- ----> H2O
- Nu s mol OH- s mol H+ ---> mi trng trung ho hay c tnh kim. Do bi ton cho
kim d (nc vi trong d, xt d,...) th phn ng ch to ra mui trung tnh khi kim dng
va hoc d.
- Nu s mol H+ > s mol OH- ---> mi trng c tnh axit.
s mol H+(d) = s mol H+(b) s mol OH- .
Nu s mol H+(d) s mol CO32- ---> Phn ng ch to mui axit.
Nu s mol H+(d) < s mol CO32- ----> Phn ng ch bin i mt phn mui trung tnh ra
mui axit, ngha l to ra hai mui.
6/ Phng php bin lun:
Khi ta s dng ht gi thit m vn cha tm c kt qu hoc cho nhiu kt qu khng hp
l th bi ton phi c gii hoc chn nghim hp l bng phng php bin lun.
Ni chung, trong ton Ho, ta hay da vo quy lut ca s t nhin, quy lut kt hp ca cc
nguyn t, thuyt cu to ho hc, dy in ho, bng phn loi tun hon bin lun.
chuyn 17: Vit ctct, vit PTHH theo chui phn ng - iu ch, nhn bit phn bit
tch cc cht hu c.
Bi 1: Vit cc cng thc cu to c th c ng vi cng thc phn t C5H10:
114

CH2 = CH - CH2 - CH2 - CH3
CH2 = C| - CH2 - CH3

CH3
CH3 - CH = CH- CH2 - CH3
| CH - CH3
CH3 - C=
CH3
CH2
CH2
CH2 = CH - CH
| - CH3
CH3
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH - CH2 - CH3
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH3
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH
CH
CH3
CH2
CH3
CH2
CH
CH2
CH3
Bi 2:
1. A, B, D, F, G, H, I l cc cht hu c tho mn cc s phn ng sau:
A t B + C ; B + C t , xt D ; D + E t , xt F ;
F + O2 t , xt G + E ; F + G t , xt H + E ;
H + NaOH t I + F
G+L
I+C
Xc nh A, B, D, F, G, H, I, L. Vit phng trnh ho hc biu din s phn ng trn.
2. Vit cng thc cu to cc ng phn ca A ng vi cng thc phn t C5H12. Xc nh
cng thc cu to ng ca A bit rng khi A tc dng vi clo( askt ) theo t l 1 : 1 v s mol
to ra mt sn phm duy nht.
3. T nguyn liu chnh l vi, than , cc cht v c v iu kin cn thit. Vit s
phn ng iu ch cc ru CH3OH; C2H5OH; CH3 CH2 CH2OH v cc axit tng ng.
0
Bi 3:
1/ Vit cng thc cu to c th c ng vi cng thc phn t : C5H12 , C3H6O2 , C3H7O
2/ C cc cht ng ring bit trong cc l mt nhn gm: Ru etylic, axit axtic, benzen,
dung dch NaOH, dung dch H2SO4, dung dch Ba(OH)2. Bng phng php ho hc hy phn
bit cc cht ng trong mi l trn.
Bi 4: Hon thnh s bin ho sau (ghi r iu kin nu c)
B (3) C ( 4) Cao su buna
(2)
CaC2
(1)
A
(5)
D ( 6) Ru etylic ( 7 ) E (8) F (9) G

10 CH3Cl
115

Bit F l: CH3COONa
Bi 5:
1/ a - Vit cng thc cu ti c th c ca C4H8, C2H4O2, C3H8O.
b - C cc cht kh sau C2H6, C2H2, C2H4, CO2, N2, O2. Bng phng php ho hc hy phn
bit cc cht trn.
2/ Vit PTP theo s bin ho sau (Ghi r iu kin nu c):
CH3COOH
2
C2H2 1 CH3CHO
CH3COOC2H5 5
C2H5OH
C2H5OH
3/ T than , vi, cc cht v c v cc iu kin cn thit. Vit cc PTP
(Ghi r iu kin) iu ch Vinyl clorua, Poly etilen, Cao su buna.
Bi 6:
a. Xc nh cc cht A , B , C , D , E , F v vit cc PTHH minh ho.
C2H6 Cl , AS A NaOH
B O , xt C Ca (OH
) D Na CO
E NaOH
, xtCaO
,t F
b. Vit tt c cc ng phn c th c ng vi cng thc phn t : C3H6O2
2
Bi 7:
1. C cc cht: H2O, ru etylic, axit axtic v axit cacbonic. Sp xp theo th t gim dn
v tnh axit, t dn ra cc phng trnh phn ng minh ho cho trt t sp xp .
2. T kh thin nhin, cc cht v c v iu kin cn thit vit cc phng trnh phn ng
iu ch axtilen, ru etylic, axit axtic, poli vinyl clorua (PVC), cao su buna.
Bi 8: Hy nhn bit cc l mt nhn ng cc cht lng: CH3COOH, HCl, C2H5OH, NaOH v
C6H6 bng phng php ho hc.
Bi 9: Xc nh cng thc cu to ca A, B, C, D, E, F, G v hon thnh cc phng trnh ho
hc th hin theo s bin ho sau(ghi r cc iu kin nu c).
C
+Y
C ( TH:t0,p,xt) G
+ X, (t0,xt) (xt)
(t0,xt)
A 1500
E
C , LLN
B
0
+Y, (t ,xt)
+X
(t0,xt)
0
D ( t0,xt )
F ( T ; H 2 SO 4 c )
CH3 COOC2H5
Bit A l thnh phn chnh ca kh bn ao, D ch c 1 nhm chc l: CHO, G l PE
Bi 10: Vit cc phng trnh ho hc th hin theo s chuyn ho sau.
CaCO3 (1) CaO ( 2) CaC2 (3) C2H2 ( 4) C2H4 (5) C2H5OH ( 6) CH3COOH
( 7 ) CH3COONa (8) CH4 ( 9) CO2 ( 10 ) Ba(HCO3)2.
0
Bi 11:
1/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc theo dy bin ho sau .
a/ CaC2 CH = CH CH2 = CH2 CH3 CH2 OH
CH3 COOH CH3 COONa
116
CH4
CH3Cl

b/ CH3 COOH
CH3 COOC2H5
CH3 CH2 OH
CH3 CH2 ONa

2/ Vit phng trnh ho hc ca axtilen vi H2, HCl, dung dch Brm v vi Ag2O trong
mi trng NH3 (hoc AgNO3 trong mi trng NH3).
Bi 12:
1/ Vit cc cng thc cu to thu gn ca cc ng phn c cng cng thc phn t ca cc hp
cht hu c sau : C4H8 , C4H10O , C3H6O2 .
2/ Hn hp X gm mt ankan v mt ankin c t l phn t khi tng ng l
22 : 13. t chy hon ton 0,2 mol hn hp X, thu c 22g CO2 v 9g H2O. Xc nh cng
thc phn t ca ankan v ankin trn.
3/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng theo s bin ho sau(ghi r iu kin nu c)
E
D NaOH
men gim
Xt : CaO, T
+O2
CO2
A B
ASKT ,Clorofin
CH4
Lenmen
+H2 O
XT
XT, T 0
Crcking,T 0
C4H6
H 2 , Ni ,t C4H10
0
CH4
1500 0 c
Xc nh cc cht A,B,D,E,F trong mi phng trnh.

Bi 13:
1/ C 3 hp cht hu c c cng thc phn t nh sau: CH2O2, C2H4O2, C3H6O2. Hy vit cng
thc cu to c th c ng vi 3 cng thc phn t trn.
2/ Hon thnh s bin ho sau (ghi r iu kin nu c)
B (3) C (4) Cao su buna
(2)
CaC2
(1)
A
(5)
D (6) Ru etylic (7) E (8) F (9) G

Bit G (thnh phn chnh ca kh bn ao)
3/ Bng phng php ho hc hy phn bit cc dung dch ng trong cc l mt nhn cha
ring bit cc dung dch: CH3COOH, HCOOH, C2H5OH, C6H6.
4/ Hy xc nh cng thc cu to c th c ca cc hp cht hu c ng vi cng thc tng
qut: CXHYOZ khi x 2. Bit rng cc hp cht u tc dng c vi kali v khng phi l
hp cht a chc.
5/ Cho mt hir cacbon A, t chy hon ton 1 mol A cn 6 mol oxi. Xc nh cng thc
phn t, vit cng thc cu to v gi tn A. Bit A th kh.
Bi 14:
1/Xc nh cc cht A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H v hon thnh s bin ho sau (ghi r iu kin
nu c)
C
(3)
(2)
(4)
117

Ln men gim
Ln men
A (1)
B
+ Cl2 , askt
G
(8)
H
(5)
(7)
0
+ H2 , xt Ni, t
E
(6)
F
Bit: E l nguyn liu chnh sn xut cao su buna.
G l thnh phn chnh ca kh bn ao.
2/ Cho mt ru no X, t chy hon ton mt mol X cn 3 mol oxi. Xc nh cng thc
phn t, vit cng thc cu to v gi tn X.
3/ Bng phng php ho hc hy tch ring CO2 v C2H6 ra khi hn hp kh CO2, C2H2, C2H4
v C2H6.
4/ C 4 l mt nhn cha ring bit cc kh CO2 ,CH4 ,C2H4 v C2H2.Bng phng php ho hc
hy nhn bit cc nm trong mi l. Vit phng trnh ho hc minh ho (nu c).
Bi 15:
1/ Vit cng thc cu to cc ng phn ng vi cng thc phn t: C3H6O2, C3H8O, C3H6,
C5H10
2/ Cht A c cng thc phn t C2H6 .Xc nh cng thc cu to ca cc cht B, C, D, E, F v
hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc theo s phn ng sau:
C O , XT D Ca (OH ) E Na CO
B NaOH
F
C2H6 Cl , ASKT
CH4
3/ t chy 1 lt hn hp gm 2 Hir cacbon th kh thu c 1,6 lt kh CO2 v 1,4 lt hi
nc. Cc th tch o cng iu kin nhit v p sut. Xc nh 2 cht v thnh phn % v
s mol ca mi cht trong hn hp.
4/ Bng phng php ho hc hy nu cch phn bit 4 cht kh sau: CH4, C2H2, SO2v CO2.
2
NaOH , Xt:CaO , t 0
Bi 16: Cho s biu din bin ho ho hc sau:

R1
R2
R3
R4
R6
R5
R3
- Xc nh cng thc cc cht R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 (thuc hp cht hu c) v vit cc phng
trnh ho hc biu din cc bin ho trn (mi mi tn ch vit mt PTHH).
- Trong cc bin ho trn c khi no phn ng xy ra theo chiu ngc li khng? (Vit cc
PTHH, nu iu kin xy ra cc phn ng)
V R1 tc dng vi I2 to ra mau xanh nn R1 l tinh bt(C6H10O5)n ta c:
R1->R2: (C6H10O5 )n + nH2O
nC6H12O6 (1)
R2->R3 : C6H12O6
men zima
2C2H5OH + 2CO2 (2)
R3->R4 : C2H5OH + O2
XT
CH3COOH + H2O (3)
R3->R5 : C2H5OH
H2SO4
C2H4 + H2O (4)
R5->R3 : C2H4 + H2O
AX
R3->R6 : C2H5OH + CH3COOH
C2H5OH (5)
H2SO4
CH3COOC2H5 + H2O (6)
118

R4->R6 : CH3COOH +C2H5OH
CH3COOC2H5 + H2O (7)
Nhng phn ng xy ra theo chiu ngc li c l :(4), (5)
C2H4 + H2O
XT,P
C2H5OH
C2H5OH
H2SO4
C2H4 + H2O
Chuyn 18: Ton hirocacbon

Cng thc phn t tng qut v cng thc phn t ca cht tng ng vi hn hp.
Cng thc mt cht
CxHy iu kin: y 2x + 2
Hay CnH2n + 2 2k iu kin: x, y, n N0
Vi k l tng s lin kt v vng.
Nu mch h --> k = tng s ni , k
N.
k = 0: Ankan
CnH2n + 2 ; n 1
k = 1: Xiclankan hay anken.
Xiclankan: CnH2n ; n 3
Anken: CnH2n ; n 2
k = 2 (mch h): Ankaien hay ankyn
Ankaien: CnH2n 2 ; n 3
Ankyn: CnH2n 2 ; n 2
k = 4: Aren (3 + 1 vng)
CnH2n 6 ; n 6
Cng thc cht tng ng

C x H y , x > 1; y > 2
Hay C n H2 n + 2 - 2 k
n > 1; k 0
C n H2 n
+ 2
C n H2 n ;
>1
>2
C n H2 n
- 2
>2
C n H2 n
- 6
>6
1/ Phn ng cng:
Hirocacbon c ni , Xiclopropan, xiclobutan mi c phn ng cng.
Cng H2: vi cht xc tc l Ni hoc Pt nung nng.
CnH2n + 2 2k + kH2 ----> CnH2n + 2
C n H2 n + 2 - 2 k + k H2 ----> C n H2 n + 2
k mol
1mol
1mol
H qu:
gim s mol ca hn hp lun lun bng s mol H2 tham gia phn ng.
Tng s mol hirocacbon sn phm v s mol hirocacbon nguyn liu (d) lun lun
bng s mol hirocacbon nguyn liu ban u.
2/ Phn ng cng Br2:
C n H2 n + 2 - 2 k + k Br2 ----> C n H2 n
H qu:
-
+ 2- 2k
Br2 k
S mol hirocacbon tham gia phn ng bng
3/ Phn ng chy:
CxHy +(x +
y
4
)O2 ---->
CO2 +
y
2
H2O
119
1
k
s mol Br2.

C n H2 n
+ 2- 2k
+ (3 n + 1 -
)/2 O2 ---->
CO2 + ( n + 1 -
) H2O.
H qu:
*) k = 0, ta c:
C n H2 n + 2 + (3 n + 1)/2 O2 ----> n CO2 + ( n + 1) H2O
n x mol
x mol
( n + 1)x mol
----> x = ( n + 1)x - n x
= s mol H2O s mol CO2
Vy ta c: C n H2 n + 2 chy <---> s mol H2O > s mol CO2
v s mol C n H2 n + 2 = s mol H2O - s mol CO2
*) k = 1, ta c:
C n H2 n + 3 n /2 O2 ----> n CO2 + n H2O
C n H2 n chy <--> s mol H2O = s mol CO2
*) k = 2, ta c:
C n H2 n - 2 + (3 n - 1)/2 O2 ----> n CO2 + ( n - 1) H2O
n x mol
x mol
( n - 1)x mol
----> x = n x - ( n + 1)x
= s mol CO2 - s mol H2O
Vy ta c: C n H2 n - 2 chy <---> s mol H2O < s mol CO2
v s mol C n H2 n - 2 = s mol CO2 - s mol H2O
*) Ch :
- Hn hp hirocacbon th kh th: n 4 v n 4
- Ch c nhng Ankyn 1 (c ni 3 u mch) mi c phn ng th AgNO3/NH4OH.
- Ngoi tr CH CH, cc ankyn cn li khi b hyrat ho cho sn phm chnh l xtn.
- Nu hircacbon b hyrat ho m to ra ru n chc no th hirocacbon ny chnh l
anken (hay olefin)
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1:
1. Hn hp A gm mtan, axtylen theo t l th tch l 1:1
a/ Tinh ch CH4 t hn hp
b/ Tinh ch C2H2 t hn hp
2. Hn hp A gm axtylen v hidro c t khi so vi hidro bng 4.
a/ Tnh % v th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp A,
b/ t nng hn hp trong bnh kn c t bt Ni lm xc tc thu c hn hp kh B.
- Cho 1/2 khi lng B i qua dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 thy to thnh 0,12g kt ta mu
vng. Tnh khi lng ca C2H2 trong hn hp B.
- Cho 1/2 lng kh B qua dung dch nc Brm thy bnh nng thm 0,041(g). Tnh khi
lng ca tylen c trong hn hp B.
Hng dn:
1.
a/ Cho hn hp i qua nc Br 2 d:
120

C2H2 + 2Br2 C2H2Br4
Tinh ch c CH4
b/ Cho hn hp i qua dung dch Ag2O (NH2)
C2H2 + Ag2O C2Ag2 + H2O
- Lc ly kt ta hon tan bng HNO3
C2Ag2 + HNO3 AgNO3 + C2H2
2.
a. Gi mt s mol ca C2H2 l x -> nH2 = 1 - x
Ta c:
26 x 2(1 x)
2
=4
-> x = 0, 25
Ta c: C2H2 chim 25%; v H2Chim 75%
b. t nng hn hp
Ni
> C2H4
to
Ni
C2H2 + 3H2 0 > C2H6
t
C2H2 + H2
Hn hp kh B; C2H2; C2H4; C2H6

Cho 1/2B i qua dung dch Ag2O (NH3)
C2H2 + Ag2O NH C2Ag2 + H2O
3
nC2H2 = nC2Ag2 =
0,12
240
= 0,0005 (mol)
Khi lng C2H2 c trong hn hp B: 0,0005.2. 26 = 0,026(g)

- Cho 1/2 B i qua dung dch Br2
Cc phn ng:
C2H4 + Br2 C2H4 Br2
C2h2 + 2Br2 C2H2 Br4
- Khi lng ca C2H4 trong hn hp B l:
(0,041 -
0,026
).
2
2 = 0,056 (g)
Bi 2: Cc hirocacbon A, B, C u trng thi kh iu kin thng, xc nh cng thc ca

chng bng kt qu ca tng th nghim sau:
a, 1,4g cht A lm mt mu va mt dung dch cha 8g brm.
b, Mt th tch V ca B chy cn 2,5V kh xi.
c, Tng th tch C v th tch xi va bng tng th tch ca kh CO 2 v hi nc to
thnh, th tch hi nc ng bng th tch CO2.
a, theo TN ta c : MA=
1,4.160
8
= 28 (g)
Xt cc trng hp :- hirocacbon CnH2n+2 v CnH2n-2 khng c trng hp no c M =

28g
- hirocacbon CnH2n : ch c C2H4 l tho mn M=28g vy A l C2H4 (1)
b, Gi cng thc B l CxHy v t VB = V0
Ta c :C2H4 + (x+
VO2
(x +
y
4
y
4
) O2
xCO2 +
y
2
)V0
121
H2O

=
x+
y
4
VCxHy
V0
x, y phi tho mn iu kin :
x, y l nhng s nguyn dng
2x-2 y 2x+2
Ch c nghim x=y=2 tho mn . Vy B l C2H2
C, Ta c : CnH2n + (n+
n
2
)O2
nCO2 + nH2O
-Theo PTHH VCO2= VH2O(hi )

n
Nu ly VCnH2n =1 th Vu = 1+ n + 2
Vcui =Vu
-> 1= 2 -> n=2 Vy C l C2H4
Bi 3: Hn hp A gm cc kh mtan, tylen v axtylen.

a. Dn 2,8 lt hn hp A ktc qua bnh ng dung dch nc Brm thy bnh b nht
mu i mt phn v c 20g brm phn ng.
b. Mt khc t chy hon ton 5,6 lit A ktc ri cho ton b sn phm chy qua bnh
ng 175,2 gam dung dch NaOH 20% sau th nghim thu c dung dch cha 1,57% NaOH.
Tnh % theo th tch ca mi kh c trong hn hp A.
Hng dn:
Gi x, y, z ln lt l cc s mol ca CH4 , C2H4 v C2H2 c trong 2,8 lt hn hp:
nhh =
2,8
22,4
= 0, 125 mol
Khi cho 2,8 lt hn hp i qua bnh ng ncBrm ch c C2H4 v C2H2 phn ng

Phng trnh phn ng:
C2H4 + Br2 -> C2H4Br2
C2H2 + 2 Br2 -> C2H2Br
Ta c: nBr2 = y + 2z =
20
=
100
0, 125
t chy 5,6 lt hn hp
CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2h2O
2x
2x
C2H4 + 3O2-> 2CO2 + 2H2O
2y
4y
2C2H2 + O2 -> 4 CO2 + 2 H2O
2z
4z
Ta c: n CO2 = 2x + 4y + 4z = 0,375 + y
n NaOH = 0,876 mol
CO2 + 2NaOH -> Na2CO3 + H2O
1mol
2mol
n NaOH phn ng = 2n CO2 = 0,75 + 2y
n NaOH d = 0, 876 - 0,75 - 2y = 0,126 - 2y
122
x y z 0,125
Ta c h phng trnh y 2 z 0,125
40.(0,126 2 y )
.100 1,57
(0,375 y ).44 175,2
Gii h ta c: y = 0,025
x = z = 0, 05
% CH4 = 40%
% C2H4 = 20%
% C2H2 = 40%
Bi 4: Hn hp A gm CH4, C2H2 v mt hirocacbon X c cng thc
CnH2n +2. Cho 0,896 lt hn hp A i qua dung dch Brom d phn ng xy ry ra hon
ton, thy thot ra 0,448 lt hn hp hai kh .
Bit rng t l s mol CH4 v CnH2n+ 2 trong hn hp l 1:1, khi t chy 0,896 lit A thu
c 3,08gam CO2 ( KTC).
a- Xc nh cng thc phn t ca Hirocacbon X
b- Tnh thnh phn % theo th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp A.
Hng dn:
a- Khi cho hn hp A qua dung dch brom d, c phn ng:
C2H2 + 2Br2
C2H2Br4
V phn ng xy ra hon ton v c hai kh thot ra khi dung dch brom, nn hai kh l
CH4 v CnH2n+ 2
Theo bi, VC2H2 tham gia phn ng l: 0,896 - 0,448 = 0,448 (lt)
Vy s mol C2H2 l:
0,448 = 0,02 (mol)
22,4
Gi s mol ca CH4 l x. Theo bi => s mol ca CnH2n + 2 cng l x.
Vy ta c: x + x = 0,448 = 0,02 => x = 0,01.
22,4
Phng trnh ho hc ca phn ng t chy hn hp:
2C2H2 + 5O2
4CO2 + 2H2O
0,02 mol
0,04 mol
CH4 + 2O2
CO2 + 2H2O
0,01 mol
0,01mol
2CnH2n + 2 + (3n + 1) O2
2nCO2 + 2 (n +1)H2O
0,01 mol
0,01,n mol
Vy ta c: nCO2 = 0,04 + 0,01 +0,01n = 3,08
=> n = 2
44
Vy cng thc phn t ca hirocacbon X l C2H6
b- Tnh % th tch cc kh:
% VC2H2 = 0,448: 0,896 x 100% = 50%
% VCH4 = % VC2H6 = (100% - 50%) : 2 = 25%
Bi 5: Ngi ta t chy mt hidrcacbon no bng O2 d ri dn sn phm chy i ln lt qua
H2SO4 c ri n 350ml dung dch NaOH 2M thu c dung dch A. Khi thm BaCl2 d vo
123

dung dch A thy tc ra 39,4gam kt ta BaCO3 cn lng H2SO4 tng thm 10,8gam. Hi hir
cc bon trn l cht no ?
Hng dn:
- Sn phm chy khi t Hir cac bon bng kh O 2 l CO2; H2O; O2 d. Khi dn sn phm
chy i qua H2SO4 c th ton b H2O b gi li (do H2SO4 c ht nc mnh), do vy lng
H2SO4 tng 10,8gam, chnh bng lng nc to thnh ( mH O = 10,8gam), kh cn li l CO2,
O2 d tip tc qua dung dch NaOH, xy ra phn ng gia CO2 v NaOH
CO2 + 2NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O
(1)
CO2 + NaOH NaHCO3
(2)
Tu thuc vo s mol ca CO2 v NaOH m c th to ra mui
trung ho Na2CO3 ln mui axit NaHCO3)
* Trng hp 1:
NaOH d, sn phm ca phn ng gia CO 2 v NaOH ch l mui trung
ho. Dung dch A gm Na2CO3 + H2O
Khi phn ng vi dung dch BaCl2, ton b mui gc cacbonat b chuyn thnh kt ta BaCO3.
Na2CO3 + BaCl2 BaCO3 + 2NaCl (3)
nBaCO = nCO
Ta c:
2
39,4
0,2(mol)
197
nBaCO =
V:
nCO = 0,2 (mol)

2
10,8
0,6(mol)
Trong khi: nH O =
2
nCO
18
0,2
Suy ra: T s n 0,6 3 khng tn ti hir cc bon no no nh vy v t s nh nht l

2
H O
CH4 chy
* Trng hp 2:
- Nh vy NaOH khng d. Ngha l NaOH phn ng ht. ng thi to ra c mui axt v
mui trung ho (c phn ng (1) v (2) u xy ra, lng CO 2 phn ng hon ton, lng CO 2
b gi li hon ton)
- Theo phng trnh (1) n NaOH ban u = 0,35 . 2 = 0.7 (mol)
nNaOH = 2. nNa CO = 2 . nBaCO = 2 . 0,2 = 0,4 (mol)
nCO (1) = 0,2 (mol) (*)
Lng NaOH cn li: 0,7 - 0,4 = 0,3 (mol). Tham gia phn ng (2)
- Theo phng trnh (2): nCO = n NaOH = 0,3 (mol) (**)
- Vy t (*), (**) lng kh CO2 to thnh trong phn ng chy l
nCO = 0,2 + 0,3 = 0,5 (mol)
Gi CTHH hir cc bon no l CnH2n+2 (n 1)
Phn ng chy;
2
CnH2n+2 +
Do ;
3n 1
O2
2
n CO2 + (n + 1)H2O
n
0,5
n 5
n 1 0,6
Vy hir cc bon cn tm c cng thc ho hc C5H12
124

Bi 6: Cho bit X cha 2 hoc 3 nguyn t trong s cc nguyn t C; H; O.
1/ Trn 2,688lt CH4 (ktc) vi 5,376lt kh X (ktc) thu c hn hp kh Y c khi lng
9,12g. Tnh khi lng phn t X.
2/ t chy hon ton hn hpY. Cho sn phm chy hp th ht vo dung dch cha 0,48 mol
Ba(OH)2 thy to ra 70,92g kt ta. Xc nh CTPT v vit CTCT ca X.
Hng dn:
1/ S mol cc cht =
nx =
5,376
22,4
2,688
22,4
= 0,12 mol
= 0,24 mol
mx = 9,12 . 0,12 . 16 = 7,2

=> Mx =
7,2
0,24
= 30
2/ Cc PTHH c th xy ra gm:
CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O
CxHyOz + (x +
y
2
z
2
(1)
)O2 -> xCO2 +
y
2
H2O
CO2 + Ba(OH)2 -> BaCO3 + H2O

CO2d + H2O + BaCO3 -> Ba(HCO3)2
Xy ra 2 trng hp:
a, Trng hp 1: CO2 thiu -> khng c PTHH(4)
(2)
(3)
(4)
nCO2 = nBaCO3 = 70,92 = 0,36 mol

197
lng CO2 do CH4 to ra theo PT (1) = nCH = 0,12 mol. Do lng CO2 do X to ra
4
0,12 = 0,24 mol. Nh vy s nguyn t C trong
X=
0,24
0,24
= 0,36 -
=1
12 . 1 + y + 16z = 30 hay y + 16z = 18.

Cp nghim duy nht z = 1 v y = 2
O
=> CTPT l CH2O
CTCT l H - C
H
b, Trng hp 2: CO2 d c PTHH (4)
Lc n CO2 = 0,48 + ( 0,48 - 0,36 ) = 0,6 mol
d
nCO do X to ra = 0,6 - 0,12 = 0,48 mol
2
-> nguyn t C trong X =
0,48
0,24
=2
ta c
12 . 2 + y + 16z = 30
<=> 24 + y + 16z = 30
<=> y + 16z = 6
Cp nghim duy nht z = 0 ; y = 6
H H
CTPT l C2H6
CTCT l
H-C-C-H
H H
Bi 7: t chy hon ton 1 hn hp kh gm 2 hidrocacbon c cng thc tng qut CnH2n v C
mH2m + 2. (4 m 1); (4 n 2) cn dng 35,2g kh O2.
Sau phn ng thu c 14,4g H 2O v lng kh CO2 c th tch bng
hp kh ban u.
125
7
3
th tch ca hn

a. Tnh % th tch ca hn hp kh ban u.
b. Xc nh CTPT v CTCT c th c ca cc hidrocacbonat ni trn.
35,2
=1,1 mol
32
14,4
H 2O =
= 0,8 mol
18
n O2 =
n
Gi a, b ln lt l s mol ca 2 hirocacbon CnH2n v CmH2m + 2

Ta c PTHH
CnH2n +
a.
3n
O2
2
3na
2
CmH2m + 2 +
(
3na
2
H 2O =
na
na
(3m + 1)O 2
m CO2 + (m +1)H2O
2
b
n O2 =
n CO2 + n H2O
3m 1)
2)
). b
(3m 1)
2
mb
b = 1,1
na + (m+1)b = 0,8
n CO2 = na + mb =
7
3
(m+1)b
(a+b)
(1)
(2)
(3)
Gii h PT ta c a = 0,2
b = 0,1
% CnH2n =0,2/0,3 x 100% 66,7%
a. % CmH2m + 2 = 100% - 66,7% = 33,3 %
b. na + mb =
7
3
( a +b)
0,2n + 0,1m =
7
3
x 0,3
2n + m = 7
n
2
3
m
3
1
Cc hirocacbon c CT: C2H4 v C3H8
C3H6 v CH4
Bi 8: Cho hn hp A gm C2H4 v C2H2. Ly 2,96g hn hp A em t chy hon ton thu
c m1g CO2 v m2g H2O. Ly 0,616 lt A(ktc) cho phn ng vi lng d nc Brm thy
c 6,8g Br2 tham gia phn ng (phn ng xy ra hon ton).
a, Vit PTP.
b, Tnh % theo khi lng v theo th tch ca mi hirocacbon trong A.
c, Tnh m1 v m2.
a) (1 im) C2H4 + O2 2CO2 + 2H2O
(1)
C2H2 +
5
O
2 2
2CO2 + H2O
(2)
C2H4 + Br2 C2H4Br2
(3)
126

C2H2 + 2Br2 C2H2Br4
b)
nhn hp
(4)
0,616
6,8
=0,0275
mol v nBr2 =
=0,0425
mol
22,4
160
Gi s mol C2H4 l a mol

C2H2 l b mol
a+b = ,00275 a= ,00125mol

Theo PT (3) v (4) ta c h PT: {
{
a+2b= ,00425 b= ,0015mol
m C2H 4 trong
0,0275
mol hn hp : 0,0125.28 = 0,35 g.

m C2H 2 trong 0,0275 mol hn hp : 0,015.26 = 0,39g.
Tng khi lng = 0,35 + 0,39 = 0,74 g
T l 2,96g : 0,616 lt = 2,96 : 0,74 = 4:1
S mol C2H4 v C2H2 trong 2,96 g hn hp l:
n C2H 4 =0,0125.4 =0,05mol
n C 2H 2 =0,015.4 =0,06mol
% C2H4 theo V bng:
0,05
.100% =45,45%
0,11
% C2H2 theo V bng 100%- 45,45% = 54,55%

% C2H4 theo m bng
0,05.28
.100% =47,3%
2,96
% C2H2 theo m bng 100%- 47,3%= 52,7%

c, Tnh m1, m2
Theo PT (1) v (2):
n CO2 = 2n C 2H 4 + 2n C 2H 2 = 0,1 + 0,12 = 0,22 (mol)
m1 = 0,22.44= 9,68(g)
n H 2O = 2n C 2H 4 + 2n C 2H 2 = 2.0,05 + 0,06 = 0,16 (mol)
m2 = 0,16.18 = 2,88(g)
Bi 9: Cho 3,36 lt hn hp kh A (KTC) gm hiro cacbon X c cng thc C nH2n + 2 v hiro
cacbon Y (cng thc CmH2m) i qua bnh nc Brom d thy c 8 gam brom tham gia phn ng.
Bit 6,72 lt hn hp A nng 13 gam, n v m tho mn iu kin: 2 n; m 4.
Tm cng thc phn t 2 hiro cacbon X; Y.
Hng dn:
Cho hn hp kh qua dd nc brom
X:
CnH2n + 2 +
Br2
Khng phn ng
Y:
CmH2m
Br2
CmH2mBr2
Gi s mol X, Y trong hn hp ln lt l a v b ta c:
a + b =
3,36
22,4
= 0,15 (mol)
127

nY = nBrom = b =
8
160
a = 0,1 mol
= 0,05 (mol
Theo khi lng hn hp:

(14n + 2)0,1 + 14m . 0,05 =
13 .
3,36
6,72
= 6,5
Rt gn: 2n + m = 9
V cn tho mn iu kin 2 n; m 4. ( m, n nguyn dng)
Ch hp l khi n = m = 3
Vy cng thc phn thc phn t X l C3H8; Y l C3H6.
Bi 10: Mt hn hp gm kh Metan, Etilen c th tch 5 lt c trn ln vi 5 lt kh Hiro ri
nung n 2500C c bt kn xc tc cho n khi phn ng kt thc. Sau khi tr li nhng iu
kin lc u. V nhit v p sut th tch tng cng ch cn li 8 lt c dn qua dung dch
nc Brom. Hi
1) Dung dch Brom c b mt mu khng ?
2) Tnh thnh phn % theo th tch ca CH4 v C2H4 trong hn hp lc u
3) Nu thay C2H4 bng cng th tch ca C2H2 th sau phn ng th tch tng cng bng
bao nhiu ?
Hng dn:
a) Khi trn hn hp kh CH4; C2H4 vi kh H2 n khi phn ng kt thc c ngha phn
ng xy ra hon ton v ch c C2H4 phn ng vi H2.
PTHH : C2H4+ H2
Ni C2H6
t0
Theo phn ng ta c n C2H4 = nH2

M theo bi ra : nC2H4 < nH2 nn sau phn ng c H2 (d) v CH4 ; C2H6 l nhng cht
khng phn ng vi dd Brom. Nn Brom khng mt mu.
b) Theo phn ng trn : Vh hp gim = VC2H4 phn ng.
=> VC2H4 = 5 + 5 - 8 = 2 (lt)
% C2H4
2
.100% 40%
5
% CH4 = 100% - 40% = 60%

c) Nu thay C2H4 + 2H2 Ni C2H6
Theo PTHH :
t0
VH2 = 2VC2H2 = 2.2 = 4 (l)

=> VH2 (d) = 5 - 4 = 1 (lt)
Vhh = 3 +2 + 1 = 6 (lt).
128
Bi 11: Hp cht hu c A ch cha hai nguyn t X v Y. t chy hon ton m gam A thu
c ng m gam H2O. A c phn t khi trong khong 150 < M < 170.
a. X v Y l nguyn t g?
b. Xc nh cng thc n gin nht (cng thc trong t l s nguyn t ca cc nguyn
t l ti gin) v cng thc phn t ca A.
Hng dn:
- Nu c v A l hp cht hu c nn trong X v Y phi c mt nguyn t l C.
Mt khc khi t A thu c H2O. Vy X v Y l C v H
- Vit c phng trnh tng qut:
y
CxHy + (x + 4 )O2 xCO2 +
y
2
H2O
y
2
- Lp c h thc a(mol) CxHy =>

M MA =
m
a
v MH 2 O =
m
y
a
2
.a
y
2
.a(mol) H2O
= 18 => a.MA = 9.a.y => MA = 9y.
V 150 < M < 170 nn 16 < y < 19.

Ta c:
y
16
17
18
19
MA
145
156
162
171
V nu M = 156, y = 17 th x = 11,5 (loi). Vy ch c y = 18, x = 12 v M = 162 l ph
hp.
Cng thc phn t ca A l: C12H18
Cng thc n gin nht l: (C2H3)n
Bi 12: Hn hp kh B cha mtan v axetilen.
1. Cho bit 44,8 lt hn hp B nng 47g. Tnh % th tch mi kh trong B.
2. t chy hon ton 8,96 lt hn hp B v cho tt c sn phm hp th vo 200ml dung dch
NaOH 20% (D = 1,2 g/ml). Tnh nng % ca mi cht tan trong dung dch NaOH sau khi
hp th sn phm chy.
129

3. Trn V lt hn hp B vi V' Hircacbon X (cht kh) ta thu c hn hp kh D nng 271g,
trn V' lt hn hp kh B vi Vlt Hirocacbon X ta thu c hn hp kh E nng 206g. Bit V'
- V = 44,8 lt. Hy xc nh cng thc phn t ca Hirocacbon X. Cc th tch kh u o
iu kin tiu chun.
Hng dn:
1. Gi n l s mol C2H2 trong 1 mol hn hp B ta c phng trnh v khi
lng mol: MB = 26n +16 (1 - n) = 47/2 = 23,5 => n = 0,75 tc axetilen= 75%,
mtan = 25%
2. Cc phng trnh:
2C2H2 + 5O2
4CO2+2H2O
(1)
CH4+ 2O2
CO2+2H2O
(2)
Tnh nB = 0,4 mol , trong c 0,3mol C2H2 v 0,1mol CH4
Theo cc phn ng : 1;2:
Tng mol CO2 = 0,3 x 2 + 0,1 x 1 = 0,7 mol
Tng mol H2O = 0,3 x 1 + 0,1 x 2 = 0,5 mol
S mol NaOH = 200x 1 ,2 x 20 /100x40 = 1,2mol
V: s mol CO2< s mol NaOH < 2 x s mol CO2.
Do to thnh 2 mui :
CO2+ 2NaOH
Na2CO3 + H2O
(3)
CO2 +NaOH
NaHCO3
(4)
Gi a, b ln lt l s mol Na2CO3 v NaHCO3 Ta c:
a + b = 0,7
=> a = 0,5mol Na2CO3
2a +b = 1,2
b = 0,2mol NaHCO3
Khi lng dung dch NaOH sau khi hp th CO2 vH2O l:
200x 1,2+ 0,7 x 44 + 0,5 x 18 = 279,8 g
Vy % N2CO3 =106 x 0,5 x 100/279,8 = 18,94%
% NaHCO3 = 84 x 0,2 x 100/279,8 = 6%
3- Ta c cc phng trnh v hn hp D v E:
V . 23,5
+ V' .M = 271
(a)
22,4
22,4
V' . 23,5 + V .M = 206
(b)
22,4
22,4
Mt khc: V' - V = 44,8 lt
(c)
Trong : M l khi lng phn t ca HirocacbonX.
T (a), (b) v (c) gii ra ta c M = 56
Gi cng thc X l CXHY ta c: 12 x + y = 56
Suy ra cng thc ca X l C4H8
Bi 13: Hn hp X (ktc) gm mt ankan v mt anken. Cho 3,36 (l) hn hp X qua bnh
nc Brom d thy c 8(g) Brm tham gia phn ng. Bit 6,72 (l) hn hp X nng 13(g).
1, Tm cng thc phn t ca ankan v anken, bit s nguyn t cacbon trong mi phn t
khng qu 4.
2, t chy hon ton 3,36 (l) hn hp X v cho tt c sn phm chy hp th vo dung dch
NaOH (d), sau thm BaCl2 d th thu c bao nhiu (g) cht kt ta?
130

Hng dn:
t CTPT ca X, Y ln lt l CnH2n + 2 v CmH2m
iu kin: 1 n 4 v 2 m 4 ( m, n nguyn dng)
Cho hn hp kh qua dd nc brom
X:
CnH2n + 2 +
Br2
Khng phn ng
Y:
CmH2m
Br2
CmH2mBr2
Gi s mol X, Y trong hn hp ln lt l a v b ta c:
a + b =
3,36
22,4
nY = nBrom = b =
= 0,15 (mol)
8
160
a = 0,1 mol
= 0,05 (mol
Theo khi lng hn hp:

(14n + 2)0,1 + 14m . 0,05 = 13 .
3,36
6,72
= 6,5
Rt gn: 2n + m = 9
V cn tho mn iu kin: 1 n 4 v 2 m 4 ( m, n nguyn dng)
Ch hp l khi n = m = 3
Vy cng thc phn thc phn t X l C3H8; Y l C3H6.
2/ Ta c cc PTHH xy ra:
C3H8 + 5O2 ----> 3CO2 + 4H2O
0,1
0,3 mol
2C3H6 + 9O2 -----> 6CO2 + 6H2O
0,05
0,15 mol
CO2 + 2NaOH -----> Na2CO3 + H2O
0,45
0,9
0,45 mol
BaCl2 + Na2CO3 ----> BaCO3 + 2NaCl
0,45
0,45 -----> 0,45 mol
mrn = 0,45 . 197 = 88,65g
Chuyn 19: Ru
Cng thc phn t tng qut v cng thc phn t ca cht tng ng vi hn hp
ru.
Cng thc mt cht
Ru no: CnH2n + 2Ox
x n ; n, x N*
Ru no n chc: CnH2n + 2O
Ru cha no no, mch h, c k ni
v n chc.
Cng thc cht tng ng

C n H2 n + 2O x
x < n
C n H2 n + 2O
n >1
C n H2 n + 2- 2 k O
n >3
131

CnH2n + 2 2kO
n 3, n, k N*
Cc phn ng ca ru:
Phn ng vi kim loi kim:
2R(OH)n + 2nM ----> 2R(OM)n + nH2
2R-OH + 2M ----> 2R-OM + H2
R(OH)n : Ru n chc, R-OH: Ru n chc.
Phn ng vi axit:
R-OH + H-Br ---> R-Br + H2O
- Phn ng tch nc:
CnH2n + 1-OH -------> CnH2n + H2O.
Phn ng ete ho ca ru n chc, ta c:
S mol ete = 1/2 s mol ca ru tham gia phn ng.
Hn hp 2 ru b ete ho s to ra 3 ete.
Phn ng chy ca ru no hay ete no.
n
C H2 n + 2O x + (3 n + 1 - x )/2 ------> n CO2 + ( n + 1)H2O
n xmol ( n + 1)x mol
xmol
H qu:
Ru no hay ete no chy ----> s mol H2O > s mol CO2. V s mol ru no hay ete no tham
gia phn ng = s mol H2O s mol CO2.
-
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: t chy 3,075 gam hn hp 2 ru no n chc k tip nhau trong dy ng ng. Sn
phm thu c ln lt cho qua bnh 1 ng H2SO4 c v bnh 2 ng KOH rn. Tnh khi
lng cc bnh ny tng ln, bit rng nu cho lng ru trn tc dng vi Na thy thot ra
0,672 lt H2 (ktc). Lp cng thc phn t ca 2 ru.
Bi gii
Gi n l s nguyn t cacbon trung bnh ca 2 ru. Ta c CTPT tng ng ca 2 ru l C
n H2 n + 1OH.
Phn ng t chy:
C n H2 n + 1OH +
3n
2
O2
t n
CO2 + ( n + 1) H2O
(1)
Khi cho sn phm thu c qua bnh 1 ng H2SO4 th H2O b hp th v qua bnh 2 ng
KOH th CO2 b gi li theo phng trnh.
(2)
CO2 + 2KOH K2CO3 + H2O
Phn ng ru tc dng vi Na
2C n H2 n + 1OH + 2Na 2C n H2 n + 1ONa + H2 (3)
Theo (3) s mol hn hp 2 ru l.
0,672
22,4 = 0,06 (mol)
3,075
n +
0,06 = 51,25 = 14
nhh = 2.nH 2 = 2
M hh
18
n = 2,375. V 2 ru k tip nhau nn suy ra: C2H5OH v C3H7OH.

Theo (1) ta c:
Khi lng bnh 1 tng = mH 2 O = 0,06(2,375 + 1).18 = 3,645 g
Khi lng bnh 2 tng = mCO 2 = 0,06 . 2,375 . 44 = 6,27 g
132

Bi 2: A l hn hp gm ru Etylic v 2 axit hu c k tip nhau c dng C nH2n+1COOH v
Cn+1H2n+3COOH. Cho 1/2 hn hp A tc dng ht vi Na thot ra 3,92 lt H 2 (ktc). t 1/2 hn
hp A chy hon ton, sn phm chy c hp th ht vo dung dch Ba(OH)2 d th c
147,75g kt ta v khi lng bnh Ba(OH)2 tng 50,1 g.
a, Tm cng thc 2 axit trn.
b, Tm thnh phn hn hp A.
nH
3,92
= 22,4 = 0,175 (mol)

PT phn ng:
2C2H5OH + 2Na 2C2H5ONa + H2
(1)
2CnH2n+1 COOH +2Na

2CnH 2n+1COONa + H2 (2)
2Cn+1H2n+3 COOH +2Na

2Cn+1H2n+3COONa + H2
(3)
Bin lun theo tr s trung bnh.
Tng s mol 3 cht trong 1/2 hn hp = 0,175.2= 0,35 (mol)
t0
C2H6O + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
(4)
2
t0
3x 2
CxH2xO2 + 2 O2 xCO2 + xH2O
(5)
147,75
Cht kt ta l BaCO3 nBaCO3 = 197 = 0,75 (mol)

PT: CO2 + Ba(OH)2 BaCO3 + H2O (6)
Theo PT (6) ta c: nCO2 = nBaCO3 = 0,75 (mol)
mCO2 = 0,75 x44 = 33(g)
mH2O = m tng - mCO2
mH2O = 50,1 - 33 = 17,1 (g)
nH2O = 17,1 = 0,95 (mol)
18
T PT (4) ta thy ngay:

S mol ru C2H5OH = 0,95 - 0,75 = 0,2 ( mol)
Theo PT (4) ta thy s mol CO2 to ra l
nCO2 = 2.nC2H5OH = 2.0,2 = 0,4 (mol)
Suy ra: 2 a xt chy to ra 0,75 - 0,4 = 0,35 (mol CO2)
T PT (4) ta thy nH2O = 3.nC2H5OH = 3.0,2 = 0,6 (mol)
Suy ra 2 axit chy to ra: 0,95 - 0,6 = 0,35 mol H2O
Vi s mol 2axit = 0,35 - 0,2 = 0,15 x = 0,35 : 0,15 = 2,33
(x l s mol trung bnh gia n+1 v n+2)
2 axit l CH3COOH v C2H5COOH.
Gi s mol CH3COOH, C2H5COOH trong 1/2 A l a, b.
Theo phng trnh t chy ta c:
S mol ca 2 axit = 0,15mol = a + b.
nCO2 sinh ra = 2a + 3 b = 0,35. Gii ra ta c: a = 0,1; b = 0,05.
Vy hn hp c 0,2 mol CH3COOH l 12 g v 0,10 mol C2H5COOH l 7,4g
133

Bi 3: Hn hp A gm 0,1 mol Ru Etylic v a mol Ru X c cng thc l: C nH2n(OH)2. Chia
A thnh 2 phn bng nhau. Phn 1 cho tc dng ht vi Na thy bay ra 2,8lt kh Hir (
KTC). Phn th 2 em t chy hon ton thu c 8,96 lt kh CO2 ( KTC) v b g nc.
a/ Tm cc gi tr ca a, b?
b/ Xc nh cng thc phn t, vit cng thc cu to ca X, bit rng mi nguyn t C ch lin
kt c vi 1 nhm OH?
Hng dn:
1. Cc phn ng xy ra.
2C2H5OH + 2Na 2C2H5ONa + H2
(1)
CnH2n(OH)2 + 2 Na
CnH2n(ONa)2 + H2
(2)
to
C2H5OH + 3 O2
2 CO2 + 3 H2O
(3)
CnH2n(OH)2 +
3n 1
2
O2
to
n CO2 + (n+1) H2O
(4)
Theo phn ng (1), (2) ta c:

n H2 =
0,1
2,2
+2 =
0,1
2
.2+
2,8
22,4
= 0,125 (mol) a = 0,2 mol.
Theo phn ng (3), (4):

n CO2 =
0,2
2
.n =
8,96
22,4
= 0,4 (mol). n = 3.
Theo phn ng (3), (4):

n H2O =
0,1
2
.3 +
0,2
2
. 4 = 0,55 (mol).
m H2O = b = 0,55 . 18 = 9,9g

2. Cng thc phn t ca X l: C3H8O2 hay C3H6(OH)2.
Cng thc cu to hp cht l:
CH2 - CH - CH3
CH2 - CH2 - CH2
OH
OH
OH
OH
Bi 4 : t chy hon ton 23g mt ru no n chc A, thu c 44g CO2 v 27g H2O.
a/ Xc nh CTPT, CTCT ca A
b/ Hn hp X gm A v B l ng ng ca nhau. Cho 18,8g hn hp X tc dng vi Na d, thu c
5,6 lit H2 (ktc). Xc nh CTPT, CTCT ca A, B v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca A, B trong
X.
c/ t chy hon ton hn hp X ri cho ton b sn phm i qua bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 d, thu
c 35g kt ta. Tnh khi lng hn hp X em t chy.
Hng dn :
134

a/ S mol CO2 = 1 mol v s mol ca H2O = 1,5 mol. Nhn thy s mol ca H 2O > s mol ca CO2
-----> Ru A l ru no.
n 1
nH 2 O : nCO 2 = n = 1,5 ----> n = 2. CTPT ca A l C2H6O v CTCT l CH3 CH2 OH.

b/ Gi CTPT TB ca A v B l C n H2 n + 1OH, a l s mol ca ru tng ng.
m = (14 n + 18)a = 18,8 (*)
2C n H2 n + 1OH + 2Na ------> 2C n H2 n + 1ONa + H2
a(mol)
a/2(mol)
S mol H2 = a/2 = 5,6/22,4 = 0,25 ----> a = 0,5 mol
Thay a = 0,5 vo (*) ----> n = 1,4 Vy n < n < n + 1 (n nguyn dng v n 1)
Vy ru B ch c 1 nguyn t C, B l CH3 OH.
t s mol ca CH3 OH l x, s mol ca CH3 CH2 OH l y.
x + y = a = 0,5
32x + 46y = 18,8
Gii phng trnh ta c: x = 0,3 v y = 0,2.
---> mCH 3 OH = 0,3 . 32 = 9,6g ---> % mCH 3 OH = 51,06% v % mCH 3 - CH 2 - OH = 48,94%.
c/
2C n H2 n + 1OH + 3 n O2 ----> 2 n CO2 + 2( n + 1) H2O
n a mol
a mol
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 ----> CaCO3 + H2O
n a mol
n a mol
S mol ca CaCO3 = n a = 35 : 100 = 0,35 mol ----> a = 0,35 : n = 0,35 : 1,4 = 0,25.
Ta c: mX = (14 n + 18)a = 14 n a + 18a = 14.0,35 + 18.0,25 = 9,4g.
Bi 5:
1 - Trong bnh kn 150 0C cha hn hp kh gm 1 th tch axetilen v 2 th tch oxi. t chy
axetilen bng chnh kh oxi trong bnh. Sau khi phn ng kt thc a bnh v nhit ban u
th p sut trong bnh thay i nh th no?
2 - Trn 12,4 g hn hp hai ru CH3OH v C2H5OH vi 3 g axit CxHyCOOH ri em t th
thu c 13,44 l kh CO2 (KTC). Nu em 3 g oxit trn trung ho bi dung dch KOH 0,5 M
th cn 100 ml DD KOH.
a. Tm CTHH ca axit trn.
b. Tnh % khi lng hn hp ru ban u.
c. Vit PTHH cc phn ng Este ho gia cc cht trn.
Hng dn:
1 - 1500C nc th hi.
Gi V l th tch ca C2H2
2
th VO
= 2V
Th tch hn hp C2H2 v O2 trong bnh bng 3V
PTHH:
2C2H2(k) + 5O2(k) 4CO2(k) + 2H2O(h)
2 mol
5 mol
4 mol
2 mol
Vl
2,5 V l
2Vl
Vl
xl
2 Vl
yl
zl
135

x=
4
V
5
VC 2 H
8
V
5
y=
z =
cn d = V -
Vhh sau phn ng =
4
V
5
4
V
5
8
( 5V
1
V
5
4
V
5
+ 5V ) =
13
V
5
Gi p sut trong bnh lc u l 100%

Pd
nd
Vd
p sut trong bnh sau phn ng l a %. p dng cng thc P = n = V

s
s
s
Ta c: a =
100.
13
5
= 86,7 (%)
Vy p sut kh trong bnh gim i l:

100 % - 86,7 % = 13,3 %
2.
a- Tm CTHH ca axit:
nKOH = 0,5 . 0,1 = 0,05 (mol)
PTHH: CxHyCOOH (dd) + KOH (dd) CxHyCOOK (dd) + H2O (l)
0,05 mol
0,05 mol
3
MC x H y COOH = 0,05 = 60
12 x + y + 45 = 60
12x + y = 15
x = 1 v y = 3
----> CTHH ca axit l: CH3COOH.
b. Tnh phn khi lng ca hn hp ru ban u:
13,44
Nco 2 = 22,4 = 0,6 (mol)

Gi x, y ln lt l s mol CH3OH v C2H5OH trong hn hp (x, y > 0).
PTHH: t chy hn hp
2CH3OH (l) + 3O2 (k) 2CO2(k) + 4H2O (h)
x mol
x mol
C2H5OH (l) + 3O2 (k) 2 CO2 (k) + 3H2O (h)
y mol
2y mol
CH3COOH (l) + 2O2 (k) 2 CO2 (k) + 2H2O (h)
0,05 mol
0,1 mol
Tng s mol CO2: 2y + x + 0,1 = 0,6
2y + x = 0,5
Khi lng hn hp hai ru bng 12,4 gam
46 y + 32 x = 12,4
suy ra x = 0,1 mol v y = 0,2 mol
% CH3OH =
0,1.32
12,4
. 100% 25,8 %
% C2H5OH = 100% - 25,8 % = 74,2%

c. Phn ng ESTE ho:
H2SO4(c), t0
CH3COOH (l) + C2H5OH (l)
CH3COOC2H5 (l) + H2O (l)

136

H2SO4(c), t0
CH3COOH (l) + CH3OH (l)
CH3COOCH3 (l) + H2O (l)
Chuyn 20: axit v este

Cng thc phn t tng qut ca axit v este a chc no, mch h.
CnH2n + 2 2kO2k vi k: nhm chc COOH hay C O H v n, k thuc N* = 1, 2, 3..
O
Hn hp: C. n H2 n + 2 - 2 k O2 k vi n , k > 1.
k = 1: ---> este v axit u n chc no c cng thc phn t l:
CnH2nO2 vi axit th n 1 v este th n 2.
Hn hp: C. n H2 n O2 vi axit th n > 1 v este th n > 2.
Nu mt trong hai gc ru hoc axit l n chc th este mch h. Nu ru v axit u
a chc th este mch vng.
Axit v este u tc dng vi dung dch kim gi chung l phn ng x phng ho, u to
ra mui kim ca axit hu c.
RCOOH
R C O R/
MOH ---->
RCOOM + H2O
RCOOM + R/OH
O
Este c phn ng thu phn trong mi trng axit H2SO4 to ra ru v axit.
Phn ng chy ca axit v este n chc no u to ra CO2 v H2O c s mol bng nhau.
Tng qut, mt cht c cng thc phn t l CnH2nOx v mch h th CnH2nOx c mt ni
trong cng thc cu to v khi chy to ra CO2 v H2O c s mol bng nhau.
Bi ton p dng:
Bi 1: t chy 3(g) mt hp cht hu A c trong khng kh thu c 4,4g CO2 v 1,8g H2O.
a. Xc nh CTPT ca hp cht hu c A. Bit rng t khi ca A so vi H2 l 30. Vit CTCT
c th c ca A.
b. Nu em ton b lng kh CO2 trn tc dng vi 100 ml dd NaOH 1,5M th thu c
mui g? Tnh khi lng ca mi mui.
Hng dn;
a.V t chy hp cht hu c A thu c CO2 v H2O nn chc chn trong A phi cha hai
nguyn t l C v H c th c O.
S mol sn phm.
4,4
0,1mol
nC nCO2 0,1mol
mC 0,1.12 1,2 g
44
=>
=>
1,8
n H 2O
0,1mol n H 2n H 2O 0,2mol m H 0,2.1 0,2 g
18
Ta c: mC m H 2,4 0,2 2,6( g ) m A 6 g
nCO2
137

Do trong A phi cha nguyn t O
mO m A (mC m H ) 3 (1,2 0,2) 1,6( g )

1,6
nO
0,1( mol )
16
T l : nC : n H : nO 0,1 : 0,2 : 0,1 1 : 2 : 1
Cng thc n gin nht ca A l CH2O. t cng thc tng qut ca A l ( CH2O)n c mA =30n
Theo cng thc dA/ H = 30.2 = 60 =>30n = 60 => n = 2.
Vy cng thc phn t ca A l C2H4O2.
b. n NaOH 0,1.1,5 0,15mol .
Phng trnh phn ng: CO2 + NaOH NaHCO3
Trc phn ng:
0,1
0,15
Phn ng:
0,1
0,1
Sau phn ng :
0
0,05
0,1
Tip tc c phn ng: NaHCO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O
Trc phn ng: 0,1
0,05
0,05
0,05
Sau phn ng
0,05
0
0,05
Ta thu c 2 mui: NaHCO3 v Na2CO3 c khi lng l:
2
m NaHCO3 0,05.84 4,2 g
m Na2CO3 0,05.106 5,3 g
Bi 2: t chy hon ton 4,4g hp cht hu c Y cha C, H, O cn va 5,6 lt kh xi

(KTC), thu c kh CO2 v hi nc vi th tch bng nhau.
a) Xc nh cng thc phn t ca Y, bit rng khi lng phn t ca Y l 88 vc.
b) Cho 4,4gam Y tc dng hon ton vi mt lng va dung dch NaOH sau lm bay
hi hn hp thu c m1 gam hi ca mt ru n chc v m2 gam mui ca mt A xit hu
c n chc. S nguyn t cc bon trong ru v A xt thu c bng nhau. Hy xc nh
cng thc cu to v tn gi ca Y. Tnh lng m1 v m2
Hng dn:
a/ Gi cng thc phn t ca cht Y l CxHyOz. Phn ng t chy Y:
CxHyOz
(0.05mol)
Tnh nY=
(x+ 4 - 2 )O2
t 0
0.25mol
4.4
0.5mol
88
nCO2=0.05x
xCO2+
y
2
0.05 2
5.6
0.25( mol )
22.4
y
nH2O=0.05 2
nO2=
V th tch CO2bng th tch hi nc, do ta c:

y
y=2x (2)
0.05x = 0.05
y
nO2=(x+ 4 -
2
z
2
)0.05=0.25
(1)
y
0.05x
;
H2O.
(3)
Thay (2) vo (3) ta c:

3x -z=10 (4)
Khi lng phn t ca Y=12x+y+16z =88 (5)
T cc phng trnh (2,3,4,5) ta c: x = 4 ; y = 8; z = 2
Vy cng thc phn t ca Y l: C4H8O2
b/ Phn ng vi NaOH
138

V Y(C4H8O2) + NaOH Ru (m1gam) + mui(m2gam) nn Y phi l mt este v s nguyn
t cacbon trong ru =s nguyn t cc bon trong axit =
4
2
= 2 nguyn t C
Do cng thc ca ru l C2H5OH vi m1= 0.05 46 = 23g

Cng thc axt l CH3COOH Vi m2= 0.05 82 =4.1g CH3COONa
Bi 3: t chy hon ton 3 gam cht A, thu c 2,24 lt CO 2 ( ktc) v 1,8g nc. T khi
hi ca A so vi Mtan l 3,75. Tm cng thc cu to ca A bit A tc dng c vi NaOH.
Hng dn: Ta c.
nCO
2,24
0,1mol
22,4
nH O
1,8
0,1mol mH 0,2g
18
mC = 1,2g
mO = 3 - (1,2 + 0,2) = 1,6g

t cng tc ca A l: CxHyO2, theo bi ra ta c:
MA = 3,75 . 16 = 60 (g)
Ta c:
12y
y
162 60
1,2 0,2 1,6

3
Gii ra ta c: x = 2, y = 4, z = 2
CTTQ ca A l: C2H4O2
A C cc CTCT: CH3COOH v HCOOC2H5
V A phn ng c vi NaOH nn A c th l CH 3COOH v HCOOC2H5 (axit
axetic)
* CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
* HCOOCH3 + NaOH HCOONa + CH3OH
139

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15 Chuyen de Hoa Hoc 9

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Ti liu bi dng hc sinh gii mn ho hc

k hoch bi dng hsg

Ti liu bi dng hc sinh gii mn ho hc

Ti liu bi dng hc sinh gii mn ho hc

Ti liu bi dng hc sinh gii mn ho hc

Ti liu bi dng hc sinh gii mn ho hc

Ba(OH)2 BaCO3 + 2NaOH

Ti liu bi dng hc sinh gii mn ho hc

Ti liu bi dng hc sinh gii mn ho hc

Bi 1: Vit cc phng trnh ho hc biu din cc phn ng ho hc cc th nghim sau:

Ti liu bi dng hc sinh gii mn ho hc

Bi 8: Nu hin tng xy ra, gii thch v vit PTHH minh ho khi:

Mt s phng php gii ton ho hc thng dng.

Ti liu bi dng hc sinh gii mn ho hc

1mol CO2 = 44g

Vy, khi lng cacbon ixit l 11g

Trong : m1 v m2 l khi lng cc cht, M 1, M2 l khi lng mol cc cht cn n 1, n2

Ti liu bi dng hc sinh gii mn ho hc

m Fecl 3 162,5 162,5

* Tm khi lng KOH: m KOH 10 g. 162,5 10,3g

* Tnh khi lng FeCl3: M FeCL 2,5. 223,5 1,86 g

c. Phng php tnh theo tha s hp thc.

Ti liu bi dng hc sinh gii mn ho hc

T (1) v (2) => h phng trnh

Gii h phng trnh ta c: x = 0,178

Ti liu bi dng hc sinh gii mn ho hc

=> % NaCl = 0,325 .100% = 54,76%

nH 2 SO 4 = nH 2 = 22,4 = 0,06 mol

Ti liu bi dng hc sinh gii mn ho hc

nFeCl 3 = nFe = 56 = 0,2mol

n HCl 0,03.2 0,006mol

Nh vy khi lng HCl phn ng l:

Theo (1, 2) ta thy s mol HCL gp 2 ln s mol H2

Ti liu bi dng hc sinh gii mn ho hc

Ti liu bi dng hc sinh gii mn ho hc

mFe 2 O 3 = 160 x 0,04 x 2 = 3,2 (g)

CuSO4 Cu(OH)2 CuO

S mol CuSO4 cn d : 1 - 0,1 = 0,9 mol

Ti liu bi dng hc sinh gii mn ho hc

BCO3 + 2HCl -> BCl2 + CO2 + H2O (2)

Ti liu bi dng hc sinh gii mn ho hc

BCO3 + 2HCl -> BCl2 + CO2 + H2O (2)

Ti liu bi dng hc sinh gii mn ho hc

BCO3 + 2HCl -> BCl2 + H2O + CO2 (2)

Gi a v b ln lt l s mol ca A2CO3 v BCO3 ta c phng trnh i s sau:

T phng trnh (3, 4) (Ly phng trnh (4) tr (5)) ta c:

Ti liu bi dng hc sinh gii mn ho hc

2Y + 2m HCl -> 2YClm + mH2

Theo I v II: n H ( xn my)

6. Phng php chuyn bi ton hn hp thnh bi ton cht tng ng.

ta c: a + b = 2 22,4 = 0,3 (mol)

Ta thy 23 < M = 28,33 < 39

Ti liu bi dng hc sinh gii mn ho hc

S mol CO2 thu c l: nCO 2 = 22,4 = 0,2 (mol)

Ta c M + 60 = 0,7 164,71 M = 104,71

nCO 2 = 22,4 = 0,3 (mol)

Ti liu bi dng hc sinh gii mn ho hc

a + b = 22,4 = 0,15 v (a b)29 = 1,195 ---> a = 0,05 mol v b = 0,1 mol

8/ Phng php bin lun theo n s.

Ti liu bi dng hc sinh gii mn ho hc

Trong : t 2y/x = n l ho tr ca kim loi. Vy M = 68,5.n (*)

Ti liu bi dng hc sinh gii mn ho hc

Nu hn hp ch ton l BaCO3 th mMgCO3 = 0

Theo PT (1) v (2) ta c s mol CO2 gii phng l: